1™

(TENSES) äâ i

X ÷ë¶Ã~zŠg QgzZ Subject ~‹ZÃáZzä™x » :Subject-1

X ÷ëwB~zŠg QgzZ Object ~‹ZÃqk Qƒ;g YHx »6,qT :Object-2
Xì qâÅZ :} X ÷ë÷~zŠg QgzZ Verb ~‹ZÃx »k Qƒ;gƒx »Ž :Verb-3

Xì Verb ÷ Write rgzZì Object wB Letter âgzZì subject ¶ÃAslam ÅZ~¿kZ

X ÷Dƒ&6, gî~Š ã Cäâ i
E
X Ç‘â{z :}Future ( w÷ ) ÑZzäWX 3X åqâ{z :} Past ( èâ ÷) Zƒ Zg¦
/X 2 Xì qâ{z :} Present ( wq ÿL ›¢) {ŠŽñX 1é
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple)
Xì @*
W{)z ÷CÔƒD ÷D ÔVƒ@* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
Ôì CÔì @*~y K~zŠg Q
X ÷D Îxg ëŠVerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Subject+Ist form of verb

X ÷D™†ŸZ » esc*
sB‚ÆVerbƒ(Singular Noun) c* /Z :þ ^â
(He,She,It)Subject Zg ø¤

YH7†ŸZ » esc* sB‚Æverb ÆPlural noun c*

X @* ,we,you,they, IgzZ

I write a letter.X Vƒqâ~ X :}

He writes a letter.Xì qâ{z

She writes a letter.Xì —â {z

Aslam writes a letter.Xì qâÅZ

Aslam and Akram write a letter.X ÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+ do not / does not + Ist form of verb

YH7†ŸZ » es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @*

X @* ƒwEZ does not B‚Æ Singular Noun gzZ He,She,It X :^â
YHwEZ do not B‚ÆPlural noun c*
X @* ,we,you,they, IgzZ

I do not write a letter.X Vƒq7â~ X :}

He does not write a letter.Xì q7â{z

She does not write a letter.Xì —7â {z

Aslam does not write a letter.Xì q7âÅZ

Aslam and Akram do not write a letter. X ÷˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Indefinite Tense(Interrogative)
Do/Does+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

» es c*s B‚ÆVerb~]gßÅäƒwEZ DoesXì @*

ƒwEZ Does ~qzÑÆ¿ B‚Æ Singular Name gzZ He,She,It X :^â
YHwEZ ~qzÑÆ¿ do B‚ÆPlural noun c*
X @* *
,we,you,they, IgzZX @ YH7†ŸZ
Do I write a letter? ?Vƒqâ~H X :}
Does he write a letter? ?ì qâ{zH
 Does she write a letter? ?ì —â {zH 2™

Does Aslam write a letter? ?ì qâÅZ H

Do Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?÷˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple)

ì @*
W{)z} WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
þ Ô ~ ,³ZÔ¸D Ô‰CÔ ¶CÔ å@*~y K~zŠg Q
X ÷D Îxg Ã~uzŠ Å VerbQ÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Subject+2nd form of verb

I wrote a letter.X åqâ~ X :}

He wrote a letter.X åqâ{z

She wrote a letter.X ¶—â {z

Aslam wrote a letter.X åqâÅZ

Aslam and Akram wrote a letter.X¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+did not+Ist form of verb

Q Âì @* # ~ InterrogativegzZ Negative1ì CƒwEZxg Ã~uzŠ Â, z~Past Indefinite Tense:^â

ƒwEZ did Z
/‹Z ~g7OgŠ c*
CƒwEZ~Past Indefinite Tense(Simple)sÜgzZsÜxg Ã~uzŠ~%Z¤ Xì CƒwEZxg ìŠVerb
Xì @* q«Å VerbnÆ¿ (Negative)ÔXì
ƒwEZ did¬Ðª
I did not write a letter.X åq7â~ X :}
He did not write a letter.X åq7â{z

She did not write a letter.X ¶—7â {z

Aslam did not write a letter.X åq7 âÅZ
Aslam and Akram did not write a letter.X¸˜7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

Did+Subject+Ist form of verb+?

