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    MFN Fotografia PDF

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    (CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINAR DE CIENCIA, TECNOLOGIA E SOCIEDADE DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA (CICTSUL) European Science Foundation Scientific Programme ‘The Evolution of Chemistry in Europe (1789-1939) Spuce Organisation and Production of Scientific Discourse: CChemisiry Laboratories in Portugal DEMONSTRAR OU MANIPULAR? O Laboratério de Quimica Mineral da Escola Politécnica de Lisboa na sua Epoca (1884-1894) Autores ‘Ana Luisa Janeiza José Augusto Mourio Maria Lulsa Alves Alexandre de Oliveira ‘Ana Cardoso de Matos | Fitinis Nunes LIVRARIA ESCOLAR EDITORA Lisboa 1996 PORTUGAL 1884 - 1894 - IDEIAS & IDEARIOS EM CIRCULAGiO. IMAGENS DE PROGRESSO. PORTUGAL 1864 - 1894 - THE CIRCULATION OF IDEAS AND IDEA SYSTEMS. PHOTO - GRAPHIC IMAGES OF PROGRESS Fitima Nunes Universidade de Evora Unicoi of ore ‘The Laboratory space portayed in pho- _O espaco fotografado do Laboratério e a tographsand the figure ofthe man respon- figura do seu responsdvel foram os pretextos sible for it were pretext for a quick vist para uma répida visita as imagens eulturas da into the cultural images ofthat epoch and 2 lip ino the meanderirg of dens crcala- ting in Parliament newspapers and publ cations or that filled the theatres and Smphytheates with an attentive public pparently eager to savour the novelties of ihe rampant Progeas taking place inthe tmore alized word Spoca e uma incursao pelos meandros das ideias que circulavam no parlamento, nos jornais, nas edicdes ou ‘que faziam encher os teatros e antiteatros de publico atento, ©, aparentemente, vide de beber as novas do Progresso em marcha pelo mundo superior- ‘mente civilizado, ‘Based om the impact ofthe Laboratory ofthe Polytechnic School snd of Jose Jali Rodrigues inthe History of Chemistry in Portugal, we tim to find the reference Tines that allow us, in Portugal, tofind the meeting point between practice and theory, between the Portuguese andthe European space A partirdo impacto do Laboratério da Escola Politécnica e de José Jilio Rodrigues na Hist6ria da Quimica em Portugal pretende-se encontrar as. linhas de referéncia que permitiram em Portugal efectuar o encontro entre a pritica ea teoria, entre © espago portugues eo espaco ceuropets (On this route, the Photography ~ Africa relationship may lead ws to tracks of symbolic interpre- tation in the universe of fest itinerério o binémio Fotografia- values and the components Neste itinerério obi ton Africa pode conduit a pistas de interpreta mesa te ‘lo simbelic do universo de valores © tate 19th de pontos matricais constituintes na forma mentis do final do século XIX portugues, PoRvucat 1884-1894 Images of Progress Imagens do Progresso rn the shadow of the centenaris - of) sombra dos cenienios- 0 de Cams (1880) Camdes (1880) and Porbal (1882) - ‘de Pombal (1882) a década de oitenta ithe 1880's had glorious moments. The vives momentos gloss. AS imagens fxadas em images registered in photographs and fotografiase a prolusto de diferentes tipos de the profusion of different types of prin- _Imprense penniim que es caminhos percoridos ting made the routs travelled by ideas Peas eis precestem mals curtos, appear shorter, Mas este splendor comemorativo foi brus- Bits this splendour of celebrations was cementecortado peo ultimatum inglés, imagem sudacniy Halted. by ‘the English Negra e vexatria qe se sobrepunka 3 imagem Ultimatum: « black and vexatious image COFde-tosa de uma representagio cartografica thatovershadowed the pink image ofa muito desejade ~ Africa, As Sociedades longewshed eartograplical epreseniaton Associa agricohs, civilizadoras,instrutivas "Alice The Geoppity Socy of Lisbon aviameaejuntado a Sociedade de Geografia de ‘a875) and the Commercial Geography Lisboa (1875) e ¢ Sociedade de Geografia te an a tof te ese Sh ‘ct PORTUGAL 1884-1894 Comercial do Porto (1880). Luciano Cordeira, Society of Oporto (1880) had joined with fundador e secretério da Sociedade de the agricultural, viising and