KEOAAAIO

ANAAYTIKEI XYNAPTH>EII

:ro K€qd),aro ol'ro €roi(lovrar or llaorxas awol€S r(,)v ]ulobrx(i)v

(Q[{)trdv xa! crr,,c)!r'rrr6v ouvcrQrrio€orv.H oQydvool -[ou x€t[6vou
fiv(rI svdl,oyn p[ €x€tvr] ofiorou6ifiorE l]4ll!(o! oroLX€!(b6ous6[aqo-
ornou l,oyLopou,nori Eer(!!(i pr rlv nQoll|(rr|xi €l,e€in R ria! F{c ou-
\,(it)rtol /(x) rIS nQcrlUctr!zr1![€rc0]"nriE x rd! xcrr(tnrv pE],rrd rnv
:r(Qqy6y!ol rrlE f Kard rov lbto rQdrro. or! prya6lxi avd],uoll E€,
zr!(?p€ p€ rouq l(1(brror'q cQlolroriqr x(r Frl€rdllE rlg b(tqoQiolp€E
{r,v(Qrriosti /(r). (Auif! ovotrdiovr(r avalurria< olvaQriorr,(). H
ft1al.oyia i4(D( 6rv rivor. (rxQ0rtq, bLorr rl Fry(r6rzn cwdluon €ivcr
Iric U€o)Qi,a trol, '[ro nl,orlorc or rbfcE fLroQ€i,riav€ig vo n€! nolir
trfQlooor€QonQdl$arc 1ra BiG ava).urrxri ouvdQrrtol rcQ4 1t.l Fi.1
brcqoQio[prl orvdernol IriE rrQ(y[orrxt( [€rap],nig. O! !6ldrlrEq
rr,)v avdl,!Mi6v ol'vdQTriof(r)v0( (vorrTl'looilv p€ l,€rToll6t)r(l ora
fn(jl€va x€qd].([(.
Eir6q sxo ro vcl yv(oelor! 1r]! xcrvor'Q./ra o€cDQia,o oroub(orrig
0(( ;rQa;r€!vo €Eorx€roJo€i Ilr r!; ,ae!€Q(,4rfa€<(ri "olotz€!(i)brt6") ou,
\'((ir4(jfr; -6n(')< rc n0),f i,vrrtr(r.e'. loFz. sin./ :rort IQrloLIojror-
ollvraL oro bl(rqoQlrd Loyr.rfro. Al'16q or ouvaQrioer< nor' $€l€rci-
rraL orlv tv6illc 1.3 r.rQouordl,ovra! oulvd o€ dl,o ro 0r0lio.

1.1 EI:ATNTH :TOY' MITAAIKOYI APIOMOY'

loroprxi Avd6popl

>Tnv avdntuEq :ror' ctx().OUeri u]IoorToultlorr o dvo]vriror4El i-

va! €Eol1etu[d\roE[€ rrq l]doLXfSLb[6rIr€E 1(l)! nQ(1yF(lrtx6v aQre-
Fdrv.To ouotrlpa 1(l)v nQdypaflr{iv qQ[0pdv neodxul'€ ond xnv fe€u-
vo yrc avc oiollpa (evo oqnQnpdvo olivol,o eqo6loop6vo $€
 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI:

oeloptvo g xcv6vE() ro oroio vc o1'1.!r[€Q[tropi]dv€!lou! enrol'E

aQrepoiE xae6g xar-rrq ).{oEr( trolurovupuici)v EErorboErDv
otrtos n

Io-roQrrd, pio roQ6pora ovdyxn o8iyrlo€ otla €xr6xtoo4tcov nQal-

Farrxrilv aQreF6!. An6 ro 66xaro 6]{1()axopl ardrvo, o Geronimo
Cardano 0€6Qno€ eElooo€lE 6€ur6Qou (xar rQlxou) l]nopou ofi(,)( I
x1 + 2x + 2 = O. nor' 6€v lxcvonoloivrar atr(i xa1]€vov fiaalFarrxo
crQ[0p6x. O ti:ttoS i_n+'[n'-qoc)/2d 6i1€! "-rur[xd) €xqQdos[(
./ra rtE 6 o lxo€r"E tIE €EiocoolEax'?+iix+c=0. E[vc[ (i[(l)<
6uvold'vq rcQoxorcooorJv r€rQqlcovrx€gQiE€EaQvrtrrxd)v oQr0u"(0v
y r o r [ a Q d b € l y t r o-, l f { J y m r n v € E i o o J o nx 1 + 2 x + 2 = 0 . O
Cardano r[aQqrriQlo€orl F [oeoriFe vo lxooulrE TtTo!€EEEro(i)oEr,S cdv
curo{E -[ouE oelopoirE> oc! ouw0rop6-
XQnolporor,lioo![€ "pryablxorig
voug oQ$podEpe rnv enlrrlEovr6|,6rn1a{_l. y'J = - l.
H 6xqQoon V I oupl3ol,i(rtor, oE €ri ro nl€lorov pe J: V- I
('EloE €vo).loxr!1{65 ouBl3oLlop6gXQrlolponoreircr(r]16 xrol.loig prl-
y':l
lovo),61o!E - Il,Er-rQo).d./ouq,rorJ nQoirpot|v 10 onp|3olo ./=
oqrivovroE ro olJFl3ol,oi yto ro nl€xrQlr6 Q€ripc).ndvroE, €ixe llve[
(lvrltllnrd oro naQeL06v (jr! rtroteg €xeQdoe[66er' 6xou1' !6!air€Qo
v6ipa. xalr,y!' o1Jr6ovo[iroolxarv <eovrcortx66>, Baeplclia, o)E(rno-
T6l,eop(1TIS EQlcroiclgTou Leonard Euler xorir ro 66xoro 6voro o!(i-
va. il)or o ruru,,( vu nr(t,\uv (.uric ljr quvru('rrxrs n(x),'rnrts Iv,'
orlFovrlx(i (x')),o.fla r(Qdbs[./Fo, o rlJ]roErou Euler e'' = cos1,+ lsin at
aroxirhue ro oriv6eopo F€rcE{ F[1c6rxd)v oQrepd)vro! rQ!y(,)vop[-
re[r(i)r' olvcQriof(,)v. o xov(i!.rE eilit'a)) - ei$ e'd' RQ60nr0drr reQ!-
xtrrirr rol'E xflvovrE yr,' Tlv rrldrTr'EI rnr' nlrrT.ivuuror ol'vtllrTovor
Tou ooQoiopcroq r(l)v b1,oy(l)lr[(iv ncro 6vcv ortr6 TQorro,ror ro 1e-
lo.,'os aur6 xcrr $(jvo ibrlEr dri r((rnoro \rdlpa 0o jrQire! vc booei o
axronq rorq (qolrdorrxo{g> oQr0Folq.
ndvrorE. FEro (rn(; rr: Ee./aoi€Erorv Casper Wessel(ca. 1797),Jean
Roben Argand (1806), Krrl FriedrichGauss (lU3l), S'r William R.
Hamilton (1837)xor r?Il{rv, ro vorFa rtl)v pr"yadrKbvcQrep6v Etz€6|,€U
rcr riI€ b|anrororoEi(irr 6€v undAxErrirorE ro
liQr"vr.or€i
"q.rvr.rorLr6"
o' .rurotg (.rv r.!.r!I ovop.rolo ouvexiqErn!.rxdpl \,o XQnoqro,]o!€iror.
H pL"/.r6!r{ .rvil},r'ol rou eivo! ro .rvrlxeipelo auroi' rou ll!0},[ou
o\,.rrr1il0lr0 ro 6a)roro 6\rflro (rd)\,.n, rl,Qi,(Ds crr6 rov Auguslin
Cauchy( I?8q- l8)?). AUT,irrQc.n 0r',,Qiarou itrv,. .r'Uroodl -uuuu-
orrlQi xo! rnrxrilolx[ on6 poolForlxouE oroJ6 o Peter Dirichlet
(1805-1859), Karl Weiersuass(1815-1897), ri(tI Georg Frjedrich
BernhjardRiemann(1826- 1866).
1.1 EIIATOTH :TOYI UITAAKOYI APIOiIOY'

H 6Q€uvoyra pi(r pa0o6orr€QryQoqrl( rlq aTt|)yrlE

rtE €€Qpdrniqg
€n66eooeolrlv ovdniuEl rrlg o€(oeiag,nou FQtx€610[ rolildE €qaQ-
troy€<ndeo qrrd ra ps0n[crlxd. :E €ndlr€vox€edrlola 0o per!€rioou-
p€ F€QL16E ar[6 qor6ErlE €9aQpoy6g o€ neo0hiporo rnE quoLxligl{cr,
ptxavoloytag, 6n(Dg€i.,,crn nl€xreoororrxri xo! q ubQo6uvaplxri.H
o€(l)Qis€I€r €rioqs €qoQllol6Eoe rQonliFara dfiou 6€,,,eaiv€ral €E
aQxrigI avdyril 1[(l rI Xenollrorolrlol Fryo6r,x6vdQ!€F6v.frq fiq-
Qd6€!ypa,n anobelErldrl

Lv*=z
I oTr

J: sin(ar)
('IouO<a<l

I OTI

I"'" de
a+sind ,[7-t

pnoQe(v.r €Cl'a!8loroi"rl ri ar!6lrl rcr 06 vorl XQrto![orrordvrd(

oro!I€(hbrl oLoxlrlQorrx(j },olropd, dr').d turoQolivvo cro6€[Xrotv
rUxold Xerlo4roro06vrosr€xv0x6gt!!yo60x6vp€raF,nr6v.
H $rya6[ri avdluon iX€! yiv€r 6vo drlcrecr(rlroreyorL€ao yla $a-
0npotrxoi'6, euou.loiExoI pnxavol(iyouE,ro ofioto edv noed[e]'!le€t
FnoQrIva dX€!ooflqQa(efilnrcbo€lg orol'( rr€eloo(treQorErot[ci,EdQEr]-
vog xor eeoQuoyd)!nou neelt.crpodvouv pcr0lFor[x6( 16616xaL r€-
)1vrx6E.

Oprop6qrorv Mryo6rKdrv
Apropdrv

IlQ")taexrxdCorondg Io<, o ouri rnv rvorrtro. si'vurvo oerfloulr|

rort6 Fryq6lxoi5 seroFotq xal vo b€iEoup€orr,xcrilouv lxovtE !616-
rIr€E 60r€ vc lo1riouv or ouvrio€rEledrlor yro r4v ally€Ferriliror,g
iiQion. H Poorrri !66(t rIE cvcr[cecoxcoqErov Fty(lirxrirvqpto[d)v
oqE!tr€Tor,orov JeanRobert Argand,o onoioE nQorErv€Trl XQrlotpo-
noinorl ro)! olpei{r)vrot| Erlndiior,ytcrrrlv ovatrqedoraonr.Dv pryo-
brx{i)v(re[old)v.O alayv(i)orrlg0o nQ6r[€rva yvoei(€Ldrl ro e'tlir€bo
xy, nou ou$Fol.iEerar[€ R2, cror€l€irol and d],o ra brar€rsyltavo
 AXAAYTIKEI :YNAPTHIEII

lEl'l,rl (x, y) neaypar[r{rbv aelopdv. Oc! Eox!1,1ioorru.spe rov rlj'trxd

oQlopd, rotaliyovtaq orn 6lar roorl iou oeLopo{ rou l.L0yq6lxori
fio),rlcfilaolqopo!.

1.1.1 OPltitO: 7o aioqtm tuw ttlpDt qbv a'g'.graiv,itot oL,p$oltee-

u pe ro C, eivat to aivolo R2 Eeo,Laopteo pE touE oLwiP€Lgxd-
y6veE x\E SLdwopaxLxia fie6oefi4a ,aL fiollarlaotaopoi efit tyay
trQaypcxLx6apl0p6 a, 6q1,
( x 1 .y t ) + ( x T y z )= ( x t + x z ,y t + h )
a(x. y) = (dx, ay,
xal pt rqy fiQdEn tou plyadLxolj xtollafilaoLao!,od, ,to1' oetEeral
an6 t4 o|Eoq
(xb y1,lxb y2)= (xtx2- yt y,, x ty, + y, x,)

Avx[ va 1er|ol[onoloip€ ro (x, y) 1r,o rrlv avonoedorool €vdEpt-

yo6lxot aQ!€Fol,, efvc! r[eorlpdr€Qo rr'crXelolFonolioorp€ ro ouvrien
ouFpol"mpd (,E €Ei . A'6 rcltioolJpe loug rQdypdr.zoriE cQr0FoiE x
'Ero!,
F€ ia oylFeio rou drEovsx. to x r(cL ro (x,0) rloer,ordvouv 6vo
rou to clid onpslo (x,0) rou R']. O dEovag y 0a ovopdq€ra[ gJq]'rd-
'Exor,
otlxd; dEovag xctr ro olu€io (0, l) 0a o1'pllol[!€ro! i. i= (0, l),
€E oQ!ol,ro!. E ro$tv(oS,
(x.Y\=x+Yi

oqoi io 6€E!d palog rq6 oxdonE rrcerordv€r ro (x,0)+/(0, l)=

(x,0) + (0, y) = (x. y). Xeno[porod)vro6 xo y= (y,O) r{o! rov oQro[d
ro! Fr,ycirriori rolr!(rnloolcopori, pQioxoul.r€iy= (0, | ) (/, 0) = (0. y -
1 . 0, /. 1 + 0 . 0) = (0. y) = y(O, l)=yr, orr6r€ pnoeoipe !a yQd{o p.
xflL (x, y) = x + iy. O oupFollott6E z= a + ib Xerp0lrofior,€aro!y€vLxd
yLa dvc pryo6rxd ae!0p6. O ouF0o),!op6EzeC olpclv€! 6r[ ro z
aviret oro otvotlo rurv BLyfl6rxdv aQrou(ov.
n o g a r r l e r i o rd€1 i ' : = i . i = ( 0 , l ) ( 0 , 1 ) = ( 0 . 0 t . l , ( 1 , 0 + 0 . 1 ) ) =
(- l, 0) = - l, ral dror nai,evouFerrt pdolxri r6[dqra:

l'=-1

Awr,ore6qoE, €dv 0r'p6paor€ orrri rtv !661110, €ivat €fxolo va rid-

edloqft rov ravdvo yra rov tolla]r)dorqo[d F['ta6!x6v aeropd)v:

\a + ib) (c + id ) = ac + idd + ibc + iz bd

= (dc- bd) + i(dd + bc)
1..I EI:ATOTH [TOY> flITAAKOY: APIETOYI

fla noQd6€r.fpa, 2 + 3i €ivor o pr.yo6!x6q der.opdE (2,3), xa0

(2 + 3I ) ll - 4 i) = 2 - lzi'z + 3i - I i = 14 - 5r €lvar 6vos d[],og redrrog
l ' t r o l " o l r o p or rol u ( 2 , 3 )( 1 ,- 4 ) = ( 2 . 1 - 3 ( - 4 ) , 3 . 1 + 2 ( - 4 ) ) = ( 1 4 , - 5 ) .
Ytrdexo'lJv6xo 1610r 'f!o roxE orroiorr( lpnolpofioloriF€ rlv 6xgQaoq
.r + Di Ae' ev6s, cur6E Eivol,o xlooolxdE ou$polrotldE. Aq' €r6Qou,
eilq! trohi E1|riol,6reQo va XelorponoloiF€ rov xcvdvc i'z= - l, roed
lov (a, b) (c, d) = (ac- bd, bc + ad\, ov xq! nqe61,o nou o[ 6io ncQ€-
Xor,v 1() [610 arloT6],€o[a.
A6yo) rox drr o 'to),larlcolsopdS rreoyparlxdrv agr0p6v €tvsL
nQoo€Tor,Qr,orLr(6E, qvtLp€Tc0€rlxdExc! erl+r€QtorrxdE,to a6!o 0oxi'e!
rclr yr,o rov no[].qr[1',so0croF6 pr1ablxdrv a0!ep6v.'Ero!, yla d].ouE
rorJE p!Yo6[*odE aQropodq z, ly! s 6XouFE(zw)s= z(ws), zw = wz x(rL
t(w + sl = 2w + zs. AE qnob€lEouFe rlv fipLbrl and srJr6g rlE !6[d-
Trlr€E o! dll,e( prloQorh vo oro6€[X0otv 1{oxdtot (br.oiQdr[o.
'Eort]J
z=a+ib, w=c+i4 xc! s=e+i/. T6re zw=(ac-bd\+
i(hc+ ad), xar iror (zty)s= e(ac- hd)- f(bc+ ad\ + lle(bc + ad) +
l(4c- bd)]. Kord rov i.6!orQdno,

z(wsr= (a + bi\ IGe - dt) + i(cf+ derl

= a (ce- df\ - b(cf + de, + i Ia (cf + de\ + b(ce- dtrl

:uyxQ{.vovtas aur€E rlE €xeQdo€ls xar be1dF€vo0r!6 ouvrio€|,q16!(i-

flr€( r(l)n rQdyfrorllrd)v aQ[o[rd]v,oullreQqtvo]Jp€61t (zw)s= z(ws),
Kcr' rnarrcofl proQo{pe vo yeduouFt zn = z, z (n q.re'S).
naQdqeriol€ 6'tu a+ ib= c+ ld a\lro(v€r drr d=c rar b= d (fiou
riva! tict n onpooia rIE rodrrlloE oro Rt), xq06s €rionE drL O ol-
Iratvet0+10=(0,0). Efiolr€vo( (r+ib=0 ouv€rrdy€ro!611a=O xat

K.rtd to[ov awolc €ivar or prystilxo( aet0poa €rtxxdot r(l)v

;rQoypal!'i6vt Exoup€ ibn avaecesl dr! edv o a €ivou rleoyporrx6E
IrrroQori[€vc yedlrou$ a + 0t = (a,0). Me {i},lq l6y[a, o! neoyparF
zol R rauri,Eowal F€ rov oEova x oro C=R2. Enop6voE proQolitr€
va o€oQriooupeloug rrealparrlroiE aQ0epod6oav €}{sivousrorr6 lrr-
y(6!)rodE qQ!6po E a + bi ?!c rouE oroi,olg l, = 0. Eqv. orrlv 6neQaol
a + bi, o 6goE d = 0, ovopdqoup€ ro1/ D/= 0 + ,i xaqapd qayxaorLxd
aL)rqpd.21tt\ dxqQson a + ,t ).tp€ drt io c s(vo! 10 npayparLx6 pt-
goE ,toi io b ro Eawaot&6 lttpoE. Aurd o1'ppo),iqovror,Rez= a xar
Imz= b yla 10\ z=a+ bi. IlaQarleoup€ dr! ro Rez ra[ Imz €[vcl
ndvra 'resyFarrxol aeroFoi (PI6n€:X. 1.1.1).
To C urqxoi€L o€ d).ouE rouE aily€Ferxotigrov6v€E r[ou uoxrjouv
orolJs ,tQsyparlxolig aQrotroliE.Ils noed6€Lypa, 0o 8€iEorF€ raeo-
 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI'

,:+r-la+:,r+r)
....,,

IXHMA 1.1.1 H ttulFrQto ro,! lryoblxdrvaeloFdv.

xd,llD 6xr rr[dQxouv rc nol],(rtrldotoorrzd qvr(olpoQa l(ov pI p!6e-

vl"r(i)v orolx€iov. ADrd otpoile! (trL Ea'! z + O, lndQlt! 6vog (F[Yab["
x6E) dQlotr(iEz' 161()10(6ore zz'=1. 1o.J ofiolo ouFl3oliEo!|Fe
z' = z-1. O z' oQiE€rq! ard dljri rlv 6rqQoon x(lld xpdtro porcr6!r(6,
llari Edv roxli€! tljrLors zz" = l. x6xt z' = z' . | = z'(zztt) - (2' z) z" =
| . z" = z" , ofioft z" = z'. lr& v(r d€iEorpo 6Tr o z' unhQl€t, utro6d-
'rolrlLE611z= d + bi + 0. T61€ rouldl[oro pia atr6 1r( oXiaE|Ea + O,
b+o L1X!EL,6arE e1+b'1+o. fro vo PQo{p€ xov z'. 06.rorpE
/' - a' - b' i. H orv9\x\ //'. I Inrfldtrlrl nrLnoprouot'E nol' Foq rnr-
TQ6rrouvrov uno],oyropo x(n\ a' xlt b'. o urol,oYl"opdETo! 1[vop6-
\ox 6LVELzz'=(d.:r' bb') + (ab' + a' b\ i. Or YQaFprxdEeErocboElE
ca' - bb' = 1 y"aLab' + d' b =O prroQorv vo ].uoollv (l)Et[QoEo? xot b'
xcl fxou[e a' = el(d1+ b'z\ xctL b' = bl(.tz + b'z), ctQoira'1+ b1 + O.
l-trouivLuc, lr(:l rov //= n - ib I 0, ixouut

ib
a'z+b1 az+b7

E6\ z xoL w eivar U.lla5rxoi oQropoi F€ w+ 0, o o1'pFol,lop6E

zlv r' ovopdqoutrE 10 zlw fintixo tcDv z rcl, w. AQc
zlw (Jrtp"nL\EL
1,1 EI:ATNTH:TOY:MITAAIKOY:
APIOMOYI 7

z 1= 1/z lls va ljraol,oyiooup€To z 1, o1rr€Iorip€rnv JrcQcx{lr(,)o€!

ad rQaE€(l)v,nou Eival 6r'aq anI6E rQ6[oE ylo vo 0!p6pooi€ rov
ireonloiu"Evo rriro yla ro z 'i

_ a 10
a+ib la+ib)\a ib) ez+b2 a2+tJz

:uvouEowas, dLor oi ou1'rio€rEa}.l€pQuioi xdvovEg ltcr ro X€!Q!op6

rir].., €torof,ou0ouv
rreolpar[x6.r' aQ[opd)v.xrraopdrov, ro],1J(l)vi,p(l}v
vc loxdouv orrl p!1o6!l{i ovd],uol.
Tlljrlxd, ro ollorrlpo rrov p!1o6!rdv aQ[0$6v €(var ncQd6E!1tr.o
x\6E odparo; O! l]oo!xo( rovo!€E svd! o6poroE, €(,vo!or eErlE:
Ka.r'6v€grQ6o0EorlSl
\r) z+w=w+z
(ii) z+ (lv+ s)= (z+ r) + J
(lil) z+O- z
(iv) z+ (-z) = 0

KdvdveE 1rolLorl.qorcopo!:

(ii) (z'v) s = z( ws)

liii) lz= z
(iv) z(z-1)=l ottor z+0

E r[$€Qforu.!i r6t6r11r&. z(w + s\ = zw + zs

:!vo!ii(o"r'rdq aloul-r€ro:

1.1.2 OEnPHMA OL pLyablxo[ aerbltol C anorE^o]jv adpa.

o avalvriJorl( 0c rle6r(€! vc fiQoo6EE!6-11l€vrrd 6€v ExouF€oQi-

o€r ro olippolo <. 6fi(l)g lla r[oQarbe!1p.(, z < w yra Iol,E prYcblxol]E
aQropol'S z rior" w. Mio rtrorc ox€on 8larnqnq Etv(u dStvar\ olorg
lrL]o6[kouE aetopotE. To lslolog our6 proQEi vo aro6€rx0€i rDE
€EiE.'Eorco drl ljndQx€r fL[a ot6ol 6ldrcqng. T6r€ 0.r roxr'€r i>0 ri
i < O.'Eor{D drl i > O. T61E i. i > O .Aor- I > 0, To oroio €i.|'.r[{ilono-
AS urooeooup€rri)Qa6r[ i<0. Tdr€ i>0, ox[6rc (-.i)(-i)>0, f
- 1 > 0 no! eivq! rol.! dro,-[o. Ed\ z = e + ib x(rr w = c + id, Eo. ltfio-
QOl'OOpe l/il Jrol'tl€6r! Z < w ed,t'Xa[ p6vov €dv a < c rcr b < d AxT6
ri!a! 6vq €i6os 6larcEnq, a)"ld 6€v u{ovofior€i oI0( rlg !6!drni€E rror'
onor.ror)vrol, 6r(|)s oupFoivel U.Eroug nQoyparr]ioiE aQropo{S. Ex[o-
 AITA YTIKEI :YI{APTH:EII

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xouEpr.lo6rxorrE
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wz= z. (nap,erwt4ott 6'4]|'aL o - w txalofloLet dfil tnv €Eo@o .

Os 66001Jlr€ pic xo€dpd a).ye[]Q!nr1

dnd6clEn,Ml.d dl'l,n oJr66ErEn
fio! fJao(Eetolornv cvorloedorool p€ not![x65ou\,rerd"y[ev€6 6tvE-
rol ornv fisQdlQaqoL2.

'Eon"
AnOAEf=tf z= a + bi. Odrloupeva 0eoriFc6va w = x + iy Ie-
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Edv b < 0.1

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eElgr (l) O! rerQcy(ovr,r6(Qig€EeldE lrllobrrou aQropot Elvar reoy-
pdrr){6Eedr nor pdvol edv o p!1a6!rdE dQrep6E€ilaL eErlr6E neoy-
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rQayBarlrog ro! qQlrlrrxdE, (3) Ol 6no r€rQdl(l)l,/lx6g QIEeE€r6E
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[I66v. (O dvdyv6orlE 0o xle6r[e!vcr €L6yE€!arrd ro olJpx[€Qoopara).

MnoQodF€ €rlxolo va sl6yEorp€ drl I6eur€eo0d0p[a €Eiooorl

ez1 + bz + c = O 'ttcr tlr'lo6lxorEa, b. c 6xerLrloer. z=(4+'{ tl-qo.c )lZa,
or[o1' ro od[0olo {a oupBol"ilrl rnv rerEry(r)vrxii QiE(l rou p!1o6!-
xoiJ (rQ!0Fo{ u. oe orpq(Dvlo F€ rnv llQoraot 1.1.3.

H Movo6rK6rlro rlrv Mryo6fid)v AOoHdrv

H ri.rQaxdro ouLriqol 6€v 0o eiv.r0 onorlrir{.E oxortQri. Mi,a dr-

orrlQri r[oQol'oioon rou 06poroE 0o proeolioE vc cnorel6oE! To cvrl,
li€ifr€vo €106 plriQorl l3!0),[ou oqnQnp6rr'ngd)"leBQaE.O orou6aoriE
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OIE-
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nQdyl.ldrlxo{( oQr€potE, oro orolo ]id0€ 6€1'r€QoBd0pra €tio(l)ol 6X€l
Luol. Eivor, €noF€v{l)gqxorxd va arEQ(orn0ort[Esdv ll1[dQxorJvral
 ANA YTIKE: IYNAPTH:EI:

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xdeE bsur€eopooplo €Elotool 6X€r],r3on.
H ardvrnol €ivcfl,orr r6e€ dLl,o r€rolo o(ipa. toro ro 4 0a rrQ6-
rIEr,vc oupt[€Q!trap[]d!€r roxE pryc6lxoi,E aQ[oFotE. Exropav(o(,or FF
Yq6txoi oQ[oLloaEiygr 10 ylxe6tEeo o(iFa jro! ir€Qr].ap0{rv€!ro R
xG[ oro orlolo 61.€! or 6En-r€eo[]d0FleE EEloLi)o€lE sivot €]rrll'ol$€q.
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j orolo6rlnor€ ^,i,ort x\\ z1 + I = 0 oro F. AE or(oerioolJp€,oro f,
olorg rouc oQrepolig rnE poQqiE d + jb ono! d ri(l! b €ivq( neclpa-
rltoi oergu.o(. Aurd 10 ol,volo r[vo!, a]"yEllQrxd,ro (6Lo lre io C,
ll(r Iov crLo l.o1o {ir[ oQoli j?=- l, ro j jrci(e! rov illo Q6Io xa!
pfioQ€i !a ro1,r[o0Ei $€ ro i. IIQfr€r sni,onE vc Er!6yEou[r sdv I
.r + jtr = c+ jd our€rdy€ro! i)rr .r: c xcl! , = 4 60r€ vq fl€13(1[{reo1'p.€
drl n rc6rnrc o'{t!r(i ro orivo}.o larri.(€rq! $e crieivyloro C. flQdl-
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o u v e l l d l € I d re = 0 x ( l l t = 0 ( t i r o u e = . r - c r o ! l = r - d ) . Edv I=0.
16r€ trQoqcv(irE e=0. Edv 6prDEl+O, loxt j= e/4 ro oroio eivo!
'IQcrlpol[x6 xql 1!o!6voE rQaypcrTrxo( oQlo[og l€v txcvo]ro!€l Tlv
.i'z=- l, a<rou ro r€rQdycDl,oxdtlE rQsypar[xot oQlo[olt ei,lat $n aQ-
vlr!x(i. AQcrro frQ6nE[ vo toolrci p€ ro pn6av, l€yol]dc no! q]ro,
d€[rviJ€r rov loxrQr,qrd poi. M]roQoupe v(l 6[orun(ioo1'p€ io (r'1016,
I€op(r our(i 16./olrcrc ofl" to C EivaL n plxetirsen udxx.to4 oftparos
rott R orn| olroie oL 'turtQolJdqpr€F €ELo@o€Lg eiral enliitoryq.
'Eva
otrlo €ed)rl[a roQolrordqsrcro'd ro ro orlp€io.To R'?crro-
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Foi AE (lrdlrliooupr oQXrxdor dtr]EilQrxiEnQdE€!Evo oxpq(ovoliv p€
€x€lveETolJ R, !no0tTo'\rrc( orl ro R €i,!a! o irEo1rosx, H ardvrlol
€i\r.r!. p.6vo orrt! nrQirrrll)ot dnou n=2. Mi.r bo[i no1' pordq€r pE
6op{ od)[orog, lior ovo[d(€r(rr, a]uaternions,pr[oQel !a l]Q€o€i ./Lo
,' = 4, Fdao tiou I rbrotrFo zw = \rz lIcri \a roxriel, Mic 161()1(t boprl
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aqrQrFavnq a].y€l]Q(E.

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t . t . 1 A . t E r c6 t r l l i = i x.rtt/(i+t)=\1-i)/2.

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lli
1.1 EI:A|OTH :TOY: MITAAKOYIAPIEMOYI 1l

616rri.-i= (l) = - I (- I ) = I Enlors,

I I I t l-,
t+l i+l I i 2

a q o n( r + i ) ( l i)=1+ t=2

t)..5 Na fQeLr€ro iQaypatw' xal p.rvraotLx6ptAoE xolr (z+z)l(z-l)

Aion.

7.n _ (x+2)+iy_ (x+z)+iy . (x t)-iv =

z-t (x-t)+iY (x-t)+iY (x-t)-iY

(x+2)(l- l)+/rrrl) r)- l) r(.\_2)l

( r Y -l ) ' + Y '

Ondre,

... z+2 xt+x-2+Y'

z-t (x_l)'+y,

- t/ -
tm_-=-_,
z - 1 { x _ t ) ,+ y .

1.1.6 Na |uqei 4 2'+ i=o oF nQoEz.

Alion. En.llJ22= w. Tors rv1+i= 0. AlrrraotordvraE orov rnno ltr +/b =

!(d+tPi) ltor 0eirap€ 1to trr rerQaY{0vtxa( Ql(8E 1tot06rovlaEa=0.

1| LI
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A! 0€oQioou$ rrnpa rlv sEioool z'=(t - i)l''|, Avrtraol,otdvroE IdI!

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I!2+'12 12-12 .l
\7'l

And rt! dur ($1i tor v 0Qao]touFE

rrEdlLer 6no}'noErE:
12 AIIA YTIKE::YI{APTHIEI'

I'12-'lz 12+12 .l
- -\
2 2 I

ndpadpnoq. >rlv erd[sll €\,6rlra, 0d avdtrrnEoupEro\, rutto 1or de

tioln orld. rtg pG€ErdEIS t onolorJ-
aa flQonp€,
Molvre,noo Fog €nr.re6nc!
6rinor€FrlqbrxondQLoFon.

