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Page i
Suhraward[i macron]and the Heritage of the Greeks Suhrawardi * and the Heritage of the Greeks
John Walbridge
Published by
State University of New York Press, Albany
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of
this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic,
electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in
writing of the publisher.
Walbridge, John.
The leaven of the ancients : Suhrawardi * and the heritage of the
Greeks / John Walbridge.
p. cm. (SUNY series in Islam)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7914-4359-0 (alk. paper). ISBN 0-7914-4360-4 (pbk.:
alk. paper)
1. Suhrawardi, Yahyá* ibn Habash*, 1152 or 3-1191. 2. Philosophy,
IslamicGreek influences. 1. Title. II. Series.
B753.S84W35 1999
181'.5dc21 98-54756
CIP
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Start of Citation[PU]State University of New York Press[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation
To Linda,
with love
Start of Citation[PU]State University of New York Press[/PU][DP]2000[/DP]End of Citation
CONTENTS
Abbreviations xi
Preface xiii
Note on Terminology xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Part 1
Suhrawardi * as a Non-Peripatetic
Chapter 1 3
The Problem of Suhrawardi and Illuminationism
11
The Commentators
Chapter 2 13
Suhrawardi's Life and Works
13
From Maragha* to Aleppo
15
Suhrawardi's works
Chapter 3 19
A Summary of the Illuminationist Philosophy
19
The Style of Suhrawardi's Philosophizing
19
Logic
21
First Philosophy: Beings of Reason
22
Physics: The Constituents of Body
23
Knowledge by Presence
24
Metaphysics and Rational Theology
26
The Mystical: Imaginal World, Afterlife, Cycles, Reincarnation
Chapter 4 27
Suhrawardi on the History of the Ancient Philosophy
27
The "Ishraqi*" School
29
The Philosophical Genealogy
31
The Greek Line in Suhrawardi's Philosophical Isnad*
Part 2
The Divine Philosophers
Chapter 5 39
Empedocles: The Philosopher as Mystic and Magus
40
The Empedocles of History
44
Shahrazuri's * Account of Empedocles
45
The Empedoclean Tradition in Islam
47
Empedocles in Suhrawardi's* Works
48
Love and Strife
51
Suhrawardi as Mystic and Magus
Chapter 6 55
Pythagoras: The Brotherhood of the Lovers of Wisdom
55
The Pythagoras of History and Legend
60
The Commentaries on the Golden Verses and the Akousmata
62
Other Information on Pythagoreanism: Lore, Numbers, and Symbols
65
The Pythagoreanizing Neoplatonists and the Illuminationists
67
What the Illuminationists Learned from Pythagoras
81
Conclusion
Chapter 7 83
The Divine Plato
83
The Biography of Plato in Arabic
88
Platonic Materials in Arabic
97
Dialogue, Myth, and Allegory
116
Islamic Writers on Platonism
124
Why Did Suhrawardi Become a Platonist?
Chapter 8 127
Aristotle and the Peripatetics
127
The Historical Aristotle in the Islamic Tradition
129
The Problem of Suhrawardi's "Old Aristotle"
137
Suhrawardi's Critique of the Peripatetics
Chapter 9 143
Plato versus Aristotle (i): The Critique of Peripatetic Logic
143
Division and the Rejection of Essentialist Definition
148
The Simplification of the Syllogism
154
Propositional Logic
Chapter 10 157