educational Geografia de Lisboa exaltaa pitria com as Associations ond Societies. Luciano expedigoes cientificas e miltares dos novos Cordeiro, founder and secretary ofthe herbis destas modernas e positivist "viagens _Stesraphy Society of Lisbon, exalts the pee nation with the militory and selentfic expeditions ofthe new heroes ofthese ‘moder and postvst“plosophica our. eye David Corazi, través da colecgto intial Aa Biblioteca do Povo e das Eseoles,procurava espalharinstrucio ecitacia pelo "Povo" que "via Corazz, though the col avid Corazi, through the collection ‘cori a encher salas de conerénias cent entitled Bibra to Povo ets Ecole, cs ou comicios republicancs e socialists. A ed to propagate instruction and slence nagio itl ecrente na nova regide do Progresso mong the People who filled the scent postivo estava metaforicamenterepresentada fie conference rooms or the republican neste signo de um tnico significante, mas de and socialist maso meetings. The nation, rnliposevariadossgrficndos. teneicil and believing inthe new elk Para mostrar as maravilhas dos avangos das _ 810” of positivist Progress was metaphori- Ciencias ¢ das Técnicas ritualizaram-se os “ily represented in this sign of a single espacos sagrados de gigantescas mostras “iif: but with multiple and assorted “ meanings ambulantes - as grandes Expasicfes Nacionals "Ty show the wonders of scientific and e Tnternacionais.Empreendinentos efémeres yeti attanen te saad ect ‘como 0 caso dos diverss pavilhdes temsticos the gigantic moving exibition. fe get Jus sos cndosengenhosamente concedes Natona and Inrnatoal Exon 124) masque tiveram o condo dereordenar-erein- were rfualized. They were ephemeral venfar a malha urbana das cidades, de alterar_ enterprises, like the several thematic pv temporariamente o seu quotidiano exibir a ons or the artfully conceived sceneries feira das vaidades de uma positiva superiori- but they had the power to rearrange and dade da cultura ¢ da civilizagéo industrial, _Teitvent the urban networks, temporarily ‘Nas duas grandes cidades de Pais oitocentista changing daily life and of exhibiting the = Lisboa e Porto - a realizacia das Exposicdes Yi fair of a positive superiority of the A uae oes dustrial culture and cvlzation, Inthe leixou personalizados vestigios arquitecténi- wo big cities of the country in the 1600'S cos eurbanistio . Uston and Oporto = the Exponitions lef Num etero retorno 208 sinbolos do pro- personalized erecta! aed urbane 72550, a fotografia e a imprensa jornalisica — Yesiges. fudo registavam,divulgavame faziam guardar “In an eternal return to the symbols of rma meméria individual e coectiva da Socieda- progres, the photography and the jour Ge portuguesa lst pres repstered, disseminated and Sob o mote de um possve “divérco enizea Hep everything inthe individual and eo cabega ¢ as mios” somos levados a olhar refle- _ lective memory of Portuguese society. xivamente a realidade deste rectingulo encai- Unter the motto of a possible "divorce xado entre o Atlantico ¢ 2 imensidao da fSy"up teneand tants wear edo MesetaTbérica. © preteto surge das mil acti engi which ies between the Alan ane vidades de um lente de excepcdo da Escola the vastness of the tberian Plateat. The Folitgenica de Lisboa - José jlio Bettencourt pent comes tam he theese sex Rodrigues, ou melhor José Jilio Rodrigues Geveoped by an ilustrions lecture ofthe PoRtucat 1884-1894 Polytechnic School of Lisbon - José Julio. como nome liteério que o torna conhecido em Bettencourt Rodrigues, alias José Jullo diferentes sectores culturais!, nomeadamente Rodrigues, the literary name that made os dominios da catografia, da fotografi, do him known in several cllural sectors, = e Parlamento ou ainda como conferencista e particularly in the fields of cartography, articular in the Hels of OBMPRY. publicist da Bitfoten do Poo eds Escoas. Fee eer aratiar tne DEM modo simbsicovaloriz4mosa com- poms sea eka ponente de actor social e protagonista na in.asimbolic way, we value the social divulgacéo de ielas, projectando e inovando actor and protagonit in the spreading of 0 Seu tempo cultural. Afinal pretextos para ites component