1.t.7 Lti4re 6tt, yn rcuS 4yahtxottcaptgttotigz xat w'

R€(z + rv)= R€z +Re|v

t m ( z + Y ) =I m z + I mw

A l J o n .' E o l t tz = x + i y x o r r v = 4 + i D T 6 r €z + w = ( x + a ) + ( y + D ) ' o J r O l E
R e ( z + v ) = r + a = R € z + R e v . K o r d r o v a 6 r o1 Q 6 n o l, m ( z + w ) = y + b =
Imz+ lm |y,

AoKloeq

rot'S en6F€volJE
1. Na €xqQdo€I€ otrl goQqi o+ir:
pyfoblttotEaQloporiE
2+3t
(a, (2+3L+(4+/) (F)
4+j

2. Na €rqQ'do€rErol'E etr6p€aog pt.lobtxot( dQrolrongorl poQqi d + tD:

( a ) ( 2 + 3 i ) ( 4+ / ) (0) (E+6/):

(Y) ll+-:.1

z'?= 3 - 4/
3. Na pa.ootv ot l.no€tEtlE eEtoorolE

4. Na oA€eorh/or ),{o€!E ro! eEw6o€ol,:

(a) (z+l)r=3+ai (F) z'-r=0

5. Ns Eaco€l10 nQoYporl,x6tar qdwaoltx6 PtQoEr(ov €E{Enaaooroo€ov

rl
' 3 ?+ 2
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1.1 A: TO|-H ETOY: IITAAIKOYI APIgUOYI

6. Na FQEo€i to ttQ,olFart)(o 1{or qal4aortxd l'ltQoE r(!)1 €Eig naQaordo€(N'

(c) i. tllt z'

7. Ioflr€!61r R€(zY)= (Rez){Rew);

8. Edl o d €taqr nQoYFaltr6E 1rar o z I[Yo6lxdE. 6s[Ett drl

Re((z) = a Rez xat lm(az, - 4lmz ltttti{i, b€lEre6rt I Re: C --) R Etvolpia
naclFatllti YeopFDiliatr€ltiovrol 6li'o6i, 6rt Re(dz+ bw) = dRez+ bRelv'
][c nQo]paltxd d, D xa! FlYo6lrd z, v.

9. A€Grr61! Re(tz)= -lm(z) rut 6rr Im(iz)= Re(z)vla oroio!6ino13BI-

10, (q) rro avovxqeoQtopavo Fryo6ttr6nAte[6 z= x+ lv, o€oQlorr11 ]QaB-

pu{ri dnErx6vlor O,: R2--t Rr (6llo6i. rrv C -, C) non oQtleror otr6 rlv
4,Ot)=2.1t/ (b1)..,nolLor?'cotoo|ldEenl z). As€r€ 6r! o trfvqxo<rIS C,
orr ll{rot (1,0), (0, l) rou R? ni!€ro! sn6

l' -"1
xl
\v
( l ) A . t E r o 6 1 10 , , , , = C , , . d . .

11. Ynootro!'ras olr ioi(Uorr! lta nQoYFarlxor'gaalolonE 6e{E1.6rr or 3!-

!i( iltr6rrr€E €a6g orirtGroE (tXnou\, trio']( Yro Fl.robltonE aQr0FotE,

12. xQrorponot'i)tros ro ali(o$ora tvdg o6F(ltoE 1(a! F6vo. ad,ore Fia

qoQpoi.rorrxi 'rad6€tEl ytq 1(E eEiq r6idllte!:

({) l-=I.-l -t,J="''

$t

' f 3 . ' E o r o )( x iy)l(x+ty)=4+lb L a L E r t( i r t d ' : + b ? = I

14. Arod€Gre ro 6rovu[r1(t 0E68rUa Yra FrYabrl{ois aQro[oiE 6llobli.

r(tv z, v ei!a! Frlqitxoi oQ!0tloi xqt , 0rr!x6s araQolog'

, / +w f - z ' - ( i \ , " (:\,"'

". \2t "','tl'l \r, "'
tl,

/rl, nl
\rl- -
xQlolponoui('r€ €naY(o.Irilta xdo€ t.
'II ANA^YTIKE'IYI{APTHIEII

15. A€tEredr! o z €lvot trQay$otlx6E€dv t(ar F6tov €dv Rez= z.

16, AeGredri tlo orouovbitrot€qrtQalo r,

J{_t, i{',_/,

A€iEft drr aur6 ro onor6tr€olopio$t la |rqq66oer 6!ov rlttto yro 1o i" yrq
dl,qra,, tQdqovragro r=4k+i, 0 <r<3

17. Na anlonorleonv or naeoordoerg:

(a) (l + i)1 (P) (-J) '

18. Nd dnl,onollleo1'ror napaotdoerql

I +l
(o) (l -t)-' (P) i--

1 9 , Na anloriorl0ol'r ot tropoordo€r(:

]r+li (fl) , t t. 1

(Y) 1l-i

20. A€GI€ d or dt6l'ou0es !6r6rlre6 riQoo6rolJiEouv[ol,ooipa\ad 10 pr-

'fd6!x6 nolJdnl,aotdoFd oro C = Rt:

(a, lz,+2,)w=z,||+z,1t (ltl z,z,- 212t

(1) i.,--f (6\ z,(r1z')-(42')z'

(E) Edv o! z, r.ft z? ctva! nQoytoru.oi, ro zj . z: €tl,or to o{'vtl0cgytt6pevo

nQ'dytlarrx6! (tQ!8pdv.

1.2 IAIOTHTETTNN MITAAIKNN APIEMON

tro paol[|ar01a((€ivo! no],{ onpavr[tid la ptloeorlp€ vd d'i€Lxovi,-

EouF€rLg 061614r€gfiou p€tr€rdFExa! 10 ovcfiriEorp€ rI ]'€y6pevrl
y€(,)pErQuiri erotrftic. Aur6 Eival !6loir€Qo oipafitx6 oq p€1.6r!rov
F!1q6[x6v op{epd}v. Ilopcttdrco 0a ouvqvtrioouF€ r[E 6wo[eE rnE
ond),l'rnE i!pli6, rox oQao[qroE,rqg r[ollrilig dvariaQdoloolE to! rox
plya6lxou olqlyouq €vd( p!"yq6u{ot oeloFoi. Ot ewor"€Eq1J16(6xouv
ld,a qn).ri y€otr€tQlxi €eltlvela fiou eivcr otopc(r1ro vc xoro]'dpoup0.
1.2 IAIOTHTE' TON MITAAIKONAPIEMON 't5

l6r6rqresft)v Mryd6fidrvApr0F6v

:rlv r[Qonyoi[€vl €1,/(jrnro oe{oo[€ ro [!yairx6 aQ!€pdoov €va

onp€io Tou €nrr66ouR2. ErrdE dno Tlv re6o€€on xa[ rov ,[o],lq-
rtrctoloo$o€ra 6vav nQd./par[xd(1e!0po,oelooFErqv redErl rou F0-
'Evqg pryablxdE
lc6lxori rollonlconoport. aere$69Frioeeivs 0€(l)-
elg€i y€op€rQrxd oav Gvc (6!o6!dotato) irdvuopq r(rL vc cn€0to-
vloo€l l!€ 6!0 fl6;.oEror,:exrvd dnd rlv aAXi r(l)v qEdv(')vlrsu x(lrc-
liyer oro ottr€to rou R'zro! ovrlorolxei oro p!1o6rr6aQ00po(0i.6r€
:X. 1.2.1).

oE oor(o9 nEov(g=) dEov(g

fl eotrarrr6g dioag = r dEor<

TXHMA1.2.1 AtotrJopatlxi(aatraAddlcd!to)v plyabrxrnv

der0prbv.

Adyu, rou or! ta olprii(r (x,0) € R' .rlrlototlolJv oroxq nQayF.rrr

trouq aQrepoiE, o oQrLovrroEdEo1]a€i dEovqg x ovopd(Era! rp.rytrQ-
rBt66 dEovat. fla rov [6r(J ],dyo, o x(lloxdQ!9og dqovaE (dEovos y)
ovoltdl€rclr EavraorlxdE (iEovda,€ttrt6ri ta otF€i(r rou ixouv rrt Fop-
qi iy = (O,y) drou y tre(y$orixo(. Enop6vo)Epnoeoip€ vo cn€rlio-
vioorrl$ filv ne6o08on [ryo6D{dJr,,aQrolr(i,vp€ Inv rledoo€ol 6rovr,-
otr(irov (ltldne tX. 1.1.1 n(\. 1.2.2r.
Oa irov XQriorFordv ttnopor'o(lF. vcr c:rrrxoviooulu xar r(] lrr-
1cb0xd not',tlon).aoloopo xoTd Tov i6!o rQono. frc To oxor6 aurd.
0( txeedoou[€ rouE FLy{r6rroriEqQt€pou( oIt l€yoF€vn nollxli tloQ-
{lr)i.AE 0uptooutr"so ro llxog E\oE blqvuou.arog @, b)= a + ib opL-
'1"'rttl . zornt dr! ro blovuopc oxntraliErr pia
lrtcr onv r=
i,()vis P Fe rn 0€r!xi 6r€ 0uvoq rolr rrQoy[crrxo{ dEova, orror,
0 < P <2r (0L6ne:X. 1.2.3).Ero[6!o)g tare = b/d. Aqrot d = rcosd
x(1! b = rsin0. €Xou$€ .r + ri = f cosd + (f sind) i= r(cos P + isin d).
16 ANAAYTIKEf,>YI{APTH>EI'

(3+ 2i)+ (1+3i)= 4+

tXHllA 1.2.2 ngdoftq Fi/adrr.b! oqrep(n!.

AuldE o rpdr[oE lQoqiE lorr p[1d6[t!ot sQtopot o'to!6.\EluL dvafta'

pdoraoq oE noLLxig owrqrdyptv€s. To prlrog rou blcvriopolog
z=(a,b)=a+ ib o![oo],(E€ta! lzl xcr ovopdlercr,norm, i ptrQo, fl
ctn'Lurn rLLtt rou z. H lovi,c d ovopcrqsro! dpropd rou pllsbixo{
cQleFo{ 1(40o!p0o}'iqerd[ d = ar8 z.
Edv r[€QloQtoo![€ xo 0, ot[os xdvope t[QoIYouFdv(o<,olo 6ldorn-
pa tO,2r), bltrabi 0<0 <2n, ldr€ lideE pn FI6eMdE p!l'q6rx6E
aelopog 6X€[ 6vs ocqog ro0oQ[oFevo 6Q!oFo. (To l€lorr'dq ourd eo
vc €ivq! yvoord dtld rnv iQrlovop€rQtc). IIdvioE, €ivol xtQo-
xrQ6x[€r,
qav6g dir €dv trQoo06oo1jl.t€ sx6Qql,afiol.)"orl'dold 1or 2n alo e xcr'
rdl"fyoups o-rov [6r() pr,1o6!xd aQ!0pd. Oo 6odp€ 61! €i,!ar XQiolFn n

:XHUA 1.2.3 [o].r{i aaanaedoiaoll Fryd6la6v aelopdv.

1.2 IAIOTHTETTNN MITAAIKNNAPIOMNN 17

ELEre€Q[dx[o! 6IouF€ orrq I!U.€q,lo friroQEivc x[6QErro 0. Irs rs-

QaAElTpa.€q FnoQorjootrEvG €XolJtr"E oeio€! ro I oro 6[dorrlFq
r <0 <ft. H er),oyri E!i'E r6roLox blaorriFaroE 0c x(looQ(E€ra!rd-
vroi€ o-ro er6pe,t'c, O ovoyv(boTnE0c r[QdrEr r[dvTc va o1,pdTc[ oT!
€r!' doov 6vq rdrolo bldorlFo 6X€[xoooQ[o0Ei,yra xdoE z+ 0 6va
xaL FovcbLxo I FnoQEivc PQ€08i.Eivc! nQoqcv6E 6r! orolo6i7ror€
0€R pnoeEi va Feroq[Q{Je(o-'o bldorrlFo nol' 6xoup€ 6!o}.6E0[(y[a
naQd(b€llpq,ro [0,2r) ri ro (-z,]!]) eov r[Qoo06ooupe o'our6 )td-
roro (o€r[rd i aQvF[x6) oxaQolorol].(1r].Cro[o rou 22. f!'crr6 ro
i{iyo, cilo! XQrlo[povc o€(oeo1]p€ ro arg z oc1 ro orilolo r(ov 6r,i,,a-
rd)v rlpdrv rIE yorvi,a(. Ed! 0 €(vo! U.ia bwqri rLprl, 10 i.6!o [o iEr
xa[ 1ro tlv 0 +zfin 6iro\t n sxeQqroE,ordre pnoQo{F€ va 0€(oeon[€
ro afSz 0.)Ero oulr'o},o{6+2rn: ofiou n o).r6QaroE). O xdooQroFog
€v6E nebiou yla rlv l(Dvia €t1crryv(,)oloE o(rv €nrlo]rl t\,ol xldbou
rolt oQiopdfos.
H XQ{oI rng rro}.lxriE ovonoQCioraorlErcov F!1a6r)1ri)raQlepri)v
(rnlorolEi I,n l8operQ[1oi ovcnoQooTcor] rou 1rvop6\rou 6io p!yo6r-
'Eor(o = (cos
x(i)voQ!0p6v. zL r, dL+ isin d1) ro! z, = n (cosd?+ isin 0?).
Torc ztzr=rtr2lrcos0t.cosdr-sin dr.sinrr)+ i(cos9r.sind, +cosd:.sin9r)]=
rl 4 [cos(dl + 0?) + isin (0j + 0r)l ,utt6lov Ilito yrq 10 npi,rovo xcr or.J'
'Ero[
arl$irovo qoQo(opdroEy(0v!(bvrnE lQry(')vop€lQio(. exo!|pearo'
b€iE€!rnv

1.2.1 nPOTA:H frcr onooLtobiltort lLLy(16LxoiE

crerqltolJE
zt xaL 21,

ar8(zt zz) = arEzt + arEz2 lmod2r)

M€ )d]!(r, ro yrv6trEvo6r{) pr.yo6rr6v aQropcirvEi,var6vdq F!1a6!

no( aQi6u.d( F€ F€rQo ioo rrQo( ro rv6[€vo rcDv FirQ.D,|'rnv 6rio
$ryabwriv aQrepcirvxor dQroFd ioo fi()oE io deQo[oF.r r(Dv oQloFfr-
ruv au'tov ruv dQleur''v.Aurl rivar I f(orxi 1c'rrFrrQlxn ovo)roQo-
oraol rox Flya6lrot nol.l,ar),ooloopo! (0),6r€ :X. 1.2.4).
H b8frsQn loornra rr( IIQ6roonE 1.2-1 onpalvor drl rc oivo)'o
rov 6rvor6v r[p6v ro 6€Ercf rcrl oQ[or€Qorip6],org stvor rd [6rd,
bll.crtif, ra 6110pf).I U[oQotv vc flvouv ioc €ov nQoo06oo pE 6va
zcrdl,).I).o fiolLanl.dolo ro 2r o' 6rc cnd c rd- Edv €xorfr€ raeo-
Qio€! 61,'a1,'oQrop6vo xl.o6o xdl ro argzt+dr{zl l3oior€raL €EcDcr6
18 AI{AAYTIKEIIYXAPTHIEII

pryd6rr6v
:XH[A 1.2.4 llol].d:i],ao!dopd6 oQr0p6v.

xo 6rdotqF4 aur6,0o 'letr€0 vd ldFol,Fr u'l'61rq 6va ,ro].traJr].doro

ro! 21 6018 vo ro qaQolps F6oo oro dldorrlpo. fro raed6Erytro, €&v
ro 6r6ortlpo stva! to [0,2r) ,rarrzt=-l xot z2=-1, r6a' a.rrzt=r,
xat 6'ftz2=31t12(pl6t. :X. 1.2.5),0'lr]\6zt22= l, otrdtear9ztzz=ttlz
&or afgzt+ aftz2 = n + 31t12= 2tt + ttlz. MtloQo{p€vd FQolrF€tqv o(o-
drrl andr/inol c9crQ6vrcrE21 6010 ro $tzt+nrtzz !o pQ€o€[swdE
rou 6rafi{pqroE [0,2r),

I
I

'XHI,A 1.2.5 no ,ulaoKordE r(,v Frya6uidr oe$F6v -l *ar -i.

1.2 tAtOTltTEtTOt{ MtrAAtKOr{ApreUO|{ 19

Ytrdpx€l erlonE r{at pto y€rDp€rQtrirqrqox€rjri [r€ dpoLarQ[yovo

rou FoE €rlrrear[€L vc r,rcrool{€udooup€ ro l0vdp€vo6to pLya6!ri6!
oQLep6v.To 6rio .tQappooxuaoF6ra rQi.t(j)vorou txiparoE 1.2.6€{,1,o[
d$o0q.H xoroor{€uriro! o4r€iou zt z2.lt\lfiar oxlportqol,raErrE 6110
y{l)vl€Erou oxiFcroE p! F€reo t9rxar rnv yovic o. To onp€lo ro!
nQoxrinrEre{vcr ro ErlrorJrrtvo,ono)EFroQ€r1Jaanobprxeriard tlv
Ilqdrcron 1.2.1xo! rlE rbrotnr€Sr(l)v ol.ro[cDr,,
xQly6vov.

:XHlilA 1.2.6 r€oFcrerx'l xdtaoxou'i rou llaouavox bno Flto6lxdv d0ret6v.

o rol,lonloolaop6g pr1a6!x6v aQ[0F6v pjroQ€l va ava],!oei, xu!

'Eoro
xard rov €Ei6 rQdno. z€C xsr cE oQ{oo!p! lry 1r,:C-+C
olr.ru 1!,(w)= wz dn),abri,rl ll,, €[va[ n (ln€lxdvlon <tlolrlo]rloor,coBdg
€ri z). :dpeova pE xrlv nQ6raorl 1.2.1 Eiva! tQoecrv6s 61r to afio-
ftlEaps auriE rnE aftEb.dvLongeivat vd nEeLoretvat tvdv ptyd'Lxd
aeLqpd xard pid yuvia to4 ltpoE argz lE eopri avriq&n afi6 t\v 6L-
Eiqrtron t4E x[vlo\E rov 6elxrd)y rou poloyrci xat va roLla]t|d-
ofuoet ro pixoE rou efi(, lzl. fla fioQd6€ry[a, I ?, (rotltlor[Iqora-
olrdE €,r[ i) nEQrorQaee! ro g prya6rxo{E aQro[odE xsrd ttl2 cLl-ItgExlrr
F€ rlv &(!nol rov 6r!rr6v rou eolo.fro{ (Fl.6nE:Xipro 1.2.7).
H cr€Ln6vl,ol ?/ atval avaE yeop[lrdE p6rooxlpar|,op6E oro €rri-
r€6c, urd rnv twols drr ry',(r.wr + t ,*,) = AV,(wt) + tlttt 61tox I
"@,r,
ncr I Etvcr,r[Qolpar!)rot oe!0Foi za0 w,, wz.LldL l.rLyo6lroi dQr6poa.
Kao€ yeopplrdg p€rqoxltl(rrlopd< iolr €n[fi66orJ otov EalJrd to!!
lnoeE( vo r[aQaorqo€l p€ 6vov nivcxo. E(I,Jz= a + lb= (a, b), 161ao
rivoxaE rlE V, €aval
20 AT{AAYTIKE'IYI{AITH:EI:

IXtii,lA 1.2.7 notrlonldoroopd(Enl /.

o -bl
I
b al
qQou

/" -al xl lax -bx\

tl t=t I
\D al yl \cy bxl

([ll,6r€Aoxno1 10, IlaQ. l.l).

O Tonosrou de Molvro

O tittog nou ano6€iEaFe yrs rov nollanl'.ao[qoF6,XQqolponol(j)-

r,roE1|ll, cvcnoQdoraoqo€ nolwds ouw€rayFeveE, naQex€0
rdrl r€-
eroo6r€eocnd U.iaxol.{ y€operQ!&1i €tronrEid.MnoQoriFevq rov
XenolBonolrloouFr ]ra vu JrrrtxouFE6vc! r$[o Jrou Fog rnrreincr
vd PQoip€x0gr-oor6E Qaq€E onorou6inor€ p0ya6lxoi ae$po$.

1,2.2 OTYnO:TOY DE MOfVRE Eav z= rrcos9+isinq\ xaLn E[.-

rar qeNlxdgaxtealog, xdx,

z'= t'\cos ne + i sinne')

AnOAEI=H :l'$q'r\{r U! TrWnadraol 12.1,z'?=r'z[cos(A+d)+ isin(d+ d)] =

r'z(cos2d+isin2a)- nolLarlooroEovtaE r[d]ir €ni z FQ{,orooF€
1.2 TATOTHTE:
l|l|t UTTAA|KONAPleMnN

23= z. zz = r. 12fcos(20+ e) + isinze + e)l= rr (cos3d + /sin3d). H

bro6[r{co[oauxrl p[oQ€i vc ouv€x!o0€[rnsyf,}yLrd6orc !o xara]"'i-
EouF€oro Er0guprFdaror6l€ops llo otrorovDifioteo&6pcron.l
'Eoro,
w 6vcE Fula6rxdsqQ$pdE ortlabri, 6ot(l) wEC. Xe{or,l.to-
no!6woE rov rriro rou de Moivre 0s hioorp€ inv eE(ooron z'= w rDg
nQoEz, drdv 6[v€ro!o rv.Ynoo€rolt!€drl w=r(cosp+isina) xo!
z=p(cos9+isinvr). T6rr, odpqova pE rov lrr1lo10! de Molvre,
ztt= pn(cosnl) + t slnnV). neoxririEl, 6xLp'=r= w ond iq Fo.',q6F
xorrfrq qs riolllrig qvo.ncQdoioonE &a! nv = e + k(21t),dnolj k 0l{6-
Qo!06.Erop6voE,

,= rt [*,19 * ! zol*r,in{ d * !n z'|l

t \,l n I \n tl

Kdo€irpli ro! * = 0, 1,..., r - I d{,ve!ror, plo 6laeoQ€rtxr1

tltlri ro! z.
Kdo€ di.l,n rlpt rori k a;rl(i)E €,rovol,apfldvclrlg xlpeE rou z rlou
cvrlorolxorivo€ k=0, 1,2,...,n-1. E topdvoEl,rrdQxouv axQr0d)g ,
-
n oor6EeaEeE oroloubinor€ plyabuxori oQuo]rorr.
fra roQd6€0lFa,o rleorlyoi'pevogrtrloE 6Eixv€Ldrr oL rQelEhi-
oerg1l( eEio(oonE z3= | = I (coso+ isino) E(vo!

,="ot\r +/srnk2l t=0, r,2

An).a6i,
.ri'[iri{J
2222

H 6la6rxaold ylc inv rueeonl(l)r Qrq6! onvoulq€ratoro trcrQorid-

1tonderol-r(r.

'Eotu) w
1.2,3 nOPflMA tvag pn pndevlxoepLyaSLrc<\E
ap.0p6Ept
jto|Lxi avattaQdoraoqw= r(cos0+ isind). TdxEoLn-ooreg pibg rou
w 6lvovw dn6 rot'a n ptra'Lxois serqttovs

,,=. ,_1"o,(!*4!l.i,in o * ? ! ! \ l * = 0 .r , . . . . n - l
L \r n l

QE E[6[ki rrEQanr(Don cuxolj Tou rtrlou raearlQori$a 6t! or, Ql

t€< rou I (64)"o6i, or r-oor6E eiE€Er4E pov66oE) eivoL ro I roL d -
 ANA^YTIKEI :YIiIAPTH:EII

:XH]{A 1.2.6 or eqrg rdErlC8 rrs Foldbas.

Ld n-l oqF€lc rrou loorr€Xo1Jvp€roEr] rol,E oro pova6tq[o Btr].o,

dfi(l)Sgqtv€ial oro :X. 1.2.8 yla rnv €[60xi rl€Qtnr(|)ol dro! ,r = 8.

itryo6rol lu(uydq Ap€||ol

rredlglo, qvaq€eEicrolxvd rl s''i,ri awoL(rrou p!-

tto etrdps.',o
'/q6rxo{ ou(ulotg, flou oe(Erro! (oEeEdE:Edv z= d + lb, x6\e o Z
nou ovoUcg€xo! tnfa6u6E ottErryiE rou z' oQ(qeia! snd rnv
Z = a - lb. To va 0.oQorip€ro Ur,yo6[x6ou(ulli qr€lxov[E€icl l€(t)-
lr€relxd ocv avdr.),aot oE rleoE ro1 r[eoyparrxd dEolo (0].€ne:X.
1.2.9\.

IXHMA 1.2.9 Mryo6r)roi

ouEl'r€rg
ae!o|,ot.
1.2 TATOTHIE:
ION [rrAAtKn APtefO 23

rug poolxeEu6l6tqi€Eirou Lxovoro!-

H nQ6tqoI 1.2.4olJvovtE€u
otv oL Fl1o6(xo[ouLuy€{.S
aeropoi.

1.2.4 NPOTAIH
(i) z+/-=Z+V.
\rt) zz =Z Z .
fi) zlr: = z lV Ed\ z' + o.
(iv) zr=lzlr * a t ,e r o p t v @egd y z + o , z-t=2/lzl'1.
(v) z = Z edv xctLpbvov edv o z eivaLr.esypa x6E.
(vi) Rez=(z+Z)12 y 1 1 11 6 7 = ( z - 2 \ 1 2 i .
(vii) z = 2.

ANOAEI:H
(i) 'Ea7a z = 4 + lb v!\ z' = a' + ib', T61a
z + z'= a+ a'+ llb+ b'\, ,)taL
l7V = \a+ a't- t\b+b')=a-ib+a'-ib'=Z+V.
( i i ) ' E o t r , rz = a + i b , t o L z ' = d ' + l b ' . ' 1 6 1 .
z/- = (""' 4b') + i(ab\"'b\ = (aa'-bb')-i(ab'+a'b,
To dll,o F6eoE,
Z , = @ - i b \( a ' - i b ' ) = ( a a ' - b b ' ) - i ( a . b+' a ' b ) ,
(iii) :{pe(|)vq p€ rrN (ii) 6xoutr€
, rtl=1r11 =2. Aea /tz'=zlz'.

c v ) z V = @ + i b ) ( a - t b ) = a 1 + b ' 1 =) z l z .
(v) Edv a+iD=a- ib, t6tt tb=-ib, ondre ,=0.

(vi) Auri I xrQ6roololvql nQaqoviEqfi6 rov oeiopd ro! Z.

(vii) ErioqE r[eoqovliE(rJI6rov oQlopdrou plya6rxot ooqrryorls.
!

H altdhrl rlp.ri€v6EFrya6rxotoereF.ot z = a+ibl='[a'+b'.

p6xQorou alovlloF.dxoE
6ev Etvc!,JtcQdxo Euxt!€i6ero r[ot' noQrorav€!
lo U.!yq6u(dqer0p6, dr[@E€t6cu.€orc nQortyolipavq.
Afid rtv IIe6,
 ANAAYTIKE: :YNAPTH:EIT

raoq 1.2.4(iv), p).e:toupe6rr, to lzl 6iv€1or xol .1116xrt\ lzlz = zZ.

H 6wo!o rng or[d)'urnE x0tuiE EvdS pryo6[xorj qeL0pori olva,v'Idlal
ol'Xvri o€ 6ln xI FLladlrlri avdhoq. Ilotlt pao[x6E eivc! oL srl6pEv€g
L6[6rnreg rng or[dtrurng r!lri6.

1.2.5 nPOTA'H
(i) zz'=z z'
(il) Edv z'+O, t6tE zlz' = z I z'1.
(iii) -lzl <Rez< z xc -z <lmz< z' 6n1a6i,
Rez <lzl *aL l'r'z <lzl,
(iv) Z=z
(v) z+z'l< z + z'1.
(vi) lz-z'l> z - z'l .
(vii) 1zJ/ t +. . +t, w,l < fi ttr + . . + l z-f- tT*;4 . +T'';r

H o1j1]0iriq(iv) ei,varfiQoqovriEt€(op€lQwdand 1o :X. 1.2.9,n

(v) €i,vq! n l\@ori rer.y@vLxicrylobtnia \\o dlovrjopqlq orov R'
(pl6r[o:X. f.2.10)ror n (vii) ovoqaQ€ror@Eallo6qra rou Cauchy.
EqoQU.oqovroE €rrove[lrl[p6lc xrp (v) Bqi,oro!$exn levrrii r,brorr]io
zt+... + zr <lzt +..+ zn

IXHMA 1.2.10 H rertovrki auodxlra.

1.2 IAIOTHTEI fON MITAAIKONAPIEMON

ANOAEI=H
(i) H Fdrnra aurrl croo€(Xrnxeornv IlQol.ron 1.2.1.
( i i ) : t p q o v o p er n v ( i ) , l z ' I z l z ' = z ' . ( z l z ' \ ) = z , o n o x a
/t/' -l/l ll/' .
(tu) E & \ tz - d + i b , rO.. -{o'+,l <$poi)b'1>O.
"<r["'*a'
H 6€ti€Qn ovroorlTs sr[o6ELXv1.)E1cL
l,[ETov i6!o rQ6rlo.
(iv) Edy z=a+ib, xtirt Z=a-ib, oxOrt lz ="laz i-ir =
'["' , (-bf = .
lzl
(v) Ano rnv nQ6iaott 1.2.4(iv),

711'2=q7+z 1,z jt

= 1 z+ z ' 1 1 2- 7 y

= zz * z V * z'z + z);

Al,l,6.o zV eivor.o ouquyig ro1' z/Z (l!or[;), ondr€ an6

r q ! I l Q d r o o n 1 . 2 . 4 ( v i )x o r ( i i i ) , z ' ? + z " + 2 R e z ' 7 <
z 1+ z'z +2 z'7 = z 1+ z''1+2lz z' A ) , ) . do u r d ! -
ooriro! r[Qog(lzl+ z'l)'z, onor€ nolQvorp€ ro Enrol,po1r'o o-
r[or6r!€op(,.
(vi) EeaQF6EovraE rn.r' (v) oro z' xar z-z' acipvoupe ]zl=
z ' + ( z - z ' ) < l z ' l + l z - z ' 1 , o x r 6 : el z - z ' > l z j - l z ' 1 . w a } ' -
t"dooo'v'rdgrolJg Qdl,oxgrLDvz xoL z' , rrdLe\torp,tirdrd Torr'[6[o
rp6no z z'l> z' zl=-(zl lz'),tro.: l3rlldr6vEt 1ov oQ-
xrro puE roxuQr"oF{).
(vii) H avro6tnrd durrt €ivar I'rydr€Qoneoe(rvliExar n dn66ErEi
rng XQoldE€xor,6va ofil.o pd0lpcrrlxd r6xvdopa (F].6r[0rnv
co'&\art22'lLs pla 8raqoeex!,{ri ond6€[El).AS uro06oorpe6r!
oX! 6l,0 ro !vr=O (dlaqroQorlrid To cfiror6treo]rc €[.r'c!r[Qoeo-
v6E).Eoro)

2,, r= Il*., s=\2,w, trtt c=stt

"=2
AE go(!)Qlioou[€
r6Qa ro
26 AI{A YTIKE:IYNAPTHIEII

fio1j €lvct >0 rist looriT(!! F€

u + l c ' 1 t- c | ;"v,-e l r , * , = , + l c i ? r- 2 R e a r

=,*[!]-zn"!l
It

Aqo! ro r €(val nQsypsrrxd xa€68 xar ro Jr=]s],,

+ (lsl'l t) - z(ls l,l t) = o - lsl,I t > o. Enop6vos lsl, < ur, 1e-
"yovdE
nori ol,oxi,lQ6v€r, rnv c1rd6elEn.

Aq&a ndpddelywto

|.2.6 Na luge(.,t z' = | .oStteo€z.

Atio\. Apol)l=cost2z+/slnt2z 6no! io k stl,oro*QamE,1()ndaropo

1.2.36t!e!

I2n kztt
z = c o s : : _ + / s j nj : * =0,r.2......1

=r.l- .i a- l. .-r.*- I- '

12 ' .'
12 tZ 12 '{2 .-!,-',
12 tlz ,12

autaEFroeoi,v vo orErrorrooorrvl.€ loqneXot.Iao1|r€iatldvo glo

Or QtgeE
povo6m(oxtxLo rou |lrydbrxori
€ruia6orJ(>X.t.2.ll).

-li
v2 v2

IXHIA 1.2.11 Or or{rd'Q[&ErrE Fovd6agrdE€o]E

E.
1,2 IAIOTHTEI TNN TITAA|XNN AFIOiIOI{

1 . 2 . 7 A t t ,t t t 6 t t ItJr/r, _ tJ-,r,
i (8+6')l (8_6i)

roa. H naeariQnoli lra( €6d €lvar dr! 6€v €tva! andQalrr|roao €xr€I6-
oou}tcrrg nedE€rE oro (3 + 7t)z/(8+ 6t). AQD(eI 1,a€gqQp6oouF€ lrE !6r6rtrcE
nou a\oq6€,alr n€Drnoupi'rrg. rrqr oufiFr€rru.,a q ,' r z t xar i 1t = Z tV .
-
'Eror
PQio,(ouFe .
-
( 3 + ? i ) r l _ ( l + 7 i ) : _ ( 3+ 7 r ) r _ { 1 . - r - ' ) ?
| ( E + 6 i )I (8,6D 8-6i 8-6,

t.2.8 Edv lzl = t, ,etErc 6u

Iaz+bl
lDz+d

yft ononvoitirorc ptyaauoig aerepotEa Ldt b.