Plato versus Aristotle (ii): Platonic Epistemology
157
The Problem of Vision
162
Alexander of Aphrodisius on Vision
164
Knowledge by Presence
171
Epistemology and the Seventh Epistle of Plato
178
Intuition as a Basis of Philosophy
181
Suhrawardi's * Platonism in Review
Chapter 11 187
The Stoics: The Heirs of Plato's Esoteric Teachings
187
The Problem: Mulla* Sadra's* Identification of Suhrawardi as a Stoic
190
The Transmission of Stoic Ideas
193
Illuminationism as Stoicism
196
Suhrawardi's System and the History of Philosophy: Recapitulation
Part 3
Aftermath
Chapter 12 201
Politics, Plato's Seventh Epistle, and the Failure of Suhrawardi's Political Ambitions
Chapter 13 211
The Philosophical Heritage of Suhrawardi
211
The Transmission of his Books and Ideas
213
Maragha* to the School of Isfahan
215
Mysticism and the Decline of Science in Islam
220
The Problem of Consciousness and the Recurrence of Metaphysics
Appendix I 223
Henry Corbin and Suhrawardi Studies
Appendix II 225
Suhrawardi's Dream of Aristotle
Notes 231
Bibliography 273
Index 285
INDEX
abstraction, 165;
Acragas (Agrigento), 41
adab, 100
Aeolus, 42
aether, 46
Aidoneus, 46
akhirun*, 135
'alam*, 93
Alcibiades, 208
alhan*, 71
al-aliha*, 61
Sufi, 251
Allah*, 62
analogy, 132
Anatolia, 13
anatomy, Pythagorean, 62
Anaximenes, 81
(continued)
Ancients
Sufis, 225;
vision, 160
anniyat* 79
anthropomorphism, 203
aqdamun*, 5
Arabian philosophy, xv
Arabic, 99
'arad*, 113
Archangels, 132
Archedemus, 249
Archelaus of Athens, 81
Archimedes, 34
Aristotle, 5, 6, 19, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 40, 44, 53, 256;
on Empedocles, 49;
as Italian, 81-82;
soul, 96;
vision, 157-160;
will, 96;
possessor of wisdom, 34
works:
De Interpretatione, 132;
dialogues, 98;
Metaphysics, 41, 45, 46, 73, 74, 96, 118, 122, 137, 163, 256;
Meteorology, 163;
Topics, 163
Aristotle, pseudo-:
alchemy, 87;
translation, 225-229
works:
Aristoxenus, 243
arithmetic, 75-77
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asalat al-mahiya*, 19
atheism, 112;
Athena, 76
Athenian stranger, 89
atoms, 145
of self, 226
Augustine, 98
Averroes, 5, 6, 8, 130;
intuition, 181;
Pythagoras, 74
mysticism, 179;
providence, 189;
Themistius, 163
works:
Avicennans, 6
awwalun*, 5, 135
B
bakht, 46
beard, Plato's, 83
beauty, 50;
Plato on, 88
as being, 119
numbers as 79
Bible, 132
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birds, 107-109
Biruni *, 33
bodies, 22, 24, 48, 68, 77, 80, 93, 167, 183, 190, 226
and sound, 70
Branchidae, 80
caliphate, 206
Cambyses, 58
Archytas, 57;
Kant, 170
cause, 24, 174;
errant, 92;
first, 25;
cauterization, 86
chance, 46
Christianity, 208
Christians, 31, 78
classes, 171
clime, eighth, 80
of planets, 70
columns, 195
combination, 121;
commandments, Pythagorean, 59
conditionals, 155
conditions, 69
consciousness, 220-222;
contradictory, 121
conversion, 151
copula, 151
on Avicenna, 138;
corpses, 59
creation and creator, 44, 77, 91, 96, 118, 130, 189
Creophylus, 57
Crito, 131
Cylon of Croton, 58
Cyrenaics, 190
dark substance, 24
Dasatiris*, 213
David, King, 33, 34, 44-45, 59-60;
chainmail, 107
De Causis, 134
death, lesser, 48
decree, 107
lexical, 147-148
Delos, 57;
altar, 34
Aristotle, 146;