projecting and innovn, encontrarmos nas esquinas dos encontras ¢ ting his cutural time Preiexts, in the end, dos desencontros da Historia as personagens tofind atthe points of meeting and diver’ © 08 acontecimertos que teceram a emaranka- gency in History the people and happe- da teia de Penélope neste alargado final de ings that weave the tangled Penelop’s web oehich marks the lengthy end of the Portuguese 18th century citocentos portugues Ea de Guciroe debou-nos o ido rural de Tormes e uma imagem Iiteréria da capacida- The writer Eca de Guelrot left us the ; ‘country idyll of Tormes and a literary 4¢ imaginativa que os germéns, ‘do Progresso € mage ofthe imaginative ability which the 4a CivilizacSo podiam trazer as desabridas sage ol Hopes and Ciilgton could serranias:"... e meu Principe encadeando bring ino the rural wilderness." my Togo nesta inspada idein outa, mais rica © ine en echnig ater ped vat, mdr gut Beleza dai a Tomes dea into this one, richer and vaste, Wasa encher esses prados, esses verdes ferregiais, reminder ote bnty Tomes wuld be Suimaneda devas frmeses aces eg: => feth ts meadows, ie green barley feds Teh on filed wih howe of cows, wel sek shi. $24, bem nédias¢ bem luzidias. Hem? Uma Ae eat beleza. Para absgarexsesgndos rics, cons- Nee eee ge tack cole, trfra curraisperfeits, de uma arquitectura purfect sable orould fe bul wih light Tevee di toda em fer evidro,fundamente Ted practical architecture, all in ron and varridos pelo at, largamente lavados pela elas, deeply blown by the wind, abun ggua... Hem? que formosural Depois, com dantly washed by the water. Hmm? What todas essas vacas, e 0 leite jorrando, nada ‘beauty! Then, with all these cows, and the ais fécil e mais divertid, e até mais mora, nak sowing ut nohing ent of que a instalagho de uma queria, fesca Pleasing. rting more moral ec SP Thoda Holandes, toda branca e reluzente, de Nowlaiiiearshing ined wihwae azulejos e de mrmore, para fabricar os Sissons mabiey to print Carers, Camembert, 1 Bres..o# Coulommicr. res... Coulommiers (cf. 14, p. 173. Ef. 14, p.173). Camp ta rat tom et 1; io rnin hw cine] ‘Spafbmentore anf puleions the rnier deobras produzi- das porimaginagies doentes" (cf. 3, p. 169) ‘A reforma da sociedade passava também pelo vis da educaglo Gentifica alargada,e pedagogi- ‘camente adaptada, 206 diferentes estidios de uma bias of a broad scientific Te ning, educationally adjusted to the several, steps of an imaginary intellectual hie= rarchy of the nation. Ths, the education Dased on scientific explanations, “on the level of analising the hows instead ofthe PORTUGAL 1884-1894 whys of the phenomens, would bring the imagindrla hierarquia intelectual da Nagio. scientific ~ industrial ability, capable of Assim, a educacio baseada nas explicagbes cent- rehabilitating society and establishing an fcag,“stuando se a0 nivel da. andlise do como ¢ intellectual order” (cf, p311). A regen ration which meant the establishment ofa ‘no do porqué dos fendmenos trariam a capac- dade cientificoindustial capaz de regenerar a new configuration fo State and Society sonar the structuring elements of the positivist Sociedade e instaurar uma ordem intelectual epoch spirit and ofa wave of public opr 4 p-SID). Uma regeneracio que agora signif- Ilon propaganda, coloured with te infel- _<#V@ a implantacfo de uma nova configuragio de Tectus! paints of the Pertuguese republi- Estadoe de Sociedade, elementos estruturantes do cans, who joined the growing waves of _espirito da época positvisia ede uma onda de criticism against a rotating monarchy, propaganda de opinio publi galvarizada pelos isl hope eaterig the Rts miles dos repbeaos portage gf scene duration’ nk we Segue atnvan sages decane Seo miviceetntcetticeey comet mpuzasiiearn ned poblatins enderngavalublesevie “Eye eaprto de dtu “a hzes de una Mathematics to Physics and Chemisty, 2970 Genta’ que taros também de inser v Yas publicagdes culturas e clenifics, pestando Neronony esicine sed Dhormacy, © Plees cultura ects presto including Ethnography and Social 8 SVic desde a ‘Ruttropclogy-A Teste br ansmision of Matemdtica, & Fisica e