‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬١٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Thermodynamics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K    ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
Thermodynamic Concepts & Definitions
 SystemW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬boundaries‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬surroundings‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kflexible ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬closed system   ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬open system  ‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٢ J٤FE١ J٤FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬



‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F
 
?‫א‬?‫א‬K ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K"properties".
 ‫א‬‫א‬intensive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
40 oC  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
extensive ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
homogeneous ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

1-2K
  ‫א‬ process
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(2) ‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
thermodynamic cycle ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1-2-3-1‫א‬FE٣ J٤F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤F
 Reversibility‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KE٤ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

p p

v v
‫إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ إﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F
 Pure substance ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬١٠٠K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬E٥ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F
(2)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬
‫א‬100 o
C‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K101.3 kPa‫א‬
،‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
(3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K(4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2, 3-4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬4 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F
 
 The State Of The Working Fluid ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kworking fluid
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(pure working fluid)‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
 v1 ‫א‬ p1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٧ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1)
‫א‬ T1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE٧ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(2)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬،‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
 
1 1
p 1 p T

2 2
2

v T v
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٤F
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫ א‬equation of state‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  p × v = R ×T ( 4 −1)
 
p = ρ × R ×T (4−2)  
  p ×V = m × R × T ( 4−3)
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬ p

m3 ‫א‬‫א‬ V

m3/kg ‫א‬‫א‬ v
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

kg ‫א‬ m

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T

J/kg K ‫א‬‫א‬ R

 kg/m3 ‫א‬ρ
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K101.325 kPa25 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 KR=287 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p × v = R ×T
  ( 101.325 ×1000 ) × v = 287 × ( 25 + 273 )
 
287 × 298
 ∴ v
3
= = 0.884 m
101.325 × 1000 kg
 
J/kg oK‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
287  ‫א‬‫א‬
188.9  ‫א‬
 296.4  ‫א‬
4124  ‫א‬
296.8  ‫א‬
259.8  ‫א‬
461.5  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F

- ١٦٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
17 ‫א‬100 bar30،E٨ J٤F‫א‬
75 bar
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K˚C
 K260 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K7 ˚C‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p ×V = m× R ×T
 

m2 ‫א‬‫א‬،m1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

  p1 × V ( 100 ×10 5 )( 30 × 10 −3 )
∴ m1 = = = 3.98 kg
R × T1 260 × ( 17 + 273 )

  p2 × V ( 75 × 10 5 )( 30 ×10 −3 )
∴ m2 = = = 3.09 kg
R × T2 260 × ( 7 + 273 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m1 − m2 = 3.98 − 3.09 = 0.89 kg
 

‫ﺻﻤﺎم‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﺿﻐﻂ‬

O2
‫أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬

 
 ‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
 
 
- ١٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

specific heatW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kcv‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Cp kJ/kg K  ‫א‬ Cp kJ/kg K  ‫א‬

 0.45  ‫א‬  0.9  ‫א‬
 0.65  ‫א‬  0.386  ‫א‬
 1.0  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.8  ‫א‬
2.1  ‫א‬ 4.187  ‫א‬
25 oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F
 

R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ k  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kcv‫א‬cp‫א‬
 Energy‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E،،F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 heat‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

 work ‫א‬
‫א‬K 
  ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬
 KL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻣﻨﻔﺎخ‬ L

F


‫ﺑﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩٤F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
pE١٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p0p‫א‬Kp0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 wout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


 ‫א‬‫א‬

p p0

‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٤F
 

‫א‬‫א‬p0p‫א‬
 KE J١١ J٤ J١١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kwin
 

 
 E١١٤F E١١٤F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
electric work‫א‬‫א‬displacement work‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kshaft work‫א‬
 

Displacement WorkW‫א‬‫א‬

 W K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dW = F × dl (4− 4)
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬dW F ‫א‬‫א‬ dl

 F = p × A
 K‫א‬A‫א‬p
 W‫א‬(4-4)‫א‬pF
  dW = p × A × dl
 WdV‫א‬‫א‬dV‫א‬ dl×A
 

dW = pdV
 WE١٢ J٤F،1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
W = ∫ pdV (4 −5)
1
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
constant volume processW‫א‬‫א‬ .١

