\ Worsten V(Wersatia) 1310001600ited @ part of the young marine Ware Frisicum" near the mouth of the ir western boufideries lay near the present the east their territory extended to the Ems. ) of the Roman empire the Frisians took posses— Alemaar end the Sincfal(¥landers),afterwards cal- ‘Some historians.They expanded eastward to the Weser, end Weser bearing the name of Hast Friesland t#11 O0.when South Frieslend wes lost,several Frisians set- and the Blbe,in what is called Wursten (ancient ‘people living on "therps" or "wurthen",artificial hills ses from being submerged by the sea),and Wurden,and ches of land.A smaller group settled amidst the moors Neighbourhood of Cloppenburg( Oldenburg) in what is called niSaterland).Several others went to what we call Friesland) north of the Hider.It is supposed that before ans came from this coast.The island of lieligoland (by ‘Det Lun),from 1807 - 1890 British territory,has been jlans since early tines. storiens think that also the present region of Ditmarschen | Mhiadmaresga = lend of Thiadmer,Thicdner or Tiadmer ‘Stian fame) must be looked upon as Frisian for some of the Stedinger Frisians (encient name 'Stadingi") Ut £.D,1000 the archbishop of Bremen invited Frisians @ikee and cultivated the soil.The archbishop and burg (who constructed two entrenchments in the land 4 have been destroyed 4.D.1200) meant of course to © the land to themselves and regarded the Frisian he Stadingi did not like that.In 1295 the arch- incing the pope that they had to be excommuni- course of the church.By preaching a. crusade , mighty army wes gathered and in 1234 the or "rastic republics” remained out- ruled themselves and “were free",2 German diatrict and a small part of it jan language died out there in the XVth f Wangeroog, where the inhabitants spoke (the last few Frietan speakers died in the r i its position is weak since there is no longer : eee j the Frisian language has been driven beck tot the risian is ostensibly weak,but it is certainly not or eer claimed in the 7T/th century, newspapers, churches, schools, ete, and” stern and Eastern regions do not e those of the small town of Hylpen of Skylge (Dutch :Ters: felling) anders "de lytje Pole" tion in the towns has e mixed ae. of Fryslén with non te, viz. those of the island tAmrum) to-the separate groups of Frisians “had become more and more isolated “pot Gysbert Japicx,who was a schoolmaster ern dislect, devised © new spelling, mostly made 6 kind of "standard" Frisian out of the s1f of the XIXth century most Frisian writers stom of spelling.In the middle of the former writer, historian,philologist and theologian ahlished @ spelling on which our present system grammar of modern (West-) Frisian wes edited mjon.Others followed in 1692 (F.van Blom), & De Clercq),1924 (Sytstra & Hof),1948 dr.K,Tokkema),.?hese grammars ere written s,which is in Prisian.tn 1913 the same Dr. p in English :"Phonology and eramuar of University Press;today out of print) "the XIXth century the schoolmaster n ‘of the Frisian Movenent,devised a 2 the Ola Frisian,and intended as ech groups from the Suydersea to ficult for ordinary readers, the pronunciation being too great,and ant to secure = permanent status 2 died when he was 45,his spelling‘the echool-inspector Nr.A.l.J.liytses,a 2 of & teachers training sobo7l in Friesland } ‘objected to the claims of the Frisian booklet about "Bilinguelism in Friesland ited several pedagogues of international fame quoted parts of the publication of lr.D. er, x "An inguiry into the effect of bilingualism". d be necessary that during the first two years (for children from 6 to 17 years of age we lementary education in the Netherlands) Frician age-During the third school year the Dutch lan- . Wytses stressed the necessity of comparison especially in the idiom. | the same year 1948 a Frisian Wducation Congress e Wead-inspector for the education in the northern js,lir.l.F.Kleiterp,was the chairman.Lecturers ctors Mr.W,Thomes and Mr,John D.Powell,and sical Seminary at Amsterdam, sho: s started a new system according to “the Gonerées.lir, ‘iytses Aimsel? wrote a ‘sohool,however,had a system of its own, ,In these schools children and teachcrs during s (with children of elx end seven years of age) r othe second half of the second school year to Dutch grammar."rom the yhile Frisian becomes a sub- history and geography as well, however. achools,‘and 6th schoolyear only.We “the active and passive children need in their later esent bilingual system in the elemen- lf is not enough,if an education ii fo be truly Frisisn.Nuch depends on the osphere in the training colleges and pols in Friesland have Frisian courses, 3 universities in the Netherlands ‘with professors,e.ne with a special Fri- s a college for teachers who want to teach chyetc.at sccondary schools.Foreim same way es in other provinces + with the ‘ox teaching Frisian are given by the on, Arts and Science. Worth-Frieian before 1800,Some school 1) and a few clergymen collected vocabu~ wrote short stories or poems."Yo find the KIXth century one of the North Pri- studied by the clergyman lechlen— sh of them wrote a lexicon and spelling. spelling-system and the "surenger is vided political situation.in the fifth school year tra hours and their in Schleswig-Holstein,“uklinski, had inspector in North Friesland oa 17 -10 '47 of Frisian in this way.tle stressed express- ge should be stimulated in thc Frisian speaking hours there was quite a yrest deal could be 1d take care that during the lessons of religion, singing and history, attention was years ago money was provided for new ge of Sé1,Fehr and Oomram end for Wising- book for Fehr and Oomram together was ready @ Arfeten: the man who prepared the book for ed in 1962 before his work was completed) x) : ‘ron Fraschltnj went to rysifn in the ingual schooling.1t proved to be impossible to g-Holstein government for the establishing Braschlénj in the "German" elementary schools few years,however, introduction of the bilingual gan schools in Fraschlénj may be possible. 