Quimica, Agronomia, Mrowicageswith ts tat in the hatture Medicina e Farméci, pasando pela Emografia © See a dete AnmpotgaSiea Umeaniviedetsristo | So Sen's propre) ied impor. de saber up mats taaa no tu de tance Sig fom fapf sence pos Cimbree que ao longo dos acs a, ta Mituforsst puesomialsa Gamera pataniown poyeas mane Certeing nied Ste Uneesoc Tot Ou gtnundo um progeie po # lotbeNeticineSugey Schoo 0 the 4 Cinta o plo menos de proisiorls do | ylechni School/Poltehnie Academy. ring das Ciena, ligados ou 8 Universidade ou rete tothe nei tencing oisinens £°Esctns nfeaco cnangics, ou a scala aes stn nine Fy eca/ Academia Flt ow anda soe ‘Academies and Socicies continued to Ws Estabelecimentes de ensino agricultur, ‘fue the production snd tangmision of slvicltur,indistia, engeaharia © minas... As Te Raaeh Meseumncnite Adoni Solace cent contin ‘he ney natin rebeseted he polaara poduo wa tangs de bere, Mog afscenaintse formation Tred faopbbgb fst ae: oF scenic knowiigein forage cme caurdetn cro abort Sony roedins unveseorcompten. Teemu dum cess ce eee el Ktouige and cess odo stber dea na sca portugues delete de dfs de neces Aeadeny aot dese Scam mop ani indepen edo | ‘SosIU depen, ago co-ed oa dn uo tesco rr ce Porrucat, 1884-1894 © aspecto formal da divulgagio das ideias ce dos saberes 6 um sinal dos tragos vivencinis fe mentais da época e dos reflexos culturals {que as ventos europeus faziam aqui chegar. Mas, a plasticidade da linguagem é outro ‘pico fundamental a reter. A semelhanca de registos discursives permite-nos abalizar algumas das traves mestras da forma mentis de uma década inserida num contexto mais abrangente e prolixo, les apron ce rete feo 9 Fipocai i € ee BTAERS £G', que ona mOSo.-patiy aceouineiallo:s fh + oes. emieasi de: Rodrigues 6 Praca de Lui, ‘The formal aspect ofthe dissemination of ideas and knowledge is «sign of the life and mentality ofthat epoch ard of the cultural reflections blown into Portugal by the European winds, However, the plat city of language is another fundamental topie to be retained. The similarity of dis- ccrsive records allows us to indicate some bearers ofthe fonna montis ofa decade con- tained within a more comprehensive and eat ‘rai in: forniecimeito, especial: parse ueza: Preeos-correntes e'informa ves, om Lishoa, : 2 de Camdes, 6 Aston of Tignpape toa "Enquanto as ciéncas fisicas se ligam com a rmatemtica pelasteorias dintmicas, ea atomi- cidade explica as combinagies quimicas, e 0s ‘carburetos de hidrogéneo formam pela sintese (0s produtos orginicos; enquanto @ embriolo- gia levanta desde a sua origem o problema das tepécies, antropologia eshica at variagies de While physical sciences are linked to mathematics through dynamic theories, and atomicity explains the chemical com- binations, and organic products are for med by synthesis of hydrocarbons; while embryology rages the problem of species, anthropology studies human group vara tna and geslogy confirma the fundamental PorTucat 1884-1894 principe of evolution vehich alo acs on grupo humano e a gelogia vem confirmar 0 history, our public education stil lies in a principio fundamental da evolucfo, que tam- state of stagnation, resulting from a group —_ém actua na historia, 0 nosso ensino piblico ‘of authoritarian teachers devoid of any ainda jaz nesse estado marasmatico, a que Ee ee Jevou um professorado autoritério sem o mini magazine the only hing that cn om so inte fsbo, Nesas condos 6 uma ace decctoies Ghickagiate Revista nos pode comunicar o impulso das the major centres of civilization” (cf.3, enormes descobertas actuais que agitam os pis). Wercan infer the weight of © grandes centres de civilzagio” (cf. 3, p. 169), Frsitsame’ magic, o he national and Adivinha-se 0 peso da revista O Positivism: international prestige of Tindigi’ toge- ou o prestigio nacional, e internacional, de A ther with the strength ofan erase anda anda a forga de uma continua ‘scientific continuity since the middle of the de erudita e cientifica, desde meados do sécu- one ieee o,em O Instituto (cf. 9) Teverhley, the cles af public opin. 0 Oli EB) ay ‘on were also agitated and (informed bY jg salmente agitados