X ÷˜~qzÑÆ¿Ã did~¿ (Interrogative)DZÎ

Did I write a letter? ?åqâ~H X :}
Did He write a letter? ?åqâ{zH
Did She write a letter? ?¶—â {zH
Did Aslam write a letter? ?åqâÅZ H
Did Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?¸˜âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Indefinite Tense (Simple)

W{)zÐÔ ÏÔ Ç~y
Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
K~zŠg Q
X ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î shall c*will Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Subject+will/shall+Ist form of verb

ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!*

X ÷« ƒwEZ will B‚ƃ
/ZgzZXì @*
¤  ¹!*Shall B‚Æ We gzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â
I shall write a letterX ÇVâ~ X :}
 We shall write a letter.XÐKâë 3™

He will write a letter.X Ç‘â{z

She will write a letter.X Ï‘â {z

Aslam will write a letter.X Ç‘âÅZ

Aslam and Akram will write a letter.XÐKâx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not/shall not+Ist form of verb

I shall not write a letter.X ÇV7 â~ X :}

We shall not write a letter.XÐK7 âë

He will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 â{z

She will not write a letter.X Ï‘7 â {z
Aslam will not write a letter.X Ç‘7 âÅZ

Aslam and Akram will not write a letter.XÐK7 âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative)

shall/will+Subject+Ist form of verb +?

Shall I write a letter? ?ÇV â~H X :}

Shall we write a letter? ?ÐKâëH
Will he write a letter? ?Ç‘ â{zH
Will she write a letter? ?Ï‘ â {zH
Will Aslam write a letter? ?Ç‘âÅZ H
Will Aslam and Akram write a letter? ?Ð
þ Kâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Continuous Tense (Simple)

Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶

W{)z ƒìgÔ÷ìgÔVƒ „g Ôì „gÔVƒ;gÔì ;g ~y K~zŠg Q
ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î is/am/are Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
X ÷D Î
Subject+is/am/are+Ist form of verb+ing

Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You ~%Z¤

Xì @* /‹ZXì @*
ƒwEZ is B‚ÆuZz areB‚Ʀ amB‚Æ ( ðW ) I X :^â
I am writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉâ~ X :}
You are writing a letter.XƒìgÉâ ?

He is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâ{z

Aslam is writing a letter.Xì ;gÉâÅZ

Aslam and Akram are writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+is not/am not /are not +Ist form of verb+ing

I am not writing a letterX Vƒ;gÉ 7â~ X :}

You are not writing a letter.XƒìgÉ7 â?
He is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ 7â{z
 Aslam is not writing a letter.Xì ;gÉ 7âÅZ 4™

Aslam and Akram are not writing a letter.X ÷ìgÉ 7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Present Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

is/am/are+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Am I writing a letter? ?Vƒ;gÉ â~H X :}

Are you writing a letter? ?ƒìgÉâ?H
Is he writing a letter? ?ì ;gÉâ{zH
Is Aslam writing a letter? ?ì ;gÉâÅZ H
Are Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ?÷ìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Continuous Tense (Simple)

Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶

W{)z¸ìgÔ‰„gÔ ¶„gÔ å;g ~y K~zŠg Q
ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î was/were Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
X ÷D Î
Subject+was/were+Ist form of verb+ing

/‹ZX ÷D Î wereB‚Æthey,we,you,plural Nounsª¦gzZXì @*

~%Z¤ ƒwEZ was B‚Æ he,she,it,I,singular nounªuZz X :^â
Y1„~]gßÅ ¦ åà You
Xì @*
I was writing a letterXå;gÉâ~ X :}
You were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉâ ?

He was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâ{z

Aslam was writing a letter.Xå;gÉâÅZ

Aslam and Akram were writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+was not/were not+Ist form of verb+ing

I was not writing a letterX å;gÉ7â~ X :}

You were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7â ?

He was not writing a letter.X å;g É7â{z

Aslam was not writing a letter.X å;g É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram were not writing a letter.X¸ìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Past Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

was/were+Subject+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Was I writing a letter? ?å;gÉâ~H X :}

Were you writing a letter? ?¸ìgÉâ?H
Wa she writing a letter? ?å;gÉâ{zH
Was Aslam writing a letter? ?å;gÉâÅZ H
Were Aslam and Akram writing a letter? ?¸ìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Future Continuous Tense (Simple)

W{)zÐVƒìgÔ ÏVƒ„gÔ Ïƒ„g Ô ÇVƒ;gÔ Çƒ;g ~y

Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
K~zŠg Q
 will be/shall be ‰
Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z 5™

X ÷D Î ingQX ÷D Îxg à « Å Verb Q÷D Î

Subject+will be/shall be+Ist form of verb+ing

ZwEZ » shall gzZ will Qƒ:™}Šgzi]!*

ï Š™« YHwEZ willB‚ƃ
/ZgzZXì @*
¤  ¹!* ƒwEZ shall B‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â
gzZXì @*
X÷
I shall be writing a letterX ÇVƒ;gÉâ~ X :}
You will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉâ ?