‫א‬
 V =C
 KC
 E١٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
p 3

‫زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

1 V=C

2
‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

V1=V2=V3 v
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣٤F
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dV‫א‬‫א‬
2
  W = ∫ pdV = 0 (4−6)
1

 constant pressure process W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 p=C (4−7)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 KC
 E١٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫اﻧﻀﻐﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد‬
p3 p1 p2
p1=p 2=p 3

-ve +ve
V
V3 V1 V2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F
 
 K‫א‬V3V1V2V1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  w12
v2
= ∫ p dV = p × ( V2 − V2 ) = + ve work (4 −8)
v1

 W‫א‬
  w13
v3
= ∫ p dV = p × ( V3 − V1 ) = −ve work
v1
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬،0.5 m3 2 bar0.2 m3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2
W = ∫ pdV = p( V2 − V1 ) = 2 ×10 5 ( 0.5 − 0.2 ) = 6 × 10 4 J
1

- ١٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

isothermal processW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  pV = C (4−9)
 KC
 
 
p
3
p3
‫א‬
pV=C
p1 
1
p2 2

V
V3 V1 V2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٤F
 

‫א‬1-2‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1-3‫א‬‫א‬
 

  w = ∫V
V2
pdV
1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p = mRT
V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V2

= mRT [ln V ]V12

dV
W = mRT ∫
V

V1
V
V2
  W = mRT ln ( 4 − 10 )
V1
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
0.4 ‫א‬‫א‬27 oC‫א‬1 bar0.2 m3‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،m3
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
V2
W = mRT ln
V1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

p1V1 = mRT

V2 0.4
∴W = p1V1 ln = 1 × 10 5 ln = 69314.7 J
V1 0.2

p 3
p3 ‫א‬

pVk=C
p1 
1
p2
2

V
V3 V1 V2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F
 

adiabatic processW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 

- ١٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  pV k = C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 W‫א‬K،E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
 

  w = ∫V
V2 dV ⎡ V − k +1 ⎤
pdV = C ∫ k = C ⎢ =
V2
[
C V21− k − V11− k ]
⎥
1 V ⎣ − k + 1⎦ V1 − k +1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (p2vk2) (p1vk1) C‫א‬

 
p1V1 − p 2V2
W = ( 4 − 11 )
k −1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.015m31.02 bar22 oC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬6.8bar
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.4‫א‬k ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 
p
6.8 bar

pV1.4=C


 ‫א‬
1.02 bar

V
0.015 m3
  V2

 E١٧٤F‫א‬
 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬
  pV k = C 
  p1V1k = p2V2k 
- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
1/ k
⎛p ⎞
  V2 = ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟
V1 ⎝ p2 ⎠
 
1 / 1.4
⎛ 1.02 ⎞
  V2 =⎜ ⎟
0.015 ⎝ 6.8 ⎠
 
V2 = 0.00387 m 3
 W12 ‫א‬
p1V1 − p2V2
  w12 =
k −1
 
10 5 ( 1.02 × 0.015 − 6.8 × 0.00387 )
  w12 = = − 2754 J = − 2.754 kJ
1.4 − 1
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ١٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 First law of thermodynamic

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬E١٨ J٤FK?‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.9 kW(Qout)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1.17 kW(Qin)

Qin Qout

‫ﺳﺨﺎن‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
1.17 – 1.9 = – 0.73 kW
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K730W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∑ Q = ∑W ( 4 − 12 )

- ١٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WE٧٤F
 E١٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬(Wt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٩٤F

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∑ Q = ∑W 
 
  4000 − 3000 = Wt −5
 
∴Wt = 1000 + 5
 
Wt = 1005 kW

- ١٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  First Law for a Closed SystemW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 E٢٠٤F
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٠ ‫ ـ‬٤F‫א‬
K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ٢٠ ‫ ـ ـ‬٤F‫א‬
 Kgain in intrinsic energy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kloss in intrinsic energyE٢٠ ‫ ــ‬٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
   