e (in)formados por confe- conferences and lectures, subsequently fualmente aghados « Cnlomados pos cone read in the pres or in the small affordable vd imprensa informativa ou de pequenos & booklets costing 30 réis. When the themes acessiveis opuisculos de 30 réis. Quando os. eal with sates of scence and socey, Seetsvels epdsculog de 90 rs, Quando os success was practically guaranteed, spec’ 425 axito era praticamente garantido, sobretu- ally when the creation of preventive 6 quando estava em causa criar mecanismos Inechanisnsagsinst epidemic daeases, 40,guando eslava em causa cir mecanismas | Sch as cetera in Lisbon in B84, was in Preventvos conte Dos i oe ane de guestion, ‘According to, José Julio $354 Sepundo joss Jalio Rodrigues nfo ert Rodrigues it was imposible afte the tively depos dos trabalhos de Pasteur, - ‘works of Pasteur - this extraordinarily Esse homem extraordinariamente grande e fgreat and good man - and of his disciples hom, - e das seus discipulos e continuiadores and followers (which can be found, outs (aue'gs hi e dos mais notéveis na Alemanha, tanding in Germany, England, America, (08 4 ¢ dos mals notéveis ne Aleman ‘ete, , without having so much as the sligh- Inglaterra, na At ee, sean que tod $:9ratuna cn» pc atin ie $-0 tii 7, phot ei ee Siedacticialoctn as sae ten md eget, Cmte presenter, Tal es el eS, Rescate ee de ‘Portugal 2 magne inti apne in he eal wn = Une Piura ¢ ML Dias Noes, denominads A Tre Poleeenmiaacermnts | Gimnntin anata ner state Nectar name" gy af emeumn cae Geckitecemm Tienes Selatan sh ena See feces mein Aone oo Portucat 1884-1094, oF ‘via tenha até hoje nas minimas lutas com os test contest with his most obstinate deta Seus mais teimosos contradictores), no era tors), it was impossible, not to investigate possivel, digo, deixar de investigar qual o ser the being or yeast which causes choles, bu fermento que produz o célera, analoga~ analogous to others more or less dange- ‘mente a outros seres mais ou menos perigosos rou beings which cause a multitude of Gue produzem uma multidéo de doengas con- contagious diseases, setting aside those fagicsas, com reserva das que 0 so por mera Which are due fo mere nervous influences influéncia nervosa (como as doencas contagio- (like imitation-contagious diseases) (..) sas por imitacao) (...) Nao podia Pasteur, Pasteur could no, after the cholera epice- quando a epidemia do eéleratinka abandonado mic had spread from its place of origin, in Powrusat 184-1894 PoRTUCAL 1884-1894 fs seus lugares de origem em 1881, ameacava 1881, and threstened to invade Europe, invadir a Europa, néo podia Pasteur (repito), Pasteur could not (I repeat), coherently coerente.com o seu passado, deixar de lembrar with his pas, fail to remind the Hygiene Junta Consultiva de Higiene (Comité Advisory Commitee (Comité Consultatif Consuitatit STHygine of Par, Griygiene) de how appropriate it Pate quents ACROSS AFRICA woudterorrasce conviris que Sn he orton of funds Sempre sch ene tarias investiga~ a focus of the epide- VERNEY LOYETY.CAMERON, CB, D.C. es, promoves- Se uma expedi- ‘glo que fosse, a0 ric, to study, in the entrails of the vie~ ants tims, not only the on ge rae meee verdadeira licio Lon nor Contin 2 strong = technology of labo- a desinfectantes, ratory knowledge, para ambientes, comes Aes Ae which would be sabrados de casas a used and consumed 50 pessoal ©. spans ti nee deine HEISE? base general doméstico. De- population. certo um forte apeloe sentido doutrinal para af we turn back to think about the weight tecnologia dos sabereslaboratorais, que deviam and importance that the press, dally oF ser usados e consumidos pela populagdo em otherwise, has in this epoch, and if we eral tally turn over its pages, we ae infor ‘Se voltarmos a pensar no peso eimportincia med about some daily hypothetical cus- ‘que a imprensa, didria e nao diria, tem na tomsf the population, on analising publi- Jpoca e felhearmos calmamente as suas pagi- city. The advertisements of personal care oducts, medicines, and chemical ferti 2s constitute points of reference to form idea ofthe new consumption needs of Fortuguese society. And, sie