He will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâ{z

Aslam will be writing a letter.X ǃ;gÉâÅZ

Aslam and Akram will be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Continuous Tense (Negative)

Subject+will not be/shall not be+Ist form of verb+ing

I shall not be writing a letterX ÇVƒ; gÉ7 â~ X :}

You will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7â ?

He will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g É7â{z

Aslam will not be writing a letter.X ǃ;g É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not be writing a letter.XÐVƒìgÉ7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Continuous Tense (Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ be+Ist form of verb+ing

Shall I be writing a letter? ?ÇVƒ;gÉâ~H X :}

Will you be writing a letter? ?ÐVƒìgÉâ?H
Will he be writing a letter? ?ǃ;gÉâ{zH
Will Aslam be writing a letter? ?ǃ;gÉâÅZ H
Will Aslam and Akram be writing a letter? ?ÐVƒìgÉâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Present Perfect Tense( Simple)

Xì @*
W{)z ì} Ô÷} Ôì ~Ôì c* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
Ô÷` Ôì _ÔVƒ[Ôì [~y K~zŠg Q
X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î has/have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Subject+has/have+3rd form of verb

ÆyougzZ ( ðW ) IXì @*
ƒwEZ haveB‚ÆThey, we,you,I,plural nouns ª ¦gzZ hasB‚Æhe,she,it,singular noun ª uZz X :^â
Xì @*
ƒwEZ have ÌB‚
I have written a letterX Vƒ[Éâ~ X :}
You have written a letter.Xƒ` Éâ?
He has written a letter.X ì [â { z
Aslam has written a letter.X ì [âÅZ
Aslam and Akram have written a letter.X ÷` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+has not /have not +3rd form of verb

I have not written a letterX Vƒ[É7 â~ X :}

 You have not written a letter.Xƒ` 7 Éâ? 6™

He has not written a letter.X ì [É 7â{z

Aslam has not written a letter.X ì [ É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram have not written a letter.X ÷` É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ
Present Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

has/have+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Have I written a letter? ?Vƒ[Éâ~H X :}

Have you written a letter? ?ƒ` Éâ?H
Has he written a letter? ? ì [Éâ{zH
Has Aslam written a letter? ? ì [É âÅZ H
Have Aslam and Akram written a letter? ?÷` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
Past Perfect Tense( Simple)

W{)z¸} Ô ¶~Ô åc*

Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
Ô¸` Ô ¶_Ô å[~y K~zŠg Q
Æ~ m,
ôZ TensetX ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Î had Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Zƒ~ˆx »ŽgzZì @* »k Q Zƒ¬x »Ž~]gß+Z ( å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e )X :}Xì @*
YH~Past Perfect TenseÀF, ƒwEZÌ~VÓ“
%
{kZ c* »{kZ=Z Z%¬!%~¿áZz6,
W~ˆËZ egzZÐ,™ Past Perfect Tense ~ÀF, »k Q
YH~ Past Indefinite TenseÀF,
zZXì @*
The patient had died before the doctor came.XÐ,™~Past Indefinite Tense »
ÀF,
Subject+had+3rd form of verb

I had written a letterXå[Éâ~ X :}

You had written a letter.X¸` Éâ?
He had written a letter.X å [É â { z
Aslam had written a letter.X å[É âÅZ
Aslam and Akram had written a letter.X¸` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ
X :BVÅVÓ
“%¼[Z
The bell had rung when I reached the school.X ¶_ #pÂàwj~Z
#
The patient had died before the doctor came.X å[%!%¬ÐäWÆËZ e

He had gone out before finished his work.X Š

H`C ¬Ðä™ »x »{z
Ù !*
Xì @* -ZsÜ~X÷DƒwEZ Ì¿
ƒwEZ Tense„q “%,Z¼~Tense kZ
He had never seen the lion before.X 嬊7L¬èäkZX :}

I had already finished my work.X å1™ »x »„¬ä~

Past Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+had not+3rd form of verb

I had not written a letterX å[7 Éâ~ X :}

You had not written a letter.X¸ `7 Éâ?
He had not written a letter.X å[É7 â{z
Aslam had not written a letter.X å[É7 âÅZ
 Aslam and Akram had not written a letter.X¸` É7 âx™ ZgzZÅZ 7™

Past Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

had+Subject+3rd form of verb+?