A1ion. Eq' 6oo't zl= l, 6xoxpe z=2 t. Eftou'titua

oz+D uz+b I
bz+d b+dz z

And ttE r6r61ir€Eq9 an6h,utg rrpriExa! I6y(l) rou 6rr lzl= I,

laz+b az+b I
l6z+a az+i tz

won a z + b l = l a z +b l - l a t +b .

1.2.9 A7I€G 6fL n leylort an'lurn rlpl rou z'1+ | ttdyu otov pola'nlo 6I-
oxo 21<1, E(.ear 2.

^tdr. An6 qv rQl,y(,vl,'.ri

ovrodrllTa,l?.'+ rl = lz'1l + | = lzl' + 1 < r': + I = 2,
oeot lz <1, ro 1z:+l 6evuneeFaivr! rrv rr[i 2 nda(' oro\,6ioro. Eq'
6ooa I tqri 2 nQonrinr€ryra lz = l, ro payrmo€tror 2.

l.2.lo Nd EteedottE ro cos30 ouvapilo.t rou cos' ar sine Xpnolponoui-

traE tov ltito rou cleMoivte..

lnd4. O rtno< rou de Moivre ym r= I rsr r = 3 6[rer qv rour6rFa

(cos, + islnd)r = cos3, + /sln3d

6[rer, Fstd 0]16 ordnruEr (0r6ne

To aQrotee6FaloE oxr1i6rrE €E[o(l)orE,
AoB4ot 14 rr|E Ev6rlrog ] l),
?6 ANAAYTIKETIYNAPT}I:EI:

9 / 3 c o s ' ? r s i n O- 3 c o s d s i n ' ? O t s i n r d
c o s r 1+

EElo(nvowos ra nAayf(rio.d rur qovraorurd UaQt, Faioxo!$€

c o s 3 d = c o s r t 9- 3 c o s d s i n : d

sh30 = -sinrd + 3cosldsin9

t.2.tt Na yQd!,tt., rc plfablx.t ol,t4lolLo!6, t\r EEtoaoq gras Ffitta<

yQalpig, nv.t. 141:r,i,o1t
xal IIQS t^bul'rli.

^r,o4. Mio e J€t.l yAr(!$ri ExqQftt€r(r 0nxol,o [E rr)! noAal0rarxi $oaqil

2= tl+ bt, a.bec, t e R , I o n o i a r o A i o r d v $ l r l o r r J e € t ok o r d r I . ' , x o r 8 l l ,
hrvot 1ou b nox rreQv(iqn6 ro oltrrto a.
'EvoE
xlr.i.os $(VQdlerqr F€ rre €Elo(l)or lz-a | = r (a)rltaa r, x6\,rQo d).
M i o 6 1 . 1 , € t Ut xI $ Q d ( € r d r l l r q v . E i o ( o o r ]l z - t l 1 + l z + d l = 2 a . O t . a r k <
00io)ioaror ora oqr€iq tdraL o F€ydl,o6rlt[dEovo! loourc! |t€ a.
Aurdg ot €E!o6o€!E.otrs onoi€g ro l. I noQ!.ndv€r [tjxos. e,(qQdqouvror(
ouvioetE oQlopoiE ro! rdecndv(') yropnQlr'nv r6nov.

1.2.12 Ynogaofidn. u=a+ ib xot t-c+id d v a L o e L o p t v o tr L y d ' L x o i a e -

poi xaL r q€rLxdgneaft&rlxdF dAr0!65. AtiEr 6rL I tEtooon

\t-u'
tt-1)

nEQrtQ(tq.Lt\lav xtxLo i lli.t tv0tiu y0aryti oro ptfu'ud nine6o.

^roq. Edv odoourrr z= x+ /x I €Eiooor ./ivsr(r

'_
,,_lr. ct*ity 61 1r-ar?+ry.trt
" - l l 1 - 6 1 1 1 1 y 1 1l - t x . c l * r 1 - a l

nolLonloordlow(Is ;{nrori. ovonriooolroE xor XoQilovroErous 6Qou<nol'

n€0r€xou!ro x xar y oro caror€Qd!16IoE,6xoxt€

( l - , 4 ) x ' + (I p t y 2 ( a - p c t x - 2 ( b - t tdt y = t t ( c ' +

. d 1 ) ( a 1+ b 1)

Ed! & = l. r .Eio(Dort

nEQllQdeer FlleeiayLropFi.IlQ6x€lroryra xr F€ooxde€-
ro rou er'or'yedFFoxrpiparo< ror ou!6d€!ra u xar u. Edv, /l + l, o!pnl,I-
Lxnlo!.rdrrorE 6AouEFs ra rtTQriyolq a1or'Fr
1.2 IAIOTHTE:TON MITAAIKNNAPIOMON

1.. " p"\ [ b t'd\ !\c1 td) \a1-b1) lo-4c\, !b u(t\]

r r-! r l l / r t u l l { / \ l_rl /

= _J _tb dt.
,'to_ct
\t ! )

6rlo6i tlo €Elo(l)or xrixlo! u€aivraooro ((4-rc)/(l tt),(b-yd)/(t p))

x a La f i u o ( " t p t ) 1 p ) f t " - " t + < a - t f

AoK4oerq

1. Anorerrs eEis{noerg:
@) 2 5- 2 = 0 $) ''+i=o

2. Auor€ rrE €EloLi)o€lg:

(, 7"+8=0 (l) 21-4=0

3, IIo!6E €tvor o $ryct6u{6EouEuyis ro! (3 + 8t)r/(l +./)10i

4 . n o t 6 s e i \ , a ro p r . r q 6 r r d Eo l l l q i E l o u ( 8 - 2 / ) 1 0 / ( 4 + 6 t f ;

5 . N s E r q o d o e ! €r o c o s s x r o r s i n 5 x o ! ! a Q . i r i o €r! o ! c o s x r c l ! s i n x .

6, No '1|eQdo€Ie10 cos6x xar sin6x orvclQnio€! rou cosr xsr sinx,

7 . N a l i Q € i r eI t v a 7 r 6 i . r , r r r [ i r o l j I t { 2 + 3 , ) ( 5 2i)llGZ- i).

8. No 0Qelreqv ardl.llrr rrpli ro! (2 - 3r),(8 + 6i),.

9.'Edro y pia r oorli piLa rilE

[o.vd6oE, r/+ l A€iEr€ drr 1 + v+ w, +

10. AEiEr€ drr or e[(sE Evds noltl(')vtpou p€ noo.y[arrrong or'lrE],€or6s€l|

qoviqovror oav otllrili e€i'}!.

11. Eda d, , e C, 6€iEre qv rdrrorrra rou naQaLlrlLolQd$Fou: .I - D , +

a+b7=20alz+ b),).

12. EQprtvf{drE rit! rorrortrd orlv Aortort 11 leop€rQurd.

13. ndre roXnEL it lodrrFa oqa rQLyovrri olrodntro A+2,+...+z,l<

z,l + zz +. . + z"l; EpFrlvenore-yeopErairo ro arcr€^soFa.
30 ANMYTIKEI'YI{APTH:EI:

6rr Izl= I n l,v =l xot Zvt

14. Yno06rovrqs l, 6ElEre
dlr

'15, loxtEr 6u 21=lzlz; Edv vat, oro6eiEr€ttv ro6r1tta.Edv d1r,

tta trotd!

''L
16. odlovisEz=x+ty,6e{Ere6r! x + y < zl.

17, Eol.rrz=a+tb,a z'=a' +ib'. LEtElE61t lzz' =lz lz'l u'roloyllo-

wos rd0e FCIoEXolQlold.

18. aEtEle6rr
(a) $tsz--nEz\nnod2n) $) itEQlw)=aryz-atEw(mod21t)
(1) z -0 edv1(ar$ivov sdv z=0.

19. nord etvar I e€lo(l)otxtrlo! oxr(vog 3 rsr xtl'lQol' 8 +5/ l.r.€

FtYdbrlto
oup|3ol,!oLdi

20. xQlorporor6\.rag nds pnoQolJp€

ro\ 1&ro zt=,/121'1, 6€tEr0 !a ro-
'
ro olleio z Y€{Dpslolxd.
loox€1'door'p€

1{)oivotro dlorv 10rvz ylo ro oriota In(z+ 5) = 0.

21. Na n€QryAdvDre

22. Ano6eiErertv r(urdrwa ro! Larrange:

I t / \/ \ .
I S" - -'-'
lk"' l=\: '' lt+ -"1-: ''"
1S... I
-,llS...,l \'

XatorForori('rE rrv ono6frEri oo( d)orr va naQdyete rlv ovloorrya ron

Caucby.

2 3 . N o 0 A r i r rr , , F t l r o r o r r c 7 ' + d l y r o t x u v d 1 d / y , a r o o n o i a z l \ l.

24. Na lrioloy{oere ro el{ixrmo oa6x.L)o ri6Qaq Gupremum) lou ouv6}.oo

lov riQatFarrxd)! aQropd)v:{Re(tz'+ l) rtxolo 66'tt zl<2]'.

25. Ano6€GrE rrlv xQr-yorvop€IAlkri

rout6rrro rou Lagranse:

, i " 1 , * z! ll e
I +cosg+cos2d+ .+cosrA=;+
\

2
(Yno06!o!F€ 61! sin(9/2) + 0).
1.2 IAIOTHTEITNN MITAAIKqN APIEMON 3l

26. Yro06or€ 6rr or plyo6rxoi aalopot 2,,-z,, zr lxavo''orcn! illl/ €El.ooorl:

,"-2"-z,z'

^e{Eredr! lz,-2, = z1 ?,tl= 21 zj. (vlr66|tE4.xQ\aLt'o'tolrior€Y€(l)p€-

rQrr(csnrlEtarlpara).

27. aomr rtv svayxa(ono, rxavn outortxndorp

(a) Ta zr zr, zr ro Fplo)iovro!oe tuoela lpspp1i.
( oe exoetsypaF$'li o€ rnd.o.
Ia zt, z, zr !d {JQtoro.!'rat

28. Ano6eiEi€il! raox6rtr(l:

. i 2n ( n- l ) n
n z,)
(Yr66ELEn.'Iolwdlevo proQ€(vo yQaqsloov llz^-t en[ w yr,1,6p€to
tulv
pt'pl6€vr b! Qredvlox fio),!oM$or' (l - z)" r.)

'Eoro n prd n-oorli

29. otls 11lg [ovd6os. w+1. Ynotror(ot€ro
| + 2 w+ 3 t v +
2. +nw't,

30, H avrrororxla tou [r'/d6rtoi oQt0pollz=a+], p€ tov niva}ta

| - -l=v, tllo nQ!! orlv ropdyoaqu1.2.2llog

rr! oro(o un,lt)EtEouF
biver 6vor dllo tQdro ol,dficQdoraolqpl.robtrdv aQro[d)v.A€iErE6r!

$\ 1!,..=V.+V,.

0\
( y ) 9 = l /^1 .l

(6) 1!. = Vb €dv o ,l €ivo! naarporra6g.

{t) 9i=(9.)' (o a!'iotaoqoq 'iivdaas).

(rt) o z ei!d! redy$arrxds €da ra! p6vov €dv t. = (9.)'.

(0) z = 1 ed! }{a! F6vov edv o l. €ilar oQ0o16v!oEtrivoras:

 ANA YTIKEf >YNAPTH>EI>

'I.3
MEPIKE: :TOIXEINAEI: :YNAPTH:EI:

Or" Ter,ylDvol,!€rQrxdE
ouvcQTio€LsIlriTovo 1,icr,o1'\rlIiTovo, drcoq
'ia'. n €xeErrxri1o[ l"oycQ!0plxri ouvdQrqol, pel€r6vrcr. oro ororx€r.
cb6nonErQoolrxd ),oyr.opo.OUFIo€ir€ or! o! rQlyrovop€rQrx€EoxvaQ-
rio€r,E oQi,EovIoLaro ro1,E l.oyorg r(l)v rl0uQr6v €\dE oQQol(l)viou
rQlyrivou. O oQLopoErnE <yov[oq> [roQet va €ft€xrae€l d]orE vq ou-
xdo€ rrQalporlriri r!pi, ofi6r€ ro cosd rar sind yivowcr
l.lJIEQrIdlS€!
nQsypql0xtg olrvaQrtoelErIE r[Qoypdrrxlig p€raplllrlg d. Mia Bqolxrl
r6Ldlnrc eivcl drr ro cos9 no! sin I €i,vorfioQql(oy(orp€Sourlaerio€r,E,
xcf o! fiocdlcDYol rolj( 6(vovl(rr srd rrs oxdo€lEd(cose)lde = -sin9
xor d(sind)/do=coso. Arc9oQerrxd,Ic sino xc! cos9 pxroQo{l v(l
oQ[ooolrv 0r[6 r!q 61'ldpooetQeEiorrE:

3t 5l

.4.+:
2t 4l

H o{yx},!ol qurd)v r(l)lr'o€[Q6vnQene!!cp]Jotxd, vd qno6€!Xr€{.Mio

qrdd€rEn6iv€ro! oro K€edlcrlo 3 f o€ ororobinorE [J[o],ioa7r€tQo-
ollxo{ }.oy[opolJ.*AloeoQ€rlrid,ro sinr proQei va oQ[o0€[(l)En U.o-
!o6rxr1LlJol /(x) rIS 6[aeoe[xriE€Eto(DolE 1"(x) + f(x) = 0 ro! Dio-
vofiolel 1!E f(0)=0. I'(0)= l, rc! cosx (l)6{ Fov(lslxrillon lrlE
€Elo(l)olgl"(x) + f(x) = 0, rf(0)= I, f'(0) = 0 (0].6r€nd].! orrolo8rinore
0!B).[oatrelpoox!)(ou ].oylolror yra r!S ano6€iE€!E).

H EKgeflxi luv6prnon

H e,aocrlrriol'vdQrtorl nox ouFBoliqerare', oQiesra!org1 l.!ova-

6!xri l.riol rIS 6roeoQrxliE€Eio{nol(1'(x) = l(x), U.ernv oexr.xliouv-
oirn f(o) = 1. (MrroQeiva 6ert0eior! undex€rpova6rxriLior). H €x-
0€rtxrl ouvdQrnonllfioQei eTriorl6vo oQtoo€i p€ ln buvoF"odelQd
TIE:
tr!)
2l 3l
AEX6FqorEor[d Tov (:rfi€lQoor"xol.olr,otrd 6x! I e'Eivcl o€r!r!ri, cx-
ornQd a{Eoxoc ouvdQrlol rou x. Erop6vors, y!0 y > 0, o logy pxro-

* 'OnoE oto J. Marsd€n end A. Weirslein,Caicltus,2ded. (New Yort:

Spnnger Verlas, 1985),chep. 12.
1.3 UEPII(E: ITOIXEINAEI: :YI{APTHIEII 33

e€[ vo oeroe€((t)En ovrioreogrt ouvdQrnortrrlE e', Al]ia6i, ebrt=y.

Mio dlLl 6[a6!xooia rou otv@vrrirct0oxxvd o€ 9!0lia cnEleoorlt{oi
lollopot €(var va E€1tl\,tioo1)ps
oQi,EovroE

t' I
to9y= | - dt

6nou y > 0 raL xor6rr[1,1'q oeioout!€rlv e, [uEtlv svr(orQogt]ol.,-

vdexrpi iou logy. (t\ptioon: noLld 0rE),iaan€tpoorlr{ot loy[olrort
olJg|]ollEouv!|€ lny rov Loyde!0pop€ 0doq io e. >ro F!P),ioqur6, 0a
brarnQioolJpe ro olFporlroF6logy av1[ y0o ro lny.)
:' aux{ Trlv €vdtnrs. ot ncQcndvo oulcextio€LE0c €texrcooriv
oro p[1o6lx6 .r{rc6o. M€ d},},o),6.fta,or ouvaQrlio€lEs]trz, cosz,e',
xql loSz ocroQlooo{v ylo pt./o6!1rdz, ,ts[ o0 rl€Q[oelopolioug oxlv
,IQoyFarll{i €uo€lq0q elva0o! ouvieelE or,vaerrlo€[Esinx, cosx, er
r{a! IoBx. H €ntxrqo4 orong plya6txougoQroporig O,ane6rler!q el1'a0
guouui, ur[6 rlv dwor,o dr! ]I()r!],69ond rrE 1v(Dor6srb[drnreEi(Dv
sin, cos,exp rc! lot blctnQolJvtot.Aw6E o! ouvaQrioetE,td06E erll
ong xal l triJ(DoIo€ 6fvall z',0q [€I€rrl0ouv ye(l)u,etQrxaaeldrrQa
o' 0ux1itllv €v6trFc.
Kdr' sQxdg €fi€i{r€i\rouF€ rnr €x0€r[rri olvqQrnorl. fv(oelEol,[€
.rfi6 rov q'lElQooT[xd drr./ta J1QaypdTlrd xt n er pJloQet vo q\rq'ld-
Qaora0€lp€ trry o€|,edMuclourin:

j
+:-+ L +.
2! 3l

E lo$evoE0a rixav guolr.(i vo opaooulr€ro e/, $€ q o€rQd

1+ !!!) + !l!t +...

lt 2l

6no! yeR. O!otr{d, avoq r6roloE oelopd( 6€v €ivar auornQdE Edv
b€v €EErdoolp€ rI oriyxl,lol rIE oe[QdEo-ro C. :ro KEgdloro 3 0a
b€aEoutr€6rr cluri n o€led nQdypqrr rroerordvel 6!av rcooeloFevo
pLya6|,1(6
aEopd.fLo rdo€ y. IteoE rd noe6v 0a tQlolponouiooup€ lrl
o€rQd.nQon€rpdvo! vo x(ro;,riEoup€ orov rrceoxdr{n oQlop6. Mia
ovoxcrrdraEn r(l)v dQcovrrlg oElQdE(XQtlolponol6vraE rlv Aorirlon
16, nqQ. 1.1)6€ilv€r 6rr

/ - v] -...1*tl, rl * r -. l
"'=[1-
I 2: 4t | \' lt 5l I
 AXMYTIKEI'YI{APTH:EI'

OF.(DEI naeq,rdv(D 6tiqeoo4 €[1q! cosy+ isiny. EnolL'las oQBolrPe

e'r=cosy+/siny.

M6XQ[orwprlE 6xo!p€ oeio€! ro e"flc rq z xard plxo< rou rrQol-

Folr,r{od xq[ Vqviaorlt(oli dEovo. nd)E FitoQorip€ va oQloorJpc 1o
e'z= e:+"; O6l,ouFEI en$(rcorl roiJ e1(06q va 6lqrrlQ€i rLE Yv(ooltE
06fdrqreg, F€taEri r()v orroicDvEtvdl ttcl n e"'b = e". eh. Aulri rl otroC
inol U.qSovo'txdErr vq oQioouFa ro ex''t = e' - etv, Au6 F loQ€{.va
avag€Q0€[oov oQ[opd6:

1,3,1 OPftl{Ol Ede z=x+iy, 4 e" opie€rat pt r4v txEQda\

e^(cos/ + isiny).

Ilceqtlerior€ drt €dr,,o z elvs! JtQoYg.arrxdE (bn)"d6i, y= 0)' o1jtdg

o oelopdE o1jl.rq(l)ve(p€ xn o! ioq etio€ruili ouvdQrrlon e'. O ovo-
.f!6orlE 0a neatt€[ va tteoo€E€L6l[ 6€v €louPc ro b0xoi(j)pq vc 0e(')-
Qoljpe ro e' oav <i{{rol xou e oil btvopn z>, oqolr 4 €wol,o Io}v
pLlo60xov €roerdv 6€v d1e! oxdpn oQroos{,.O o1,pl3o}.rop6ge'04
ne€n€! vc otroe€ircr oov €voE d)'lo( rQ6tro6 YQaQiE rou
er(cosy+ /siny).
Yndex€r rd! 6!aE dl'LoE, t{creoQdQoQFdl[or0xdE.IdloE YLa rov
oetopd e', = coriy + isin/. Edv YQolJolp€ e'' = f(y) + ig( y), roQarrF
eorJp€ (ir[ creot 0i]'oupe er)= l, 0a trQ6tlE!vo dxouF€ 1(0)= l, *ol
a(0) = O. naQaYo'fiiowag (.)g nQog / troaQvoup€iery= f(y, + ig'ly\'
ondr€ 'frc y:0 raievouu,e /'(0) = 0, 8'(0) = I. noQoY(,)Y(qowogtd).r
txo\t$e -ett = l"(y) + lt"(y). >utrQtvowag ourri xqv eEi,ooonpo rrv
e', = f(y) + tg( y), noaevoup€ l"(y) + /( y) = 0, f(0) = l, f'(0) = 0' ord-
r€ f(y)=cosy, Eniorg g"(y)+a(y)=o' g(0)=0, t'(o)=l' otrdre
d(y) = siny ard rov oQ0opdro cos/ xol siny p€ bloQoQ[xdg€E[o(l)_
'Ero[
o€LE. troaevoutt€ei'' = cosy + i sin y xcrd Tov oQloltd 1.3.I
Mrt)rxaEollovrrxi( totorlrts rou e'ol,aqfpovlar ornv naQaxdtn,
nQ6roo4. flQoroi rI! avoQ6QoxF€€avc!!XQlioLFor"o bd)oolF€ lov
oQUop6rlE rrDerolilriE ouvaQrrlolq. Mi,o olJvdQrrlol l: C -, C ovopd-
\t1aL fieelo'Lili €dv l,trdexe! 61dg wec (trou ovopd't€ro! t€8lo6oE)
rdroloq dlor€ f(z+ w)= t(z) Yla olc lc ze C.

1.3.2 nFOTA:H
(l) e"'=e'e" ytu t 'a ra z, w eC.
(ii) H e' 6* yivErar ttorE Pn6tv.
1.3 IEPIKE: ITOIXEIOAEI: :YI{APTH:EII 35

(iii) Edv to x E[raL treailtduxo, t6rc e'>l 6tav x>0 xar e"< |
. ofav x <o.

(v) e",1'= i, err , t. err,/:- i. elrt, = t.

(\i) H e'ei,var neeLobLxti oltola,iftorE ttEQio,oa ror el tival t\S
lopqig 21ni, 6nou n axipa|o<.
l\ii) e'-l ui\t xar !610r t(iv z=2nni yte xdnoLo dxiearo n (q,rt-
,o, aQ\/nrLx6i l!n6i\).

ANOAEI=H
li)'Eotut z= x + iy t(n rv= s + it Atrd rov op0oli6 tolr ez,

= e"'lcos(y+ r)+ isin(/ +.)]

=le^ lcosy+ isiny)lf e'(cost+ isin 0]

6tou Xurtorlruntnioutrrrou: x(vavrE yrtl ro rllrirovo xur o|.vrt-

$itolo aoQoi,otr(lioSy(Dvrriv kar llv lbrolltcr, yvurori ctio rI
orort€Ldlbl aaa),torl. (ir! e\.- e\. e'l ylo ne(rylattxd x rcr r.
Ero[dlrDE. e"' = e'. e' yra {ilou( rou( t!!ya6!xor'i aQropoli; r

(ii) ffa onolobritrorrz.ty.otyt e'.e '=eo=I c<toti I €t{0trrxi or'-

v(iQrlolt lnovotro!€i rlv e'= l. IlnoF€v()g ro e'6€ ptroeEt va €i-
va! nord Flbdv, ylrlri s(rv./ivr!. ro e'. e '0o fiQir€! vo loodrcr
FE $rlbtv, nedy[( o;n\'(lro.
(iii) Aurd nQorDrrtr .rr(i rI oro!Xsr,(i)6nqvirl,uol. f!fl raQ(r6rryp(r,
roXU€rrQoqov(n<6rr

e'=l+1*t*"'*. tt orov r>o

1l ?t 3l

(Mia d),Ll an(ib€rEl rou XQlorl(orro!€irov oQloFo rqq e\ Ft

iJr(rqoetrtgeE!(r6o€rq eivur"I eEi6. Olrllloeire 6rr rt e'r:(!c! yl
ttovabrxri )'iol r4g /'(r) = f(x) 3e eo= t 1x ;r-o<rlpatrxo).Agon I
r'Eivq! ouvq(rls rciL btv tlvrrfl! iord FIb6v, nQ€rrErva €iv(!
auornQd e€rrxti. Eno[dvo)EI (e')'=e'tivat trCrvraorrrxli ro!
r(rra ouv€irlc I e' €ivo! cuorlpa aiEouoa. EiropcvoE ylq
x > O , e ' > I ) t c !1 | ( x < 0 , e ' < l ) .
 ANA^YTIKEI :YNAPTHEEI:

(iv) XenorFonordvisgtN lzzt =lz lz'l (8 6r!8rQdrsorl t.2.S),

tloIQvouF€

l e ' - t = e -e 4 l = e - l l e t l
= e ' l c o sy + i s i n y l o q o { e r > 0
agou cos'?y+sinly= |

(v) Ard rov oQ0oFd,e"'/'1=cos(n/z)+ isin(n/2)= i. Or crnob€lEelg

TcDvdl,l(ov Ti'7rov ylvol]tal xoTir rov i6ro TQolIo.
(vi) AE u,Iootooulle61t et'*=e' yla d],cria ze C. OdrovlcE z=0,
nqlQvoup€ e* = L Edv w= r + ti, rdr€ Xenotlorotci)-v"ro(rlv (iv).
n ev= I oulr'€trdy€ro!dil e,= l, onrtr€ s=0. Efiopdv(l)gxdo€ r[e-
eloboE €ivo! iIS poQeiE ti. r€R.'Eoro drr e,,=t, bl1,a6i,
cost+isint= l. T6r€, cost= I, slnt=0, xo! rqid ouvdnslo
t=2rr llcr rtrrolo arrdQnlor,
(vii)'Exoulr€ i:rr e"= I rct e,"'r= I )d1o rou dr! I e, etvol n€elobr-
xli, rord rI! (vi). .Avrtore6qoE, rt e'= I ouvendlrror 6rr
e'+z = e' \Ls dlo rc za iror, ncrd rnv (vi), z=2fini ye *d-
nor,o cx6QsLo?r.

n6E UJroQouF€ !c cn€rxovlootrF€ ro e,t; Ka€6S ro y p€ro0d),),€-

rct Cr'[6 rO 0 oTo 2r. To e'r xLv€irs! ndvo oro Fovo6rcrio xtx),o FE
qoQd a1r'rio€rrlan(i rlv xivrlol r(ov 6€lrrdv rou Qoloylol'. qrdvo-
vicE oro i orct'ry=1112, oro -l 61dv y=n, aro -i fiav y=31112,
xcr. rdr![ oro | 6rcL,ty=2v. E !opdv@E,ro ei, €i\d! 6v.r olFsio roo
l.rovcr6ldiouxixtlou F€ 6Qropcr/ (01,dr€>X. 1.3.1).

:Xll[A 1.3.1 :rFeiq oto! uova6raio rixlo.

1.3 MEPIKEI :TOIXEIOAEI: IYI{APTHIEII 37

noeorlQ,olrp€ drl p€ lv €xo€x0xliFoeqi, I nol,n(i qvqrqedoraot

€v6Ep[yo6r1{o1,oe[0pol, yiv€rol
z = lzl e'tt'!
rrou yedq€xcr,lrro orJvropoz= aeio,

Or Tpryovop€Ip|xesEuvqpriq.q

Er€rre{,!o!p8,r(i)Qdlo q oQlou.oriErolJ nprrdvo! tor. ol)vlU.lidvou

olo pr,ycolxden[nE6o.H srtxroon -irlEsxoEr[xriE ouldQrnolEolo l.r[-
lcblzd €ritt€6o pdE lJrlo6r[xvriElTov rQdno 10o rqv E!€rixconrou
'Exoup€
nFlrdvou rc[ ouvqplTdvou. e/,=cos/+isiny, rol e',=
cosy- isiny, 1€yov6Erlou oulr€rrdyEf,ol,
6r!

siny= e''=! ! wr.t cosy=:-6-

otr('s, aeo$ to e' oQiqerclyro oJtorobinorezec, o6ryoipaor€ orov

rEiE oQrop6:

1.3.3 oPEMOI

sinz=, , xc, cosz=,J\_

2t '- '
yt(1 oltoLo'/61ittofE pLya'Lro (lQfip1, 2,

aurol oupn{firolJvpe iouE

Ed! o z e(.r'crr[QolporlxdE,o! oQ!opo{.
orvrioerEoQr,opo{E ro! nplidaou ror ouvnprr6vo!,yvooio].lEarid rn
ololxErrb6nqvdlloq.
H €ndpElnnQdloon ovoqdQarpcQ(rdEond fl.E |6ldirlr€Eiov ou-
qp{,rovo)ro! olvnp(rovo ro! 6xow oQloee(r6Qa o€ dilo
vaQrrioE(j)lr'
To C xc! 6X[ p6vo oro R.

1.3.4 nPOTA'H
(i) sin'?z+ cos'?z = I
(ii) sin(z+ n) = slnz . cosw + cosz: sinv
c o s ( z+ w ) = c o s z .c o sw - s i n z . s i nw .

KaL n6^L o oror.DamiE 0o rlearl€L10 cvoworelo€L6 ouloa or rri-

no!, cv xal qqivovrcl rlQroqavEiE,0o tQ6r[€Llq oro6€rNotv, 6[dI|, g€-
Xer r6Q,all,rrreKmrF€rrtv LoXi rouE 6rov ro w xcr z €ilur. rrQ,cyBcrlxd.
 ANAAYTIKE: IYNAPTH:EI:

ANOAEI=H

(i) sin,z+cos,z=
(+F - (+'
F
-':: =l
+]1
4

(ii) sinz.cosry+cosz.sinlv

e'.ec,"e'''
zi 2 2 2i

I oro[c, XQno!Boxro[rirlTaE
rlv !6!6rlra e]'e''=e'r'*"r, or].o-

e]\/+f)-e|\/|,|_ell,NIe@

4i 2i
= s i n ( z+ w )

O cvoyvclornq pnoQei r(r el6yEerrrl ol€on yrq ro cos(z+ w) xcr-

ld lov iblo rQf)no.I

Merdr rc cosz no! sinz, lrjroeolJp€vcr oQi,oo [e llv sg{rrrop61r]

ranz = (sinz) I (aoszJ 6rcv cosz # 0, ro! 11ordncQo[olo rQ6ro rls
ur6l,o!xreETQry(ovoF€1t)!xa< ouvoQTtioc!E,

H Aoyop€lxi Iuvdprqon

Oa oQiooxtm-r(;Q.rro )royde[o!.oricrd iQorov.i)or€ o oe!ou.6E

pa6 va oupe(')v€i trE rov oxvrion oe[o[o rou logx 6rdv ro x l]eioxe-
r(r! orn 0€rlxri ni,EUQorou rreayF(rrlrori dEolr'(. :rrlv fi€Qinrool ra)v
rQqyFarrri6v oQr0ltclv pnoQofpe !c oQiooup0 rt )'oyaor0u"lxi ou
varQrnon oE ritv ovriorQoql rlq €re€IlrrlE owdQrrlo4E (6l),d6ri,
logx=y oivar I i.uljn rtg er= x). EarvurlrQauouproro z vd rdiQvE!
T[Ua( oro C, t(Q€rr€rva €ip.rore r€QlooorrQo nQoo€].rlxoi, l,!(lri, 6r[o)E
6€iEap€ tfQolyoriFavoq. I 0ri0erlri ouvdQrlol Ei,vc! n€ero6[xi 1.iol
€rop6vlDq6Ev 6XE!ovriorQoql. Efiml.€ov, n €xeErlxrl ouvdQrnon b€v
y i v f l a r n o r i F n b i v x o r i r o r , ! r v , r g i , r ' r v c n r Q r u i v o ' , Uvro o e r o o u u r
ro ).uyat)rouooro tLnbrv.fnofrvoc, nLrf:rrrvc rrUoorr;reoorx xui
orlv Ejrllolrl io1) ir€6ior oQroFox oxo C -rIE lo./oe[0p!rri( ol'vdQrrt-
onE. H Erop6vn t[Qoraorl pa( 6Eaxv€rnti4 p:roqei vo 1,iv€!c ro.
 1.3 MEPIKEI TTOIXEIOAEIEIYNAPTHIEI: 39

1.3.5 nPOTAEH Eor@ Ar, ro oivolo x@vl!,ya6lxdv aeLqpi)v

x + iy yLs fovE onoiovE yo< y < yi+2fi or'pqolLtti,

A!,= [x+ iy xek xeL yo<y<y.r+2nl

T6rE to e' are%oetetl ro A,^ iva- po;-tva €tt| rou ouvd|ou C\lOl.