by side with the publication of brands and services for tie scientific use of individuals, the eppea- ice of advertisements for technical "goods" aimed at equipping laboratories and production spaces was registered, The fortnightlyly newspaper O Interesse ible’, whose editor and owner was José Jilio Rodrigues, allows us to visualize advertisements such as "Factory of Chemical Products of B. Siegfried, in 2ofingen (Switzerland). Recommended for the supply of chemical, scientific, pharma- ‘cutical and technical products" (C10 In another register of discursive functo- ality, the Royal Portuguese Agricultural Frometion Company advertised ‘chemical ferlizers prepared inthe Factory of Povoa ‘de Santa Iria, Fertilizers for all cultres are Produced. Sulphuric and Nitrie acids, sole ‘dering sprit - soda, Sodium and. Ferrous Sulphate ei ad isp Portucat 1884-1894 nas ficamos informados de alguns hipotéticos costumes didrios da populagio analisando a publicidade. Os anincios de produtos de hhigiene pessoal, firmacos e de adubos quimi- 0s constituem pontos de referéncia para ide- alizarmos as novas necessidades de consumo da sociedade portuguesa. E lado a lado com a publicitacdo de marcas e servicos para a utilidade cientifica dos individuos registava- se 0 aparecimento de anincios de “mercado vias" técnicas destinadas a apetrechar labora- trios e espacos produtivos. O jornal quinze- nal O Interese Publica’, cujo redactor e proprie- tirio eta José fio Rodrigues, possibilita-nos a visualizagio de antincios como a "Fabrica de Produtos Quimicos de B. Siegfried em Zofingen (Suissa). Recomenda-se para o forne- ‘imento de productos quimicos, cientficos, armaceuticos e técnicos" (Cr. 10). Num outro registo de funcionalidade discur- siva a Companhia Real Promotora da Agricultura Portuguesa anunciava os “adubos {quimicos preparados na Fabrica da Pévoa de| Santa Iria, Fabricam-se adubos para todas as caulturas. Acidos: sulfirico, nitrco e muiético - soda, suifato de soda ede fero". Sao ‘Se paact cane meee Sega pnemeaets Porrucal 1884-1894 Afica -O Admirivel Novo Mundo Alica-The Wonderful New World ‘A entrada no mundo da publicdade faz-nos The entry into the world of publicity retomar a um dos grandes temas mobilizado- makes us turn back to one ofthe great Tes dn opinao pubic portuguesa ceuropela motivating themes of Portaguese and deste final de século XIX - AFRICA. A segun- brnivomianare eee “ te ‘of European colonial expansionism beco- mes visible from the years 1870-1878, The da fase do expanstonismo colonial europet tomnacsevisteel_ partir dos anos 1670-1876 As transformacies politicas, econémicas « TenwhPle fom We Yeas 1680, Te Sociais, que estavarn a ocorrer nos Estados fons thst west tating place isthe europeus que controlavam as rédeasestratégi- European sates and which contlled the as da geopolitica mundial, faciitavam srategi rns of word geopalis fou suceso das dein expansionstas e o aparec fed ee success of expusionit teas and tmentn de uma politica global concertada em the appearence ofa lobl policy lated to Telagio & pesquisa /exploracio territorial do territorial expottation/researeh of the Continente negro, os objectivosaatingis ens Back continent agreed inthe oDftves to tmeios a utilizar. Triunfara Europa a ideologia Br allained and the methods tobe used Colonial eo movimenta de expunsdo modica- Coal ely amp in sop and ‘se companhias coloniais e sobretudo asthe movement of expansion is changed ~ cxpedigies cientifcase mites: patthar «colonial companis and above al, he c- deminer 9 mundo extavewopes, A for @ © Shae dominate the ext Earopenn peso de Brxelase da confertnca geogrticn 3710 dominate the entr-Exropean de 1876 marcaram o inicio da corrida pare owl, The siength and weight of ‘Africa. Neste contexto era fundamental Figg merked the baneeing ofthe nah extirpar dos meandros da cena internacional © Africa In this context, it was fundamen- descrédito colonial e cientfico que Portugal {sito remove from the meanderegs of he tinha na Europa, {ntemational scene the colonial and scien- ‘A Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa é fun- te discredit that Portugal