Had I written a letter ? ?å[Éâ~H X :}

Had you written a letter? ?¸ ` Éâ?H
Had he written a lette? ?å[Éâ{zH
Had Aslam written a letter? ? å[ÉâÅZ H
Had Aslam and Akram written a letter? ?¸` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H

Future Perfect Tense( Simple)

W{)zÐVƒ` Ô ÏVƒ_Ô Ïƒ_Ô ÇVƒ[Ô Çƒ[~y

Xì @* WÆVÓÆzŠg Q ~ Tense kS X :ã¶
K~zŠg Q
X ÷D Îxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q÷D Îwill have/shall have Q÷D Î Subject¬Ðƒ
‰ ~‹ZÐzŠg QX :i§»ä™ÀF,
Ü zD™ÀF, ~‹Z
Subject+will have/shall have+3rd form of verb

YHwEZ will haveB‚ƃ

Xì @*  ¹!* ƒwEZ shall haveB‚Æ wegzZ ( ðW ) I X :^â
gzZXì @*
I shall have written a letterX ÇVƒ[Éâ~ X :}
You will have written a letter.XЃ` Éâ?
He will have written a letter.X ǃ[Éâ{z
Aslam will have written a letter.X ǃ[ÉâÅZ
Aslam and Akram will have written a letter.XÐVƒ` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Perfect Tense( Negative)

Subject+will not have/shall not have+3rd form of verb

I shall not have written a letterX ÇVƒ[É7 â~ X :}

You will not have written a letter.XЃ` É7â?
He will not have written a letter.X ǃ[É7â{z
Aslam will not have written a letter.X ǃ[É7âÅZ
Aslam and Akram will not have written a letter.XÐVƒ` É7âx™ ZgzZÅZ

Future Perfect Tense( Interrogative)

will/shall+Subject+ have+3rd form of verb+?

Shall I have written a letter? ?ÇVƒ[Éâ~H X :}

Will you have written a letter? ?Ѓ` Éâ?H
Will he have written a letter? ? ǃ[Éâ{zH
Will Aslam have written a letter? ? ǃ[ÉâÅZ H
Will Aslam and Akram have written a letter? ?ÐVƒ` Éâx™ ZgzZÅZ H
 8™

Û èâ ÷) PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

$Œ
( ~g Yd

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

» PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE ]{zì @*

W{)z÷„g CÔì „gCÔì ;g @* ~y
ÔVƒ„g CÔ÷ìg D ÔVƒ;g @* WÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
ª‰ /ZgzZX ÷D™wEZ » since~¿Âƒ™f » Point of Time ª‰
Ü zx ¬¤ Ü zm{~¿¤ YHÌ™f »‰
/ZXì @* Ü z~ Tense kZ :^âXì @*
ƒ
zŠÔVß ‚zŠgzZXì @*
ƒwEZ sinceB‚Ɖ á ðÔVß ‚ÔVâŠÆ‹ x ÓXì @*
Ü zÔx ÷ ƒwEZ for ~]gß+Z ƒwEZ » ( ƒYƒ:x¥Ž ) Period of time
X ÷D™ wEZ for B‚ÆV[
R
Subject+has been/Have been+Ist form of verb+ing ~‹Z
:i§»ä™ÀF,
ƒwEZ have been B‚Æ Plural Noun gzZ has been B‚ÆHe,She,It, singular noun
Xì @*
RzŠ {z:}
He has been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV[

He has been playng hockey for two days.Xì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {z

You have been singing a song since 8'clock. Xƒìg Ç **

ÇÐWJW?
I have been building this house since 1970.X Vƒ;g ¯yktÐ1970
â ~
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+has not been/Have not been+Ist form of verb+ing