Yr€voupilolJpe 6r! [i,c cn€lrdvro4 EL\toLtla-npoE-tla 6xa\]

cr€rrovaq.! xdo€ 6{0 6r(qoQ€rrrd orlF€ia o€ 6io iLoqoeErlxd orF
t|€to. M€ dlld ldylo,6r'0 o|aqoQerwdorlpeio 6€v creuioviEovrq!
rord oro [610ol$e(o. To dil { orTE[xdv[on€{!o! eri €!6E orrvdlo! I
olFslv€l drL xdo€ onp€{orou I €lvsl €[xd\,oxd''o|ou orlFElo! r,116
rtv cr!€rxdrlort.O outr[]o).0qFdg
C\lol ol$aivr! oldx),teo lo att(1€6o
C €xr6go.ndro onpeio0 6nla6ri, ro Erin€6oX(|)Q{.q rlv qQxri.

A n O A E f : H E t v e r = e / , , r o I E e " ' ' = l , x a r t r a L z r - 2 2 = 2 f i i n\ L s

x(inoro sx6esro n, oiFq(',vc $€ qv nedrcon 1.3.2.Ady(t)rou drr rs
zL xo! z, BQ(olovro!xc! rq 6{0 olo Ar,, dro! I 6raqoQdr(l)v qcr-
vrqor0x6v lr€Qd)v €ival ll[xQdT€Qrl o'[d 22, tt86jt3!vo txol)lt' zt= 22.
Aur6E o oul.Ioy[oF6EFoE 6€ixv€r01[ n e'€[voL 6vo-rleog-6vo.
'Eorco
wec 6'10! w* 0. loxuelq6poor€ dr! q €Eao(ool e'=w 6X€[
[to tltoq z oro Ay". H €Eiotl)oner+'v=]v €i.,,c[!oo6t1,,aplp€ rrE 6iro
€tlodro€lEe'= llvl ./(LLetj = wll,a/l (frarii) H ne(brn€Elooorl€X€!l!-
on x=lotlrvl. drou "lot" €ivar o ol,vriots iloydelo$ogJrouoeiEsrar
orn 0€r[ri fiI,lJQa io! neoy[ollrior] dEova.H 6EireQl .€iocuorli1el
dne(QsS hroe16/ rro! b(redeol]vxord cxeQq!anollonldo!a ro! 22,
dF(o!axelF6Ep(a oro 6Ldornpdlyo,yi+2rr\. Aurd 10 / e{va0qtd,(h6

> X H M A 1 . 3 . 2 H e ' s i v o ! o u l d Q r r y r t l q . r Q o < , f v a € 7 r rl o ! c \ 1 0 1 .

40 AITA YTIKE::YI{APTH:EII

to art w, dnou ro bldorlpd rIE ouvdQrnorlErou oQlo$aro( etvql

lyo,yo+zn). E ropdv{r(rt e'€lvar €n( ro! C\10].!
Tc olrvo).dro! oQ[orrEcv orlv noQondv(l)nQ6radn eo[vor',ro!
oro :X. 1.3.2.H e'anerxo!{Eelrnv oQrqdvflq}.(l)Q[6ap€raE{ rou yot
xot (yo+2itri iva-neoE-avq €nt ro! C\10). (O ouFpoi'mpdE
z--rl(z) XQlo[Forlor€iroly!o. vc 6EiEe!drr ro z orr€r,novitErc!oro
l(z) F€oo rnE anelx6vronEl:)
:rnv arr66ErEIqE IIQdraoIg 1.3.5BQiriaF€g.[a 6xqeooq./!o r{v
avrioreoql ouvdQrrlotrrlS e'$r rov n€QloQlop6 yo<lr z<yo+zn,
xcr clIrl I €xQQqort
avaqtQ€ralorov €rdFel,ooglolrd.

1.3.6 OPfIMOI H ou\/dQr4o\logrC\lol + c, p€ nEbto rlp6\/

yo< Lmlogz < yt + 2tt op[EEratand rqv

logz=lotlzl +iar8z,
6|tou to nrgz Jts[prcLtLplE oro ,tdotnpa I yo,yo+ zfl) xal lo9 zl Fl-
val o owi9nE lottttLqpog rort qtruoi nQaypatxoi aplqpoti zl.

H owdQrrpt auri ovoe6QerorpeQlx€S eoQtg(oE(xld6og rrtg i,o-

'fqQ00p!rig ouvdQrlorlE axo lx + iyl ya<y < yo+2z)>. OF(ognQ6n€r
vo 0!U,6pcoi€6r! rt ouvdQrrlol logz elvot tio],68 oQr.o&dvlp6vov
dra! *oeoQaool)p€ dva 6rdornpo pfurouE2n oro ono(o ro argz natp-
v€r r!6 xr.F€E rou, 6llq6ri, drav b0oleEoup€ 6vavxaeogrop6vonld6o.
fla rloQd6€!.lFa,Cor(odrl axoulr€xcooelo€! ro drdorlpo I0,2r).
Tdr€ o fog(l +i)=log,l2+ifl14. Op(DE, €dv ro drdornpqetvq! ro
[,7,3''), rdre =
log(l i ) log\D + i9rl4. Kdo€ en! p6QouE)d.d6osirlE
+
l.o1ae[0p[rrigouvdQrrlonE ]rou oei!,€ro[pc curd rov reono o6qlei o€
Fia r€n€ecloL!6vrt aorJv€X€ta xa06E ro z p€ra0dl)Lrrd!riqrd pixo<
rns cxrivcE ^r82= ytr.ft.r va sfioeuyoup€our6 xo l€yovdEpropod[e
va reQropiooul.r€ ro n€bio opmpot a1o yo<y<yo+z|t. To o\lr.Lo
durd e{vo! onpovtlr(i dn(o60o 6orlF€orry llaodyeqeo 1.6.

1.3.7 nPOTA:H O lo9z Eivat I avrioreoqn ouvder\on r4g ez utd

rny EE1Eiwola: fLe lrdqExld6o rov logz txoupq etq"=z, xat €dv
enlltEovparoe 21ld6oolo 6Ldornpayo< y < yo+21t, t6ta loEG') = z,
6ttouz= x + iy xat yn<y < yo+2n.

AnOAEI=H AqoUlolz=loe z + t^rgz,

at.t(t _ t,t a,*., _ .
1.3 IEPIXE: TTOIXEIIIAEI:IYNAPTHTEII IIl

Aw[orQ6qoE, tax,dJ6rL z = x + iy xat ya< y < ya+zn. And rov oet"-

opo, foge'=logle' +iarge'. Op(oE e'l=e' x.rt arye'=y 1,6^lu
rrlg rr[r],oyriE rou naeafidv(l) xld6o!. Eitotdv(oE loge'=loge'+iy=
x+ iY= z,f

O Lolder0poErrou oeiq€rororo C\l0l outur€Q0q6eercr xctd rov

iblo re6tro doov oeoeA ra ylvdFevs,droE ncr, o loldeLopoE nou
t[€eLoelLetororl 0€tLxrilFL€uoelarou rleollrorLxo{ dEovo.

1.3,8 nPOTA:H Edv z,z1eC\lOl, tdtE logQt 22)= lo|zt + logz,

(xerd treootyytoq ax€Oai@vitollanlaokDv tou zii).

AnOAEf=ll logz,z,=1s912,2,1ai^rletz.2), 6itor I ouvdolnorl ar8

trolQ\rEfI!FdS oto 6!doIn$o lyo, yo+2tt). fvoQtqorpe 6 loelz z,l=
loglzt lz, =loglzt +lo|lz2 xar erylztz7)= sr9zl+ sr|z? (xard n()o'
oay'florl (rx€Qqt(l)v iro).t!d7r).aoiov rou 2r). Erop6v(DE, logzrzr=
(loglzr +iortz!)+(fot r.! +iariz)=lolzr+logz, ( s x r 6 Ec r n 6t n v
redoo€orl ox€eoi(ov no),rlar)Look,rvrou 2ri). I

fr.l nqed6€!1po: AE urloloyiooutr€1() logft-l-i)(l-i)l drlolJ

ro n€bio rllr(iv xrtg ouv{iQxrpqg urg €X€! oe[oe€i, yla nded6€ryF.r,
o l o 8 r d o r l p ( r 1 0 , 2 r ) . E r o F t r , , o q ,l o g [ ( - l - D ( l - t ) ] = l o g ( - 2 ) =
l o g 2 + n / . O t ! ( o El o g ( - I - i ) = I o 8 { Z + i 5 z l 4 x a r l o g ( l - i ) = l o g 1 D +
i 7 n l 4 . E n o l t 6 \ a < ,l o g ( l - j ) + l o 8 ( l - i ) = l o 8 2 + i 3 n = ( 1 0 8 2+ r i ) +
2 r i b l l o b i o ' a x t r i r n v ] I e Q l r r ( l ) odnd , o! z]=-l-i ltst 22=|-i,o
loSzlz? 6!agde€[s]rd rc lo|zl +lo|z2 xar(r zni.
H lJaolxi !6!611110rrlE nQdroonE 1.3.8 prroe€i va paE 0ol0riofl.
va €updp(tor€rov oerop{;rou IoSz €dv teduou[€ loSz=log(reio)=
logr+ logei'= loglzl + iargz.

trlryoEfiaq Auv6gErs

Ei$aorr rLirQaor Sfon vo oQioou[r rlv ir{eaon d' 6nou d. b e C

xat a I 0 (tlou 6raFdE€tar (d €!S rrlv b,). Ouoixd, tiroE 1{(rlvcr oqi-
oouge to c', o oeloF6< eq re6jt€r vs cvdyfiol oro ouvrlor] dno! Tc
a' o.t b et\aL 'lQoyporlxoi crQropo(.To rdxvooFa €ivd0 va rlaQarleli-
ooup€ 61! o a trroe€i va yQaq€i oav e"'3'oxtrerDva p€ rlv nQdroon
1.3.?.Edv o b €ival a].i6-ror.oE, dxoupea'=(ebs")b=etr'3". H isle!-
ldio LodTrFc !oxt€! oeou ylc 6vc! oxaeolo n ral onorov8i'lot€ [t-
1(6txd oQ00tt6 z, (e'\a = e' . . . et = e, odpq(l)vo F€ rrtv lQdrqorl
1.3.2(i). Aur6 UaE o6ly€i orov eEiE oe!oF6.
42 ANAAYT!(E'IYNAPIH:EII

1.3.9 OPI'MO: Oa0 (oitoLta, bec xar a+O) opiEEral ioog neog
e''".". Oa retittr 1/u EivaL xaravonrd 6TL tX€L EnLlEyE(,xtiitoro 6Ltr-
ornpe lyo, yo+2n) (.rn|d'i xaturLoExld?toE rov lo9z) ond ro onoto
n ouvdprnon arg ratevL rLSr4r6t rnf.

Eirr'al ror!1r ollrolrlxd vcr xarclii0ol'[€ axQlf]drsrr oupr[€ellop0d-

v€[ our6E o oeropdE. f€llxd o logz €irc! (fi1€r6r!pl) ouvderr]ol'
frrroQrl vo rrdQ€!roill6E 6!c(eoQrr!1€( rlp6( ovd].oyo p€ xd al,ri,oior-
Xa nE6ta oetouoir lyo,yi+zT). Aurd b€! nQEn€[vo pc( Exnliooer,
l(ari Edl b= l/q. 6no! q oxfQoloE, n Jteonlor,[evl avdlrol] pe rov
lurio rou de Moivre e0 nQ6nrr va llog obrlyioEr,oTo o!!rr[6Qoopc1(ixl
o d'€(vo.r, pia (In6 rrs QIE€ErCrEtSq rol a xcrr €rop6vcDq0(1 rle6rr€l
vn nqievEr q braqoQerrxtg rrpdE. To eropevo oE(i)elpa avoq6Qerol o'
qrrld qxprn66 ro on[ei().

1,3,10 nPOTA:H Eoroa.beC, a+o.76rc rcah th/al to1/.irLltn

awderno4 On|.'brj. q r4ti rou ab btv tEoprurar ano rnv €ntloyi
rot' xlai'ott rott log) Edv xut FrSvovEtiv (t b aivdr dxeeaLo<.E(iv o h
FivdL iresylLurdti; ttlrttE .lprgloq xaL c(tv b= plq 6not, ru p xat q
6€v t4otv xo.vti no!(ryovra, o ab naleyet axe4kiE q ,raxExeqtivFt
fltaE: rlg q eit€g tutt uo. h)1v o b [ivaL ]rQsyparLx6<xoL aeenros i
tAv o b tiGL lul lnSfldtt (pavraorLxd ptpog. rdr€ o ab taievtL dnEr
eti tLlttE.'Otav o.1b nai(rvEL 'raxtxe4rtvEg lrtrtF. o. rltGg dutiF
6laei polrv xctfti e1" " bt.

AnOAEI=H AE blc;.aEo1'po xdrolo drdor4Fc, 6ox(Dro 10,22) yla

'Eol(l)
fl,g xllraE 116 ouvdQrlo4( or!i, loliz o o!Iio1o(Xo( rldbo( ro!
l"oyaei0For. Edv rtx(tlri bra],._Ee!
ndnorcv dl,],o r)ddo rtE orn'derrlol(
log, 0a DQioriapo loR.l+2nni uvri ylo log.r. ylc 1{oromv cr6Qclo r.
Enop,6v.Dq,.r' erh3"' 7tnbt- ertasr.e2'n't. 6rou I rt pti rou n eEaprd-
=
lar an6 rov xlir6o rou lolqei0$ou (6qi!s6ri, ar6 ro 6ldorlFc rlou
€X€r€rll€lei lla rlg rrpd6 1116ouvdQrrlolE ar8). Op(oE olipqarvcl tl€
lylv nedrson 1.3.2,o e""!r rse(tu€v€r o i6!o6 lla rlg 6roqoe€g r4dC
rou ,r €dv ro! $ovo €dv o b rlvo! ox€eoloE. KoTd lov [br,o Tedro,
g:roeorip€va b€iloupL€oIL o e2'-pht ittt q 6la}{exQ4r6v€E rrtr6E Edv ra
p xo! q b€v 6Xo v xorv6 naed'fovrc. Edv o b €ivar dOQIroE,xar €dv
elaab' e2anbi, nQoxirl€l 6ll, er:"rrn-d'- 1, ondr€ o b(n m) 0o rre6,
n€L 1,a €ival ar€QaroE. AQoi o b €lvar dQQrlroE,ouv€ral€ral d-r!
n-m=o. Enot!€vos. €dv o t eivc! dQQIrog, o e,""d/ pnoQEi va rd,
Q€! drEre€E 6raxExQrtr6v€E 1!p6E. Edv o b €ivor rng poeqiq x+ry,
'I.3 MEPII(EI :TOIXEIOAEI: :YNAPIH:EII

- e 2an!.e2ti;.€rtonE
y + 0, 16r€ ezanbt [roQ€i va rdQsl dr€[Q€g60a,
x€rQrF6vE( rrFa(.1

Encrva),aFfldlovrcc, drav yed.toull€ eo''3". EwoEir([ 6rr rdnoro!

x)d6of rou log izrr €nd!€Jri,x(r x(rd olN[ntr(r, o eo"a"6xsr lrio xd(;rg
x(ooQrotr€q rqrri. Oll(')< rcrv c0,Lirgor'lLri
rov dbo rou lott. nuievor[€
rrlf.g l!(1 rov e'"3u jror {)loqiQorw r(rr(i roedlovrs! rou e?"ro',A11o
{,woor,Fe6rav l6t€ 6T! o ai = eD4" ria(r! (nk[oTrpr], ouvdeTlol.
'Evo 'Eoi(l) (r =
naQdillypcr 0o br€uxQrvidrl dl,T(i To oiB€io. I+i
'rct D tv(q r0cyfrcrlrog aAa4rog {rAr0pdq.Tdr€ or, dn€lQr( buvordq
r!$€( torr nb 6ivovr{:ll on6 rllv erlnislrrrrtr'nrr - ebrhtf 'r:^1ri''r-
{ehi'.i''t'^) et\r o;rol o n ;raipvrr riiu; rLE uxtqxrLr.5 rrpsg (lrot
(llrLororxoria or4a rntloyri rou xL(hbor!).flc rceA&rlFa, €(iv ZeIoF
ItonoloipE lov xl(IDo noU cvrlororlri oro [-f, /.) ri 10,2z). ro rl = 0.
M€etka( yrvrraq !brorlrr( roll a" (vo{'fQovrftr, orrq coxrioer! no1'
(1)1ol.o1(k)r'1oro ralo( ilr,rriE rqq €vdrlrq<. IlaQrr)tdro) (kr coXoln-
0oile [e rnv r!6!xi nrQirro]orl (inol o D r(vo! rlg troQerl! l/n, ylcri
(lurli $a( 6iv€r rlv n'oorri QiLa.

H Iuvdprnoqr-oori Pi(o

fvot)i,to{pe drl n \? alel dr{Qrllor!,]1r[6E 1r( ll0. frc va r]t

0t_(')Qrioor'|13
oa,|' or'vdQrrtol ()(1rQ[n{,! v.r bral6Eolrpr ro! rl.dbo roli
log 6noE treQtTQdUa$ or!( nQolyo{[evEq rqQayo(iqouS.

1.3.11 OPI:MO: H n-oori pita olikrul oE riri<

, 1, - , ' " - - t^,

ftu lid oQt"olravqExloyti xl(ibou rou loBz. ME uvrtj rttv Exlofi, n

ovotrdtErtr x7a6oErtlg ot'v(tQrtlonEn - oori etEe.

To er6pclo e€d)QIFoEnotr€vo( brv 0.r rQiir€0 l'a $a( [xnlioor!.

1.3,12 nPOTA:H u \- rov opkrape mtedltdvu ti|at lia n oori

et(a roLt z. Atfti lnoe€i va fgtqei eq elflE. Etiv z= re"', r6ft
'l - G e't'

oitou n 0 €nrliytrul 6orc va fpiox.raL oro Sruor\pa rot' dwlororxE[

oqv tnl|o!4 ror x|a6ou. Eav rpooqEooulrE otieeLa rollqnlaoLa
44 ANMYTIK$:YNAPTH:EI>

ro 2n orn e, Pe(.oxouLle rLEn e(,CeE

rou z. Ero 6EEL'lt61og,n 17
Etvq. n ouviqng fieayparlxi ptEa rdEqEn toTt qEtlxorj ttesyps xoli
aeLqltotjr.

AnOAEI:H Ax[6 {ov oQrou.d,

irt - -t)"sal^

'OFLDE
lot z= lotr+ id, ordr€

.\M.t, - -\"snt, . -Dtn - 1= -tun

O !oXUQ!o[.dgpaE €[vo! €ro[6vcoE nQoeovri(,I

O qvoyv6oilg 0o r[Q6n€[vo 6!or[[ord)oE!drl q!1dE o rednos n€-

rdEIE l' rou z E[vc[ o i6!og pe exe(vovnou
QryQaqi( i(ov r QrEci)v
rr€QrlQduapeoio n6QroFa1.2.3,

H feolarpio rlov :rorxe|(l)66v Iuvoprrlorov

fro vq rarqldflor,llE nsQroodrcQorr( ouvqQ1io€tg z', Ilz. e'

kdt loBZ 0q ooxolloodF€ l.!€rI yE(l)l.!€xQlxi rouE ovoncQdoroon oro
un61.o!no p6QoEq1Jlri6rrlg €.,'drnrcrE.AE E€rlvrlooupo p6 1I ouvd.Q-
Irtart zr xo.r dor(o n = 2. fvcoQtEoou.e
6rL o 2.2'XELFixog lz l'z xot dor-
opo 2argz Efiopevoq n qn€lx6vlol z + zz 1)llt<b\er
oro Teledyolo Io
prl1{l xar 6raldord(€r ra oQiopqro (l3t!€rr€>X. 1.3.3).

>XHMA 1.3.3 H olviiQtrlort 27.

1.3 IEPIIGI ETOIXEIiIAEIEIYI{APTHIEII

Oo re6r[El vo e(vol r[Qoqo!68 ojrd curd ro 6lnlcolodtld rov .fcD-

v!6v 6TLq ouvdQrnorl z': q7t€lriov[E€L To rlQ6ro r6Toero iou €Jt!xr€6o!
oe ol6r!1po ro dl(o nF.r€n[''€6o (oi.Cre >t. 1.3.4). Kard rov (6!0
rQ6tto, xo dvo, qp!€tt{,t!€6ocn€Lr(ovfl€rcLo€ o},6xr!IQo ro sni'xr€6o.

-l
-l

IXHiIA 1.3.{ To qrorflsd!( rns6Qdorg

rnsolvde{otEz, oro ng6rortroaro

AE e€oQrioouptrdlQoin orJvdQrnon isrQoyovlxli pL\ctttrz=tGenn,

'Eoro
drr 6xo1'!pe
6roleE€!6vovr.1d6oXQrplFono!6waEro 6ldornpq
o <0 <21t. T6r. o < el2 <n, on6rr I ,,t 0a Fe{.ox€ra!rdvro oro
{ivo npuErin€to,xol oL l(ovaeElno6urlaoldqoviqt. H xcrdmoorl €t-
vc0 naQ6porcp€ €xE[!l filg €xeerlxrigouvdQrrlongu]rd filv 6woLc
drr. n z+ fi elvcr,I ovriorQoqn :rrt<z --,?.2o1evrl 6erlreQn n€eloel-
letor o€ 't€eloxrlotrlv onolo €h,o[ 6v(1-neog'6vo.Kdrd rol i6!o rQ6-
no, €dv6rsl6Eoope tov rlLd6o-,'<d <r, at:o\)Ve - /2<0/2<n12,
ond,e q € rictev€r rl9 r!p6E rlg oro 6€Ea!p|s'r('t€6o o!i[ yuc ro
drvo rtpr€[h€6o. (IEvLxd.0a Broeoioc vc Xelorporolloaa onoro6i-
'rore <rlplEnk€bo'. (B16[€ tt. 1.3.5).Alal6yovrqg evcv oQlotlCvo
x).d6ornE fz 6ral,6youpepia ord rlE ierQc.fovlx4gQt!€Srou BQi-
oxovrs! p' c!x6 Tov TQono.
v

:XHMA 1.3.5 H ouvderrol z'zxo! q dvtl(nAoqi ras.

46 AI{AAYTIKE>TYNAPTHIEI:

Mroeel vo xdvEr rav€iE brdeoerE nueorr|Qrio€r,E 1[o rlv onerx6-

\fi\ z ) 22 o! orohq FaE 6ivour,/tri,r;poqopieExcr 1rc llv qvrioxQo-
qi inE, z -r 1t. fra naQdb€rypa, avcrErt'x;.og tr€ dxri.vd r, reQllQf!-
qEiql !r€ 10 o{vo}.o r(l)v ol]peiov fe'', O <0 <2r, dt[€t1(o!(E€1c!olo
i'?er?o,rlor e[va! €nionq x xlo( qxitvo( r'z. Ka0d]( ro re'' rdv€i,rar
o1o\r ,IQdio xi,xlo, n €rx6va ro! b|oyQdq€r 6m)'dora yrDvi.o(01€n€
:X. 1.3.6). H ovr(orQoql ar€Lx(tv0onxdveu ro avr[0€ro: xa06! ro z
xlvei,rcl rdvo oro,\, xixlo reio cxttvqE t, n € xlv€irol orov riuxlo
iie'"r <rxrtvoE
{7.

IXHMA '1,3.6 To dioril.rdtrr r!< re,n'l|g ing d!|ldQtnsn! 7'frl r!d< rnd.ou

T(r rrbic orc oroic o! (nrrxovioc!< z-) et xsL z)loEz ti\tqL

orriorQoerE 6XoN i6I or,(nrl0ei (l]l.fnr :X. 1.3.2). Aq rroQarlQri-
ooulrr orr n ar'oria .l = irr.rH.,nor, xreryQdqfTflr.,xri To oltrai( x + ,y
onot' ro r porandl)r€rcr. (n€rxo\ra(ovr.1! (rro rn ouvdQTnol z J e'
oro on[cic e'e'J, r.l o;roi(l n(erordvouv Fio oxrlvs B€ dQlo$o y.
Kcr0(iq ro x F€r(rnri).ilfror cnd ro -! oro +', rl €rndvc ron orr]v
axliva trrraFAllEr(r (rro ro 0 oro arn€rQo(lliran€ ))(. L3.7). Kara
rov i6rc re6ro, n r(raxoQr.Jqrt€r'eric x = ora0. anelroliqara! o€ fvov
xrlxlo p€ axr{va e^- EdrvreercQiooufr€ ro y o' €vo bldortl[a Fixouq
2n. o xrlrLos-;lxdv( nEQllQdqcror,[i(l qoQa. Edv dp(o( 6sv uncQx€r.
.nrQ[oQlo$dEoro y, o r.(1'r(Io< - rrxovo r[€elyedq€rar dr€rQe6 qoQe!
1r(106! ro y peroll('r),tlerarcrr(t ro -o oro +o. O l,o./dQ!0Foq.o<
(rvrioreoerl o vdertorl rIE e', clr€rxoviq€r ol[€ic xcr(i rn! ovri0€rrt
6!vo!a F€ rrtv e', dnco( eaiv€r(lr oro:x. 1.3.7. o1,) ror' €!6!xoi' e6-
).ou r()v ),(oei5ovora )/. L3.2 r(rr 1.3.7(o'aurag i e/ €[voL€vo-
nQog-6va) rar 1.61(|)rIE n€Q[o6Lx(irlroq rrl( e'z,o! jr€Q()X€Eaur6<
d/o!l" 6va €r8rx6 dvoFo. Ovotrq-iovtar |oeiSE<-ntebdor t\9 e'.
1.3 MEPI(EI :TOIXEIOAEI>'YNAPTH:EII 47

tXHlilA 1.3.7 r€op.rQtaton e, nar rou lorz

AutEYd nd4delwqrg

| .3.13 Na pqEgolJrro nQaypaflxdxaL qayraonxd ptQI rou expd. (expw

eival lvaE d Log rQdttoglgaEit tou ev,)

Aiotl. Eor|,J z=x+iy. T6rE e:= ercosy+l€rslny, Eto!€v(llEexpe,=

e"'dv[cos(dslny) + rsln(€'siny)]. fi6 ar'Iiv, Re(expe')= (ec../) cos(e,slny)
'|a! Im(expe')= (e!'or')stn(exslny).

1.3.14 AEIETE
6n sln(ly)= i sinhy, 6t ou eEoelopod,

s l n h- 2v = - '

s r n {' r y r =_ - =,:-l' = / s i n h'v .

2i 2

1.3.15 Nd Ppeqonv61EsoL n pESrou tt,

A1io4.
,n,| _ = e,4ant4)
Gz,t)e,t,

OLegor rtp6g 10rJir 6ivovro! ond rlv relerrald &qQool 6'10! ro r noiQver
I l E o r i d Q o mrEq r i g , n = 0 , ! 1 , t 2 , . . . .
.A. AI{AAYIIKE:YIIAPTH:EI:

r.3.16Na lued \ cosz=+

rtoa. Iv('eGoup€ 6r L z, = x\1t 13 + Zn n), 6!co1r n (r1dQo!o6' €lva! lt'o€rg lqE

c o s z = + . e o 6 € € o u r r E6 t t o L z r n = o , t r , ! z , . . . €ivot o! [6v€E rlJoElE'
6tlo6i. 6.v undQlou! )Lrroclg ,rou vq Frv avilxouv olot nQoYFtrrtx6 dEovu.

cosz_
=, ; . =+

ti i'[1 i/2.
E rolrfv',E, e1r'- er'+ r = 0. o'rdrs ci'=(l r {J) 12 = ^a$
o r i + { : t t 2x + - { t i t z
r z - l o r ( + i ' l ri i 2 ) = : r o z l ! - , tilr z l .c q o u
€iroo al.r ioiQogor. Erol dxoug€

z - t , r o' \6, i f * r2- r i l = "r l r o rc* iJ t - 2 , ,t /l = " lr ir " 2 , ,r1

/.f;\

I \

l3.n eeaQlort qv oretxdwon z) sinz A€t9re&L El,edeEndpdlltll1<

npog rtw rQaypd *6 dEo|a anElxo Eotral oe tl €tVELsxar eveeieEnaq l'
,,ttls fiQaE nv Eafioortxd dEovs dnELlrovitolraL oe uftQ6oltg

4ro4. XQttorpotrotovlaErlt nQdtoorl 1.3.4 (l3l,6reetr(olg ndQd6ElYFa

] 3.14),0loupe

sinz - sin(x + l/) - slnx cos(iy)+ sln(ry)cosx

= sinx coshy+ i sinhycosx

e'!e-'
2 2 41a'
'u= xqL srnhy=
"o,1,
'Eoto drr y= yo slvar orc€€46.Tdr€ €dv
Ypduoutr€

sinz=u+iD

€XouF!
u' ,' ='
*
cosh'?Yosinh'Y"

aqori sln'1x+cos'?x=l. Axri el1,a!piq a)'I€rul

Kord ror i6ro re6'.o, fdv ro x= xo €ivoi orag€Q,6,
0QloxoP€' XQlo',po-
rlor6wag qv cosh?y sinhz/= I,
1.3 MEPIKEI TTOIXEIOAETIIYNAPTH:EI: a9

sin'1)ro cos'?xo

ro €i1/di pia uEa0oli.

1.3.18 €oro dir r(z)= 21 tier l(zi=a+bt. N u n E Q I y Q ( t V € lfttE x a g n ^ e a

,tot' oQito'1st oao .nine6o xy an6 E t€toti)oErERe f(z) = a ,taL tm t(z) = b.
Nu 'eiEErE 6tL oL xdpri tE uwtE EilaL xdgeftE n pia nry dl tl oro olllEio zr.

Aion. E(rr z=x+|y,161r. f( z, = xt - yl + 2x y i. O! ttoFnul€E 'rolJ BoE €!-

buqaQot'r €ivor oi urlQioLtt x'1 y'= a xar xy = D/2, ot onoi€s nqetoldvo-
l r o r o r o : X . t . 3 . E t l c r n , t r € Q h r { D o l 6 n o n a > 0 x ( r l D > 0 A x 1 o sE l v o r o l
loooro0prxfg xalrnl'LE( 1{rr1,or,\]aQrioe()v u(x, y)= x'1 yl x r\x, y)=zxy
ar(rlroparo xd0€ra o' ouldg sivo!,6ntl)s yv(!Q[Eo!p€ar6 rov 6tgqoerx6 ],o-
troFo, ro godienl (oldhclrc)

v u = l 2 x ,_ 2 y )

Vv = (2y,2x)

:ro xolvo o4tr€io zo=.ru+ r% l(l)v 6io xopnul(,)v, 10 €oor€Qtt{6rouE two-

[rvo €tlar Vu Vu=4xryr-Aytrx!--o. Ta xdoE1o 6lo\,fttlora €ivor EnoFt-
!or< oQ8o16v!a ters€n roD( oto zo, dQo t{or ot xopjll^tg

\
\

\,
',/

,|

IXHlllA 1.3.8 Ot roooro0grrts adprlle( tov Re(z) l|dL Imf(z) Yro rtw
50 AI{MYTIKE:IYI{APIHTEII

Aoxrrottc
1. Nd E,{eQooooi! ottlv poaqi d + /, orl
(q) e"' (0) sin(l + t)

2. Nq €{9Qao0o{v orn, PoQqrl a + iD or:

(a) e'' (0) cos(2+3i)

3. No lx€ol\,:
( o ) c o s z =i + t / 4 (0) cosz=l

4. No i'0eo{tv:
(d) srnz=*+J/a (0) slnz=4

5. Na 0QE0otv6i.eqor rU.tEr{Dv:
(u) Iot I (li) Iott

(ttr€Eo! rrFaE1o1'l
6. Na FQ€oo1h
(o) lo8(-t) ( lt) lo8(l+/)

6I€s ot r{r€s 1('v:

7. Nd FQe0onv
(o) los(-/l (0) lo8(l + i)'"

8. Na 0Q€0on16L€<ot rrF€Eror:
(c) lo8(- l)r (P') 2'

g. rrd norig rrt'dE'oI z Lorr;crre r=e ;:

10. Edv f oljBootlEtt 1llv t€loal(')vtxri aiEa rou opiE€rdLand q oldol

fi -/sl" 8) = r "f cos(0/2)+ itln (d/2)1, 0 < e < 2', 1 dl,ll lEtQd'
";'d
't(.)vrri eild 6iv€rardrd rrr! rt'I { cost(0 +2r) /2 I + i sin t(t1+2')/2 I l lto

nor€srrp€Etou z loxn€t {t=7;

11. Kord piroE rrol(ov cxriv{tv (pao oxriva oAtgetot and q oxaorl
argz=orao.)undQxerro oQto lim e'i

12. a€[Er€dr!
r-1zl','l
, = , u nr r .' o 8/ t , _ , . ,
| , _
1.3 MEPIKEI :TOIXEINAEI> :YNAPTHIEI: 5t

13. Nq onlono0qoow ta e' , et' )trr ett', oltox z= x + iy. Ilo ro €'" 8wo-

14, Na EEEtcogeiI orprr€erqroedlou e"'r rsod)E 1o x-+tE rs06g aal rolr

e " ' r x s 0 d r Ey + 1 - .

