Fundamentals of Drilling – Course Outline

(1)Basics of Rotary Drilling

(2)Rotary
(3)Operations/Coring
Directional Drilling
(3)Directional Drilling
-Fields of Application
(4)Fishing -Planning of Well Course
(5)Casing/Cementing
-Reasons for Hole Deviation
(6)Well Control
-Measuring Equipment
(7)Principles of Drilling
-Steering Fluid Technology
Equipment
(8)Principles of Borehole Stability
(9)Principles of Hydraulic Testing

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Reasons for Directional Drilling/Deviation Control
(1) to reach a planned target area
Paired
Targets
Geothermal
Manybeneath
Wells Wells
inaccessible
from the sameSites
Relief wells
Site (offshore)
to control a blowout

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Reasons for Directional Drilling/Deviation Control
(2) to obtain/control a planned hole trajectory
Preventing Hole Deviation
Limiting Crookedness Drilling Horizontal Wells
(Dog Leg Severity)

Dogleg
Abrupt Change
Of Inclination/Azimuth

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Reasons for Directional Drilling/Deviation Control
(3) to sidetrack or abandon a portion of a hole

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Terminology of Directional Well Profiles

Kickoff Point
KOP

Tangent Section

Radius of
Curvature = Buildup Rate

True Vertical Depth

TVD

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Classification of Buildup-Rates

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Measuring the Wellbore Course
A Wellbore Course is a Curve in 3D-Space
Inclination I1
3D-Curve is determined by 3 Coordinates
Azimuth A1
X= West-East
Measured Depth
Y= South-North
MD1
Z= Vertical Depth
Point 1
Coordinates must be determined from
Measurements between 2 Points of the Hole

Point 2

Inclination I2
Azimuth A2
Measured Depth
MD2
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Calculation of Coordinates by Radius of Curvature Method
Section between 2 Survey Points is assumed to be a spherical arc
Radius of
Curvature

3D-Coordinates

Spherical
arc

DLS is critical for

!Building of Keyseats
!Torque and Drag
!Casing Running
Operation
Dogleg Severity (DLS) means Curvature !Running Logging Sondes
of the Hole expressed in Degrees/100ft
DLS=100/∆MD*arccos(cos I1*cos I2+sin I1*sin I2*cos(A2-A1))

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Key Seat Buildup in Doglegs

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Instruments for Directional Measurements

Gyroscope

The Challenge is to integrate these sensible instruments in the

downhole equipment and to transmit data while drilling

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Directional Measurements with Wireline Transmission
Principle of Steering Tool Side Entry Sub

Drillstring non-
rotating

Bit rotated
by DHM

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Measurement While Drilling (MWD) Techniques
Positive Pressure
Signal transmitted
by Mud

Electromagnetic
Transmission

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

 Why hole deviation occurs
Equilibrium of Forces at Bit – Cartwheel Analogy

Point of Tangency

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 Why hole deviation occurs
Influence of Formation Anisotropy

Situation without
Formation Influence Basic Assumption
Formations have higher
drillability perpendicular to
the bedding plane than parallel
to it

Equilibrium Angle
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Equilibrium Angle dependent on Foliation Dip
Angle, Factor of Anisotropy and WOB

Calculated for 6“-Borehole

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Controlling Hole Inclination by Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA)
BHA=Assembly of Drill Collars and Stabilizers

Stabilizers

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Principle of Packed Hole Assemblies
Basic Idea
3 Points define Borehole
Curvature

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Controlling Hole Inclination with Adjustable Stabilizers

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Controlling Wellbore Trajectory with Steerable DHM

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Types of Downhole Motors used for Directional Drilling
Positive Displacement Motor (PDM) Turbine Type Motor
Characteristics of PDM
Low – Medium RPM
High Torque
Ideal for Roller Cone Bits

Characteristics of Turbines
High RPM
Ideal for Diamond Bits

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Positive Displacement Motor Components

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Performance Characteristic of a Positive Displacement Motor

PDM can be adjusted to wide range of

operating conditions
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Performance Characteristic of Drilling Turbines

Power and Rotational Speed

slow down when high torque is required

Stalling Torque

Rotational Speed
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Vertical Drilling System used in KTB Ultradeep Hole

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Wellbore Course of KTB Pilothole and Ultradeep hole
Horizontal Projection
North
KTB Pilothole

Ultradeep hole
Drilled with
Vertical Drilling Systems East
B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)
Directional Drilling with DHM-Steering Systems
KTB - vertical drilling system

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Open Hole and Cased Hole Sidetracking with a cement plug

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)

Sidetracking with Oriented Whipstock Technique

B. Engeser/Fundamentals of Drilling (3)