Farabi*, 119
dependent, 24
description, 177
dew, 108
dhawqi*, 28
dhat*, 270-271
dialectic, 19, 66, 98, 113, 143-144, 155, 174, 178, 264;
Farabi*, 119
difference, Empedocles, 50
Dionysius 1, 206
Dionysius II, the Younger, 84, 172, 206, 209, 210, 249
disjunction, 154
divination, 40
divinity, 42, 44
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Diyarbakr *, 13
dreams, 26
Druids, 67
duality, 49
dusky, 167
dyad, 74;
and strife, 47
earth, 46, 63
ecstacy, 110
ecthesis, 151
Pythagorean, 64-65;
effect, 70
Fatimid, 207;
Neoplatonists, 67;
use of symbols, 64
Eleatic stranger, 89
elements, 68;
Plato, 97
emanation, 137
On Nature, 42;
intuition, 138;
Luqman*, 60;
reincarnation, 80;
vision, 158;
world of image, 80
empiricism, 169
entia rationis, 22
Epicureans, 190
as Italian, 81-82;
epigrams, 97
epistemology, 5, 220;
Platonic, 170-171
eschatology, 80
self-knowledge, 225-226
on vision, 160
Euphorbus, 80
fa"al *, 79
mental, 166
falcon, 107
fallacies, 20
falsafa, xv
al-falsafa al-ula*, 21
on definition, 146-147;
works:
fasting, 59
fate, 107
faylasuf*, xv
female numbers, 63
Feridun, 1
fictions, intellectual, 22. See also beings of reason
first, 260;
fourth, 151
fire, 46;
number, 63
first, unlimited, 73
of will, 96
friendship, 47, 59
Epitome of the Timaeus, 84, 86, 88, 90-91, 93-94, 123, 248;
Gayomarth, Kayomarth, 1, 30
Genesis, 91
geometricals, 73
geometry, 75;
Pythagoras, 34, 59
ghalaba, 46, 50
Ghazali*, 4, 208;
ghayat*, 46
glory, 50
God, 19, 24, 61, 73, 77, 91, 96, 97, 123, 167, 215;
Great-Year, 26
translations to Arabic, 8
haads*, 174
hadith, 30;
hakim*, xv
Hanafis*, 201
harmony, 68-69, 73
al-hayat al-ilahiya*, 61
hayula*, 97
Hebrew, 130
Hegel, G. W. F., 29
Hera, 46
Hermes Trismegistus, xiv, 1, 5, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 37, 44, 61-62, 181, 192, 194-195;
Hermodamas. 57
heroes, 61-62
hieroglyphics, 192
hikma*, xv
hikmat al-ishraq*, 6
Hippocrates, 34, 86
history, 219
Hodgson, Marshall, xv
hudud*, 146
hudur*, 168
Hulwan*, 86
humanism, Renaissance, 3
humors, 132
Hirqalya*, 71, 80
hypostases, numbers, 76
i'jaz*, 59
i'tibar*, 170
i'tilaf*, 49
ibsar*, 163
identities, 79
idrak*, 166
ijma'*, 119
ijtima'*, 147
Ikhmim*, 1
ikhtilaf*, 50
ilahiyun*, 62
ilhad*, 202
al-'ilm al-ilahi*, 21
image, 71;
independent, 24
infinity, 24, 74
secondary, 22
intuition, xvi, 4, 23, 28, 53, 136, 140, 162, 174, 176;
Ancients, 1, 44, 47, 48, 81, 90, 119, 137, 138, 189, 195;
intiba'*, 162
Ionian physicists, 30, 32, 46, 57, 63, 74, 81, 113;
Iqritun*, 88
sages of
irony, Socratic, 98
Isfahan, 55;
'ishq, 50
Istanbul, 223
istidlal*, 106
Italy, 44, 58
ittifaq*, 46
ittihad*, 166
Izutsu, Toshihiko, 7
Jamasaf*, Jamaspa, 30
jawhar, 74
jaww, 46
Jews, philosophers, 6;
and Pythagoras, 59
jinn, 80
Joseph, 108
judges, 175
Jupiter, 50
Kabus*, 193
kashf, 28, 44
kawn, 93
Kaykhursaw, 1, 30
khassa*, 113
Khorasan, 33
Khurramiya*, 78
Khusrawani*, 30
Khusrawanis*, 31;
leaven of, 1
al-Khanshalil*, 268
kinematics, 106
knowledge by presence, 23, 125, 136, 145, 157, 164-169, 176-177, 180, 189, 197, 214, 229
kufr, 202
lahuti *, 79
leaven, 1
life, 46, 61
proximate, 152;
Light of Lights, 24-25, 48, 70, 107, 123, 150, 152, 175, 222
Linley, Neil, 61
liver, 167
locus, 168
