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GS CAPSULE March 2016 Part I Part II PDF
GS CAPSULE March 2016 Part I Part II PDF
SCIENCE: 11. Newton's which law states that the rate of change of
The word science comes from the Latin word scientia momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
which implies knowledge . The science as subject has force applied and takes place in the direction in which
come to mean the systematic, consistent and excellent the force act -Newton's second law of motion.
study of the physical world including everything than can 12. Which is the world's first man-made satellite-
be seen, observed or detected in nature by the man and Sputnik-I.(4 Oct. 1957)
society and the knowledge that grows out of such study. 13. Which planet is the brightest of all the planets-Venus.
usually the science is characterized by the methodologies 14. Small pieces of solid matter which are found scattered
and approaches of the hypothesises, postulates, in the inter-planetary space of the solar system are
assumptions, theories and laws based experimental known as-Meteoroids.
observations and mathematical conclusions. 15. The largest gland in the body which is dark red in
The science is broadly categorized into two groups- colour is- Liver.
Natural science and Social science .natural science deals 16. Inadequate secretion of Insulin hormone causes
with the nature or physical world . which disease -Diabetes.
Natural science is broadly divided into: 17. Common cold, Influenza, Chickenpox and Measles are
1.Physical science(studies concerned with non-living caused due to the attack of Virus or Bacteria - Virus.
matter) 18. In which atmospheric layer are the communication
2.Life science or Biological science(studies satellite located- Ionosphere.
concerned with living matter) 19. The scientific principle behind 'Fibre Optics' is – Total
internal reflection of light.
General Science : 20. Ginger is a stem and not a root, True or False - True
1. The temperature at which all substances have zero (because it has nodes and Internodes).
thermal energy - 273 degree celcious. 21. When we wind a watch which energy is stored -
2. Any substance which when added to a reaction, alters Potential Energy.
the rate of the reaction but remains chemically
unchanged at the end of the process is called -
Catalyst.
3. The study of the inter-relations of animals and plants
with their environment is called-Ecology.
4. Study of insects is called-Entomology.
5. A unit used to express the focal power of optical
lenses-Dioptre.
6. The velocity that a body with less mass must achieve
in order to escape from the gravitational attraction of
a more massive body is called-Escape Velocity.
7. Laughing gas is chemically known as- Nitrous Oxide.
8. The blood vessels carrying blood from the heart to
various parts of the body is called-Artery.
9. The distance travelled by light in one year is called -
Light year.
10. An organism which derives its nourishment from
another living organism is called-Parasite.
TYPES OF VITAMINS:
18. Newton's Law of Gravitation - All particles of List of Diseases caused by Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa
matter mutually attract each other by a force directly and Worm:
proportional to the product of their masses and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance Disease caused by Viruses:
between them.
1. Chicken pox - It is caused by Varicella-zoster
virus.
2. Small Pox - It is caused by Variola virus.
3. Common Cold -It is caused by Rhinovirus.
4. AIDS (Acquired Immunono Deficiency Syndrome)
- It is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
5. Measles -It is caused by Measles virus.
6. Mumps -It is caused by Mumps virus.
7. Rabies - It is caused by Rabies virus
(Rhabdoviridae family).
8. Dengue fever -It is caused by Dengue virus.
9. Viral encephalitis - It is an inflammation of the
brain. It is caused by rabies virus, Herpessimplex,
polio virus, measles virus, and JC virus.
19. Ohm's Law - It states that the current passing Disease caused by Bacteria:
through a conductor between two points is directly 1. Whooping Cough - It is caused by a bacterium
proportional to the potential difference across the two called Borde tella pertussis.
points provided the physical state and temperature etc. 2. Diphtheria - It is caused by Coryne bacterium
of the conductor does not change. diphtheriae.
3. Cholera - It is caused by Vibrio cholerae.
20. Pauli exclusion principle - It explains that no two 4. Leprosy - It is caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
electrons in the same atom or molecule can have the 5. Pneumonia- It is caused by Streptococcus
same set of quantum numbers. pneumoniae.
6. Tetanus - It is caused by Clostridium tetani.
21. Raman effect - It is the change in wavelength that 7. Typhoid - It is caused by Salmonella typhi.
occurs when light is scattered by the atoms or 8. Tuberculosis - It is caused by Mycobacterium
molecules in a transparent medium. tuberculosis.
9. Plague - It is caused by Yersinia pestis.
22. Tyndall effect - The scattering of light by very small
particles suspended in a gas or liquid.
DISEASE CAUSED BY PROTOZOANS:
K. Landsteiner : Classified human beings (1900) in four groups on the basis of the reaction of their blood: A,B,AB and O.
Blood group Carries antigen Carries antibody Can donate blood Can receive
to blood from
A A B A,AB A,O
B B A B,AB B,O
AB A,B None Only AB Universal
Accepter
O None A,B Universal donor Only O
Hyperopia or hypermetropia or longsightedness : Permanent magnets are made of steel, cobalt steel,
A person suffering from hypermetropia can see the ticonal, alcomax and alnico.
distant objects clearly but not the near objects.
Causes: Electromagnets, cores of transformers, telephone
Shortening of eye ball along the axis. diaphragms, armatures of dynamos and motors are
Increase in the focal length of eye lens. made of soft iron, mu-metal and stalloy.
Stiffening of ciliary muscles.