15. A€tErEdfl s'n(-z) = -sin z. 6r! cos(-z) = cosz xar 6tr stn(rl2- zJ = cos2

16. T. sinhz xa! coshz oQiEoetar o€ d).o ro C cn6 rtg oxEo€t(

' ) / 2 . A € t E r t6 r t :
s i n hz = ( e ' - e ' ) l 2 1 , , t r l c o s h 7 = l e ' + e
( o ) c o s h ' ? -z d n h ' ? z- I
( l l ) s i n h ( 2 , + z ? ) = s i n h z , c o s h z ?+ c o s h 7 , s l n h z ,
(t) c o s h ( 2 ,+ z , ) = c o s h 7 , c o s h z : + s i n h z , s l n h r ,
( b ) s t n h ( x+ , y ) = s l n h x c o s y + t c o s h x s i n ,
( s ) c o s h ( x+ , / ) = c o s h x c o s / + / s l n h x s i n y

1 7. X0torpnoldrvraE rlr sEiolrol sin z = sin x coshy + /sinh ycos x 6trou

er t l s i n h / < l s i n z l< c o s h / 1 .
r = x + i y 6 E i E r6

'
1 8 . [ d v r o D E i v a t r 0 a t p c l r ' r ( t , 6 € [ E l E( t r t ] d ' l = l a

1 9 . I o x r i € !6 r r l a ' = d l r ' t l a d } , d r a d , b e c i

2 0 . ( o ) l - i a r o r E p r y o 6 l x o r i ;o Q r 0 l l o i s d , D . c b € i E l € d r t a ' a ' = c " ' . lQloF

Ironot(nvrds ivda *(l0oQtopavorldrbo tot' l08.
{0) AeiEr€ or! (ab)" =.r"r'. udv hrolaEorrpt xld6ouE rarorous 'ndrt lot@D) =
l o 8 d + 1 o 8 D( X o r p i E
x n v t ' v cu T i n l i o ! 2 r n / ) .

21. Xpry4oxor6lras noLu{6s olvleta rutreE, 6.iErt 61r \ z + z + l / z /.lne\'

'rovilc! rov xnxro rl= | oro t'r'iorltra t-l.llroudgovo x.

22. (a) fion aneLt{oli!€Iot xo rrQtirro rdroAro tou €n!tr66ou pfoo tIE

(li) N(l olhrr0ri it yE(o[crAia rlq z-JVt )|ord ro' (6to ta6rio nou tl!!t
oro l.efu€vo ylo rtv 14.

23. H omrxovror z-i I/z an€ruoviler ro EEorEeL"drou trolo6rdioU iu'

x),o! oro eo(l)r€prx6(€x16r uro to FI6tv) xa! dvtiorQoqa. n6s arErxotilo-
vi(1r or Er0€i€<aBz= orq{J.r
52 AI{MYTI(E:IYI{APTHIEIT

24, [drE dr!€rxoviEovrdr

or, r.orax6Qug€S
xot oQrE6t"(egeuo€t€gFtoo fi]g

25. Kdlor ari6 rorlg ouvgi'|€Eloxte! loga'=bloga yrs Frta6txonEaQto-

lroiE a xdr b; (6€oerior€ro\, x].d6oror lot tr€ -z<d<t )

26. (a) A€{ErE6r', pe rlv an€r1i6vlotz+ z':, Er;8Ei€E

naed},}.rleErQos rov
,rQorFarlx6dEovaar€rxovllovrq! o€ rrdQqFoI6E.
(F) AriEr€ 6rr ro tlav oelot tvo xldbo rrrEunElr{6lrotEz + Jt, cuori€E
noQd)lllleg nQoEro'\, nQoyparrxd dEova amrxovilovror o€ urr€Ql3ol,tg.

27. A.tEle 6tL or r etEcsrdErlg't rrs [ord6oE €tvo! l. |v,rv':,ry!,...,w-',

28. AElEledtr or iQLy(l)vop€lQlxtslaurdrlr€S pnoQotv ro rrdQqxooi! ed!

unor€o€l&r roxie!e'rr*]r=e''.e':.

29. A€[Ere
6r! sinz= 0 €dvl{or Udlo edvz= kz, k= 0, i l, +2,.,.,

30. A€t€t€61r ro rtuirovora! ouqulrovo €lvdr n€Qto6lxaE

ouvuettioelEp€
€ldxrorl n€Qto6o2r. AI)d6i,
(d) sln(z+ 2r) - slnz yrd rdo€ z
(0) cos(z + 2r) = cosz yra r(d0€z
(1) sln(z + ry) yrd r.htu z ollv€ndyEra!w= 2r, dnou n c1{6Qqroq.
(6) cos(z+w) }|,ard0Ez, or'1,orrAy€rc! w=2Jtndno! r axaQalos.

ro ply|oro rrtElcoszl oirv rElost(l)ru{i n€Qloxio <Rez<2,r,

31. Nd FQ€€€l
O<Imz<2n.

32. A€t&€ 6r! lorz=0 Edv,.dr [6vov e6! z=1,oc(l)Qd'wdE

rov xld6o

33. Na noLoylooorlvdQreFqrLxd ro sEiC,pEaxQ[0€ra6rr orlN!'rrxd'v Or-

q(ov: err"'r, log(l.2- 3.0t),sin(8.ri- 3.2).

34. AElEre6n I slnz cnelr.ovlg.l 1I ],(t)Qt6o-nl2 <Rez<il2 EnLrorJ

c\ { z lllnzl = 0 xa'.lRezl > I }.

35. Na outfiIoo v o[ ovltorQoeegouvaQliorlg sin rz. cos rz rra noQd-

6€!lFo,ehd! I stnz 6va-nQos-fraolo Srdor0,rq
0<Rez<2u:
1,4 IYNEXEII:YNAPTHIEI: 53

1.4 IYNEXEI: >YNAPTHlEIT

irlv ev6r6c oxri xou6q xor ornv €nd[€v[ 0o qvaltooulr€ rr.E

lluorxrs rvvor16:Touoeoeoriv rn ouvFl€ruxoL rIv r((enlriryrot Frya-
i!rr.(iv ot'voerrio€(ovFlaE lr0y.r6Lxi,<F€ra|ll,nrn(. Ta arrorElioFala €[-
vfir ;ropdlroro [rF E{c[vc rou ftvofaU)vror oro loyroFd ouvoerrlor(ov
fieollrorlx6v aQ!0pd)v. IloQarirr(,) 0o oololnooip€ xuQiog F€ rrl
(r7€rlri 0€(oQ[a.EqoQpoyig rrou oxerilovrc! p€ rls oro[X€!(ibels or-
vcurriorrgava$aeovroLornv Evornrc 1.6.
Agol' To C e(va! To R': p€ TIv €rr,fiLdovLblorqxcro1' plyobDlo{ iro},-
Laltlqo|qo[oli, ]ro],laE y€(')p€lQrxtgtwouj( [.toQor,v vq F€raqEQeouv
(ln6 io R'z pe pryobrxd olpllolropd. Auld 61t!E ridl tre rlv an6l,utrl
r4rrl z , ro! €(vqr n (6!a p€ lnv norm, i $ixog, ed,r'0€olQlioorrF€ ro
r otlv lild1]lopc rou R'l. E]r!n],6ov, o onorrtj(totriE0q ne6n€! oivropo
va rEor]iE(oo€{t!€ irl xAiot rou )'oylopou olwqQiio€(ov 611C) p€ra|]i't-
r(i)v ort F€I6II ouvaQrriorrDvIro( tttya6lriE pcrd0],triq.

Avo(r6 :ovo^q

Eival an(rQaarnro,xor' (rexiv, vc oQiool'F€rnv €fl/o0crou ovou{tori

'Evo
ouv6lor'. owol,o A C C = Rr ovoFir(fra! dvorzrd dIov. lla x(08
ollrao zd rou A, undQx€ravds nQo?llorrroEoQlep(ig€ >0 rarorog (oore
zeA 1t"<rz-2,,1<e. (Bilanr )X. I.4.1.)tloQorteiol€ 6rr rt flFi 1ou 6
fi(t)r(iro! ond ro 20. Orav ro z0 rIIot,(i!,€L ro (ouvo-oo" tor A. ro 6
yivrral FrxQdr€Qo.Ardrourltrxh, 6vfl oivoilo €ilar avou{td €dv be or'-
IrirerloFlldv€! xa,|'dvaan(j r(l "orvoQlcxd" ron oIF€id.

-E!o
IXHMA 1.4.1 avoLatd oD!o].o.
5' AIIAAYTIXEI:YI{APTHIEIT

La 6vav aeL0por>O, 1l !EttovLd r I 6tdoE r 6v6Eotlp6iorrzo

rou C oeGEraL (t'I6 ro orivol,o D(zvr)=lzec r€roro d)or€
lz-zol<rl. fca €Edoxrlorl o avayv6orqE F oe6[ va SelE€[ 6r[ lr"d
onoLo6inor€wo€C r{cr,a>0, o 6[oxoE A=lzec l6rom 60r€
lz-wol<rl €lvol ovolr{idE.MLct(ret)rrlpt\'l> yefio\4d r eb](rrp!(r
1€rrov[6 rIS onolog ro n€vrQrrd olpei,o 6X€rqqalQeeel.E ropcvcoE
l.r,io"reurrnp€q" y€liovrd ol,vcuirls U.oQqiED(zo,r)\lzol, 6t),a6ri
cnor€l€tror cfi6 ro oivolo D(20,r) Felovio pola6ro[o otvo]'o lzol.
And 6(l)ra! r[6Qa0a ra],otpe pro 16r0|,c.yeliovd,oeclQe,lrri .le!ro-
ald (Bl,6tre>X. 1.4.2.).Mla fErro\lLdE\t6l oqp€lo! zo €ivar, €E oQ0-
opod, 6rc ovobiid oivolo nou nEq[€X€L ro 20. E rol.[€vcDEpnoeodF€
aq efiovoldFoltlErov oeldp6 ro! cvoLxtorJd!vdl,o! coE€ErlE;'Evo
odvolo.,l s[vc[ ovolxrd edv xdl pdvo €dv lLa xde€ zo xo! A urrdQx€r,
ptc leliovld r rou zo rlorj n€eLCX€ro!€Eoloriueo! oro A.
O! paorxtE r6[dqteE i(t)v cvorxrd)v duv6lov ovcqceowcr,orlv
nedroon 1.4.1.

IXHMA 1.4.2 rswovfo(o) rar (retjnrldvr] y€rlovlo(b).

1.4.1 nPOTA:tl
(i) To C Elval avolx|6.
(ii\ To xEv6 otJvolo Q elral a1r'ont6.
(iii) H iv@dq onoLouiinotE aplqpoti alrcLxxbv ufioe,v61a\t tou C
Ei,vsLavoLx|d olvolo,
(iv\ H xopi onolouiittotE ttefiEQaoptv,ru dplqpoi dvolxxd)1t vltoov-
v6lae rov C Fivda avourd oivola

AnOAEI=H Tq 6r,0rEitro peQrloxrrouvox€66v€ oeroForr.xprrQ6-

ro 6L6I|, otoLo6tinorE € €[vcr r,xcv6 1!o ono@6iloi€ o'nr,sio zo. xoL xo
bEftEeo 6!611 6w r'ldQxo1Jv o4€ta yla ic onoic vc qrcLlEircL vc
peorip€ svo rrroro €. O avaTv6otrlE riaLe[icL ,\,a o]ro6eqel ra €r6F€va
6io Urerl oll,s aoririo€rE 19 rar 20 oto t6Lo6 al'riE rIE EvdrrFoE.I
1.4 :YNEXEII'YNAPIHIEI: 55

AnoKovlo€rq,
Oproxor :uv6xero
'Esr(l,
,A 6va uroorivolo rorr C. Yn€v€uFalolpe drr Fio qn€rrdv!-
a\ fi A --. C rivc0 Flo svrroroLxia €v6S xqooelo$evou orlF€aouf(z)
rorl C $€ xdo€ ol$€io z rou A. To o[volo A ovopdL€ral t€dio opr-
'Olov
opot 7rE f, xdl I6B,Edrr rt f oQi(eml oto ,4. 10 nE6(o oQroporj
r(! ro n€6io rqr6v (ro otvo),o rolv rLpci)v]Iolr,aoiQv€L n rr) €ivor
r(r[ To 6{0 1''[ootvorlo To1'C, diroE oTnv iroQandv@rl€eirlT(Dorl,laF€
orr n / €ivq! Vi(r prya'fti o[vaprnon praE prysblxig F€talJLnrig.
Mrroeoula€ €rtolE vo 0c(DQriooutl€Tnv I oo1' rrl\' crr€[r!6vrol
/: A c R'?-, R? rdr€ I I ovo[d(€r(! 6!ov1'oucr!x]i o1'vdprlol 6{0
xQayporrxd)vperqfilildrv. fro rtv /:AcCrC. [noQoip€ lro e6-
ooupez=x+iy=(x,y) r{lt vd oetoou[r rrlv u(x,y)=Ref(z) rol
u(x, y) = lm /(z), T6T€ To ! ror, , €[vc[ o[ oullor(i)oeE TIE / nou pro-
Q€i vo €€(oeno€loo\r 6lovl'oporlrri ouv(iQrnorl. Enop6vurEproQoutlr
vc lQdqroutr€,povooripavrc, flx + iy) = ulx. y) + iulx, y), 6nou u ncr
u riv.rl fiQdlparln6E ouvaQrrio€iEnou oQigovtqr oro A.
A< €EEidoouF€r6Qd n(ig F€tdedQ€lc[ n eword. to! oQl(ru F€ rn!
lloioe!a r(ov ply06rxdv oQ!BF6v.

'1.4.2 'Eortr
OPIIMOI 6rL n f oQiEEtat.o' trd dlvolo ,tou tt€eltxel
xdtrorc <iprrn\ltvn, lEttovlu ror' zn. H txEpdol

ltlr, f\z)-- a

onfaivEl 6ft" yta xaqE €>O, ufiaQXtLxanoLo 6>0 ttrot"o 6orc yLa
zE Dlzo,r), z * zo, xar 1z- zol<6 owendlErat ort lf(z)- (t < €.

H [xqQdon ouori iou oQroFo! dxe! ro [6[0 vdlF.a drloE ral orov
cnEleoor[r6 loylold 1(i)! neo.t,porlx6v ouvoerrio€(')v:I l(z) tlnoQ€i
\,o x),iordo€r Tlv I[fui .r 6rav 10 z rlr]oldE€L 10 zo. fro vo 6xoup€
Fiq loxl'oroa o€(')p[aoei(,)v n f6€v €ivcr cncQolrnro vo oQiq€rcr o€
o),dxrlnQlrnv -rQunn$ivn- yfrTovic, naQd TcuTc.reTor€slcrro1]rEE
6xouv Xelor,ponorloei €6(i y[c l6youE ajrtldrnrdg 6r[oE €niorlE 60 e[-
vo! Xerio0t!€gxcr o€ €noF.vc F6et qlroi ro! 0!0l,iou.
'Or(Dg
xar orrlv n€Qinr(l)on rrQoypcrlxdrv o!loQxrio€(])! nQal$diF
xrbv p€ropl,ntdra,p(c ouvdQrlon 6€v proQEi vo dXEri€QloodrEQaard
evq dQlo o'6va on$€io z(l[ ro derc uroxouorJv orls ouvio€r! aly€-
PQrx6ErredE€rs.Aur6 €iv(r ro r€Q!€X6$evor(l)v €noFdv(l)v6rio rreo-
56 AI{MYTIKEI:YI{APTH:EII

1.4.3 nPOTA:H Ta 6pLa, td\t utuiptptty, eieaL poya'Lxd.

AnOAEI=H Eoro drr llm f(zt=a xrn lim f(2)=b 6nox a+b.
'EoI|o =
2e la t , dnou € > 0. Yrdex€! xdnolo d > 0 r6xolo60[€ yra
o < l z - 2 o l < 6 o l r v € n d y € rlcf (! z )- a < € x o , t l f ( z ) - b l < 6 . A E € r r r l ' 6 -
Eoup€avq onp€loz * zo (o.t|o( I f oetEerolo€ p[q <Qur[lp6\ri> Te!-
1o\h6.llr\t z+z). T6r€, on6 rqv rely(l)v0nrlovrodrlro, la tl<
la- f(z\l+ lt(z) - bl<2€, y€yov6gnou o8tysi oe drofio. EnoFevoE
d= b.a

1,4.4 nPOTA:H Edv lim I(z)=c xat lim BQ)=b, t6re

(i) l l ml f ( z ) +E \ z ) l =a + b .

(ii) ltrn.
lt(z)s(zrl=a h.
(iii) limlf(zrlEQrl=alb div b't0.

AnOAEI=H Oo 66oorp€ rnv afiddelErlrorr r,ox1,Qr,opot (ii). H an6-

6€[Enrou (i) €ivqt,EIJXo),n,
€vd)I alrdbe€q ro! (iii) n€Qroodr€Qo r[o-
ldtrllox|l ov ror o ovayvd)oits |r'loQe[vq. oup,0ou],8u0€( rnv a.r'ri-
oror,X4'r€Q[trt(oon yra neaypal0xdEollaQrrlo€lE.fla va qro6€iEouF€
rol, (lt), yed9ou$€

ItQ)eQ)-aol quodrFo)
< | ter sQ)- t(zt bl+l re) b-ab | (rary{r'vrr.i
= lr(z) | ls(z)-t l+ lI(z) b- a I lbl (naQayoworoiron)

Oq 1jtiotloytooup8 ro p6y€0oEl,ide€deo!. Ataleyolpe dva dr >0 i6-

ioLo d)or€ yf,s O<lz-z! <6t ouverdy€rc! /(z)-al< l, ondrE
1 ( z ) l < i a l + 1 . o q o { f ( z ) - d l > l l ( z ) - l d l , o r J p q ( l ) vF
o€ rrlv
ne6raol 1.2.5 (vi). Ao06woE€vdE€ >0, U.roeoriF€ vo €r[t!€Eoup€ 6r(!
d) >0 rirolo.Lirotr7ra 0< lz- z0l< d?ouvrndy€raL

edr b+O
lf(z) - dJ < ) zat
IL I
1.4 :YNEXEI::YI{APTHIEI: 57

,!o[ 6vc dr > 0 r6roro LborEyrq 0 < lz 20l<63, \67.

- €
8tz)-bl<
2(a+r)

Edv d €ivcr,ro Frredr€Qocrr[dra dr, dr, d3 yls0<lz-zol<d,

l!tzttt/)-ab < l/(/r ls(z)-bl- ttzl-alltl

. *1 ! r 4 l + . e ^ l b l r e c vb * 0 . o r 1 v r e -
z \ru r_ ,,,.
e[nrorolD= 0, o bru_
r€QoE deoE€tvorprt6ev)

'Eor@
1,4.5 OPfEMO: A aC tva dvolxrb ot|oto xdl fi A cC pta
ouvdQrqo4, H f o,,/opdEardLourEtlig oro zoeA Edv xaL pdyo td.1/

lirlr f(z) = l lzot

H f ea o\ropdEarat ovveug mo A Edy E(.vaLouvexis oE xdee onp|to

O oQro[oE aurog rXft ro roto vo4uc ofiorg oro brqqoQrxo ].oyroF6

rleoyfrofl,xci)vo!1,/oQrrloorDv:Edv ro z €ival sex€Td ,{ovro oro zo, q
l(z) fi)'lotdEel io l(20). A]td rlv nedroon 1.4.4 pr[oQodF€va olUfi€-
Qdlorpe ap6ocDEdir drov o[ I ro[ 8 €[vd! o1Jv€XeiE oro A, 161€ to
doQolopd xo1j( /+9, io yw6p€vo fB xa06g x&L xo fiIlaxo f/9, 6no1
-ra otF€id zo lou A, ti"\st' olrv€XEiE.Ioxlle! onlolE
E(zo\ +O \Ld 6la
dTr n ouvoeon ouvrXlirv ouvoUrrior(!v fivdr ouvrxris.

1.4.6 nPOTA:H

(i) Edv lim f(z') = a xaL h EivaLo|n/apr\otl oeLop4r'4oE pia yElro'

vLd lov a xdL oulexie oxo d, r6xE )tn,h(f(z))= h(a).

(ii) Ectv n f E[r'aL pla oulq4iE ouvder\on oro (tvolxr6 otyolo A

rou C xal n h e[\,a[ ou\ttxi; oro f(A), rdrE q oliyqnn ouvaernon
(h " f\(z)= h(f(z)) E[vaLonlexiE oxo A.
58 AI{AAYIIXEI :YiIAPTH:EII

AnOAEI=H Ao06vroE€v6E €>0, 1j'ldQxc!6vd dr >0 rerolo 6('r€

l . h ( r y ) - r r ( a ) l < 6y l a I r y - @ l < d , x q r € v a d > 0 r a r o r o d ) o r r
lf(z)-al<6,yt,ao<lz,zol<6. EropdvoEexoltr€lh(f(zr)- h((Irl< €
yro 0 < lz- zul< d, ytyov6sno! qno6€!xv1'€! filv rrQ6roon(i). H an6-
6€!EI rnE (ii) rleoxiniE! an6 itv (i) ra0 ovsq€e€rqLaar Aoxrprl22
oro r6l,oEaurriErqE €vdrnraE.!

Axolou€feq

H avvoro rrlE olly)i),lonEoxolorJoldrvF!1ab[x6v oQLolrcbv €[vd[

avd).olll !r€€x€h,/Itla axolou{)t€Streqlpa1lx6v cQlopdv.H cro).ou-
llLo.2,,n= 1,2,3,...,onp€i('vlou c ouyxl(,v€L oro z0 €dl ro! lrdvov
€dv ym rde€ €>O, ufidQx€!xdJ1ol,()E qx6Qa0oE N r6ro[oE 6('16 ytc
r >N ou1,tfidy€xa[lz,-za <€. To (iQ!orrls oxotlouoiaEout-{]o}.iqE-
rgt

To 6e[o ororloued)v 6xo v rlE t6rsEL60drIr€E,rcl cno6€[xvriovtcr

orroEra dQroouvaQrlio€(,)v.
fla rraQd6€!1Fa,
ro 6e!o €ivaLFo1,ablrd
€iiv undQx€u.xo^Ltll\t 2a -) zo 1(or |y, J wo, T6T€

(i) za+,ttr ) zo+ wi

(ii) zn w^ --t zotvo

(iil) znlwn+ zolwo (€dv rc w,, r.(o! wo 6€v Eivar O)

E'I'iang, z^ + zo edv xo! Udlov cdv Rez, -) Re zo ^aaLlm zn -) lmzo,

H ar66€!EI cruroli yrcr ou\,oQrrio.!6ErtlE[Ia! oal'Aoxnon 2 oro r6),oE
auris rnEev6rnr0E.
Mia oxo;,ouoia zn ovopd!,Erclr dxotouela Cauchy eqv y0o ,{d0€
€>0 ]Jrldex€f, trdrolog dtae(rloE N rerorog 60r€ )z^-z.l<e yct
onolcbi'[or€ r > N xot m > N. M(a flqolxi !6[drnio rov rreo.tporr-
xd)v aQ0oFd)vrI! onoiq 0c 6€Xtorit!€X(')eigord6€0El Ei1,,a0 dr0 xdo€
at{ololoaa Cauchy oro R ouyx},iv€L.[I0o oulx€r.erptvc, €av I lx,l;-r
€avar Fia axolou0ia Cauchy recrlporr,xdrv dQ[op{irv,16r€ undQl€r xd,
trorcE fieoyparrr6g detotldg xo rdrolos d)oxe lim x" = xo. Aur6 €irdr

loob{l,/opo !r€ rlv nliQdrnlo iou ouorripqroE rcov rrecy[orrr{6v

1.4 :YNEXEII :YNAPTTI:EII 5€

(rQf0t!6!*. Afi6 ro 'yeyovdE6rL zo-) zo edv xdt p6vov edv Rezn-)

Rez0 xol Im zn -; Im zo, proeol,p€va olF tQdloup€6rt

xdk dtaolorqia Cauchyoro C oDy*Lilel.

Aurd eivor,6vcr€Xvlrd ortF€io,1() otolo 0a qov€i XeriorFoo€ ato-

beaE€[E ori]x].rorEoro K€e. 3.
Oo rle6n€Lvo orp€Ld)oouFE dll l'ndQxer6voEoriv8€opoEpEloEl,
axo)"ou0r6vror orvtx€laS.:vyx€xert!6v4,I fiACCJC €ivqr orw€-
XiE €dv ria! pdvov €dv 1m xdo€ orryr{llvouooctiololoic zn J zo ot-
lr€1('!rolJ A (6rlLa6ri,
z, €A r(or zo€A), 6xollr€f(2,, + f(zi. O d\d-
yvd)ornEpnoQ€ivc cno6€iE€!ro l€lovdg qutd otl! Aot(Ion l8 oro
r6log a1|iriginE evd{Irag.

Klaan6 lovo^o
'Evs
uiroowolo F rou c ovo[dq€ral xlaord e&\ ao ouFjl].{eortd
rou C\f= {z€C lzeFl €ivorovor,xxd. na(Ql,ovtcEro oupttl,lQ6Fa-
ra xqL xQrlolpo'loLd)wasrnv nQdroorl 1.4.1trroQei,xov€aEvc ctto-
6€iEe!rE eEig [6l6rnr€Sr(ov rl€lot6v ouv6lov.

1.4.7 nPOTAIH
(i) To lrEvddilolo etrat x^trcr6.
(ii) To C Etval le@r6,
(lil) H topi xdge oo\loyiE 111€tor6,,/unoouvdLovrot' C aitaL nl't-
ord oivolo.
(iv) H C\laonxdg, ftefieQao!.'vnE oDlLoyis x\Elorbv 1Jnool'r6hay
TouC etval x1eLo16olJvolo,

Tq ,rElma ral ovollild oivolo €ivor, onpo,vrLlidylc tlE oX€oEl,E

roug Fe olJ1,€x€aE ouvcQrrioelExar clcol,orJoleqt{aetbEl{aL d}l€E a.t-
vor€g ,ro'u ea olJvcvrliooup€ oQYdr€Qa.

1.4.8 nPOTA:H E1,!(toivolo FcC dvat xlercr6 Edl'$ar p6\/o1/

ed| ytd ofion6ifiort axolougia zt,zbzr... onpetar xou F ttrola
6ofe to w = lim z, \ta ufidexEL,to we F,

* BItrrE,yla noodberypa,
J. Marsden,E/erenraryctssicar,4narlsrr(New
Yort: W.H. rr€emd sndCompany,1974).
60 AI{A^YTIKE: :YI{APTH:EII

'Eor(o
AnOAEI=H 6rr ro F €ivo! x)'sLor6 xo! z, pic cxolouoac on-
rou
l.r€i(dv a F,&,tD(v,r) €ivdl onoloobirloT€ 6ior{og p€ r6vrQo To q,,
r6x€ odpeova F€ ro\, oQropd rlE oJyr{rllortg, ro z, fJelor€rct|,oro
€oor€Q!1{orou D(r,r) yra )4drom cQx€rd p€yd}"o r. Efio[fvro( o
D(w,r) b€v pr[oeE( vo 0Q{oNero[oro o1'pn]"iQLDpa ror' lc, IlQ6r[€[ va
0e[or€ro! oro F.
Edv to F 6Ev €tva! x),€!ord, 1() ou$ri;.ie(o$tr lott 6Ev €(vo! ovo[-
rro. M€ dl)'a )Ldt!cr,1,rdQx€rxdnoLo onp€io w to! C\F t€Iolo 6('r€
rcpla yrltofio rou rv 6€v n€elax€ta[ oto C\F. :r'yri€rQlFdva, Fno
eoit!€ vo 6[q],6EoulL€olp€ao z rou F l-, D(w, lln) dxovros aro! pia
oulxlivouoo cxo),ou0ici orlpeiorv rou F TIE orloiag To oelo brv avi-
l{eL OTO F,!

1.4.9 nPOTAIH I\a rnv lt C + C, ra ei'peva atval Kto,tvapa:

(i) H f €tvaL ouve(ig.
(ii) H avfiorQoqn ELxtivdxaqt xl|Loto{ ouv'lott Etlar xLclor6.
liii, H awtorpoqn eLxdvd )..tqt a|o|xtoi, ouv6lov eivdL avouid,

AnOAEI=H fla !c1 6€iEou[[ dr! ro (i) ouvErdl€raL 10 (ii). cE uno-

06oouFe6T[ ro ]i ai!c[ xtrr[oro, EorrD zt,21,23,... Iao oxo],ou0io
ortpel(t)vrou /'(F) ylo rry ofiote zn-) w. Aeoli n ftiva! ouv€XliE,
l(2,,) + llw). oF(,)s ro onpr{a /(2,,) svlixouv (rro rrlElord oivolo F
xo! ttor rt /(w) avirs! €riols olo F. Eilop6v.DE, ro w.rwrixEroro
l r(F). :{!.eo.,'o F€ rnv IlQ6raorl l.4.tl ro ltr(F) €ivcl n),srord.
Ilq va tieiEoxp€orr ro (ii) ouverdlera! ro (iii). 601(l)dr! ro U €i-
vo! cvolrrd. Tdr€ ro F= C\U €ivur xl.€!or6. Edl,, lolrle! ro (ii), 16r€
r o / - ' ( F ) € i v a r r d l e r o r 6E ro C\f r(F)=f'(C\F)=l
. rropavoE '(U)

Ilq va 6€iEou$r 610 ro (iii) ouv€rdy€ra0 ro (i), oS 0€@Qioou-

p.E a\!s 2o xor €>0. Torr ro zo avrir€r" oro avolxrd ouvolo
f 1(D(/(zo),6)). Enopdv{Dq UndQXc! Cvd d >0 rdroro (ioi€ D(zo,d) c
i-l(D(/Izo), €)). Auro onpclve! &r lt(z) f(zd <€o'ts\ z-zo<6.
E,Iopdv(,)6 xara)"r1E.rpeorn ol'v0rlxn ror' €Eooqallq€! iI ouvd-
x€ro,I

fld rrl B€tr6rlrtE ouv6xctcEo avd unoorivol.oro C, eivo! Xeri-

orpo r,,o€lodyoup€rqv €wola T(ovoX€T[x6cvorxr6v xcr[ rl€[ord)v
oui,dl(!,v. Edv A C C, 6va unoorivolo B rou A ovoFdq€rcrdvorrrd
a-qneoE lo A €av B=A n U ylq xdnoro cvolxr6 ouvoilo U. To B 0a
1.4 :YI{EXEI: IYNAPTHIEI: 6l

ovopdE€rol,kAELoxdaE npoa xo A ai., B= A it F lro rdfiolo ril€loro

orivol,o F. O[ opr,ol.roiorrol oolyotv or'Iv €noFavrl r[Q6rao!, rrlE
onoioE n an66rrEl cqilfrcL oav dorllol yla lov avayv(i)orrt.

1.4.10 nPOTA:H Edv f, A+c, ra €ndp,va dvdt Loo'ivapa:

(i) H I tI\1aLou\ttYiE.
(ii) H awlorpoq\ eu<6vuxAqE r|e.otu{ oL'lov €tvdL xlerot6 @E
ttQo; to A.
(iii, H av oreoqn ELxdvexdaE svoLxroi ouy6lou ElvaL alolirr' otE
ttQoE ro A.