had in Europe dada em 1875 com 0 claro objectivo de contri- "The Geography Society of Lisbon tas ih staves dn se estruura organisaiva’ funded 1 at Sew eto for rare deg ge txpeo tng ro es TSB0 na cdedeinviceergane-se uma cor. _Torgute Expedition o Cent Aca 80, dade invicia organise uma con- CFSE n Tan Oporto sna 8 cGolisboots, mas com Objet body fo the Lisbon intittion was organ setae det ‘Combes € ecealpa e zed, tet ‘with national cI precise bet purdica de Porto ecom sefe na mesma fSohcommemaing th iertenay of Ende, uma associoco que se denominard Sen heContneea Gapeny Sec) Sociedade de Geograin Comercial do Ports” of Opa cublshed bf in pero (a. mp que Severs esunderoeseue bes pres'l Opec wth had oe ne | [Syectionins seco Se geoge como ne de sacs clin ston commercial and ceonom: oparey ete mca deities estechoepr cece: Salas sd pol gaps eel espa, Sas a pepe hina ges Se nocpess) tal open, anepgy ont hte ee Pdeppsesctan Eclipse same city,” (cf.20, ps) 252 ims onal and @ A LRADICAO the Portuguese colonies" Strategically, for the State and for the Nation of Camdes, the organisa tion of reconaissance journeys into the African Continent, expeditions of Scientific and military character, and conse- quently of politic-colo- nil character would be extremely advantage: ous. However, in the Geography Society of Lisbon, two opposite points of view were in Conflict: one of Luciano Cordeiro, general secre: | tary, who supported the ! PoRTUGAL 1884-1894 06 de actividade intlec fual e comercial 8s col6- nas portuguesas, Para o Estado e para a eaenvespus _Naglo de Cam@es era de co, militar € ‘opostos: 0 de Africa croasing of Arica, and age another, of José jalto Rodrigues secretary of ®&dsedetssclnnionipddcts — achava que the Central Comittee, ‘who thought thatthe center of Africa was inremediably lost to Portugal and that, the- refore, it was necessary to know and ‘exploit the less known parts ofthe demar- ‘cated teritory” ‘This geographic map, signed by its Author, had been made according to the ‘mast recent publications so tha it could be sufficiently secure with regard to the infr- ‘mation about the distances between the main points represented in it. Jose Jilio represented not only the itinerary of the fist land erossing of Arica, made by the English explorer Cameron, Sut everything that had been proposed in the opinion compiled by Luciano de Cordeiro. “The exposition finished, and with all enthusi- soot Se nm rs See lnc pon oe toda a vantagem estraté sgica que se organizassem viagens de reconheci ‘mento ao interior do con: tinente africano, expedi ‘bes de cardctercientif consequente- mente de cariz politico -colorial. Na Sociedade de ‘Geografia de Lisboa com: frontavam-se, no entanta, dois pontos de vista ‘de Luciano Cordeiro, seretério-geral que defendia a travessia 0 de José [lio Rodrigues secretario dda Comissio Central que fo centro de ‘Africa estava irrermedia velmente perdido para Portugal, ‘devendo por isso conhecer-se e aproveitar-se as partes ‘menos conhecidas do teritorio demarcado", Esta carta geograti assinada pelo Autor, tinha sido redigida de acordo com as public. Ges mais recentes, de modo que pudesse set suficientemente segura nas informagies sobre as distincias entre pontos principais, que nela estavam figurados, José falio representou no 86 0 itinerdrio da primeira travessia terestre africana, concretizada pelo explorador inglés Cameron, como todos quantos propunha ou indigitava a consulta redigida Cordeiro, “Encezrada a exposicio entusiasmo de que era capa 20-apotae peto far (Foch sete fm por Luciano ecom todo o 2, procurou Posrucar 1984-1694 demonstrar serem absclutamente inadmissi-_ asm he had he tried toshow tha the tne ‘eis os tinerérios que até aquela data tinham fares advised by others, until tat day, sido aconselhados por outrem, no s6 sob 0 were absolutely inadmissible, not only ponto de vista politica, mas até cientifico e from» polite, but also from scenic ‘geogréfico (...) Segundo o orador a exploragio. 4nd BeoBraphic points of view (...). slo Zaire sera 0b o ponte de vista nacional, per-_P

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