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    NUMBERS 3

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    NUMBERS 3

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    NUMBERS 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    15 views3 pages

    Numbers 3

    Uploaded by

    Shubham Kumar
    NUMBERS 3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 3
    =e Number System a LEARNING OBJECTIVES ‘After completion of this chapter, you should have a thorough understanding of the following: Numbers and their different types: ‘# Definitions and properties of those numbers. * Concepts attached to these numbers ‘# Kinds of questions which are asked in the CAT | Methods of solving Introduction to the topic With respect to preparation for the CAT, number system has been seen to be one of the most important topics in the quantitative appitude (QA) paper. During the last 15 years, it has been observed that the QA paper has had 20%~30% questions from the chapter on number system. This chapter will give you a clear understanding of the definitions and the concepts, and help you develop a keen insight about numbers and their properties. Number System TYPES OF QUESTIONS Questions asked from this topic are of the following two kinds: 1. Based on definitions or properties of properties of numbers 2. Based on concepts. 1, Based on definitions Questions of this kind are based on definitions and properties of different kinds ‘of numbers, involving formulae and some very basic calculations, 2. Based on concepts The other kind of questions are those that are based on the following concepts: i, LCM and HCF ii. Divisibility iii, Divisibility rules (for base other than 10) iv, Number of divisors v. Number of exponents vi, Remainders vii, Base system viii. Units digit ix. Tens digit x. Pigeon-hole principle CLASSIFICATION OF NUMBERS/ INTEGERS Natural Numbers ‘Natural numbers are counting numbers, i.c., the numbers which we use to count. For example, 1, 2, 3,... The lowest natural number is 1 Whole Numbers When zero is included in the list of natural numbers, the numbers are known as whole numbers. For example, 0, 1, 2,... The lowest whole number is 0. Integers Integers are whole numbers, the negative of whole numbers and zero. For example, 43434235, 28, , 0,28, and -3030 are integers, but numbers like 1/2, 4.00032, 2.5, Pi, and 9.90 are not whole numbers Number Line ‘The number lin is used to represent the set of real numbers. A representation of the number line is given below Cppostes Properties of Number Line ‘+ Thenumber line goes on till infinity in both directions. This is indicated by the arrows «© Integers greater than zero are called positive integers. ‘These numbers are to the right of zero on the number line. « Integers less than zero are called negative integers. ‘These mumbers are to the left of zero on the number line, + The integer zero is neutral. It is neither positive nor negative ‘© The sign ofan integer is either positive (+) or negative (©), except zero, which has no sign. ‘© Two integers are the opposites ifeach of the two are at the same distance from zero, but on the opposite side ofthe number line, One will have a positive sign while the other ancgative sign. In the number line above, +3 and -3 are labelled as opposites. In other words, the whole negative number scale looks like a mirror image of the positive number scale, with a number like ~15 being at the same distance away from 0 as the number 15is. ‘© The number half-way between —1 and ~2 is -1.5; just as the mumber halfway between I and 2 is 1.5. ‘© We represent positive numbers without using a +ve sign. For example, we would write 29.1 instead of 429.1. But when we talk of negative numbers, the sign must be there. Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers ‘There are two types of natural numbers, prime and composite, except | Prime numbers ‘The numbers which are divisible by 1 and itself only are known as prime numbers In other words, we can say that all the numbers which have only two factors are known as prime numbers, Prime numbers can also be seen as the building blocks. ‘We combine two or mote than two prime numbers, same or distinct, to create numbers bigger than these prime numbers. For example, 3 x 2= 6. To know more about primes, go to waw_primes.utm.edulargest.him! = 26 List of all the prime numbers less than 1000 2]3>],s]J7]"[*],"]|° zfl»lalal[sla[s|» afalaln»|[s ||» [om ve [ast | a7 [1 [ 17 17 | 1 193 | 197 | 199 [ an [ 22 20 | 28 zo | an | 2m | 287 | 2@ | 2@ | an | 27 aa an [28 [an [an [ae fan [a a7 | a7 [a0 [on [ae [a0 [on [ae aes | ae [397 [at [am [a [nr [ or a | ao | aa | oo | a7 | oor | os | aor ee ee sa | sar [ 357 | so [ so | sn | soz [ 07 cat | os | ow | os | om | oot | om | om os | oot | vor | v0 | mo | [om | 29 maa | as: | ast | ta | 1 | rr | oer | 97 Numbers and Their Properties The prime number found by Lucas in 1876 was accepted as the largest prime number till 1951. In 1951, Ferrier used a mechanical desk calculator and techniques based on partial inverses of Fermat's litle theorem (see the pages on remainder theorem) to slightly better this record by finding a 44-digit prime. In 1951, Ferrier found the prime (2+ 1)/17 = 20988 $9366574405864861512642566102225%3863921. However, this record was very short-lived. In the same year, the advent of electronic computers helped in finding a bigger prime number. Miller and Wheeler began the electronic computing age by finding several primes as well as the new 79-digit record: 2-1 During this period, everybody was working hard to find out the primes with the help of computers. Records were broken at a never-before pace. Sometimes, within a day. ‘When will we have a one-billion digit prime? Using the regression line given above, we can expect ‘+ 10,000,000-digit prime by 2007, ‘* 2 100,000,000-digit prime by 2016, and ‘* a 1,000,000,000-digit prime by early 2027, wilafele|e|=|s|s ogee nthe Largest Kno Pine w7 | a | ae | ov | om | om | ow | om (ierocomeuter ge) seco on | 99 | | om | on | on | om | oo om [om [om | om | om ‘accor sexo Number of prime numbers for every 100 numbers Nos. 1 Jioi~ [201- ]301- [4o1- [so1- ]ooi- [701- | s01- [oor- ae tere [to 20 [on [an [300 [sm [to ft [oor [roe Le* ae ts fis ir fru fie fe fis fro ‘IBN too Largest prime number till date and the history of Al prime number The largest known prime number, today, is 7:816,230-

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