RzŠ {z:}
He has not been playng hockey for two hours.Xì ;gö7 Å ;ÐV[

He has not been playng hockey for two days.Xì ; gö7Å ; ÐV⊊zŠ {z

You have not been singing a song since 8'clock. Xƒìg Ç7**
ÇÐWJ W?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogtive)

Has/Have+Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Has he been playng hockey for two hours? RzŠ {zH :}

?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV[
Has he been playng hockey for two days? ?ì ;göÅ ;ÐV⊊zŠ {zH
Have you have been singing a song since 8'clock? ?ƒìgÇ **
ÇÐWJW?H
Has Zahid been remaining absent fron school for two days? ?ì ;g ¢q)ÐwjÐyŠzŠ @Zi H

( ~g Yêèâ ÷ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple)

ƒ™f »‰
@* ƒ» Past Perfect Continuous Tense ]{zñW{)z¸ìg D Ô ¶„g CÔ å;g @*
Ü zÌ~ Tense kZXì @* ~yWÆ¿zŠg QT:yT
ƒwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPiont of Time Xì
Xì @*
Subject+had been+Ist form of verb+ing :i§»ä™ÀF,
,
I had been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:}
*
He had been sleeping since morning.X å;g @ÎÐð{z
You had been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[
RzŠ ?
,$tÐg Z ÂZë
We had been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative) 9™

Subject+had not been+Ist form of verb+ing

,
I had not been reading this book for two months.X å;g| 7 7 [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~:}
*
He had not been sleeping since morning.X å;g @Î7Ðð{z
You had not been playing hockey for two hours.X¸ìgö7Å ;ÐV[
RzŠ ?
We had not been reading this lesson since Sunday.X¸ìg| 7
,7 $tÐg Z ÂZë
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Had +Subject+ been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Had I been reading this book for two months? [ ÂtÐ{â zŠ~H :}
X å;g| 7,
Had He been sleeping since morning? ÎÐð{zH
X å;g @*
Had You been playing hockey for two hours? X¸ìgöÅ ;ÐV[
RzŠ ?H
Had We been reading this lesson since Sunday? X¸ìg| 7,$tÐg Z ÂZëH

E
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Simple) ( ~g YwÿL ›¢)

ƒ» PAST
@* *
PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE]{ zì @ W{)zÏVƒ„g CÔÐVƒìg D Ô ÇVƒ;g @*
Ô Ïƒ„gCX ǃ;g @*
~yWÆ¿ÆzŠg QT:yT
ƒwEZwEZ for B‚ÆPeriod of Time gzZ sinceB‚ÆPoint of Time Ì~kZXì @*
Xì @* ƒ™f »‰
Ü zÌ~TensekZXì
X ÷D™wEZ will have been B‚ƹ!*
gzZ shall have beenB‚Æwe gzZ ( ðW ) I

Subject+will have been/shall have been+Ist form of verb+ing:i§»ä¯~‹Z

I shall have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7
, ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:}
You will have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\ W

The farmer will have been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ;g @
* RÐðy‚
`I~VX
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Negative)

Subject+will not have been/shall not have been+Ist form of verb+ing

,7 ¸tÐ{â zŠ~:}
I shall not have been reading this news for two months.X ÇVƒ;g k7

You will not have been playing since noon.XÐVƒìg È7ÐPzŠ\ W

The farmer will have not been ploughing the fields since morning.X ǃ; g @
* RÐðy‚
`7I~VX

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (Interrogative)

Will/Shall+Subject+ have been+Ist form of verb+ing+?

Shall I have been reading this news for two months? ¸tÐ{â zŠ~H :}
?ÇVƒ;g k7,
Will You have been playing since noon? ?ÐVƒìg ÈÐPzŠ\WH
Will The farmer have been ploughing the fields since morning? ?ǃ;g @* RÐðy‚ H
`I~VX
 10™

ACTIVE VOICE / PASSIVE VOICE

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS
Cases First Person Second Person Third Person

q
ª 1 ¢q $¸
T
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective I We You You He/She/It They

Case ~ ë ? ? -Z ) {z
(q ( {Š c*
i ) {z
qZÃ
ª
Objective Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