:uvaKrKd :0volo

:rug €ndpevEE6rr() €vdrrFEE0a p€r!€riooulr€6io orlpow[x6E xorrl-

1oQ[€Eouvdlov nou ornv o€oQia x(Dv [r,yc60xd)v p€xap),rlrd,vrot-
(o!v io QdIo i(ov 6lootnpdlov ra0 r(l)v qQsy[ev(l)v xr!€lorcll 6[c-
oiqpdio)v tn< o€(l)elag ouvserrio€(')v FroS r[QalFarlxrig p€xoF]"rlxiE.
IIQdx€Lxo[yr"c xr,g6!vo!€E r(r)v ouvexrrxd)! xo! olprold,v ol'\d),ov.
'Evo
ower{xLxd ofvolo €[va! e&e[r',onou (onot€lelra! crd 6vq pd-
vo [6eoE]. And rrl 0€rlxri dJrovn: o(doe oqpe(o ro! pJloQ€i10 ouv-
6e0€i F€ ofiolo6rirore d],Lo>, i1 ofid r4v oQlnruirii (To odvo].o 66v
proe€t vo 6roxoQro6€i d€ 6uo p6QIo. :X€rrrol olvo! o! €EiE 6do oQ[-
otloi.

1.4.11 OPllMOf Eva stvolo C rou C ovopd(Eral xa.d 6e61totE

olNex|ud edy yLa xdqt €Etiyogonpcluv a xaL b rou C untieYtL pta
ouvexi? afied6llon /: [0, l] J C 6ltou y(O\=a xar y(1)= b. H y
ovo\desal 6E6pat i .QaId fioa ouy6ttL ra a xar b.

MrroQ€i &av€aEi',a 6ro&eiv€u €ixoilo odv 6va o{rvo},o Eava! xcld

6e6pouE o!v€xx!16, drloE {pc[\,€rcr,oro tX. 1.4.3. H qQr,,nrlxridnoli,r]
o1'vloTdTov ox6lo1j0o oQtopo.

1.4,12 OPlllf,O: E\/a oivolo CcC €ival p4-ow*tt.,t6 tlv untiO-

xouv avolxrd oivoAa u xaL v Tilold dtoft
(i) ccuuv
(iD CnU*O xsl CiV+z, xal
(iii) (cn u\ ^(c i v) +o
(B),6J1€
:X. 1.4.4.)
62 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI'

.t'1, 7- c -'
,.1---:.:-- --)
i\t

(b)

>XHMA 1.4.3 or trrqLor(t((x) ac( (b) rircr orl!4rraaq. 'itr dtLog | (c),

TXHMA 1.4.4 l,) dr'\ol. cEi!(r tt!'oltfrlxo.

OL 6woLE( T('! ox€rr,xd avol]irdv xcrt xtrer,otcirvor'lo],(Dv [nq €rL

rQdrolv va [rcvcblaru:rcioo Fe r(t n(Qandvo] [€ llv 0oligbta u;(o-
oD\r6lro! ro al. Arlori I tottrt ro C [E ro U €ivcr ro iblo or(dg rl
ropi rou Fr ro ol'WL{Q('4|.r ro! y, ro orlvolo CnU €[!or rorrro
)(Qovaror ovorrrd xc! li).tLor(j or< nQo( ro c, (jnt')q Eriol! ouu|J(rivEl
x o r U r r o C n y . A , r o o r o o , r r v u r r r r t vr n o l , r v ' ln L , , i r a o q .

1.4,13 nPOTA:H Eva oivolo C ti.vor oltvtxrl)ad Eav xat P6vov

rou C rort th/aL xu avo&ra x& xLtror(r og
nv ra p6vc rJircorl.',o1.r
ireog ro C €tvul ro )rtv6 o1i|oLo xar ro C.
1.4 TYI{EXEII :YI{APTH:EII 63

o! ErdlEv€E 6io 'leordo€lE dlvouv rI ox6orl peroqt r(t)v 6{0 oQr-

o!r6v. Ievlxd. o! 6io €r',vo!€E 6€v Etvo! loobfvcp€E. loo6uvoFio r"oxt-
er orrlv t[€eiJrroon ovorxr6v ou!6lov. H an66€Grl rou r€l€urolou
(nou 6ivErd[ orrlv [Ie6rdol 1.4.15)n€el.fQde€l plo rurrlrri XQriot rt(
dwolcg TrlE o1)vekrlr6Tlrd<, fl(1 rq 6€[Ee[ ](ov€i6 6r[ plq o!yx€re!-
$6vI !5[61110 lolrist rlovrou oro C oQr€i va 6€iE€[ 6r[ ro otvolo
ro'v nrQloxrirv orrE olroif( loxrJrr f[var brdgoQo rou xevou xoL orl fi-
vcr rour6xQovo ox€Tltd (vo[xrd nor, oXETLrdnl€[or6.

'Eva
1.4.14 nPOTA:H xard aQdpoliEouvexrLxd oivolo Elval ovy€-

'Eot(,)
AnOAEI=H dfl r() otvolo C Etvol xqtd 6pdpo!( o vErillxd
xar D avq p! r€vd lro(rivolo rou C io oro(o eivqr la ldxeovq
(rolrrd rcr 1{I€rord olerlxd Fe ro C Ed! C*D, lndeXEL xdnolo
'Eor(l)
onl!€lo zr lou D xo0 r{d?ro!oor]tr€l,oz, rou C\D. T la,bl + C
t(D).'Io
lr{o ouvExliEreoxld fiou ouv66€[ro z, lLt ro 22. Eol(i B=y
B €i,vo[ avs unoouvo],o rou brqoniuorog [a, bl ro onolo E{vc! rourd-
Xgovc cvotxld xc! ll€lord (')E;teo<ro [a,r], .lgoi n )/ etvc[ ouv€-
tri(. (Bl'an€nedroon 1.4.10).Aqori ro a cvrixsLoro B, ro I6€v €i-
va! xevd. EnloIE, 1o J.r,bl\B 6€v €[vc! xev(t.tqoi J1€erdx8r. ro b.
O ouliloyoFdE o1!1d6pag bEixv€r or( cQX€( vo oro6€(Eo!$€ ro
{JtdJQIpoyro rlv rr€einrt|)o4€v66 brqorriparoi [d. D]. Enopcv(og,o6rf
youFcor€ oro €EiE llipFa. nou 0o nQarr€[vc orlo6€!X0€4.

A@ori\ard rnE neaypdrrxig Et'qeldEeival olrlexrLxd.

H ar66€€rl orralr€i rr] Xeriol rIE [6[6rfaE rou r)Ldlioro! dvco
{Q,6yFaroE (1i rdnora dlll !6!6qrd roo 'rF/ov6roE drl ro orlorrlpc rorv
nQol[qrrx(;)v qelopd)v 6iv(1r,"rI{e€E). Eoro x=supB (6I),. 1() €IdXF
oro dvo qQdlp(r ro! B). To x ovire! oro B aqod ro B o[vo! x].Elord.
'Op(D6,
deor:' to I €iva! d!o!rr6 rndQl€! trid lslrovld rou x oro eo(l)-
r€Qtrd lou B (olFrlo€ir€ ort x*b. oqoi ro b ovlix€L oro la,Dl\D).
A ro orlFalv€! dr! yra xdjrolo €>0, to otp€lo r+€ avixer oro B.
Ero[6vo(, io x b€ pJIoQs{vq €ivar ro €Idxroro dv(l) qedytls. To drolo
aurd [ag 6€(lver dr! Cvs rirolo orivor\o I6e FroQ€i,vo urdQN€L.l
'Evd
orwextfio oivolo b€v €avo[ anoeaiTlra xard 6QopouE01 ,err!-
r(o* edv 6p(l)E €ivsr ovolxrd ec rrQfjr€! lc €ivc! liord 6Q6pouEouv€1fi!1{6.

. -E!o
1r'r|1(d noefltrylo €alor ro ourolo C nou 6ilrror @d qv daorr rr!
'.or Io! .uor,?acrqrcu lurilaroi
lgo{Lxt4s roQdmqolE lt6 y = sin | /.x, O:rot' x > 0,
-l < / < I, x= 0. To oholo crqo €iwL d!€rnrxrt d*1 oxr xqtd 6AjUo1lEowftrlto.
6' AI{A YTIKEIIYIIAPTHIEII

1.4.15 nPOTAEH Edv'to C efua| qvo\rrNdou./exfltrb<tuvoAo xat a,

b o4rylo tor C, unapxel pis dLdeopiolpn tQox.d y: I0,ll + C 61to1t
y(o)= c xa. y(lr= b.

AnOAEI=H Tor(l) a oqp€io ro! c. Edv to zo cvix€l oto c, ]udyo

iou dt! to c elao! qvo0r(Td, rrttdexElxdroto e >0 r€roLo6mE o 6C-
orrcE D(zo, €) vo r€('Lexeral oro c. :1rv60dgowaEplq reoxLd qJt6 to
a a7o zo ltEpta qnd ro zo oro z nol) rleQlaxercr0oro 6loxo, Fl€'louF€
6r[ ro z0 l.!noe€[va d!vb€0€(pEro a p! pla 6!oqoQ[o!p4rQoxrd.edv
xc! Fdvov edv ro [600 Loxri€L'yrqxdo€ olpElo z ro]J D(zo,e). 4fi6
[cg 6c[X!€rdrL ra orivola
A= lzeCl'to z proQ€lvo' ouv6€0e(U.ero a U.e6lagoQlo0plxQoxld]
tict

B = lz eC lro z 6€v F roeE[lu ow6€0e[ Nar' cur6 ro! rQdrlo p€ ro a )

€(!o! cvolrrd. Aqo ro C efvor,o1JvEx1r,r6,€va qfid tq A i I fiQ€ti€u
vc €[vd! ro rEvd. neoeavd)E,€[!cr ro B. Bl,6ne>X. 1.4.5.r

:XHllA 1.4.5 Eva dvorxrd oll/exrlxd sivo)'o ril1r! aald lio6uooc dlvexllrd.

A6y(|) trK onol6cLdrrroE i(ov cl,out(r(6v ouver(rlxd)v ol,vdl(ov

rmiexolv €06!xoidQo! yla io XaeqliinQtopdio!E. Av &ot n XQiorl
roug 6sv €X€0oloxl4Q(Drlridxdo!ee(t)o€[ otn Flp]uloyQoeiq, ot dQo[
fieeloxi i Et6io xQrpLpo[olorrvrcr. lla vd 6nr!6oo1.rvcvouriid ouv€-
,{rlxd urooivo}.o rou c. o qvayvd)orng 0c neeri€! 1,c €lCyE€[,rQoo€-
xrr,xd rolg 6eo!E ouroriEEdvro1jgolvcwrio€! o€ dll,a p4l[4.
 1.4 IYNEXEII :YI{AFTHIEII 65

H Ervolc r(')v ouvexrlx61, ouvdl,ov eq XQilotUonoteital oelr€Td

orc €ndp€vc x€edlqla. Mla noQar(enoq etvo! 6r! p(a ouvexiiE ou_
vaQrlort 6€ $noe€(,vo (61(xd1r€!> 6vo ouv€xr[x6 oiivolo.

1.4.16 nPOTA:H Edv t €iyat pia ow€XiE ouvdernon oeLottiy4 o'

tva ou\,€tafl,xdotivoLo C, ro oi,,,olo Etx'va f(C) €ival anionE orvE-

AnOAEI=H Edv U xd! y €ivol cvolxrd oivo),o nou oup,leglloF0d-

aouv pq ouv€xrtxtgn€Q[oX6E rou f(C), rdr€ io I '(U) xql ro f-r(V)
rrv(rr €Jrlols cvolxrd orjvotlo rou (rnoT€tlotlwor on6 pl ouve)iiDa6E
;r€Qroxag
rou cI

Ileoo€Ere. H nQoraonauIi €qoeFoe€ralavrie€iq ano cx€(vn1r(l

10 avolxrd Xqt xl€loTd oivolo. fla ouve1€iEouvqgrio€lg,o! svTi_
oTQoeeE€!x6v€( qvotr,(T6vouvdlor! €[var0qvolxtd oivotlc xqr ol
avriotQoe€E€lridv€Exl€rord)v ouv6].ev€ivor xl€lotq orivo].a.Op(oS
ot dpEo€E€tx6veE€[\,o! ouverirlxdolJvoi,sa],l,d (tX[ ot CrtriorQoee(
€rxdv€Eouv€xrrrdrvor'vdlov. (MnoQ€ir€vu llQ€trr€vo nqQdb€ryBa;)
To lbro ov ouvdl{r)vrou 0c pcL€tlj-
oouF0orlv €n6Fev4naQdyQago. Ic olJFnoyiol,!or!o.

:ufnoy{ :lvolo

H €nop€vrle!6tti rornloQ{a ouv6}.orvror' 0(l fl.odyoup€ei.lar r(r

oultnayri oivol,a. nQox€Lrdryra rc uioorivo;.c K rou C rc onoi(
rivc! qeqyp€vqur6 trlv awotc or! undexer,tdnolog aQlepdEM 16-
roloE 6('r€ lz < M ytct fiie." z aro K lro.L€(,l'dr€rlot6 xl€tord. Mi,o
[vbtoqaQouoar6tdrnro ul'rLbvro)v ouv6lov €ivo! 6rr xdo€ ar{olou-
0i(1oltL€i(ovrou ouvdLou6l€! p(d unctj.(olong(d n o,"roicorryxl,ilEro€
zirnoro ot$€io rot, ouv6lou. Ira nsedbely[(r,q axolouoio l,
+, i,
l, + , j . +, i, |,... o l p e i r o v
r o u ( o , l ) 6 X € !
r n v u , r o x o toneiq
l. ;, ',..., rl orold ouyzLiv€!oro 0 nou cvrix€toro 1{ll€rord 6rd-
ornpo [0, ll ro! dX[ oro avolrrd (0, l). ndQdrl]Qioredr! orqv nd-
Qandvorr6ldrlro rl otyx),rol rIE axo).o 0[qE 6er,,6XEl€looqdLloe€i.
To ltovo nou [o1!e!86[oor€€t!o! ort xdrioKl uraxolouoio ouyxtliv€!.
fo:ro0d6rryFaBo; brizvfr drr ourd rivol (,t\rc7xcio.

Or(Dqoupl3aave!
oux\rdord po0l[ortrd. n Usl,6rloror€tleirq! sr6
rQro l€Qrl:
66 ANAAYTIKEI:YNAPTTI:EII

(i) 'Evo Xaeqltrlelotld:xtr€rordxal geayp6va

(ii) TIv r6!6qrs nou ErFd$€:traQEI ouyxr'l,',ouocbv
unqriololordv
(iii) 'Evqv r€Xvln6oelop6 Xeriollroo€ ono6€iE€[g
xar nQopliFqro
:rnv neox€[$6vltr€Qinr(ooto rExvrr{dsoglop6g rr€elloF0dva!rl
ox6on p€raEriou[noydtniqq xa[ ovoLxrd)vouv6lorv. Maa ou].],oy1i
cvolxr6v ouvdl(ov U, dtro! to a ,raigv€rrLp6Eon6 xdnolo orivolo
6€0xr6v14 ovopd(rrqr ,<dlvlts \i dvolxrj xdlupa\ €v6Eoovdl.ouK
€dv ro I( neQrdl€iqtolnv Ev(l)orlroug: K C U".j 4. f[(1 noed6etyps,
I oul;,olli dlov torv qvolxrdv 6ioxov F€ crrlvc 2 E(vc!6vq svolrird
ridllJps iou C:
U"= D(2,2) c cu""cD(2,2)

YrdexEr,r€eirlr(oor],drloE rd6, rl 6!a6lxao(q rrlg €nlr{drluurlE

vo ou-
FlisQrtrap9dv€! n€QroodreQd orhol,a dr'dl! XQ€ldq€rd[.:€ pld re-
lorc lr€Q|'lr(l)onpnoQol,[evo XQr]orpofiorliooupeU€Q[xdp6vo cn6 ro
ortvolc ordr€ F!16pe yld t\o rtttoxdlula. ftq napd6€lyFo, ro
C CU,.-.zDln + mi,2). oro! Z .ivar ro orivotrot(l)v c)€Qci(')v.

1-4.17 OPI:MO: Eva oirolo K eivaL oaprafis Edv xdq€ dvoLxrd

xalupa fov K €XELiva fiueeaopivo ufioxd|l4ra.

AI).46i, €d1' U" €iva! onolobitor€ oultloyli ovoltr(irv ouvdlov

nou I6v(')oli xoxEneQlax€!ro K, TdrsuridQx€!frio nen€Qdop€vn o I-
l,o,ti U",,U".,...,U",, r€1o!.rd)oreK C U",U U,, U... U U",.

1.4.18 nPOTA'H OL utdpryeE ol,\/gikeE etval Loo'r1yap€t yn tva

Dnootvo).o K rof C (ri rou R):
(i) To K Etlat xAelor6 kdL eQayptvo.
lii) KdqE axolougia onLEiav rou K iXEr pid Ltndxolouqis nov ou-
yxlivEl oe xanorc orydo tov K.
(iii) To K rivtl ot'!&ayi..

H nQdrdorl ouri onolr€i frio fJoetreen Wdrol r@v L6lorlirov n),1-

Qorrtrqq rou ouorilrcroE r(l)v xQclpor0xdrv oQ!oF(i)v,on6r€ rroQol€a-
r8rol. Mnoe€i va l3e€oEiorq reQroodr€Qqolllrlia nQoX(l)QnFEvIE qvd-
i.uorlg (onoE oro J. Marsden, Elementary C.la$ical Aralysis (New
York: W.H. Freemanand Co.. l9?4)). Eivo! €trolo vo 8ottrEyrqi[ rl
(i) eivor avaylioia yLd llv (ii) xor rnv (iii). Edv ro K 6Ev €i1]a!eeal-
F6vo [fioeortr"€ vq oe(l)Qioolp€ to z] rou N riol xar6rlv ro 22 lr€
1.4 IYNEXEIIIYNAPTHIEII

lz,l > lz,l + l xq!, y€vrrd,ro z, pt lz,l > lz, ,l + l. Auri q 6rrr6lltooad
tloQale!.pio .rzolouoia F€ Fio pn or,yx].ivoloo ux[d{oloue[4. O!
cr1'o!riro[6ioxo0D(O,n), n=1,2,3,...0q €iv(l[6!d avo!]rtdrdluppa
Ire 6vo tll n€r€0qop6vounoxdluFFa
Edv ,( €ivar ivo orlvo).orou C prt xl€ro16, rdrE rtldex€r 6va (J4-
p€io w rou c\K xc! pla cro].ouo[szr,zz,... orl$€lovro! I( tro!
oulxtri\'€r oro w. Agori rl ariolouoiq ouyxlavE!,ro w Ei,v(rrto p6vo
5uvor6 6e!o rlg uroxoLou0iog,orldr€ xopaaunsxoloueaobev Fno-
Q€i vq ottY)rllver o€ oqB€lo rou K. To otvorlo {z r6rolo (,)or€
z tvl>l/nl yro n=1,2,3,... qr[orslo{! 6vo ovor,xr6rdtlupo xo1,
K pe Frl it€r€eooF6volnoxdlupc.
H Xenoulr6rytro rou r€Xvlxof oeloporj 1.4.17qs[vEraLoro €n6FEvq
oror€l€opcrc,

1.4.19 nPOTA:H Edr K drar iva ot'prayis oivolo xat n I tivaL

liu ouvry1gouidpr4o4 noo opllttar oro K, 16r€ to oivolo axdva
f(K) tlrdl Enioqgoupfiali<,

AnOAEI:H Edv U. eivar alc cvorxr6 1raluFpa rou /(X), 16r€ ra

orlvolo f-r(U.) dfior€Ioil 6vq dvorxr6 {dlupo rox t<. H Elrtloyli
€voq nE't€Qqoptlou unorolipparoE 6(v€[

Kcl'(u,,)u.. u f'|u",,
o^dre/(K) C U,,,U... U tr,,..t

1.4.20 OEnPHMA TH: AKPOTATHI TIMH: Edv K €t.,/aL i\d or'-

lrraylE atvo|o ,tdL 4 lt K + R eival oLt\/txis,r6ft n I TXEL
nEfitea-
opivo liyLoro xaL EAaXLatu.

AnOAEI=H H [!x6vq I(K).€[vo! orJpfid16golJlo].o, €trop€lrDE €[-

vo! xr!€lord xo! qQalpevo. Aqoi €(vd[ eQayp6vo. ot ctp0oltol
M= sup { /(z) | z e K} x m = inf | |(z) | z ef( } €aval tt€tt€eoop6vo!.
Aeoi ro f(() €[vo! rtlErord, rc m xa! M r€Qlexo}'IaL olo l(K).1

Miq irD.I ir€pryeaeri rlg xelolUdrlraE rIE outu[ol6rlroE liiv€rq!

(.no 10 f;Iotuvo ilriFua, ro ox('io ovogdufr 6r[ I anomoorl €vo( ou$nq-
touE or'v6)Lor'ond €va x).c!ord ol'voJlo €ivc! e€ro{ri. M€ dl}.a )dy!cr,
ne6ne! va rmdQl& 6vtl xd0oQ[op6vo <6rdx€vo) peroEl' rrDv 6r]0 ouv6tr(0v.
 ANA YTIKEI :YNAPf II:EI:

1.4.21 AHMMA AnOITA:H: Eoftt) otr ro K t[v@ ot\tjrafia. ro C

xlELor6,zet Kn'C=O. Tdtt I ur6ordo\ d(K,C) rol' K atr6 ro C
E[r]aLtiElolttrten.()r, I!4d.v(j<. Atliu6n, uirde|tr ivag aelqtb< p>O
ritoto< i)or€ lz, v > p itu oitotobinorE z rort K xuL w rot, C.

AnOAEI=H To oN|nl,iQ(Dl.r(ro a. t/= C\C, Eia.rt ovolxr6 orivolo.

ilor K C U, o:rorr x(i{)r on[eio .z Tou K €ivcr ro xdvTQoxafioror! bi,
o.Aor D\2, p(z)) C 11.H or1{oyrilr.ro roJv [rx0or6Q(L'vbiox(')r D(2, p(z)/2)
€tt[oIE xc],r''rr€[ To K. xcI cnd TI onpn(y6rr]T( undQx€[ Fia ir€n!.Qc1-
olrdr,l ouL).olri. rI\r onoi{r ort{}o},itorit:tEttt Dr= D(zt, p(zt)/2).
f = 1 . 2 , 3 , . . . , N . n o r J x ( r L l i n r r ! r o K . ( B } . f n E : 2 . 1 . 4 _ 6 . )' F l o r ( )
p r = p ( 4 ) / 2 n p = m i n \ p t , t ) . . . . . , p ! ) . E d v 1 ( )7 ( 1 v 1 i i 1o€r o
! Kxftr ro
B/oTo C. t{ila To z ((vrixrr oro l)r lrt"oxdro() k xer troL t- zt < p\.
O t r ( ' ) E* , - z r l > p ( / t ) = 2 p t . l : n o l i v o ) q I \ ) > p \ > p . a

:XHMA 1.4.6 II (n,n,r(or 1 ! ( l qT L r i o n dr8il,)r, ca(r €ldc dr[n(

' , o ' r c . , f ! l l ,I F . | ' v , , rr , r y , , ]f'ir,rfr.rtEr r, i, ,
,.'r\!,.c

Olohi tuv6xeE

Mio ouvirQrnol rivcr olvr/iq rni rv(js ollaoLou K EAa€ilcr orr\rrj-

Ztq o€:{aoe olprio ror! K. Al,rd €ia(lt ara ncQdlL_ryF.rro,uxi< k'/(j-
r4.a5. OQit€lar o€ olfort llf rI (l,lLzrQqood r4q oraAprnol! d' av(
oQ!op6!o oit$€io ri xovr(i o (t,r(j Aet oI unti rr< rblorl1r< rrt< or',
vdQrrloK o€ ol6xln!'o ro ofi()i,o. )r' cvri0rol F' a[ro, or taeolr.4i<
ldror?rri ltrui or\"r,,Ttoni L:r,oIr"vt(1tLr:r,rrrl orlLrlotq')i,r rylc or
oLdxlrleo ro orlroi,o.
1.4 :YNEXEtI IYNAPTHIEI> 69

'Evq
nqQd6€rypo raool[xrig !6rdlrFa( €[vo! €r(€ivo rirv qQaY$a-
v(ov oxvaQrrio€ov. Orav i'6tt€ drt pio ouvaQrtorl I €[r',o! qQo'fF6vI
cr6 rdirolo aQlepd M o' 6vc olivolo K, I nodraorl ouri €EoQtdral
and rn ooFr€QleoQd rt( ouvaterlorlq or ol{SxilnQoro oivotro. Edv rl
o vdernon €(1'drouvExrlEFivo! gQalpdvn xovrd o€ xdO€ olp€io, al)'d
u ro i8 ouv€J1dy€lcr. 61r €i1cr[QQolp6vn o€ o]roxilnQoro ol'rvo].o.l-ra
r[oQd6eryFa.n duvaQrrlol /(x)= l/x siva! olJv€xriEoro clvolxro 6[c
'EXorJpe
orrtpd (0, l) oL),d 6€v €ivar qQoYFtl'n oro i6to brdotllto.
avaq6Q€r dxl od.r' Bia orJvderrlot f eivo! ouv€Xig o' tvq ouptloYag
orivolo K. rdr€ €ival qQa./p6vrlo1o K xc! ltdllorc ]'o$lldvEt q Fa'f[-
ort 1((r!€ldxlorrl tlFri. E rop6v{DEn ouFnaY6r4ro rort ,( }ros €ttlrQt_
an,) rlv :rr-
rr'r \,(r !rrcqi(,ouFf rlv r,,nr',{ir6l,jrlr( r,)u rpudYFoIr)(
Q[oxri €v(tg onF.€i ) o€ otldx],nQo ro orivo)Lo. H orJpral6rnro
)(Qlor.Forro0E{.rc! yr(r 1(r FerdtQtliouFe Fta Iofilrri o€ pto xaoollrrl
lbldrnra. O 1116[€!oCoQmF(iEIiva0 p(a xaeoltrli l€vlx€tion rnE fv_
\ro[(l8 rng ouvaxElaE.

'1.4.22
OPfIMO! Mta ot'vderno\ tr A -+ C (i R) ttvel opotdpoeqa
o&eatg oto A Ede ytd x(tllt tjtrloyi rv6€. € >O ttlttiQZtl iva 6 > O ti'
tolo 60r€ lf(s)- l\t)l<€ lLd onoLa,ifiort s xdl t rou A xGL yta
r- r <.t.

naQarrlerior€ 6r! rl 6r.rqoQd ptra-Eri (uIoli rolJ oQloFori p€ ro o1'-

\,t0ropalo rrlE ouvdx€[(rErivdL (ilr rd)Qo ro d pnoQ€i vo Er],€Yti (i)or€
I ibro rlpri !o prroQ€ivq o€(l)Qle€[o€ dlo ro oivo],o A. IIQoeov6E.
or oFald ow€Xeig orJvaerio€lE €{var or'l€X€iE. :' 6va ou$nalag ou-
volo !o1i,€! xcrr ro clrloreoqo,

1.4.8 nPOTA:H Mill ouvExi< owdernon o'iva otltttuft< otivolo

e[vaL opo LbpoQEao rvtYia.

'Eoicu
AnOAEI=H dtl tl Is[!o! ouv€xriEolJldQrloq erl 0v6s outtrlc
youE ouvd),ou K, xd! 60r(') €>O. fm 1{d0€onpEio f rou K unsQx€!
ivaE aerulrdE d(l) r6roroq 6ot€ f(s) - f(r)l< €/2 F€ iqv JrQoUrr(i0€on
orL ls tl< d. To ovolxrd oi'aoi.a D(t,6(r)/2) trd!{iTtrouv to K. on6-
r€ ldyo) ownol6rnraE urrdQl€r 6voE ttett€eoott6vosae!0p69 olpei(')v
a,, rr,..., r! ldroro( 60r€ ro orjvolq D t(lb 6(t L)12, xohitlrouv to K.
'Eor(D
dr= d(rr)/2 ,(c! 60ro, d ro sloxloro rtov 61,dr....,dN. Edv
'rtc xdftolo *, xot arol
ls rl<d, idre ro t cvixsr oro I)r
lr-rrl<dr. E,rop€vur(f(r) f(t) < €12. E:IiarE,
 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTHIEI:

s-11 = J r+a ar
< s ri + r r^
< d + dr
< d(r,)

lir 610! lf(s) - f(rr) < €/2. tUvcn(iE

f(s) f(a) = t(5) /(.r)+ t{.t) f(.)

< t(.') /(.1) + t(r')-I(r)
< € 1 2+ e l 2 = €

Kcrr'cruro rov rQ6ro [lorJ]l[ ]_rQoobrcQior!

av(r d norr lozrlr.r rrcvro!
oTo K. onoTeI / ri.r'(r!opo!6foQqc ouvc1ri!,t

AiFIo EmKdluqrnq rqq Tpoxr6q

H dvrora lrlq olroLopoQqlq or'ldlrrcl( civor fiol.ir Lolrroi xal 0o

TQitorlrorotn{)€ioQz€r€( qx)QfC(rQl(trr.(xr.Kcr' (1Q7riv(kl rlv ZQrl(r!'
irorolioo1r[r [r ro lilrt( rr]q (r[(j(rr(onq x(r! [r lLriQr,ria<
lb(jrtlfq
ro)1 o lurcy{i}! orv(;tr()v yxr vc crobeiEorJ[o avc y.ro[r'rQ[x(i blllprr
oc (r!{)!ltTd uJroorivo},{rlo pll(blloiJ srrrnabon, To
lrc lr.rllJrr'Jtrrq
L{[p(1 orlr(j tkl cnobfr1rci ZQriorpo o(Jy(jr€Q(lr(1r(? rn trr],irl ()}.o
rLrtQ(Dpdr(,rv)r(r(? truoq rarolil)v r(rprrJ),6v. A\,(rqaprr (irr I xotmn
Ln pnoQei \ro x(irlql0ri ps av(rv r€neQcopavo aQr0tr6 biox(Dv trr ra
!rQ.l xcrd piroE rlq,4flprrril,nE rol{i rQ(inov dort x(i0t bi(Jitos va
oUllrrrQ!l,c[l]d1rrr.r! oro.lvolxrd orl\ro],o xo! o )aoo6\r.1q v( rFo[dIE!
Tcr ridvrQc ror' rrQoqlou|"ilrou ror rrqri\rori biolrolr rclral lriloq rnq
){a[nirh(. (B].trc ))(. 1.4.7.)

:XHMA 1.4.7 Mid orv€xiq raoxrd o' ald croraro onvoio pxopri !c zaluq0ii
[c dva! trsiEpoo[daoapr0trd Etrraoturo[6!0v 6ioxoa.
1.4 :YtitEXEt>:Yl{AgrHrEr: 71

'Eora
1.4.24 AHMMA EnlKA YqrH: THI TPOXIAE 6rL q
y: [a,bl + G eilat lId ouvE(ig rQoXLdo.ttd rc Sldornpa Le,b) o' ira
dt'oLxr6 Dltooivo).o C roL' C. Tdre ufideXELtvaE apLqtLd;p>O xar
lia ttoSLaieeo4a= to < tr < r2<... < rn= b ritola ri)ot
(i) D(),(.r), p) c 6 ylq dlo ra k
(i i ) y ( t ) € D ( y ( r o ) , p ) yto !o<l<rl
(iii) /(t) € r(/(.r), p) y|o .r | < t < tl.r ,iar
li-t) y(t\ED\y(t,), y l q . , ,, < t < t r , l

AnOAEI=H Aqoi rl y €[va! ou!€X]iExo! ro xl€ror6 60oorlpo [a,bl

rava0ou$ray6s, n xoFnill €rr6vo K=y(Ia,bl) €iva! oupna1iE. And
ro U€(lQn$aanooraonE, 1.4.21,un(rQxr! 6vo6 oer0F66 p r6roroE 6ore
x(i()s oilN[o rrls rapri),Il va 0Qiox€ro! o€ o]rdorcol rourloxlorov p
(fid ro o!prr!iQ(,4o ro1' C. E roFdv(l)E,D(/(r), p) C C yK( xCre€f rou
la,bl. Entong, aqoli n ), e[va! olrvrxri6 dro ouluialdE drlvolo [d,b],
rivor oFoldpoQqa ouv€Xlis zcr urdQxr! 6vaE seropdq d >0 r6roros
60r€ ]/(t)-/(r)l<p pe rlv rrQouro0eotdr! ]r-t <6. Erotrav(og
rdv I uno6laie€ot ravo! (lQx€rd nl|xui 6('r€ lt. - lr r l<.t lra dlc ra
I = l, 2, 3,. . . , N, l(ir€ lo1uouv r(l ouFnrQdopolo 1or' o€(')e4rorog.I

H :eoipo rou Rlemann hor ro (fnFeio Anerpo'

fta blaqoeou( )dyo E €lvar ordrlpo vo erodyoupero or]p€io (6)

oro onltio ze C. Auru nQdncrva yivfr $f :rQooo/I, T(rri trt(oQriva
neoxd!6o€t orilxrot xol r.orci1Qlort rou outrBd).ou@. Otr(rlEp€ layq
;rUoooxri ptropai vfl q.rvri tQrio4ro olrt 6!€uxQivlot €vvoL(iv dn('E
dn€rQd oQrc 1ic[ 6Qla oro dn€lQo.
:€ cvrio€ol [€ rlv nQayFatwrl €ue€iar olylv oroia proQoiv vo
;rQooxe0o{rvra oriFflo},a +e xcr -6, 6Xo $€ 6va.povo 6 ylo ro C. O
tro1o! €iva[ dr! ro C 6€! 6Xc! euolrri brarrdErlor(,)E ro R. ooQpd![-
orlxa Erod./oulr€ro ofFliol,o "o, oro C 0]16r€r(rrdl,{lol'p€ oro axrr-
rultvo lLLya6*6 ttrttrt'o, 10 C-, xcr, opilouFe nedE€lE lre ro - olifr-
qurvc pe roug <x0r,,6veE>

=6 6fio\t z+O

Z
72 A]IAAYTIKEIIYI{APTHIEI:

yta z€C. IlaQartlerime 6rr oQrop€veEnQdE€.E6ev oelgowor: o/6,

0.o, o-o, rln., E[vc! oreooor6QloteEtroQeCE.fraroug t6ro1,E16-
louE droE rar oqv nQoll.iorwrl avdl,uort. Oe[Eouperr[olg IlE 6v-
vowErou oQlorr:

llm l(z)= 2o onpaheL6'tL:lM ltdqt e>o, u|tdptpLqva R>o

ttroto doNElt1z7- zol < e 7c lzl > n.

ftm f(z) = € o\pahlel 6fl: f@ ,.d08 R > o, uttdQNe.6vd.6 > o

tttoto 6ot l z)l> R yn lz- zol<6.