Buddhist, 164;
Peripatetic, 34, 118, 132, 138, 143-156, 165, 183, 214, 259;
lordship, 80, 91
luck, 46
lugha, 83
lughz, 102
Lynceus, 173
lyric, Plato, 83
al-ma 'ad*, 26
al-mabadi'*, 45
magus, 43
mahall*, 168
mahsusat*, 136
Maimonides, 6, 130
malakut*, 79
male, numbers, 63
al-Malik al-Zahir*, 14, 52, 81, 174, 201-202, 204-205, 208, 234-235
al-Ma'mun*, 87
manifestation, 24
al-Mansur*, 206
ma'qulat thaniya*, 22
Maragha*, 13
Mardin*, 13
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Masha' Allah*, 87
mashriqiya*, 138
mashriqiyun*, 138
master, spiritual, 30
mathematicals, 3, 76
mathematicians, 78;
Lamblichus, 75;
Pythagorean, 56, 59, 62, 71, 72, 74, 81, 92, 113
Mayafariqin*, 13
maymar, 134
Meander, 55
meanings, 45
Menelaus, 80
metaphysical entities, 113
Metapontum, 58
meteorology, 62
Miletus, 55
modality, 148-149
monad, 74
Mosul, 14
motion, of God, 96
mu'attila*, 203
Mu'awiya*, 206
mudarris, 52
Muhammad, 31, 48, 203, 206
muhaqqiqan*, 106
muhil*, 14, 54
mujarradan*, 106
multiplicity, 45
mumkin, 152
munajat*, 212
Muqawama*, 16
mushriqiya*, 138
Muslims, term, xv
muta'allih, 209
mutajaddid, 165
Mu'tasim*, 133
muthul, 61, 76
term xvi;
al-Nadim *, al-Fihrist, 33, 86, 88, 89, 95, 102, 130, 163, 172
nafs, 270-271
Nakuja'abad*, 106
natural things, 77
naza'ir*, 45
nazar*, 129
necessary, 151-152
Neoplatonism, Neoplatonists, 44, 47, 98, 115, 127, 137, 183, 184;
Nestis, 46
Nile, 55, 59
nouns, 173
Nowheresville, 106
numerology, 63, 87
occasionalism, 216-217
occident, 108
Odysseus, 102
opposite, 160
oracles, 59, 65
oriental, 10;
term, xv-xvi
oriental philosophy. See eastern philosophers
Origen, 113
Orpheus, 43
Pahlavis, 1
Paradise, 104
Parens, Joshua, 89
particularity, 165
passion, 49-50
pathology, 93
Paths and Havens (al-Mashari' wa'l*-Mutarahat*), 1, 16, 27, 48, 70, 140, 155
perception, 173
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Peripatetic works, Suhrawardi's *, 1, 5-17, 95, 114-115, 174, 181, 183, 213, 223
Suhrawardi's critique of, 71, 119, 124, 133, 137-141, 174, 176, 181, 183, 213, 214;
vision, 160-161
Philolaus, 55, 72
philosophers, xv;
historiography, 183-185;
modern, 39;
and religion, 35, 66-67, 94, 118, 219;
Philosophy of Illumination, xiii-xiv, xvi, 6, 7, 15-16, 27, 28, 48, 109, 110, 140, 165, 178, 181, 211, 225;
popularity, 212-213;
phoenix, 108
physicists, 78
physiology, in Timaeus, 93
piety, Suhrawardi, 53
Plato, xiii, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 44, 55, 59, 68, 80, 162, 181, 191;
works:
myths, 100;
Charmides, 209;
Cratylus, 182;
Critias, 91;
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Gorgias, 182;
Hermocrates, 91;
Ion, 182;
Meno, 182;
Parmenides, 182;
Phaedo, 33, 84, 88, 90, 101, 103, 130, 132, 182, 249, 257;
Philebus, 182;
Republic, 56, 57, 68, 85, 88, 90-91, 94, 102, 115, 117, 122, 178-179, 182, 209;
Statesman, 89;
Symposium, 182;
Theaetetus, 182;
Timaeus, 9, 56-57, 75, 82, 84, 88, 90-95, 98, 115, 123, 162, 182, 193, 196, 209, 217, 248
Platonic Forms, xiv, 5, 8, 19, 23, 25, 26, 33, 48, 67, 97, 112, 140, 147, 148, 153, 169, 171, 176, 181, 221-222;
Platonism, Platonists, 31, 55, 120, 171, 174, 185, 192, 196;
as Illuminationists, 6, 28;
Plutarch, in pseudo-Ammonius, 96
poetics, 20
Persian, 197;