E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
uinternal energy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(J, kJ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  q − w = ∆u ( 4 − 13 )

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆u 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∆u = c v × ∆T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cv
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W1
45 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 90kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬
 

q = −45kJ / kg

w = −90 kJ / kg
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
q − w = ∆u

− 45 − (−90) = u 2 − u1

u 2 − u1 = 45 kJ / kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 : 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬200kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬420kJ/kg
 K100kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
q − w = ∆u

q − 100 = ( 200 − 420)

q = −120kJ / kg
 
 120kJ / kg ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W
K100 kPa300 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.2 kgE١٩ J٤FF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬5 kJpaddle wheel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E0.7165 kJ/kg K‫א‬cvFK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

 
 E٢١٤F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٤F
  Q − W = ∆U
Q = 0K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− W = ∆U
 
∴ − ( −5 kJ ) = ∆U
 K5 kJ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  ∆U = + 5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬U1U2
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆U = mcv (T2 − T1 )
 

 5 = 0.2 × 0.7165 × (T2 − 300)

 

 
∴T2 = 334.89 K = 61.89 °C

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 E٩٤F
‫א‬K95 ˚C15 ˚C1200 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1.2kg  
،4.18 kJ/kg ˚C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.7 kJ/kg ˚C‫א‬‫א‬0.5kg‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q −W = ∆U
 W‫א‬
 Q = ∆U sys
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∴ Q = ∆U w + ∆U teapot
 
 Q = ( mcv ∆T )w + ( mcv ∆T )teapot
 
  Q = 1.2 × 4.18 × ( 95 − 15 ) + 0.5 × 0.7 × ( 95 − 15 ) = 429.3 kJ
 W429.3 kJE1.2 kJ/secF1.2 kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
429.3 kJ
 t = = 358 sec ≈ 6 min
1.2 kJ
sec
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = ∆U sys = 1.2 × 4.18 × ( 95 − 15 ) = 401.28 kJ
 
401.28 kJ
 t = = 334.4 sec = 5.57 min
1.2 kJ
sec
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ 
K‫א‬      E٢٢ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K(2)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ku1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
c12
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
2
 KZ1g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
p ‫א‬‫א‬vFKp1v1‫א‬ ‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬
  ‫א‬FKQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 KE
 
(1)
Q


‫א‬
Z1

(2)
W 
Z2
datum ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢٤F
 

- ١٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ku2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
c 22
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
2
 KZ2g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
p‫א‬‫א‬vFKp2v2‫א‬‫א‬ •
 E‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ c12 ⎞ ⎛ c 22 ⎞
  m⎜ u1 + + z1 g + p1v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W
& ⎜ ⎜
= m⎜ u 2 +
& + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟ ( 4 − 14)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 

  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 h = u + pv = ( 4 − 15)

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬h
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

⎛ 2
⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
  m& ⎜⎜ h1 + c1+ z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + 2 + z 2 g ⎟⎟ ( 4 − 16)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬K280kPa‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 6m‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
KE1000kg/m3 ‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

p2
z2

6m

z1 W
p1

  ‫א‬
 E٢٣ J٤F
 K‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( 4-16)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
  m& ⎜⎜ u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1v1 + z1 g − w = p2 v 2 + z 2 g
 
− w = p2 v 2 − p1v1 + z 2 g − z1 g
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1
 ∴ v1 = v2 =
ρ
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p 2 − p1
 − w = + g ( z 2 − z1 )
ρ
 
280 × 1000
−w = + 9.81 × 6
1000
 

w = − 338.86 J
kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬K١
 KE٢٥ J٤FE٢٤ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 ‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥٤F‫א‬
 

W
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c 22 ⎞
m& w ⎜⎜ hw1 + 1 + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q w − W ⎜
= m& w ⎜ hw 2 + + z2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

Qw = m& w ( hw 2 − hw1 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Qa = m& a ( ha 2 − ha1 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qw
  
  Qa = − Qw
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m& w ( hw 2 − hw1 ) = m& a ( ha1 − ha 2 )
 