*o! lrd dtaololot€S:

dlpal,\tEt 6iti ng r.dgER >o, uttdqleL 6\/d N>O

ttxoLo drore lz,l> R yLd n > N.

E topdvoJE&a olFelo zec e(vor r)aovrdoro @,r6rgv FQlonerar

exr6E er6s peydlo! r.6rilorj. AurdE o utnog 101Jd.owd., |rJroQ€lro
raQdorooe[ l.(J)perQrr& F€ q Fo{oelo trt< oedteag ton Rlemannfio1J
qo[1,ercLqro >X. 1.4.8. M€ q p€0o6oriE orEQ€oyQaerrignQoFol,iE
fto! ,t€Qr,ygde€iaLsro oxripq, tdo€ otp€lo z' ttg oeq0Qcgqxglt4Erar
pr rd8r olpslo z io! C. A,{Q!P6E6!0 orlp€torqE oed[QqES 6r(Erra-
Qol'e!9oei- o (BdQrtoE"fidilog. >XrritolFE ro o tou e pe to F6Qeto
,16l,0rnE S, B)u6no1Jpe 'l!(l)l.!€rQwd6r[ ro z elvcr rolrd oro @ €dv
rac! Fdvov sda rc qw(ororxd onlr€lc rLacl rowd orq oec(Qc iou
Rlemann rord rn orvioi 6vroK ro! R3. AJidOEqrlql,iot tou lElo-
adroE ErFe[lar oqv Aoxrtort 24.
H oec[Qo tou Riemann S 'toQLotdl,€Lpio porpetprx{ €lri6vc rou
Etr€rcp,rol, eflfi€6ou e=C U lol. H oeaiea poE beaxveL eva y€yo-

IXH /I f .ir,6 H o@ioa tirD Ricmann.

.I.4 :YI{EXEII :YI{APTB:EI: 73

voE1r,oro €xrrrcp6vo€nir€6o no! a[va[ xQlioltloornv avdnrrJEnrnE

o€('pioE.Aeo{ I S €avc!6vo rr!€0ordxar eeolp6vo ufioorivo}.oRr.
rivcl oupralig. Eroptrr'o)Exdo€ qrolonoiq 6Xt! pic ouyxrlivouoc
urrdrololroi,c. Aeori I oreQ€olQaqlxi fiQo0olri ,|dl,/€!rI o{Yx}.!on
orlv S vq oupfilrlr€l F€ TI o{yxlron rnE q]iolol0iaE T{rrvcvrlotoi-
I(ov oqpei(ovrou C, ro ii)!o loxri€rxar €6(l).Alla6ri, ro C aavclou-
$noy€E.Kdo€ axol.ouoloonp€iov rou C ]rQ€re!va 6X€tpia oulr),i-
vouoo r'rqrolouolc aro C. npodtErE: Ee' doov q oullr],tol €ivd[
olo €xI€tq[alo €nifiobo, ro 6Qlo nQ6r€! vs €lvcl @, oIl]v oJrol,dtr€-
eirlr(')orl 0o )'6yq$€xqvovrxd drt ro dQ[o 6€v xndQx€L.Boorrd €xo!-
Irr €rody€[ ro onp€io dn.lQo (J)Ea.\,a€ri tt],6ov blq06ottto 6QLo oro
onoio r€lvouv axo],ouoirg r.o! neoylloupdv(l)E b€v €[Xov oQto. H
oquteo prloQei vo XQrlolpcuo€[otnv 1€(l)g€IQ(x1i stro]rr€tclttd[ 1r,o vc
xdvel nlo ooq€iE tr€elxdE6vvor€SnorJ aqoQotv 11 oultt[€Q[9oQdou-
aaorrio€()v <oro dJr€rt)o' 6rr(060o 6oitrE ota € 6[tva ){€Qd!aua,

Autttvd nopodetqdro

|.4.25 noi Et1/atn ot\/dQr\n\

I"l z ' =
t ' + 2 z- r- ,

oryexis:

lrto?. Aqoi doQoaottara.yrvopeva tror nl].ixo orvtx(nv ouvdArtioto! eivol

ollvEr€iEouvaoflioErg sxr6< (no r( o4l3t( dnou o naQovopdori( liv€tal 0.
r dllvdQlrtdrtalrr1 sivar (nJ\,fxrigoe dlo ro cntn€bo frrdg an6 rl,( xUllraE Qi-
(ssro! -1. t]d6i oto c\le'l1,€t'',-ll.

1.4.2h Atiltt drt ro l/lRr,>01 tivdt uvotxro.

1rio4. Mio on6ltllEr Daotlrrur orrs sElq !6i6rrtsE rov pqa6utdv aQr{)p(n!
(ltltne Aoxqor t)t Edv w EC, rdtt

( i ) l R ew 1< l v l
(i ' ) l m v < l w ,ldl
(iil) '' < Rev +llm'v
'Eoro
uor(Du= lz I Rez > ol xsr r0 ol]|r€ioror' u. 6r! ro z 0aiox8rdroro
hioxo D(zo,R€zo). r"r€ lRrz-Rez0l=lRe(z zo)l<lz z0l<Rezo 0'16r€
Rez >o r(ar ro z []Aio){orarsro U. ErotdvoE D<zo,Rezo, eLlar tia Yertovr(i
lor z0 nolrnsQltxerd!oro U. Aqot aut6 NroQeivo YivetYto 1{d0€ottt€lo z0
rou U. ro onvol,o U €iesr oaorxrd. Bl,6tr€>X. 1.4.9.
71 AITAAYIIKE'YI{APTHIEt:

IXHITA 1.dg To avoitid 6€Elllp!€ntn€6o.

1..4.27Afio'etEE nt1/ng6lao\: Eora A cC awlxrd dtvoLo xat' zoeA ,aL

dctr@6rL D,- lz rt'Eolotbfie lz- zo < rl c A, T6ft wrdQNzL
CraEdelep6E
p > r rt@rcg 0506 Dlzo,pt c A.

1Jd4. Afi6 ro eeo5QrlFa rIE oxQ6tolTtgir,p{E (1.4.20) yvoQGout'l86r! I,to olj-

v€XiE riQdlpaflxli oovdQrtot €n( €vdExl8lotot gQalldvou quv6lo1')ioo C
rialQv& rrt !,!y!ofil xcr eldxloq trpi ttE oe xdro|,o or re[o lou ouv6loo.
Iro 6!c olleio z ro! D, t6ltn f(2)=1nlllz-wl r&oro tbole wEc\Al. (866
io df, o?tpolverro p€yrdio xatdfieQo qQdypq,) M€ dlld I61n, f(z) 8ilal n
olr6orco1 rou ? sn6 io oqEl{Qopo 1o! A. Agot 1o A 8h,cr ovoln!6,

a
,._lIl.._____._..

lV- ! -r
r\El
\\-;Al
\ '\-,/' /

-
:XHllA 1.4.10 EwE alE-rdidE6toxogo' fw awwrd ol'rc).o Fnopelic tltc.roott.
I.4 IYNEXEII :YIIAPTH:EI: 75

f(z) >0 't$t xdBEz rolr D.. MnoQonte €n[o!s vu 6idriror6ooulE drt )] f €ivar
ouv€r(liE.Enou6vog r f natQv€! Irtv eldxtmt rrltli rI5 de xdriolo olp€lo zl
roo D.. Eoro p= r<zt) + r. E}'alEr€ or! our6 ro p €x€r t4 Erxonp€les iSrd
rIr€E. Bl6nE>X. 1.4.10.

1.4.28 Beetrt xo
3 z ' + 2 2 ' -z + |
'-- zr+l

-
ti^ .3_ztl4-! = t.m 3 +22'7 z') + z' + | - 3
z'+l l+z'

ro)v ookDv.
dnou xqlolporolrioap€ro lim z-'=0, r{o! rrq 0aorr6g!6!611110(

aoroloeg

1 . A e i E r €d r r r ( i v w e C , r d r 8

G) lRel',l< wl (0) llmv < wl

(t) lv < Rewl+ Im 'r,

2 . ( o ) d € G r e d r ! R e z j- R e z , l< l z , - z , l < l R ez , - R e z , l + t n z j - t n z z l
lrc orrorouo6irrore pryoblroiE a0!0po!E zL i.ror z:.
(lJ) Edv f(z) = u(r, y) + i,(x, y), beiEre orr ro

lim f(x) = lin u(x,y)+i lim , (x.y)

lidlrx€r Edv rndQ1olr! rar ra 6no opra oro 6sE[ [6].oE. AvrloraoqoE. €dv ro
oQro rou oAioreaoi pa),ons xrLiAXEr,bEiEre or! 'ta! Ia 6io 60!0 oto b€Ei
$d).oEr''rdAzol,t 1{or r rddrllTa rolner. A€iEre drt rl f(z) Eiva! oulElttE 3d!
xar po!o! €irv or u adL o .ivor ('riv€xctE.

3. AeiEre or!: Edl I r rtvol orv€XliE ro! l(zrJ+O. rn&QtxL pld yerrolrd
rox zo ortv onoio I t€i!d, + o.

4. Edv zoe c, 6€iEre drr ro on!o].o {zDI elvol x}.eroIo.

5. AeiEre or! ro ouFrliaopo €!6s rrriEQaot6vo! a0loFoi otp€lov 8i!ol

7E AI{MYTIKE'>YI{APTIIIEII

5. XQlorpotroriors ro ycyoa6g6rr trio ouvdQrlol €[ra0 orw€Xr1E €dv xqr

[6vo\, €dr, r] awtorQoel cn 6va x6g€ orou.Ior, oul,6lou €lvor cvorxt6 ]o vo
6elE€1€6rr I orhocol 61io orwct6r ouvoerioeov eivar ouv€X1is.

7. LE|EI.61r tt flz)=Z Eiva! ouvExrig.

8. de{Ere61[ n f(z)= zi slvai ol]vsxrig.

9. Iloro eiva! ro trEyaltftpo oivolo mo ono(o I o1'rdQrnortf(z)=

l/(l - e') €lvqoouvcxrigl

10. AJtobsiEl. i 660r€ 6vo naQd6€rytc €dv 6€\, €iva! oQ{16ro €EiE:
Edv llm r(z)=a, I ,r oelE€rororo orp€io f(z) J|a! llnrr(w):c, rdr€

lim l,(/(z))=c. I Yrdo€rEa:

0a FnoeonoE
ra E{xdpe
,(d) t c].

11. fla noro z oufrLiv€!I axolo!0{s z,=nzai

12. OQtorerry I: C --, C e6to!'rq6f(0) = 0 xo! /(rtcos d + tsin rl) = slnd €dr
r>0. AelEr€6rr ! I.iaor oouvcxriloro O nor.ouv€fiE onou6inotDaLl,oi.

13. no rdo€ t\,q qnd ro €r6p€vaoirol.o, ovoqapqreEdv(i) €ivat avolri6

i (li) €[ror '|Ieror6.
(o) {z 6o'e zl<11 (p) {z o<Jzl<r}
(1) lzll<Rez<21

14. ftq,{doE ava sn6 rq €ndpevoonro}.a,o\,aetQat€€dv 0) elvqr ovorr.r6

i (ll) .avdt ril.c!or6.
@, lz I r.n.z>21 (f) {zlr<lzl<2}
(y) {zl-l<R€z<2}

15, rra xdee 6vc an6 ra €ndp8vootvol,a, dvaqeQaleedr (t) €tvoi o!v€l|!r-
ri6 i (ll) €t\,drouUnayfs.
(o) {zlr€lz s2} ( 0 ) l z * r o r o 6 o r sl z < 3 l ( a ! l R e z l > r }
r y ) l z r e r o l od m r l B e z < l l r b ) l r r f r o 6 6 o r c l R e z l = l l

16. rlo r(d8€6!a on6 ra €n6F€vdorivold, c'oQtedit €tu (i) stva! ouverrr
1t6ri (il) .ivor ouuno*E.
(a) fz I <R€z<2] 6) lz | 2<lz <31
(y) {z i6roro6oft zl<s rar lm zl> I }
1.4 :YI{EXEI: IYNAPTHIEI' 77

17. EdvAcc x o ! f : C - + C , 6 € t E r e6 r r C \ f ' ( A ) = / - , ( C \ A ) .

18, A€iEr€d rt t:AcC)C €ivs! oov€Xrig€riv nor trdrov ..fa \ z,-zo

rou A ouvrndr€rorf(zo) -+ /(zo)-

19.. d€lEt! drr r €rulot oroloo6inore ot').l,otrisqvor,{rdv xnoouv6}.o!ior

20. AEIEIE6r! r ro[ri xdor nen€eqodlrE ou],i,ollisovorrr(i)vunoou\,6lov

ro! C E[va!ovorxrd.

21. Arnor€6va noQd6erypu nor! rs 6E{xvrrdrr r n0drdor rr< Aoxrur( 20

Etvqrq'r$i( edr naQol€!$0c{I L6Et (nEnreoor.av4D.

22. Anotc{tl€ ro p€eos{ii) rrg llQoraoll<r.4.6xAry4onord,r.raE (i).

ro tlaQoE

2 3 . A e i E t6
s t r € ( r vl z > l , r d r e l i m ( z ' l r ) = - .

24. LrodyouFr rrt ltttptxtl p tchordal metrict rJrL lou e {)rrovruE

plz |, z) = dlzi. zi) 6noll zi tu zi ei!(,r rc ntriorolxo ot}r.ia rrs oeoiQa(
rol' Riemtrnn'ia! d €i!.( rt oUMi(hEdndoraol ort|l€aoerou Rr.
(o) dffEl€ 6rr zr -r z oro c edv xa! F(t!o! €dv p(2,,,2)+o.
(ll) A.tErsdrr z,-r, rdv 'lc( p6vo!.(r\ p(tn,E)+o.
tr) E6r tlz') = (.12+b)lrcz+ cl).trr dti, hc + O.6€tEr€olr rt / sivq! ouvrlri<

1.5 ANAAYTIKE: TYNAPTHIEII

Av )ict { ouvex€lc €iva! pla ol]avrlxri €woLo, n ororr6crorltd

rng orn p0fab0xi avdllorl filfiLd!,€ra! crn6 €mivr] rIE lrulaSrrliE no-
Qay6you. Oa E€xrvrloorpr oQiqovr(E rnv naQdxoyo (|)Sro 6Q0orori
nnl[xou 6loeoQLi]rr'dficDFxcr oro b[oeoQ[r6 ].o]!opd ouv(tQrio€(t)v
;reo.ypol!xci)\rFEra0lni6v. noll.€( [6LdrIr€E xlg roQdldyou xar xo-
voveE UroloyloFoi' nQorrinTouv u'Id tt6 r6l6rrlT€g r(l)v oe[co.,,onoE
xar p€ rrE nQclparLx6EouvoQrrio€r€.YndQxoxv 6tr(ogtr€Q0xaoEloon-
pEi(oto snore),6ol|ard po1,a6rx{i orn O€(DQiorrov plyob[xd)v ouvaQ-

Atd9oQo[ 6eo[ Xor)olgonororivlat yrq rry rl€Qtyeogri proq ouvdQ-

rtong lIou eiva! 6[agoQaoLprtp€ rrl p!1a6[rri 6woto. ftd raQ,a6€!1$a,
<xavovlxli' xaL (cvcLurLr{1i). Oo XerlolFonoliooup€
"oL6poeqn,.
7E ANAAYTI(E:IYNAPTHIEI:

to1, deo <ovq;,urLx1i', 6'[(0g XQ4olpororeiisL yLq o]Jvoerio€tE rcrv

oitoa(ov n oered Taylor ouyx;,[ve! ofilv ilpi rqE ouvdQrlorlg. 'Eva
cJtd ro onFcvrlrd afior€)"€oporqrqq plya6u{rl5 ovd).uols 6u{o!o}.oy€[
ooi6 rov deo. Oa boupr€oro K€ed;,o!o 3, drL o€ owaosorl p€ rLE
,rQqy$arlxaE ouvoer4o€rg prog fieay$arrxrig p€roF],rlriE, I ufido€orl
dt! n oovdQrqol e[vq! naQoyroytorpqxsld q pt1a6l1rli 6.,/vo(q,EEa-
oeq'liq€0 xlv lolri rou cvafirlJyFqros Taylor ourrlE rlE olJldplrlonE.

ndpoy(oyro|p6r|lro

1,5.1 OPI:MOE Eota f:AaC 6nou ACC etval tla a\tolxt6 oi-
volo. H f ltpe 6rL tivaL taqsy@tiorptt (xati qr p.fa6t li iwo&) atu
o4Peio zoe A Edy ro

tnnLQ) lJ4)
Z-2o

ltndple:, To 6Eo arnd oupfoit(eraL ft(za), i dl\tpn ar dl/dz(z).

Eltoptv@g ro l'(?.i tiyal tvaE ptya'LxdE apL0p6g.H f xaLEirat oyc-
hn ri €dv €lyal raedyuflotlq o€ xdqe onp€io zoe A. Mtptxts eopts
xp\oLpottolo{pe fov 6Qo <oXti1topv|, 05 ou\/deupo fou 6Qou
<avalurLxt,. H ixq,eao\ <@relwtxi oto oqrola zo, o4pdilet dvdtt-
flxi oe pla y€rtow(i tov z.

IqQatnQiorE dr! ro nlliro

t\z) _ f(zo)

6e! oQi,gerc0a\o z= zo, xcr drr6E Eh'o! o l6yos lto rov onoio XQrl-
or,pofloroiF€ dQurlnp6v€6>.tEtrov[6golov oQLoFotou oQiou.
O o[o1'6aoriE 0c rretrr€t va reoo€E€l dr[ av rar n ]rqedyoyog
I'(zo) €[r,/a[fia06potc pE s,.(€[vnpto6 rleoyporlrrig olJv{iQrnolq rle.[l-
Far0t{1igpcraFl.nrric xoodrs xa[ 6rL fioi,l6g an6 tt( !6!drnr€q eiva0
fiae6poreg, n Fry(r6rxti rr€earlrool €avcr rlo;"i nlo nrloiom o€ t66€6.
naQatqQrloi€ eniolE 6rt orov oQlotrd rng f'(zo), tilaleotitl€ fr€ ro pF
1o6!xd sQropd z-zo 11trL1l el,ol rnE p!ya60xt< b0oiQ€onE6t!€t 6va
0br.oirEeov6rlpa. To delo drqv zr zo tlsppdvero! .t0o 6vo q!€dae€ro
z nou n),r|oldq€rro zo . .rr ort x(lrln piq xaooplotr6vl 6r€i0uvorl.
H tnaQEI rn(;raQdy6Tou f'aI€r noli!6E ouv6'[€r,€E ytc filv f 6a
d€lEoupeorry r[aedyQaqo 2.4 drl €av urldex€r rl l', ror€ ole( oL nd-
Qd't(l)yorrtE / undQxouv (6dd6ri, undex€r n f". I (Frya6rxri) trsQa-
1.5 ANMYTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI:

lrryo( rnE f,, r{or.orlro xaooElig)-

To lelovdg curd l3Qiori€ro!
o€ ovr[-
e€onFErnl,' n€Qilrlcoolrng o1'tdQxlonqg(x) rng nQdlparrxliEF€ro-
l]l.IrriE x. drou I g'(x) F;roQ€iva urrdexErXC0Qi(vo €Eqoqcliqsro!I
{raQEn rI( g"(x).
H cvdhol r(l)v EE[o6o0ovCauchy Riemannfiou €EerdEeiotoro
OE6enFa1.5.8ee 6€iEerro ouv6€oFo1IS tt!./o6!rri(nsecy6yo1'rIE t
l.E rls ouvfe€rEfL€QLx6S iroQalLblorErnE f oecoQolJU.€vIE
oov ouvdQ-
ilon rcovfiQalp,qrlx6vpErd0l,nr(bv(x, /) xd[ 8d pqE6cboet61,/0 ]ie!-
lnQro lro rlv {roeEn rnE f'(z). 'OTaE}io! oxo oror.XE[d).]I 5!dqoQ[-
xo lo./r.o[o, n o1'vdxelcrnE 16e ol'v€ndyero[6lsqoQlolporyFq.ylo
troQd6€rypa, \ f(z)= zl eivor ouv€triEqlld 6€v €ivdr 6r.ogogtor,p1
(01€fi€Aorlon l0 oro riLos ourtig rIE Evdrnrog).Op(l]E,on(DSro!
orlv rr€Qi,Il(l)orl ouvcQrioe@vFlog p€ro0;,IlriE,pia 6loeoQioLplou-
vdQrIoI trQer€rvo €ilr'drorJv€Xtig:

1.5.2 nPOTA:H Edr undQ)GL

n f'Q,i, rdre n f €i\taLouleXtEoro zD.

AnOAEI=H A116ro o0Qo[oFaoel(l)v,oexe(vs 6€iEorpe01!

l i m l l ( z ) - / 1 z o ) l =0

op(,)s

l t t n 't t z t - i t z , ; = l r ^ l " ' : : ! 3 : , , - r,,

z-zo

ro onoi,o, (ln6 ro 6Qro ./r,voFtvou,toour(rr,p€ /'(zo) ,0 = 0.r

KatCr rnv nqQoydr./rorlavohr!nd)v ouvaQrioE.ov UfioQodvvd ;:QI-

orFottotlSo{v or o1Jvi00r<ro!6v€E l!o rlv naQol,djylorl ywo[€vor.
rl?,"ixou. o xdvdvdg rlt6 ol.lrllouxias rc! o xdv6r'aq llc rlc cvri-
orpoq€6 ouvaQrrioerE.Oa EE€rdoouFEr(iQC auroU( roug rovdv€E F€
lE;rroU.feom.

1.5.3 nPOTA>H 'Eoro 6rL or I xaL g dvat.tydlLElxtq €fii rou A,

ciltou A cC Eiydl tva avotxri otvoto. Tdt
(i) n ef+bg €i,v(rldvalrrtxi tlti rou A xal (af+b9'e)=uf'(z)+
bg'e\ yle oiton o,tiroft lttyaSuotq deLgpoi; d xal b.
(ii) H fg eival avlLwlxi €ni,rolt A xcL (f9' (z) = f' (z) g(z) + f(z) g, (z).
8C ANMYTIKEI :YNAPTH:EI:

( i i i ) Edv ge)+O ln 6Ia ra zeA, r6rt n flg E[.!aLavalurrlti tni

I t t,-,- f'(z)s(z) t' e) re\

Icel'
( i v ) Onolo6ittoft ftolvdvupo aa+etz+.. +anzn eival avslurlxi
o vderttotlos o\dxlneo ro C pE fiapdy@yoat+2a22+...+

(v) Ofiola'iftorc etlri ouvdernon

ao+(11z+. +arzn
bo+bjz+..+b.z"'

cildl aralurLt i efi( rot avoD,trodouv6lo\, Jtor)afioftActtal dltd

6A(t ra z drOE dtto (to nollt m) o4lreia ora oflotd o fiaQovopa-
ofie pn,eriEeraL (tsltrrc EfiaraLtnnfl,r1i Aoxnon 24 toLt
KEqd^a[ov 1.)

AnOAEI=H OL qnob8lEEls-icov (i), (ii) xor (iii) €(vo! naQdpor€Ep€

1!E ov1[olor,X€( lIS JlQ(rl[crrxri< svdl1)olg. Oa ]teQlyQdvoup€rnv
anob€lEl ,rlg (ii). EqqQFotovrqg ra o€(l}Qtpor(l r.Dv oQ(ov rq! 1o
YeYoloEolr lim l(z)= f(za) (lQdtool 1.5.2),6xouf.r

t ( z )s ( z ) - l l ^ J s Q i )
llm

\?1J1t !9)-1_\b), r ( z )B Q . o ) -r ( z o )E e o ) . 1
Z-2o

= rimfr(z)B Q ) s?o) .:,*.

f(z)-r(za\
s(z)]
] Z-zo

= I(zr) I' et,) + r' (zt))Eet)

f',c va ano8€iEorp8 .rrv (iv) ra6nEr ra 8€iEoxp€orr f'=O Ed\ \ f

€[vo! ora0€eri. Al'Id €iv(rr dtr€oo afiordl€opd rou oQropot rnE fiaQo
ld)lou 6!drt f(z) f'(z;=O. EfiioIC, ptloQ€i va 6E[Xt€i Ex]io].c orr
dzldz= l. ToxE, oi$q(ova p€ trlv (ii),
1.5 ANAAYTIKE: IYNAPTH:EI> 81

L 22=\.2+z,t=22
dz

! ! e . 2 2 ) = 1 . 2 2+ z . 2 z = 3 z z
az " ' = oz

I€vr.rd, p6 €noycolrl |3eiol.io1rp€dr! dz'/dz=nz' '. T6r€ tl (iv) trQox!-

firEl c'l6 our1i,.(0! xnv (i), xa! rl (v) t[Qorlirr€r an6 rnv (iv) xo! irlv
(iii). r

flq nsQd6€Ly[q,

"j:e,+Bz-Z)=22+B
d7

d/r \-- I
dz \z+t | (z+l)?

o avql1,dolng 0c rQere! €ntolg vo ouplo€i dru dvoEo{pqvtlr4dE

xsvdvqg roQoyc0yrong €(vcr o xcv6voE116 0L!0t6oE. f(a naQd6ory-
Irc,
! r z ' - t 1 ' -" t o \ z t- l ) s3 . ' z
dt

= 3 0z ' ?( z \ + l ) e

ctndio efiopevodxror6],€opo,
H 6ld6lrqoio ourrl xdxoIUQ6rETc!

'Eot@
1.5,4 O KANONA: TH: AAYIIAA> lt A-.c xdl g. B-.C
svalurrxtE oLrvaexiaErE (ta A, B otvola oeapotjvtur,cvoLxrd) xal
tora t(A)cB. 76ft n E"fiA)C ltou oQ[EtrdL afi6 rn
g" f(z)= g(f(z)) aivaLaralurLxi xal

L B" re)= B'(f(z)).f'(z)

H 0oo[xi !66a yra rr]r crldaelEn1ou e€(oeriporoceivcl dr! €dv

w = I t / ) ) r u $ o - f ( / o r ,r o r r

s(t(z\)- E(tlza)) s ( w ) s ( ' v n ). f ( z ) - f ( z a )

2-Zo W 8o Z 2o
 ANA YTIKE: IYXAPTHIEI:

xc! dif €dv z) zt rolE ll/ 9 wo on6rs To 6€Ei pd,oE Tn( naQajrav!)
6xqQqoqE yiv€ra0 S'@it'(zi. yjidex€r dp(t)s ro €v6;Zot;vo va
t7oxp.E w= wo y.q r.6no[o z * za. ft"' a]|46 ro 1610 0o 6{ioou$€
}r[a
rno l€rrolrsei dndbetEn.

AnOAEI=H F-oro) wo= flTi xa0 aE oeioot$r yla we I

*t?
-fi"'' -*'t",, w+wo

Aeou n d'(ro) u:rripXeL,q, Eiva! o!v€Xti(. Eg'doov rl oi,voEol ouv€_

Xdv rn.vnptlortov vdl ouvrxriE.

lim ,(I(z)) = t(wo)= 0

A'[O xov oQtotrdrllg I xo! o(rovrcq w= /(l) ro(Qvoqle g.l

lzl_g(yJ=
Ih(f.(zr)+ s'@Jl[flz) - wo].Il(eqrneior€6rl ouro r,o1rter,
oripl xr,
a\! t(2)=wo. f& z* Ztr,6xo1rl\E

l"t(4_t. lt7ot =lh\t\/t)+ t(zt-trzut

z-,/,, 8,t*o1
2_/,,
Ku,tir; ro z ) za, ro b€Ei Fa),oErnE €EioooIE oUyxliv€r oro
LO+ g'(w;). lf' (zoll, y€Yovdg
riou (rno6€rrvrj€!
ro 0€6elpa.t

Mr. naedporo oulLlolropd UnoQoi[c va 6€i,EooF€6r! €dv rl

yt (a, b) ) C €iva! :raeoyr,)yto4ll,pnoQorip€va ,loQc./oyiooup6qv
xaunu],Io )=r(1, )) xcr vn ndpougeo'()=t'(yft)).y,(r). E6tn
\
/ rD rtvor n ncrQ(ryruloc TnE / nou erroprLrcranv ouvdrrrrlon
(d, b) + Rr blla6i fdv y ( t) = ( x( r ). yt r t), r,;rc y,rry=
1r,.,11y,
1,1111=
x' (t) + iy'(tr.
H r€leurcac arqocon rou xcvdvo rqE olul,nr,ouxiaE €nwQtner
UsS
vo otqftr(')ooup€ rI plya6lri poeqi ro! ee()JQiFaroE ro onoio c!o-
e€Q€0 or! I ouvdernol filS onoi(lEI rqQa./oyoE€[vc! ex rdur6rlroE
0 re6r!€! r',a 0ooirs! p€ pio otao€Qd.To onor€leopq ourd pcg 6ei_
Xv€rfil olFaoic t@v zf,grolr,iv, ti ovolxrcbv ouv€nrlrd)v ouv6),(l)v,orc
oroic pnoeoi,p€,o1'pq(Dvap€ rtv Iledlaol 1.4.15,va ouv6€oo!1.!€
dto o'iolo6ir[ors oIp€io pe Flo 6LaqoQlo[U,n ]{apfi{),n.
1.5 ANMYTIKEI :YI{APTH:EII 83

'Eotu)
1.5.5 nPOTAf,H ACC tld dvoLxx6 $at o eexrlt 6 oivolo
,aL ft A + C pia avaluxLxi otvti,erqon, Edv t'(z) = O Etti, ro! A, rdr€
n f e[yaL oraqepi Efii xou A,

AnOAEf=H EoI,o zt,zteA. O.r 6€iEout!€6rL flzt)= f(2,\. Eoror

/(t) Fio rdltfirrill fiou ourli6€! ro zr Ir€ ro zz. Ar[6 rov tcrv6vc rt]E
ol.uotttoE,df(y(t))/dr= t'(1,(0).),'(O = 0, aqo! f'= o. Erolr6vcoG, sdv
f- u+ tu. axoup€dtr(y(t\\/dt=O xal du(ylt))ldt=o. And rov cne!-
Qoorwd tQsypsrlxd)v ouv(Qrrio€rD1,,, our6 ouv€ndy€rcr 6r! ot !(/(t))
xcr u(/(l)) €[vdl oroe€Q6golJvoQrlio€!(rolr a. >u1xQi,vo]"iag-[LEILFdE
ro1'Eoro |= d xar a= D RQiolior,pE f (zt) = f (zz).a

IIQoq(rv6E, rl ou1,€xrrx(;rqro XpEld(€rar 6rdi! €dv ro A anotslsi-

rG! ard 660 ool'r,,6€r€ErrcQlox6E,ed p,roQoriocp€ va 61o!p€ f= |
oltv pfcr zc! f= 0 orry d].],I. Tor. I /'(z) ea ilqv tol p€ 0 alld 6ev
0c ltav oro0€ei oro A.

lU!topgES An6r|(ovlo€rS

H trraQEI r11gpr.rq6*iE naQafdyou I' O6ftr roxuQotq, all.d rrorlu

zl)Ylorlrougn.QLr)Qrot[ou6r;r( rr|s r oo ftvogdQor'fr€r(l)0c rov rrQrblo
(lnd ouroi'E rolJ( neQloQtofrotE.O bsrir€QoE0a crvoe€Q0o[orcrv 0o
(vdlfooul.r€ rrE EElodoelECsuchy-Riemann oro O€dQrlpa 1.5.8.
Oo 6[aEoupe6r[ <otr€leoord' xovrd o' av.r onF€io zo oro orolo
l'(2,,) # O, rt f r€eryQdqEr pia r(€eloreoqri raid ar8 /'(zo) rio! pio !r€-
i,60uvoqxard ]l'(.z") . O oa"E (qire[Qoord' 0c oelorei p€ r€eloodrr-
en axeaF€la roedxdr(l), ollo 60oro0rlruxd olpo[v€0 or! rotr0xd 4 f
;r€Qtyedg€tpiq tr€erorQoqi poe,i p€ pia p€.t60u!ol (0l,6nr :X. 1.5.1).