Case = … » » ÐQ 7Q
q à B
ª
Possessive My Our Your Your His/Her/Its Their

Case Mine Ours Yours Yours »k Q Theirs

G4»Ó$
q ö-G
ª Z÷ Zg ø Zg v Zg v »yQ
™s ™{(Y®~ } Xì @*
X Vƒ@* YHŠpx »~ Active Voice
YHs ™Ðí{(Y® }Xì @*
Xì @* Z™x »~ Passive Voice
Yc*
Objectà Subject gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ verb™ Îis/am/areQì @
* ¯Subject » Object
Yc* ~‹Z
 X :i§»ä™ÀF,
¬Ðƒ
X ÷ï Š ¯
*
I clean the blackboard.X Vƒ@™s ™{(Y®~X :}
*
The blackboard is cleaned by me.Xì @ YHs ™Ðí{(Y®
Present Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î is/am/are s verb object

Qì @* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ
Yc*  X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject
™s ™{ (®~X :}
X Vƒ@*
subject verb object
Voice) I clean the blackboard. ( Active

YHs ™Ðí{(®
Xì @*
The blackboard is cleaned by me . (Passive Voice)

Present Indefinite Tense (Negative)

~ŠÅ verb ™ Î *
not™ Îis/am/areQì @ ¯Subject S verb
Yc* object » Object ¬Ðƒ ~‹Z
 X :i§»ä™ÀF,
X ÷ï Š ¯Subjectà Object gzZ÷D Î by ˆÆäÎxg Ã
™s ™{ (®~X :}
X Vƒ@*
I clean the blackboard . ( Active Voice)

YH7s ™Ðí{(®
Xì @*
 The blackboard is cleaned by me. (Passive Voice) 11™
sub object

Present Idefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Qì @* ¯ Subject à ObjectQ÷D Î is/am/areObject ¬Ðƒ

Yc*  X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ï Š ¯Object

I polish the shoes. X Vƒ@* DŽ~X :}

™×0*
Are the shoes polished by me ?÷D YG×0*
ÐíDŽ H
Are the shoes not polished by me? ?D YG 7×0*
ÐíDŽ H
Past Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

X ÷ïŠ ¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was/were Qì @* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ
Yc*  X :i§»ä¯

Past Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î was not/ were not Qì @* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ
Yc*  X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ï Š
Past Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxgÃ~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î was/were ¬Ðƒ
 X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ï Š

Future Indefinite Tense (Simple) Passive Voice

¯Object à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Î will be/shall be Qì @* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ
Yc*  X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ï Š

Future Indefinite Tense (Negative) Passive Voice

à Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb ™ Îwill not be/shall not be Qì @* ¯Subject à Object ¬Ðƒ
Yc*  X :i§»ä¯
X ÷ï Š ¯Object
Future Indefinite Tense (Interrogative) Passive Voice

Subject ™ Îby ˆÆäÎxg Ã~ŠÅ Verb Q ÷D Î beQ÷ïŠ ¯ subjectà objectQ÷D Î will/shall ¬Ðƒ
 X :i§»ä¯
WgzZX ÷ï Š ¯Object Ã
X ÷D Î?~y
 12™

Direct and Indirect Narration

h™7Ðb§zŠt ‚Æ¿}ŠËp ÖZ ñƒ†ÐìÆ¿q

X : ÷M -Z Ëë
t ‚Æ ¿}ŠËp ÖZÆ1
X N YñŠ™yÒb§ÏZÇ!* X1
X ñ0* Û ~x|ÆkZāñYH7b§kZÆ™w$
äW: t +zŠg¹Z hð~p ÖZÆ1 X2
Narration ~Xà Sentences, ZX ÷ë Indirect Narration Ãj§}uzŠgzZ Direct Narration Ãj§¬
p ÖZ-ZÆ1Žz{zq
ƒŒ6,
7Z gzZ÷ë Reported Speech ÐZì @* -ZXì YYH„~ V”zŠÔƒŠŽñ
Ù zŠp ÖZ-ZÆ¿á Zz%1Žì @*
ÐìLZ¬ÐäZC @Y3g~ ( "
ƒ{zzZuzŠgzZXì * " ) Inverted commas

