Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005 Slide 2 Definition of collapsing s Slide 3 Collapse settlement when soil under footing is wetted. Sources of water include rainfall, garden watering and leaking services Slide 4 Example of house on collapsing soil in upper Yorke Peninsula, damaged by leaking underground water service. Note the magnitude of comer settlement (photo courtesy of J. Goldfinch). Slide 5 Example of house on collapsing soil in upper Yorke Peninsula, damaged by leaking underground water service. Note the magnitude of corner settlement (photo court of J. Goldfinch). Page 1 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings Group, Engineers Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005 Example of house on collapsing soil in upper Yorke Peninsula, damaged by leaking underground water service. Note the magnitude of settlement (photo courtesy of J. Goldfinch). Slide 7 Structure of collapsing soils comprising granular particles with a weak inter-granular bond that is further weakened on contact with water, Distribution of collapsing soils in Australia (afier J. Selby). Note heavy concentration in South Australia. from AS 2870 “Residential Slabs and code, Supplement Section C2.4.4 Conditions for collapse. eres Page 2 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings Group, Engineers Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005 Slidell JP 889 Be Earthworks bulking factors for varying soil types (after C. Fitzhardinge). Note high values for collapsing soils. Rech 07 Gawd 1 Slide 12 Geological background. ere srt] Slide 13 - Dune sand development. An aeolian soil type. —_— Note sand grains in a saltatorial condition on leeward side, leading to a loose soil structure. Cross section of dune sand deposit at Port Augusta. Measurement of collapse settlement of a Port Augusta soil in the oedometer (after D. Cameron). Note magnitude of collapse settlement even at low pressures. Slide 15 Page 3 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils". Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings alia (SA Division), 15 August 2005, Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Construction of a large institutional building at Port Augusta. Single storey brick veneer construction. Stiffened raft footing with main sub-beams 650 mm deep gridded longitudinally and transversely. Broken underground internal waste services noted after construction caused settlement of the order of 70 mm, as shown by the gap between base of floor slab and soil. Leak is located under the re-entrant comer of the slab on the right-hand side of the photo (Photo courtesy P. Gunson). The person’s foot is on the edge of the footing beam on the other side of the room from the leak. (Photo courtesy P. Gunson). Despite high collapse settlement, footings performed well with structural distortion confined to ceiling and wall cracking as shown. However, this example illustrates the need to incorporate flexible service connections for structures on collapsing soils (Photo courtesy P. Gunson). ‘Wind blown dune sand on Adelaide's coast line and calcareous silt deposited adjacent to Para Fault block (after J. Selby).Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings engineers Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005, ‘A typical soil profile containing the potentially collapsing aeolian calcareous silt. Train derailment due to collapsing nature of caleareous silt, causing a railway cutting to stump onto rails. Slide 22 Slide 23 Slumping of the calcareous silt cutting onto railway lines. Note presence of stormwater discharge at top of slope. Waikerie Water Treatment Plant. Piles were required to overcome effect of a Riverland collapsing soil. Slide 24 Broken service connection at Waikerie Water Treatment Plant caused by the collapsing Riverland soil. Ilustrates the need for flexible service connections Page 5 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings Group, Engineers Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005 Slide 26 Example of oedometer results of a Riverland collapsing soil from Loxton (after D. Stapledon), Example of problem buildings on Riverland soils (provided by M.S. Humphris and P. Gunson). Slide 28 Distribution of Pooraka Formation in Adelaide area (after Sheard & Bowman). An example of an outwash stream deposit that may have a loose structure that is potentially collapsing. Slide 29 Damage to a school building on Pooraka Formation (photo provided by S.Wawryk). Settlement of about 100 mm due to a broken waste service. Roadway in the SA Mid-North taken in April, located on the Pooraka Formation (photo provided by K. Lee). Page 6 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Group, Engineers Australia (SA Di Is”. Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings jon), 15 August 2005 _ Roadway in the SA Mid-North taken in April, located on the Pooraka Formation (photo provided by K. Lee). Roadway in the SA Mid-North taken in August, located on the Pooraka Formation (photo provided by K. Lee). Slide 33 Example of potentially collapsing biotic soil caused by animal activity. Slide 34 Example of potentially collapsing biotic soil caused by decay of gum tree roots. Slide 35 Example of collapsing soil caused by human activity. Note the shadowing effect of coarse particles leading to extensive voids, and hence a potentially collapsing soil profile. Page 7 of 8Mitchell, P.W. “Collapsing Soils". Presentation to Geomechanics Chapter / Footings Group, Engineers Australia (SA Division), 15 August 2005 Example of collapsing soil caused by human activity. Poorly compacted backfill of a pit of a former underground storage tank. Sics? Engineering solutions. emer! Slide 38 Conclusions. Ce Page 8 of 8