 Condenser & Evaporator‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦٤F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ c2 ⎞
m& ⎜⎜ h1 + 1 + z1 g ⎟⎟ + Q − W = m& ⎜⎜ h2 + 2 + z 2 g ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q = m& ( h2 − h1 )
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  Qout = m& ( h2 − h3 ) ( 4 − 17 )
 W‫א‬
  Qin = m& ( h1 − h4 ) ( 4 − 18 )

- ١٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Qout
3 2


W




4 Qin 1

 
 E٢٦ J٤F
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،417 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬R-134a‫א‬
 K241.63 kJ/kg
 
 W‫א‬
Q ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

h2 h1

 
 E٢٧ J٤F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Q = ( h2 − h1 ) = 241.63 − 417 = − 175.37 kJ

kg
m&
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

h1 h2

  Q
 E٢٨ J٤F
 
‫א‬،E٢٨٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،256 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬R-134a‫א‬‫א‬
 396 kJ/kg
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
= ( h2 − h1 )
m&
 
Q
  = 396 − 256 = 140 kJ
m& kg
   Heat Exchanger W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
QΙ = m& Ι ( hΙ 2 − hΙ1 )

 
 E٢٩٤F
- ١٨٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
  QΠ = m& Π ( hΠ 2 − hΠ1 )

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  QΙ = −QΠ 

 
 W
 TurbineW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣٠ J٤
 

∴ − w = h 2 − h1
 
 
‫א‬
h1

h2

 E٣٠ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬h2h1

∴ w = h1 − h2
 
 
 

- ١٨٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 CompressorW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E٣١ J٤F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
w = −( h2 − h1 )

h2

 W

  h1

 E٣١ J٤F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 PumpW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٢ J٤F
 W
  w = − ( h2 − h1 )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 
h2

h1 W

‫א‬


 E٣٢ J٤F

- ١٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  NozzleW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE٣٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
∆c 2
q − w = ∆h +
2

c 22 c12
h2 − h1 = − ( − )
2 2

c 22 c12
= + ( h1 − h2 ) ( 4 − 19 )
2 2
 

1 2
‫دﺧﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻊ‬

 
 E٣٣ J٤F
 

 ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٤ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

1 2

‫دﺧﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﺮوج‬

‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
 
‫א‬E٣٤ J٤F

- ١٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
c 22 − c12
q − w = h2 − h1 +
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
∴ h2 = h1 ( 4 − 20 )
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬100 kJ
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
∴ h2 = h1 = 100 kJ

- ١٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬20%‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬80%
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? •

- ١٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬? •
K?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Reversibility ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬

Qout W in ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‬

L1 Wf
L2
Wf

Qin W out ‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫إﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ‬

‫( اﻻﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬٢٩-٤) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KWin
‫א‬‫א‬KQout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(WfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Win = Qout + W f

 

- ١٩٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Qin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Qin = Wout + W f
 

 W‫א‬QoutQin
 

Win = Wout + 2W f
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wf‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 Kirreversible
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
40 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬50 kJ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KkJ
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

Q Q = Wout + W f

∴W f = 50 − 40 = 10 kJ
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬50 kJ10 kJ

- ١٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
40
η= = 0.8
50
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2 2
  ∫ ds ≥ ∫ dQ ( 4 − 21 )
1
T
1

dQ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ds‫א‬‫א‬
>‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(dQ=0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-21)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٦ J٤F‫א‬
 

 ds = 0(4-21)W1-2‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ds > 0(4-22)W1-2'‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

T
p=c '
2
2
‫إﺟﺮاءﻻإﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫إﺟﺮاءإﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻲ‬
p=c
1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦ J٤F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ηisent‫א‬
Wisent
 η isent =
Wactual
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wactual‫א‬‫א‬Wisent
h2 − h1
 η isent =
h2' − h1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Heat Engines ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Sink‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ESource
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣١ J٤F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 W
- ١٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

،E‫א‬F‫א‬ 1-2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3‫א‬‫א‬K2-3‫א‬‫א‬
 3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٧ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