Remedy : A converging lens is used. SOURCES OF ACID:
Citric acid — Lemons or oranges (Citrus fruits)
Presbyopia : This defect is generally found in elderly Lactic acid — sour milk
person. Due to stiffening of ciliary muscles, eye looses Butyric acid — Rancid butter
much of its accommodating power. As a result distant Tarteric acid — Grapes
as well as nearby objects can-not be seen. Acetic acid — Vinegar
Remedy: two separate lens or a bifocal lens is used. Maleic acid — Apples
Carbonic acid— Soda water aerated drinks
Stearic acid — Fats
Peat : Low grade coal produces less heat & more smoke Alum [K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3. 24 H2O] : (i) Purification of
& ash water (ii) Leather industry.
Anthracite : Superior quality, hardest form, high Aluminum sulphate [Al2(SO4)3 . 18H20] : In paper
calorific value industry/fire extinguisher.
Compounds of metal and non -metal and their Anhydrous aluminium chloride (AlCl3) : Cracking of
uses : petroleum.
Ferrous oxide ( FeO) : In green glass, Ferrous Mercuric Chloride (HgCl 2 ) : Calomel,
salt. Insecticides (Corrosive sublimate)
Chlorine (Cl 2 ) : Mustard gas, Bleaching powder. Calcium carbide (CaC 2 ) : Calcium cyanide &
acetylene gas.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) : In the formation of
aquaregia and dyes Bleaching powder [Ca(OCI) Cl] : Insecticides,
Bleaching actions.
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Titanium is called strategic metal because it is
Plaster of paris : Statue, Surgery. lighter than iron.
Babbitt metal contains 89% Sn (Tin),Sb (Antimony)
Calcium sulphate (CaSO 4 •2H2 0) : Cement industry. and 2% Cu (Copper).
Chromium trioxide is known as chromic acid.
Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) : Lime & toothpaste Nichrome wire is used in electrical heater
Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) is known as pearl
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ): Soda water, Fire ash.
extinguisher. Generally transition metals and their compounds
are coloured.
Carbon monoxide (CO) : In phosgene gas (COCl 2). Zeolite is used to remove hardness of water.
In cytochrome iron (Fe) is present.
Graphite : As electrodes. Selenium metal is used in photo electric cell.
Copper sulphate (CuSO 4 - 5H 2 0) : Insecticides,
Gallium metal is liquid at room temperature.
Electric cells.
Palladium metal is used in aeroplane.
Radium is extracted from pitchblende.
Cupric oxide (CuO) : Blue & green glass,
purification of petroleum World famous Eiffel Tower has steel and cement
base.
Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O) : Red glass, pesticides. Actinides are radio-active elements.
Cadmium rod is used in nuclear reactor to slow
Copper (Cu) : Electrical wire . down the speed of neutron.
Sodium peroxide is used in submarine and also to
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) : Fertilizer. purify closed air in hospital.
Co( COBALT) is used in cancer treatment.
Sodium Sulphate (Glauber salt): Medicine, glass Onion and garlic odour due to potassium.
Oxides of metals are alkaline.
Sodium bicarbonate (Baking soda) : Fire extinguish Silver and copper are the best conductor of
bakery, reagent. electricity.
Gold and Silver are the most malleable metal.
Sodium Carbonate (Washing soda) : Glass Mercury and iron produces more resistance in
industry, Paper industries, Removal of permanent comparison to the other during the flow of
hardness of water electricity.
Lithium is the lightest and the most reductant
Hydrogen peroxide : Oxidants & reductants, element.
Insecticides. In fireworks, crimson red colour is due to presence
of strontium (Sr). Green colour is due to the
Liquid hydrogen : Rocket fuel. presence of Barium in fireworks.
Barium sulphate is used in X-ray of abdomen as
Facts About Some Metals barium meal.
Zinc phosphide is used for killing rats. Barium hydroxide is known as Baryta water.
Wood furniture are coated with zinc chloride to Osmium is the heaviest metal and the Platinum is
prevent termites. the hardest.
Excess of copper in human beings causes disease Zinc oxide is known as flower of zinc. It is also
called Wilson. known as Chinese white and used as white paint.
Galvanised iron is coated with zinc. Silver chloride is used in photo chromatic glass.
Rusting of iron is a chemical change which increases Silver iodide is used in artificial rain.
the weight of iron. Silver nitrate is used as marker during election. It is
Calcium hydride is called hydrolith. kept in coloured bottle to avoid decomposition.
Calcium hydride is used to prepare fire proof and Silver spoon is not used in egg food because it forms
waterproof clothes. black silver sulphide.
In flash-blub, magnesium wire is kept in To harden the gold, copper is mixed. Pure gold is 24
atmosphere of nitrogen gas carat. Iron Pyrites (FeS2) is known as fool's gold.
Stratosphere: The stratosphere is found from about 7 Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light
to 30 miles (11-48 kilometers) above the Earth’s emitted by our skin and objects with heat. In space,
surface. In this region of the atmosphere is the ozone infrared light helps us map the dust between stars.
layer, which absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet
radiation from the Sun. The temperature increases
Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light
slightly with altitude in the stratosphere. The highest bulbs, and stars all emit visible light.
temperature in this region is about 32 degrees
Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius. Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun
and are the reason skin tans and burns. "Hot" objects in
space emit UV radiation as well.
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X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and
airport security uses them to see through your bag. Hot
gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.