001s in the BUkinghiirde ( aurengor Frasch) -1945.In 1961 one of them started with the 41 system (look page 5 last few lines) This 1t Risem (German:Risum).In 196? the system ‘the Danish "Skoleforening” | since the XTXth century.As far the schools, though maybe ude rakt et ful un loande") etc, en snd there is a dictiypanqanbeo dite Wows. nd mates) are in H.- been driven away from the first World War,and elementary school,but only children n general it can be said that has some 480,000 inhabitants since 1864,belongs to +! ree "Kreise" (district: leswig-Holstein, These Kreise have together bitants,but the Frisian speaking area lies and 20,900, 6850 inhabitants ch the major part returned to the island. Ljouwert (Pryslén-"E"HERLANDS ) Autumn 1962,May-June, 1972 “THE REQUIRED TEACHING OF FRISIAN SEEM FAVORABLE h one does not teach is a language which one kills. To kill a words of Camille Julian, a French author, were recently de Vries, MP, in the Netherlands senate, The occasion was a dis~ members of the Upper House with the menbers of the Ministry of 3 debate the policies of the Netherlands government in regard to the mere also touched upon. Dr. De Vries once again clearly set forth isian people as these have been repeatedly expressed in statements }, the Frisian Movement, and the majority of the Frisian politi- _ these wishes, he underscored, include the introduction of Frisian as a in the elementary schools of Friesland. At the close of the dis~ Minister Van Veen a list of questions to which he requested a public possible. “again in the Upper Chamber, Minister Van Veen made reply to De i, He said his ministry was in favor of teaching Frisian, on a compul- ‘Least one hour a week in the elementary schools of Friesland. He was, dy to say how and when such a new program could or would be introduced. he would first like to talk over with the members of the 5 to be discussed is whether Frisian is to be made compulsory d where Frisian is not the predominant language, Among ‘and the so-called Stellingwerven. Another matter requiring po of introduction, There are not enough books, teaching aids, e given by Minister Van Veen gave rise to some cheerful . The Ljouwerter Krante, in an editorial, spoke of ous sound." It went on to say: "Little by little is making progress, There is now every reason ‘times ahead for the education of the children hase, it is proper to wish the authorities said: "That, no doubt, yasib}e a time and nce, and implementa- 'risian AcademyJuly-August, 1972 ‘SEEK RESTRUCTURING OF FRISIAN GOVERNMENT of Internal Affairs in the Netherlands has asked the va ‘a careful study of their internal governmental structure. ‘There to the Department, for creating larger governnental units. It merging of many small units into larger ones would eliminate in- pping of functions, and financial waste. ‘to this request a study committee in Friesland some time ago sug- ‘the lil) mmicipalities there be reduced to 2. Right now there is | the Department to create even larger units, called gewesten (regions, ch call for @ minimm of 75,000 to 100,000 annabitabte- Tn answer ‘equest the Deputy States submitted to the Department a plan which esland, like Gaul, into three parts: Gewest, Ljouwert (150,000 in- ; Snits (100,000), and Gewest Drachten (175,000). ch tion among Frisians to this attempt from above to inter- mal affairs of Friesland, It is felt that Friesland ought to de its own local matters. In any case, say Frisian leaders, if changes in the Frisian governmental structure, those changes should ‘below and not from Dutch bureaucrats at the top. The nega- Hague is getting to be all the stronger as it is gradually t some Dutch authorities want to merge not only municipalities ‘This would mean that Friesland might possibly lose its name, | and the Little autonomy which it has still managed to "Revolution. Such an upheaval would pose an almost ‘Frisian language and culture, and in fact might spell ional existence. Incidentally, such a tragic merger was ing the Napoleonic regime. In 1798 Friesland lost ‘with the province of Groningen becane "The Depart ‘this lasted for only three years. plan for three gewesten, the Frisian Deputies Lar submitting. They state as ‘are wholly unnecessary. Many don in mch stronger ‘Council of the Frisian Move- iousa d as if 1972 might become an important and decisive year sian cause, After mich delay--due to the accident of elections of 1971--it seemed assured that the Netherlands itely, no later than this