‫א‬E٣٧ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬QH 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣٨ J٤F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QL‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ∑ Q = ∑W
 KQL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

QH − QL = W (4 − 23)
 

- ١٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬
TH

QH

QL

TL
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣٨ J٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wηth‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
W
η th = ( 4 − 24 )
QH
 W‫א‬
QH − QL
  ηth =
QH
 
QL
  η th = 1 − ( 4 − 25 )
QH
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4-25)‫א‬
 J٤F‫א‬Esteam power plant)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E٣٩
‫א‬QL‫א‬QH‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 

- ١٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ‬
W ‫اﻟﺸﻐﻞ‬

 

QH ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫اﻟﺤﺪود‬
system boundaries
 

‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺰاﻟﺔ‬
  QL

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٩ J٤F
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K800 kJ/kg 1600 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬
TH

QH = ?

W = 800 kJ/kg

QL = 1600

TL
‫א‬
 E٤٠ J٤F
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤٠ J٤F‫א‬
  QH − QL = W
 

  QH = 1600 + 800 = 2400 kJ

kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 η th =
W
QH
 
800
 η th = = 0.3333 = 33.33 %
2400

  The Heat Pump & The RefrigeratorW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ QH ‫א‬ TL ‫א‬ QL 
 K‫א‬ W  TH 
 

 ‫א‬E٤١ J٤F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  W = QH − QL
Coefficient Of ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
QL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPerformance(COP).
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
QL QL 1
COPREF = = = >1 ( 4 − 26 )
W QH − QL ⎛ QH ⎞−1
⎜ ⎟
⎝ Q L ⎠
 

- ٢٠١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬QH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
QH QH 1
  COPHP = = = >1 ( 4 − 27 )
W QH − QL 1 − ⎛⎜ Q L ⎞
⎟
⎝ QH ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  COPHP − COPREF = 1 ( 4 − 28 )
 W
200 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٢ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬600 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K •
K‫א‬ •
 

 
 E٤٢ J٤F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (QA)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٤٢ J٤F‫א‬
 W = QL − QH

  − 200 = QL − 600
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ∴ Q L = 400 kJ
kg
 W‫א‬‫א‬
QL
  COPREF =
W
400
  COPREF = =2
200
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
QR
  COPHP =
W
 
600
  COPHP = =3
200
 K١ + ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 The Carnot Cycle:EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T-s‫א‬E٤٣ J٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2 ‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-4‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬4-1‫א‬‫• א‬
T
1 2
TH

TL
4 3
s s s
  1 2

 ‫א‬E٤٣ J٤F
 
- ٢٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
QL
 η th =1− ( 4 − 29)
QH
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٤F
2 2
dQ
∫ ds = ∫
1 1
T
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
2
  Q = ∫ T ds = T ( s 2 − s1 ) ( 4 − 30 )
1
 

 W
 

  QH = TH ( s2 − s1 )

  Q L = TL ( s1 − s2 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
QL TL ( s 2 − s1 ) T
ηc = 1 − =1− =1− L ( 4 − 31 )
QH TH ( s 2 − s1 ) TH
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W = η c QH ( 4 − 32 )
 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤٤ J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1-2 ‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬2-3‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3-4‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬4-1‫א‬‫• א‬
 

- ٢٠٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

T
4 3
TH

TL
1 2
s s s
  1 2

 ‫א‬E٤٤ J٤F
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬WQLQH
  QL = TL ( s2 − s1 )
  Q H = TH ( s1 − s2 )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∑ Q = ∑W
 W = Q H + Q L = −( TH − TL )( s 2 − s1 )
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

QL
COPREF = ( 4 − 33 )
W
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 

TL ( s 2 − s1 ) TL
  COPREF = = ( 4 − 34 )
( TH −T L )( s 2 − s1 ) TH − TL
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
QH
  COPHP = ( 4 − 35 )
W

TH ( s 2 − s1 ) TH
COPHP = = ( 4 − 36 )
( TH −T L )( s 2 − s1 ) TH − TL
 
 
- ٢٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،40 oC, -10 oC‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
 