VerbÆ{kZgzZ÷ë Reporting SpeechÐ ZXì @

* Æ Inverted Commas
Ù !*
ƒC tXì @* p ÖZ ñƒá1
ƒŒ6,
@YÑZ e (,) CommaˆÆp ÖZ ~y
Xì * Ü z˜āOgŠ c*
WÆReporting speech‰ tX ÷ë Reporting Verb Ã
]!*
X N Yƒµ Zµ Z{VâzŠā @*

{°‡»%$
+~Indirect Speechà Direct speech
Ü zD™sp~Indirect Speechƒ~Future Tense
Reported ‰ c*Present Tense¤
/Z Reporting Verb 1
shall c*will say ~ Tellà say ƒc*
Š ( wB ) Object ðÈÆkZ¤
/ZpX ǃ: W,
Z ðÃ6,
TenseÆVerbÆSpeech

} X ÷s$
+~shall tell c*will tellà say
Direct speech: He says, " I am going to the post office." (present Tense)

Indirect speech: He says that he is going to the post office.

Direct speech: They will say, " We have done our duty." (future Tense)

Indirect speech: They will say that they have done their duty.

} X ÷ïŠw$
+~toldà said ƒ~Past Tense¤
/Z Reporting Verb X2
Direct speech: He said to me, " I sing a song." (past Tense)

Indirect speech: He told me that he sang a song.

X ÷D Îthat (ÅyZ™ Uinverted commasÆReported Speech gzZ comma~y

W» Reporting speech X3
Æ ( ¶Ã) subject ÆReporting Verbà pronouns Æ( I, we, ) First person ÆReporting Speech X4
} X ÷ï Šw$
+._
Direct speech: He says to me, " I am ill.

Indirect Speech: He tells me that he is ill.

+._Æ( wB) object ÆReporting Verbà pronoun Æ(you) second person ÆReported Speech
w$ X5
X ÷ï Š
 pronounsÆ(he , she, it, they ) Third PersonÆReported speech X6 13™

X Cƒ7~pðÃÅnË~
Drect speech: She will say, " You are at fault."

Indirect speech: She sill say that you are at fault.

ªX ÷D™sp ~Past Tense à verbsx ÓÆReported speech ƒ~Past Tense¤

/Z Reporting Verb X7
Present Perfect Ô~Past continuous à Present Continuous ~Past Indefinite à Present Indefinite

+~Past perfect continuous à Present Perfect continuous

÷ï Šw$ gzZ~Past Perfect Ã
present ~past continuous à present continuous Ô ~past perfect à Past Indefinite {z´ÆkZ
+~past perfect continuous à present perfect continuousgzZ~past perfect à perfect
X ÷ïŠw$
+~past perfect continuous à past continuous gzZ~past perfect à indefinite
ï Š w$ past {z´ ÆkZ
} X ~would à will c* shall gzZX ÷
Direct speech: He said tome," I sang a song today."

Indirect speech: He told me that he had sung a song that day.

custom c*( ðC K¬) Universal Truth ðÃ~Reported speech pƒ~Past Tense ¤

/Z Reporting Verb X8
} Xì Lg~„ Present Tense {zªX @* Z ðÃ6,tense Æverb ÆReported speech Q ƒŠŽñ( ` Zzg)
ƒ7W,
Direct speech: The teacher said, " God is one."

Indirect speech: The teacher said that God is one.

Xì *
@Yc* .Ã well gzZ all right, No, Yes
Š™ »ªsv X9
X :÷CƒV´psfzgq~p ÖZá Zzä™C
Ù ª(gzZ‰
Ü z X 10
hither Ô ~ then à nowÔ ~ thence à hence Ô ~those à these Ô ~ that à this Ô~there à here
next Ô ~ next dayà tomorrow Ô ~ that day à today Ô ~before à ago Ô ~ so à thus Ô ~ thither Ã
previous à last night gzZ~ previous dayà yesterda Ô~ that night à tonight Ô ~ following day à day
+~ night
X ÷ s$
X :Ogwì»VÂ!* Ü zD™sp~ Indirect Narrations à ( iZ c*¬) Imperative Sentences
sfzgq‰ X 11
forbade, commanded, ordered requested,advised ._ÆÎâÅVzLà Reporting Verb ÆVzL, Z (Z)
Xì *
@Yc* +~ proposed c*
Šw$
e¯ infinitive verb ÐZ™ Î To ¬Ð verb Æ Imperative Sentences
X ÷f ( [)
( ~VzLÆ{)z Ã Ô iZ Ô ¬)
Xì 4 not to ¬Ð verb~]gßÅ Negative Sentences (`)
 c*proposed à Reporting Verb ÂñYHwEZnÆæ ?Ë let ¤
¾ c*m, /Z ( Š ) 14™