Suhrawardi's, 212
politics, 51;
Socrates, 83;
Porphyry, xiii, 7, 10, 66, 67, 115, 148, 166, 171, 196;
as Pythagorean, 65, 75
Poseidon, 83
possible, 151-152
powers, supernatural, 59
practical wisdom, 53
predestination, 107
prestidigitation, 14, 54
principles of being, first, 20, 45, 46, 72, 96, 171, 181
works:
Commentary on the
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(continued)
Proclus
property, communal, 59
Protagoras, 32
proverbs, Pythagorean, 60
pseudepigrapha, 32;
Ptolemy, 40;
Almagest, 144
Pyrrho, 32
Pythagoras, Pythagoreans, Pythagoreanism, xiii, 1, 3, 5, 9-10, 27-35, 37, 43-45, 48, 55-82, 87, 101, 122, 138, 157,
162, 183-184, 190, 193-194, 208;
Qabis*, 193
qahr, 49, 50
qisma, 146
quantification, 148-149
rabu'*, 84, 90
ramuz*, 96
rasm, 177
ratios, in music, 59
vision, 164
Rayy, 33
religion;
renewal, 166
resurection, 203
retina, 162
rububiya*, 133
ruhani*, 128
ruhaniyat*, 49
ruhaniyun*, 191, 195
rumuz*, 61, 76
S5, 149
Sabziwari*, 7
sages, xv, 32, 34, 37, 59, 66, 128, 131-132, 181, 201, 228
Said, Edward, xv
Samos, 58
scales, musical, 71
scholasticism, 5
second, unlimited, 73
self-knowledge, 171
Selinus, 41
seven, 76
Sezgin, Fuat, 86
other Greek philosophers, 47, 82, 90, 102-103, 131, 163-164, 195;
works:
shaman, 43
shara'i'*, 203
shari'*, 83
shekina, 1
shi'r, 83
shu'a'at*, 163
silence, Pythagorean, 59
silsila, 14
similitudes, 94-95
simiya*, 14, 54
simplicity, Empedocles, 49
Sinai, 109
sky, 46, 93
smell, 159
Socrates, 5, 13, 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 44, 80, 84, 178;
soothsaying, Egypt, 59
Sophists, 39
soul, souls, 22, 24, 71, 80, 96, 104, 108, 131, 166, 181, 227;
sperm, 62
spheres, 68, 70-71, 78, 80, 92, 104, 106, 110, 221;
splendor, 134
Stern, S. M., 45
student, of philosophy, 37
substances, dusky, 24
and Suhrawardi *, 13-14, 30, 62, 106, 109, 114, 175, 197;
Suhraward, 13
summas, 97
sun, 68
sura*, 96
suwar*, 76
al-suwar al-ma'qula*, 76
Sybaris, 41
Syriac, 133
Syros, 57
tabi'iyun*, 78
Tabriz*, 13
tajaddud, 166
tariqa*, 60
tasallutiya*, 227
taste, 159
tawhid*, 88, 96
al-Tawhidi*, 99
ta'wil*, 105
taxonomy, 147
Taylor, A. E., 92
ten, 74, 76
tetraktys, 74
Theon of Alexandria, 85
Theophrastus, 97
Thesallus of Tralles, 86
three, 63, 76
Thurii, 41
Tigris, 55
historicity, 91-92;
Tisus *, 86
touch, 159-160
transmutation, Empedocles, 49
Transoxania, 108
turuqi*, 268
Tyre, 57
universe, 62
Unmoved Mover, 25
'unsur*, 49, 97
ustuwana*, 195
Venus, 104;
and love, 50
verbs, 173;
vice, 173
viziers, 206
W
wahdaniyat*, 45
wajib al-wujud*, 25
Walzer, Richard, 61
water, 46, 63
wealth, 59
white, 161
wine, 138
political, 205-206;
of Pythagoras, 59-60
wise, 35
Words of Sufism, 6, 28
fourth, 67-68, 80
writing, of philosophy, 17
Xenocrates, 84
xvarenah, 40
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Page 305
Yazdan-Shinakht*, 111
Yunaniyun*, 81
Yaqut*, 202
Zahir al-Qari*, 13
Zalmoxis, 209
zandaqa, 202
Zangids, 201
Zeno, 32, 81
Zulaykha*, 108
Greek Terms
αληθες*, 173
γνωστον*, 173
δαιµων*, 39
διαιρεσις*, 147
δογµατικοι*, 32
δοξα*, 173
ειδωλον*, 173-174
ο εξηγητης*, 163
επιστηµη*, 173
εφεκτικοι*, 32
θεωρια*, 264
λογος*, 173
νεικος*, 49, 50
νικη*, 50
νους*, 173
ουσια*, 271
περιπατητικος*, 137
φιλια*, 49, 50