TL
COPREF =
T H − TL

− 10 + 273
COPREF = = 5.26
40 + 10

- ٢٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WEF
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬7°C‫א‬27°C‫א‬ EF
K10kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8m3‫א‬‫א‬
 KR = 320 J/kg K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 ‫א‬200 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،isothermal‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K4 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،m3
W‫א‬
V2
 W = ∫ pdV = p1V1 (ln )
V1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬2.3 MN/m2 ‫א‬‫א‬
K8 cm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،7.5 cm‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k=1.4‫א‬K

- ٢٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

p(kPa)

1
620
pvk = c

0.15 1.0 v(m3)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬EF
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50 kJ/kg‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K350 m/sec2300 kJ/kg‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،70 m/sec160 kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬(nozzle)‫א‬
،2790kJ/kg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K60 m/sec3025kJ/kg‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.1m2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.19 m3/kg‫א‬

- ٢٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .40% 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬0.1 m3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬620 kPa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،50 kJ/kg‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
T
1 2
TH

TL
4 3
s1 s2 s

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٠٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ × ‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

EF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  pV = mRT
K‫א‬
 W
V
= ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ⇒
V1 V2
=  
T T1 T2
 
E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
8 V2
  =
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
 
  300 ×V2 = 8 × 280
 
8 × 280
 ∴ V2 = = 7.466 m3
300
 W‫א‬
  W = ∫ pdV = p(v 2 − v1 )

- ٢١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W = 120 kPa × (7.466 − 8) = − 120000 × 0.534 = − 64080 J = − 64.08 kJ

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pV = mRT
 W‫א‬
  pV = ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
 
 ∴ p1V1 = p 2V 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  W = p1V1 × ln V2
V1

  W = 200 × 2 × ln 4 = 277.26 kJ
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W = p(V2 − V1 )
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬8 cm‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  V2 − V1 = π4 d 2 (0 − 0.08) = − π4 × (0.075) 2 × 0.08 = − 0.00035343 m 3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  W = p(V2 − V1 )
  W = 2.3 ∗ 10 6 × ( −0.00035343) = − 812.9 J

- ٢١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
p1V1 − p 2V 2
 W =
k −1
 Kp2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k 1.5
⎛⎞ ⎛ 0.15 ⎞
  p 2 = p1 ⎜⎜ V1
⎟⎟ = 620 × ⎜ ⎟ = 620 × 0.0581 = 36.02 kPa
⎝ V2
⎠ ⎝ 1.0 ⎠

 ∴W = 620 × 0.15 − 36.02 × 1.0 = 56.98 ≈ 114 kJ

1.5 − 1 0.5
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
q − w = ∆u
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⋅ c12 ⋅ c 22
m(h1 + + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  q − w = ∆u
Q

2 1

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  50 − w = 0
 
 ∴ w = 50 kJ kg
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
2
⋅ ⋅ c 22
  m(h1 + c1 + z1 g ) + Q − W = m(h2 + + z2 g)
2 2
Qout

‫ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺘﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

 c1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬c2‫א‬
c12 c2
  h1 + + Q = h2 + 2
2 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
(70) 2
  2300 + (350) + Q = 160 +
2 2
  2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
 ∴Q = − 2198.8 kJ / kg
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c12 c2
  h1 + = h2 + 2
2 2
60 2 J c2
3025 × 1000 ( J )+ ( ) = 2790 × 1000 ( J ) + 2
kg 2 kg kg 2

c 22
3025000 + 1800 − 2790000 =
2
 
c 22
= 236800
2

∴ c = 236800 × 2 = 688 m
sec
 W m& ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ m& ‫א‬
A× c
  m& = ρ × A × c =
v
0.1 × 688
  m& = = 31.6 kg
sec
0.19

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٦٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  p1 × v1 = R × T1
 
p1 × v1 620 × 103 × 0.1
 ∴ T1 = = = 216 K
R 287
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ TL ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TL
 ηtherm = 1−
TH
 
TL
  0.4 = 1−
216
 
 ∴ TL = 129.6 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TL 129.6
  COPref = = = 1 .5
TH − TL 216 − 129.6
 

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