fall, take up the recommendations tal Committee for Frisian Language Policy, commonly known as ‘That report, begun in 1968 and finally published in 1970, ter Krante, Friesland! leading newspaper, "an historic ‘of the struggle for the Frisian language." |Report clearly acknowledges that Friesland is a bilingual ‘language is alive and vital, and that Frisian culture the over-all Netherlands culture. Moreover, it establishes thas a definite obligation in regard to the language and __ It proposes an anmmal government appropriation of at least the promotion of Frisian cultural programs, expresses itself the use of Frisian in the kindergarten, and offers no of Frisian as the medium of instruction in classes above the to which such use has thus far been restricted). advises against the introduction of Frisian as a re- ‘schools, But two ministers of education, Grosheide and ‘have indicated that they did not agree with this part of were willing to meet the demands of the Frisian people Minister of Education, 0. Van Veen, at a hearing in id: "In principle I am for the required teaching of ols of Friesland. I definitely believe that this is ." Some time later, in answering questions posed ted in the Upper Chamber that this ministry was pu isis, at least one hour a week in _ 1972 to be the important year that they binet amendments, are indeed foundfrenen, & bit southoast of Leer. Tho West it Sealterlan, but the natives themselves speak of is Frisian enclave in Germany centers around three nd Schaddel--known in German as Strickiingen, Ramsloh, eet isolated sandstrip in the midst of a large fen ‘on, Seelter Frisian continued to flouris as the lan- After the Secot.d World War, however, the language became sori~ “Tb was then that Seelterlound had to absorb a great influx of % » who for *he most part spoke High German. Since then, in J have been laid through the region, increasing the contact of the its German-speaking neighbors. With only German taught in the - d fewer children any longer speak Frisian. t Yt to Seelterlound and its language has developed recently. aoe for restructuring the government of the region, The plan up of Seelterlound administratively. The Council for Inter- ‘which promotes Frisian interests in all parts of Greater Friesland, Minister of Internal Affairs of Lower Saxony, in Hannover, to al- y remain a single governmental unit. It makes this plea on the people of Seelterlouna are of common origin and language, and have the Seelterlound, incidentally, once again has a representative in the Gil. He is Wilheln Kramer of Bollingen, in the county of Stukelje, oy , occasioned by th: death of the late Wilhelm ‘Awick of Schaddel. gle to preserve its language, Seelterlound is now getting help from “One of these is the Philological Section of the Frisian Academy of triesland, Netherlands. A particularly active member of this section has already done a considerable amount of work for the ‘He bas compiled a Seelter dictionary, Seelter ars edited a modest quarterly by the name of Seelter Trjoue. of assembling a work group which, after learning the language ‘to organize meetings there. Some help is also coming ay, where Jan Drees of Aurich has become active in be- ancestral language to the children of Seelter- | Ib is a translation-reprint of Little Black an illustrated London edition, The children's 3 Frisian, was brought out by the North | the East Frisian Landschaft, of Aurich. the States of Friesland to ‘of Frisian history, will bes is gradually being erected about Friesland to protect it ‘system, prevalent in the other countries of the continent, docs in Friesland. The Frisians acknowledge a direct allegiance to but resist the feudal lords. Meetings of the Upstalbeam are held. This Union of the Seven nds seeks to promote internal peace and to present a united foreign aggression. t Frisians defeat Henry the Lion. strophic Juliana flood brings death to nearly 20,000 people. lans, ‘in the Fifth Crusade, help in the capture of Damietta (Egypt). of Denmark is defeated and slain by the North Frisians. of Holland loses h’s life in a battle with the West Frisians. ae the West Frisians (now the inhabitants of the Province of | of the Upstalbeam are resumed (until 1337). ric Battle of Warns (September 26), Mid-Friesland maintains its 1% the onslaught of the agressive Dutch Count, William IV. The led on Frisian soil and the flower of the Dutch, Flemish ality is disastrously beaten and driven back across the of the Roses," in which Skieringers and g parties. The internecine strife lasts tillJmown as Sikke Snider, is beheaded in Ljouwert Reformation in Friesland. is seized by the Anabaptists. It is ‘Schenk van Toutenberg; @s a punich~ mn Philip II of Spain; the latter initiates ‘lie (in the Frisian environs of the Ens River) marks the Years War - a struggle against the Spanish in behalf of ‘liberty. ther Lowland provinces, joins the Union of Utrecht, thereby itself independent of Spain, In the Union, Friesland is an h an independent government, army, and admiralty. (Francker) is founded. a *s (the "Roardists") reject the foreign rule of the establishment of a separate Frisian state. issance poet, is born in Boalsert. comes to Friesland; in 1621 he brings out his e work in the Frisian language. 3 War.