Â}Š pÆiZ let ¤ @YHwEZ should ˆÆ

/ZpXì * kZgzZXì * +~ suggested
Šw$
@Yc*
Xì *
@YHwEZ permit c* allow ˆÆkZ™w$
+~ Requested à Reporting Verb
(is, are, am, was, were, will. Helping verb ˎ ( 1)÷DƒÆnzŠ ( }LDZÎ) Interrogative sentences X 11
sentences {z ( 2)Xì * ŠB‚ÆNo c*yes[ ZŽ »yZgzZ÷DƒqzÑB‚Æshall, has,have,had may, might)
@Yc*
÷DƒqzÑB‚Æ How c*who, where, when, why, which, whom, whose, what ) ªÂá Zz wh ˎ
W]å~[ ZŽÆyZgzZ
Xì @*
+~ inquired c*asked à Reporting Verb ‰
X ÷s$ +~ Indirect à Interrogative Sentences, Z
Ü z s$
Reporting ÆyZ÷Dƒq zÑÐ helping verb }L ŽX that „:gzZì * Î To Â:~yZ¬ÐäZ h Z commas
@Yc*
7wEZ that ~kZXì * Š ¯6Òª statement Ã}LgzZì *
@Yc* Î whether c*if ˆÆ object Æ verb
@Yc*
X D™
Ã}L™w$
+Ãi§DZÎX ÷ï Šg„ (ZÂÑZz wh ‰ +~ Indirect ¹Z÷DƒqzÑÐÂáZz wh}LDZΎ
Ü zs$
X D™7wEZ that gzZ÷sp~( 6Ò) statement

sp~ indirect Ð direct ÃVzL, ZXì *

@Y¹ Exclamatory Sentences 7Zƒg Ö Z »" _
.~g ¯~X}L, Z X 12
X :ce´gwì»VÂ!*
sfzgqnÆä™
+~ Exclaimed joyfully c*Exclaimed with joy à Reporting Verb ÆkZ ƒg ÖZ »ÙpËÐ}L¤
w$ /Z (Z)
X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Š
Exclaimed c*Exclaimed with sorrow à Reporting VerbÆkZ ƒg Ö Z »" _
.ƧËÐ}L¤
/Z ( [)
X ,Š Î that ˆÆkZX ,Šw$
+~ sorrowfully
X K: Ã{)z Hurrah , Alas, Oh, Aha }p ÖZá Zzä™C
Ù ª]ä c*Ô § Ô /_
. (`)
@Y¹ Optative Sentences ¹Zƒg ÖZ »é Zp c*¬Š Ë~X}L, Z
ä™sp~ Indirect Ð Direct ¹ZXì * X 13
X :ce ´gwì»VÂ!*
sfzgqnÆ
X , Š Î that ˆÆkZgzZ ,™sp~ wished c*Prayed à Reporting Verb (Z)
X N Î respectfully ˆÆ Reporting Verb {”spƒŠŽñ Sir ¤
/Z~ Reporting speech X 14
+~ bade farewell à Reported Speech ƒqzÑÐ Farewell ÂReporting speech ¤
X ,Šw$ /Z X 15
Reporting ƒq zÑÐ Good day c*Good night c*Good evening c*Good morning ¤
/Z Reported speechX 16
+~{)zbade good night c*bade good evening c*bade good morning à speech
Å bade X ÷s$
Xì @*
ƒwEZ Ì wished (
 15™

PERSONS OF PRONOUNS

Cases First Person Second Person Third Person

q
ª 1 ¢q $¸
T
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Subjective I We You You He/She/It They

Case ~ ë ? ? -Z ) {z
(q ( {Š c*
i ){z
qZÃ
ª
Objective Me Us You You Him/Her/It Them

Case = … » » ÐQ 7Q
qà B
ª
Possessive My Our Your Your His/Her/Its Their

Case Mine Ours Yours Yours »k Q Theirs

G4»Ó$
q ö-G
ª Z÷ Zg ø Zg v Zg v »yQ