IXHMA 1.5.1 t$FFoufrl orc.zdvtor oro 70

O4 ANMYTKE:IYNAPTH:EII

E&,! fe\=o, rl 6opi rns f €ivcl r€eroodx€eo nolJrloxl. (To ort-

p€io aurd 0o p€l,€rrlo€loro Keqd].aro 6.)

1,5.6 OPf:llfOI Mio alrErx6von ftA-.C oyopdEera| oiltltogqq

c,o zo ed! uitdertL tva eelo,2ru) xal iv(7 r>O rtrorc i)orE yrct
ottolaiifioft xapniln y(t) fiaedyalioLlln oro t=O, f@ rqv onoio.
l(t)eA xaL y(O)=zo fiou Lxai'onolet rqv y'(O)*o, n xalLn{^n
o (t\ f(f (t\) €ival naeayatioLpn orc t = 0 xaL (Ero\raS u = o'(O) *al
=
t = f ' ( O )t,x o l r y leu l = r l z l r a t a r g u = a r y r ' + e G n o d 2 n l .
Kdf'autl r\v iwo@ ptd afttotdwan fui oyoltdEEratoistqopqtl.
ed\t ti1ldLoiltpo()q\ oe xdqEonpeio.

E roFavogtrio o p$oQqrlarislfldvronn€eroreeq€lxcl €ru,pl1.r1've!

rq €eatlroF€vu(sbrovriqporo oe raprril€E. Aur6 €ivol ro oxelfl6E
r,dqp(rrou dgou .ane[Qoordxovrd' rou ovqgteap€ neolyoupdv(og.
dil n orippoQqnafieLx'\t\art6Larne€irLEyo-
Oq trQ6tle!!o onp€!(Doei
vfuEr0r! xcprlldlv. (Ard iov oQ[op6,I y()v(d p€roEdbto xcpru-
I6v e(1/o!n yov{,s pErqEi ro)v €qcrrroF€vlx6vxolg 6lqvuoFdr(l)v-
flI6n€:x. 1.5.2.)
I

:XHMA 1.5.2 H otpF{,qqr urrsdvlorl brarrQ.t rr9 lov[8E.

1.5.7 OEOPHMA TH: :Yi/IMOPOH: ANEIKONI:H: EdV 4

f iA)C eival dyalwlxi xaL E(r',f'(zo\+O, t6rt n f e(,ed|oliptroeq\
oro zo pe o=arlf'(z; xal r=lf'(z,,rl oipquv.t pE rov OeLop'
1.5.6.

H sr6b€Gl ourorl ro! oe(1)QriFaro(

€i,vq!eEde€rrxdarlri:
1-5 ANAAYTIKE' IYNAPTH:EII

AnOAEI=H >tpgova pe rov r[Qolyo{psvool'ppollotl6 xcr rov xc-

16va rIS alroi6as, 'XolJtrEu = o' (O)= f ' (zd, y' (O)= f ' (zd, D. Exro-
tl6vogargr=ar8f'(zo)+argu (mod2tt)rior,lul= f'(zil, Dl.a
To Bcorxoonlr€roourngTnEanob€rEng lrvor orr ro rqcnrourvrxo
6r{ivnopqo xdoexsp'IrilnE nol},arlao0dq€ro! €'[i €vov,!a0oQ[op6vo
p!1c6r.xoaQ!€F6,rov f'(zt,), a.r'eEdernrc
or[o rnv rore{0u!ol) rou u.
Ar,TdoqEil€xo!oro 6r! ,!crd rov op!o!r6rou f'(zo\, xo lim, <},opfil.-
v€rc0lioTd,pixoE dl,ov T(ovbuvoT6vb€lotvo€ov xulJiJEro z - za.

Or EqEdoe\ Gruchy- Ri€mann

Ag ouFl0ottp€drr sdrvt: A c C = R':+ R: rcrr f(,i(,y) = (!(x, J,),

r(x, y)) = u(x, y) + iu(x, y), x6r€ o n(rr'drdErrtE Jacobian7rs f oel\t-
r(1[ cDEo rltvol{cg pe rrq peQlt6EfiqQqY(tYouE

du Au
0x dy
D t ( x ,y ) =
Eo dr-,
ax ay
o€ ndO€ onp€io (x, y). Oa orox€rloorip€ rd)Qd a riE rlg pEQlr6Ena-
Qd"/dryo!( tl€ rn Fllob[ri raQdy(l)lo. Axr(i qv drollJn r(,)v olivoerri-
o€rDvttQdy[oilxci)v Felsn)"r]rdrv,\ | eL\to.L
ftaesy@y(.olp4F€'noQdy(l)lo
rov ni,vcric! Dl(xo, y0) oro orluEio (xo, %) €dv ,(o! povo €ov ylo l{doe
€ > 0, unoex€! 6vo d > 0 rdrolo (iror€ ylo (x, y) - (xo, J,,o)
| < d ouve-
Jrdlorcr,

f ( x , y ) - f ( x a ,y ) - D f ( x o ,y o ) f ( x , y ) - ( x o , y o ) l < € ( x , y ) ( r 0 ,y { , )

ottolr Dl(xr,. yt).t(x, y) (x0,yo)l onF..ri.,'€r.

or! o rivoxc(S Df(xo. yo)
rqaQpdEE1droro 6r{ivxopo (ori}.n)

rr:l
ra[ lwl ouUBo)"[Es[
ro [ririoc rolJ 6[cv{opcroE w.
Edv n f €[va! noQolrDylorpllrdr€ o[ [€er"rdEndQd./oyorarlax.
aulay. aulax, aulay undQxol'vxar rt Df(xrr, yar6[vEraron6 rov ni
voxo rng Jacobian.H 6liqQaol ,I(xo,yo)lwl fiaQrorav€rxlv fiaQd
yoyo rn( forlv xar€rJelJvollv. Eriv or,l-rEQrx6g
noQdycDyorxrarQxouv
 ANA YTIKE: IYNAPTH:EI>

y€vlxd I
rio! Elvqu ouvEX€iE161€ n f Eivq[ ]rsesy(l)ytorFn. Etrou.€v@q,
naQqy@yloLpdrnra€ivcr, !oXUQ6r€QI€wolc cn6 rnv rlrroQE1l(l)v pe-
Q[xdv rroQa161(l)v.(Aro6eiEeus ylc rouE ]rcQcrldv(o r,ox1'Q!opo{!6€
0a 6o0otv €66 ol.ld prloQol'v va l]eEoo{v oe orolo6{rore Plglio
nQoxoenp6vou 6loqoQlliori },oll.opo{, dr[orE oro J. Marsden,
Elementary ClassictrlAnalysis (New Yorkr W.H. Freeman and Co.,
1974), K€q. 6.) To xtQlo orror6).€opc rou aqoed r[E p€err6E noQo-
y61orE ro! Trlv ovcrJ!1)Tr{6Trlro
clr'cq6eercl oro en6l|€vo 0ecbQIBo.

'Eot(i
1.5,8 OEnPHMA CAUCHY-RIEMANN n f ACc)c 60-
qetoa ouvdernon xdl A avoLxrd divolo. TdrE n f'Qo) undextL tdv
xctLp6voy €d\t n I t[vsl ltspayay[oL&n 7'fi6 Tnv 6woLa Tov Jteulpa-
TLxbv ouvaerioe(D\t xaL oro oqpeto (xa, yb)= zo, oL u, t LxavonoLoi\t
rlg €ELObO€LE
au _ au du - -dl
,urr
dx Ay Ay dx

(oL onoi€govopdEovral€ELa(ba€Lg Cauchy- Riemann).

ExroptvoE,eav oLaulax, Aulay, Aulax, duldy utttlexouvxat eivaL
ouv€xetsEti tol) A xal LxdrtoJtolotrrLEeELo6oeLE
cauchy-Riemann,
xor€ 4 f eivaLavdLrrlxi EJttTouA.
Eav n f'Qo) urraeYtL,r6x€

t L z' s = 4 * - d r - d f
ax n.r )x
alj .0u I af
ay ay i Ay

AnOAEI=H Oo beiEoup€rrQd)ra6rr Eavlj]rdexe!n l'(zo), ror€ o0 u

x.rl u rxovonololivrlq EElo{ioelgCauchy-R'emtlnn,:ro dQrc
r\4:Jt"tt
r' (2,,)= tim
Z-zo

(r( o€(oerioontr€rlv rrbrxrl neQir[r(l)oqofio z=x+iyn.'foxt

f(2, - f(za) u(x, yo)+ iu (x, ya)- u (xa,y; - iu (xo,ya)

x-Xo

u(x, yo)- u(xoJo) u (x, yo) l$]]!l

+i
1.5 ANA YTIKEI :YNAPTH>EI: a7

Kaec6gx-rxo. ro oQlor€Q6p6[oE rIE €q[o(])olEl€ivel oro 6Q[o

f'(zo). EiroF6volEro r[QotFalr].o xcr ro qsvrcorLxd U€poEoro SEql
U.6),oSr[Q6r[€!vc ol'yxl{vouv o' €vo 6Qro (|3ldr[EAo].lrlon2 rIE Evor.
] 4). Ar[6 rov oerop6 rrov $€errdiv rqQql6y(ov, auro ro 6Qlo €tvar
(aulax) Go, yo)+ i(aulAx) (xo,%). EloF€v(DEn f'e) =aulAx + iau/ax
6X€[uroloylooel oro olp€(o (xo, yo).
'Eoro
rd)Qo 6rL z: xo + iy. Kord lov i6[o re6r[o 6xoupe
l(z)- I(zo) _ u(xa, y) + iu (xo,y) u(xo,y; - iu (xa, yo)
i{y-ya)

= lxo. y) u:j!]!!-!) r, (xa, y) - u (xa, ya,

+
ily-yo) r-ro
rc06E J, -r yo, tralQvo.,f'€

I au du au .au
i ay dy av av
EroL!6voE,aeot urdQx€!I l'(zo) xqr €X€rfltv i,6!orrFri d\reEdgrniq
crxorov rQono lrou ro z r),IordqErro zo. dxouFt

f,(2,)= + i 0rr - Otr , 0u

* ax Ay dy
:uprQivovrdE ro nQo./pclilrd xo! qcvrcror!,{d p,6el au,rciv i(r)v eE!,
o(i)oEcDv,r[oQdyouF€r[q rEloci)o€!ECauchy-Riemann ,ia€ci)Ero! rollE
buo rdrol'E l]!d rlv f'(20).
Mio dl,).n p60o6oEy!'qurd ro pdQogrnE arr6berElg rqelig xq!
To ovrioreoqo Bdoi,(€ldr ornv (lvoroQoorool Tou Ftycbtro rol,l,ct-
rl.toloopod pE nivdr€E dn(Ds dlrlE ornv Aoxlon l0 rng IaQ. l.l:

1.5-g AHMMA O nircxua

l" r\
il
\c dl

roQloTdvor, o€ xrollarl,oolostro rrvox(Dv, nol),cfilcordoFd €ni 6vo

[rya6[xo cQr0p6 ecv xcrr,pdvov edv a=d)(aL b= c. O p.!ya6!r66
aQfepdE € [ v s [a a + i c = d - i b .

AnOAEI:H A( o€(I)Qriooul-rE nor!),arLaoloop6 eni ro trrya6r}i6 aere

U " 6a + i e T o x + r y d | € l x o v i ( € r o l o r o ( a + i c \ ( x + i y ) = a x cy+
i(ay + cx), fior ei,vcr ro i6r,o p€ ro oror6?"soFo
 AIiIMYTIKE> IYNAPTII:EII

(: lrl_ ldx-cyl
;) \yl \cx+ayl

AvllorQ6qog, aE urroo€oorp€ 6 T !

(::)
t;) --2.(x+iy)

lLa 6va p[yq6Lxd opopt5 z= a + iP. Toreaxoup€

"x- BY

cx+dy=dy+Bx

lra dLd tq r, y. Al'r(t ou1,€trdY€raL (o€tovxoE x = I, y= 0 ,tol, x = 0,

y=1) 6fi a=d, h = - P , c = p x o ! d = d , o f i 6 r € o l o x ) ' n Q d r v E rIa !
ard6€rEI. V

Mnoeoup€ r6eq va o1.o{r'nQ6oo!ltErrlv ardbelEi rou O€(DQlipd-

roE 1.5.8.

An6 rov oQroFd rIE /', n i,ttoQE4 rng 1"(zo) €iva[ Loob{vqFrl p€
rry €EtiEned-iaol: f[a xdo€ €>0, ut[dQX€L6v(1 d>0 xdroro Li)or€
yto 0 <lz- zol<6 ou\/€trcl€ror

f(z) - f\zo) - I'(zn\ Q- zo)l < € z- zr

AE ulo0aoouFr ne(i)ra drt n I'(zo) unaQx€!. An6 lov oQLoF6,o

Dr(xo. /o) eiva0 o po1c16!t{ognivdxag p€ rnv !6iorrltc 610 lld xdre€
€ > 0 ur[dQXD[ avo d > 0 rdlolo dror€, e6lovxcE z= (x, y\ tlrLr
zt = (xo,yi, ya o <12- zol <6 ou!€fidl€rcl

t(z) f(z; - Df(z; (2- .t)l < €12- za

Ed! outxQivoutr€ It< 6{0 r€)'€urai€g oX6osLSxol Outq(bi'F€ 6lL o

ro),)'qnlaolao[dg 0ni evo pr](16!xo oQ!0p6 €iva[ lQoltF.l.xnctt€lxovl-
on. ol'pr€Qalvoxpo dtl n f €[vo! roQol(oYlolpl ltr6 rlv dwoio rcov
neoy$arlx6! p€raF),nr6v xat 6r[ o navcxoE D/-(zo) nqQlordv€Ltror!-
lanlaoLaoFo €rlaro p!yo6rx6 ae!0tt6 f'(zo). EQaQp6lowo( 10 ]ri[tm
1.5 ANAAYTIKE:IYNAPTHIEI: 89

au au
dx ay
Dt(z) =
at au
ax ay
& e a = A u l a x , b = a u l a y , c = a o l a x , d = a u l A y , q l o u p 'a = d , b = - c ,
rolJ €[vo.!o! eEro6oelECauchy-Riemann
AvrrorQdqog, €da loxdouv o! €E[o6oE0gCauchy-Riemann,o
Df(zo) tlsQr,otdve!riol,rlsrilooradpde'il, 6vo prto6lri6 oelopd (ottr,-
q(ovo p€ 1o )"r1pFd) no!, dnoq sloapr fiQonyoupdv(o!, o oer,opd6rtE
rsQqy(oyr,or,l.tdrnrag ufid lnv 6woto toa fiQo.tu,crlri6vpEraFlqr6v
psE o6qt€l o' €x€hov xnEplyo6rrrigrroQoy6.fo!.
O ldnoE yLc!rqv f'(zo) q&o),ouo,|,ofid roa lelsuio(o 0ox1jQldpd
io! IiFU,sroE.t

MrioQotp€€r(onE!o €rqedoouper[E rElodoslECauchy-Riemann

o€ tro}lLri€gouvreroyp6v€8, 6ir q o],-
dtr,oEeo fiQ6fia!ao' nQooeEol,l.l€
l,cyri rcov ctuvr€raypavovnou oQt[ovro.!qrd rnv r = 6t;7 nsr
'r\y o=arB(J+ly).[vq0 fiqQo.l(l)y[o[pnpdao edv d 'lEQroQlEeror
n
dro cvor,xrdoldornpo (0,2r) i ono|,o6i1lo'ie d?nl,oovor,xrd6Ldornpo
rqv oQXi (r= 0). XoQtE slrd rov
lr;ixouS2n ,r(rr €dv rlq.Qql,o{,to!1l,
n€Qr.oQf,of.ldI d €lvo.! aouv€XiiE,6!6r! xolO.2t 6igt
L!eropd]"],ela!
blaoxtqolpE rov dEovd x, XQlolponoldfios rlE ar!/ar= cos9,
a/ar=sin0, Bi,€noupedrr o[ eE!o6os!ECauchy-Riemann ypdeol,To!
!ooOtvspa
a, = ! d , al, _ -l a!
ar r a q a0 r A0

:XHMA 1.5.3 a,t ,olrloglov nollxdv orivt8ra-yp€vov.

""pro1eg
90 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI:

o€ pi,a,'reQroxli 6iroEcr1'rlirox:XiporoE 1.5.3.Iedqovra: r(i.9)=

,(rcos d, rsin 9) xdvor[€ xcrdlQtol o pFo].ropol'.(frd lric rrro crQr-
Priijlorirool pl,6r€rrv Aoxror 12 oro r6l"oEauriE rlg €vdrlrc!.)

Awiorpoe€S :uvoprioErq
'EvG
0oorx6 0€rbQIFotrlq rrQay[arrrtq ov{i}.uolg €i1'arro 0€(;)QI
llu rqEavrinrU)q tc nrtvderqotc:Min oN.XHS rReayutytotltnorvtt!-
Tlotl Eivar tva-flQoa tva xaL eri EvdE avolxroli o1'y6)roulraL i/,€L
nspay@yiolpn ovrioreoqt ortvdernon oE xdtola n€elo[i rou o4lLEtotl
6nou I Jacobian opttorroa ro! ittvuxd r4E fiaeayti)lou e[ldr 6taqop\
1e1tpt1<\ov6g.Oa 6(i)ooup€ ficoortrr(l) rllr' ofi(j6€[Erl rolJ plyabrrori
cvql6./ou, rou 1'fio(l6re[(ir! I rraQdyoyoE /'€i1rcrr o1,r€l1i( xat €EcQ-
TdTcI crra6To ovriororxo 0€d)QI[c y!o ouvoerrio€!E fiQdlporr]i(bv F€-
rc0l,rlr6v. Aqori (lfio8€iEorp8 ro {)€d)Qnpcrolr Cauchy oro Kee.2, ea
bo1'pEorr n orvaxe[( Tng /'€Eur(rno1'crol orr(ipcrrcl, xcl! oro Kee. 6
0c qnob€iEoupero (lc6Qlpo pe (i}.lo re6ro rou 6er eEoQxdrro!clfid
ro o.nloror,Xo 0€(6Qi[a rnE ]reolgotrrrig c\,6],rorlE. H nqQoxdl(o
afidb€lEq 'loQryQdqe!1I oIdol pElaEu ing J1Qqyp(rl!xr16 rq[ !r!106!xl]S
ct!d),!ol( xq! beixvE!1I onFaoiq rcov €Erociroeor! Cauchy-Riemann.

1.5.'IO TO OEOPHMA TH' ANTIITPOOH: :YNAPTH:HI €Ofi'

6rr n lt A)C Livul uvalvtLri Q$ rnv f' ouvaYi) xaL I'(z;+0.
Tdrt'uJrdQXErILi(r yr:rrovta U tou 2,, xul liu y€Ltuvla V nv f(zo) 16-
fotrc dorr n l: U - V riwt ivo n(,5 t|a xot r ni xtt n avtiorpofn
fqq ouvdQrnan f1 tival avalvtrlti pe Ea?tiyoyo ttou 6[)/fiar an6

I
t'(z)

O oxrorbaorriG0(r nQ6n€r,v(r nQooaE€roxr I €qaaFoyri rou tje(nefpo

ros rn( cvrlorQoqrl( o1vzrQrrpqEpog €trrrQafiElpdvo vo l]yd),ouF€
ou[tr€Qrrou"dr(r]r"(r rlv {raQEt rornxd ovriorQoq4E rIE i I!.r naQd-
beryla, oE 0€oQriooup.E \\\ f(z\=zl nou oQieero! oro A=C\{01.
Tolt t'(zi)=2210 o€ xiro€ onpEio rou A. To o[(bQnporng avri-
or(nqnE orivdQrlonE alroqdQ€!or! I f 6X€!Uia povcdlnri ronlro ovo-
l,r'Ilxri ovriorQoql I ofioic €lvcr o' al'rri rrlv nEQinrtl)o1 xdroroq
xldrbog rrtg o1'ldQrrolE r€rQoyrDvDiriOiEa. OU.cDq n f6€v €i.t'aL6va
rQoS-6.r'o oE 6l.0 ro A, aqo{, yra n(re&6 ypo, f(l)=l( 1).
Ejropdvo( n f0o €tvar tv(l-trQoq-6va o€ rxovd [rxa€E y€r.rovr6q]rde€
olurIo1l.
1.5 ANAAYTIKE: :YNAPTHIEI: 91

flo vo or[o68iEoupscrxr6 ro oe(ier]po,oE avaq6Qoufr€ro av-[i

ororxo 0€6QIFa yro o raQrriorlErrQoyporix6v F€ri$l,nrd)voe 6i'o
6laordo€tE:

TO OENPHMATH: ANTI'TPOOHI :YNAPTH:H: TIA NPATMA-

TfKEI >YNAPTH:EI: Edv ? f: A c R: J R'? Eival ouvExbEnaQa-
yuy[olpn xal o Df\xa. ya\'XELtri pndEvlxi oeiEolroa,rdrE unaexouv
tEltov[tsU ro! (xi, ya)xaL V rcI' f(xo,yo),6roL.E6ore 4 fiU--V
Etval 6ra - reo(- 6vd xur efii, n I t: v ) U €ivaLnaeay@yiolpn,xaL

Df (f(x, y)) = [Df(x. y)] |

(o uvrtorpo(postou rtvuxu r,r)\tlepftbv raeayri)y@v).

H onoi€lEl ol'roli rou 0€(oelilrorosproeEi vcl []QE0E|oe ll!07'(q

nQoXoQIp6vnEov(iluolE. tsldr[€. f[Cl ncQoii[1.1U.s, J. Marsden,
ElementaryClassicalAnalysis(New York: W.H. Freemanand Co.,
1974),KeA.7, ECrv6e1roiF€ol'rri rlv rrQdraonxc! unooeooup€ 6ir n
/' lou O€(oQriFq1og 1.5.10e[va[ ow€Ili(, [rroQol'jp€ va otrortrnQ(i)-
oorpe lnv qri6bEEn.

AnOAEI=H TOY OEoPiIMATOI 1.5,'10 fra a\rol1llrxtE ouvoQrri-

oE[S67r('srl /(z), 6XouFe6€[ dr! o ]tivqxd( lrov peQrxd]v,T
cQcyriycDl

?! ?u au 3u\
----l
tlr ay
Dl = --l
4,r a, + !:l
aY ay
rror' ax[r oQicol'o.r

(ff)'.(fi)'=rr*,'
nq)oi f'(z)=aulax+ i alrlax. o),€q a ri( or" ouvdQrrio€r(av(rq€Qo-
vr.r! oro olu.eio (xo,yo)=zo. Aqon f'e)+O, DetDf(xo,yo)=
1f'Qo)lz +o. Enop€v(,)< $rroQoirurvo rqoQF6oouF€ ro oe{i)Qlpaqg
dvriorQoqrl( olvaQrrlor( 1la r[Qa]ltai[x6E ouvoQrrioor,s.Ar[6 ro 0€(ir-
Qnpo Cauchy-Riemann oQxoi vo bldrlord)ooupe or! Tc orol7ei,o ror,
|
lDf(x, y)l lxcvofiolo1'vr!! €Eloriroe[E Cauchy-Riemannxc! I (fr)'
uno).oyiq€ial 6:rco( ovaq6QdtrE.
 AI{AAYTIKEI :Y'{AF'TH:EI:

Ofi(,S p6lrE 6[6spe,

au a, \
ax d'lv I
do 3r.r I

rict o awl,orQoqo6 du-iori To! nhotic s[ao,!

/ au _au\
.r t l I a v ayl
o e r o tI a , aul
l-- :- I
\ dx dxl

E iolr€v(,E€dv 1pC.poup,f '$, y) = t(x, y) + is(x,y) xar oljyriQlvolpe

I At ar \
la" ayl
D(f-')=l- I
tds dJl
l- -,
\dx dyl

ftlvqro xo! Df, pQ[oxoupE

l,r€rov awl,orQoeo
At_ 1 au_ I aa
Ax DetDf ay DetDf ax
tol

ar_ I - d r - '_ I 3u
oro onp€Co
/(x"v')'
Ax DetDf ax DerDf ay
Kord rov {,600
xe6r[o,
ar _ r aD as_ I al,
3y Det Df ax ay DetDf ay
Efiopev(DGor, EEuo6oEr6 Cauchy-RiemonnuoxrjoljvyLo xc s xcu t tldycD
rou 6Tr Lolr]olJvylq ro u ricr! r. AQq n, f' €ivaL r[aQay(o./{,o!pn
roTa
rl prya6[xi dwolo. Afi6 1() 0€6Qqpq Cauchy-Riemann p],CrouF€6xl
axo atV"ELof(zo\,

('),=!!+rE"=.. 1 iaul- t'tzd - |

I!! I
dx d.t D ? rD r I d x Ax I t,eatl, f'1,/o)
1.5 AXA YTIKE: :YNAPTH:EII 93

'EvaE (f(z)) =
dl,l,o! rQ6roEond6€rEnE o1r ('\'
e[var va 8eiEoutr€
orn!
1lf'Q) 6:n,!9 n€QlyQdp€rcl! Aouon 7.

AA|ovr|(6q tuvoprllo€E xor AppouK6S :u(uyels

To neqyporlri6 ric! qovroorr,xdp6QoSFr,(lEavo.].xllxriEolvdQrn-

oIE rre6nr!r,,clxovo]rorfi r[( rE!o6o€!ECauchy-Riemann, O[ €ELo(;)-
o€lEaur6Eo6lyoliv on' ruo€ioEo€ [ia d].i,I tro],1'o4povrlr(i 166rrl-
rcl fiou €o p€ll€rriool'lrr. Micr b!fi],d rrqQaltolio![I ouvdQrlon
ur A + R rorJ oQ{L€ro[o' avc cvolrird o{volo A ovoFd!,fia! oppovl-

v,r=.-& + 4! =o (r)
dx': dy'

H CxeesonVru ovotrdtrrar Laplacianrn1 u xaL €ivq! Fla sro r0E

n!r) flaolx€SrQdE€lEor.r pq0npsrrrd xc! irl gr'ou{i. O! qQpovlxtg
ol'vaQrio€rEnollouv ivo o€p€L!(i)6n ed).o oro quo!1.!iinaQob€iypora
nou cvoqtpowcr oro Kredrlal 5 rar 8. nQoEro raQd! Fnoeoripevo
1r! pel€rriool'p€ard rt Faolpqirxi anovrt. fla 1,aloxr]Errl €Eiooorl
(l), I o!|vdQrnol ! near€! vo €{.varbrlo qoQdEnoQoy(l)y(orpn. :ro
K€edilalo 3 0a 6€iEo Fr (Jr! pla aval.l,rlxli ou\rderlot rl,\rororro{eroE
xaeoy(l)ylorprl.E rouav(o!ro neayFar[1{oxa[ qol,,roorrx6r4E ]rdeo(
nQarr€r,vc €ivdl orEieo( noQayory[o4r€E ouvoerioerE.AE b€Xxorip€
orl o1,T6E o! !6!dTITe(urlL,ouv.:u?r€xQlp6va,o! 6exr€Q€<F€e[x6E
rroedyoyol €[vo! ouv€XEi(,ofior€ o! F!i,rr6E noQdyoryo!fie6r€! v(r r[-
vo! io€E.O! eElooo€rECauchy-Riemannpno[rcrivr6rs vo XQrpLpo-
nrndoiv yra vo briEuuFrdrr or olvaQrioflqcivoroQfrovrxiE.

'1.5.11 nPOTA:H Eav I EildL avdlvrui er,i iol' avouroi ouv6-

I
LoilAxdlf=u+ir('ttl 6 i , E t t vu = R e t x o r D = l m t ) , r d r eo L u x a l
I Eilat aQLrovtxi.EnI rctt A.

AnOAEf=H And rrE EElo6o€Lg Cauchy-Riemann, aul ax = Aul Ay Not

aulay= aulax. IqQqyoliqovraq rnv nedrryl.E[orDorl{D6JrQoE x xol
(,)s
rrl 6€urEQI trQoE/, PQaoxorJfl€

(2t
dx' a*Ay dy' dxdy
94 AI{AAYTIKE::YNAPTHIEI:

fvoQiqoutl€ on6 rlv ovdhol 6x[ o! bedreQ€E|reQ!ri6|naQdy(l)yo!0{-

vcL olJppeTQrx6El
d),'- - _E'u
axay dydx
Ileooe6rol'roE i0E €E!o6o€!<(2) []Qioriol'tl€

dtu Z' u d'?t O'u

dxr dy' axay ayar
Kard rov i60oredno crlo6€lr4vli€rqr yla ro u.t
i €Eio(noq

Edv or u xo! , rivol nQayllarrxdgorvoerrio€tgno! oQagovrcr€ni

€v6gcvolxrou ufioouv6lou A ro! C r6ror€g6orE n plyob[xriouvde-
rrpr:| f= u + lu vo €ivcl crvotlr,xlx1i
€ni Tor A, l6p€ dit, o! ! xo{ lJ s[-
lrtr aQUovLxtE ouEuyEig €r[[ rou A. fKr r[aQd6D[lpoor

u(x,y) = xz - y7 xc|, t(x,y) = zxy

€ivaLoepov|,x€goutuy€iEoeoi ril,qr io rQayFarrr6 ra[ eq]'toorlxd

ptQoErtE I(z)=z:. :ro Aup€.',oIloedtielypa1.3.18€[6op€dr0 o!
roooroeprxaE xapnr'1,€6
r()! ! xo! u rapvolrc! oQeoydvtq.ArJid tj€v
€ivs! ouFrroFcxlx6 rl y€vrx1io'ld6€ql (ruxriErrlg !6t6lrtioE "/rc dQ-
povlxdgouvcQxrio€lsXQrlolporrolelxrlv i6!o 66a 6nog oro 1.3.18ta-
e6E xdl rrE eElo6orrECauchy-Riemann.

1.5.12 nPOTAf,H 'E(ft@u xaL t aepollxq oLtvytis oe pia t eeLoxi

A. Eotn 6rt oL
u(x, y) = oroo€Qri= cl

u(x,y)=oroe€Qi=c,

opicouv oltal'E xclutitltE. 76rc, ot xapri,leg attres tepvovrdL oQ0o-

yuvld lflinr 2X. 1.5.4\.

Oa d€Xloripeairo rnv ovdluon ro y€yov6E6r! I rr(x,y) = c, oeiq€!

pi,d opoli rapr{ll odrr'ro SradientErad.u(x,y\=Qu/ax,aulay)=
Gulax) + i?ulay) sivo! pI plb€vlrd ylo 610 rd x xc!! y rrou r,r{cvo-
toLorlv llv u(x,y ) = ct. (O ovaYvdrornE
0c ttQ6tle!vc €lvdl €Eorx€!(o-
p€voEp€ dur6 ro r€XvLxdoll.r€io.) lox{€! EriorlE 6r[ ro 8ravuolro
I.5 AI{AAYTIXE: IYI{APTH:EII It

ol-qqdsylArtv ,tsAlr(rot r,= x'?- yr, u - 2xy,fl?) = zz.

IXHIIA 1.S.1Aolro{ttaE

trad! €ivcr r.do€roo' auri xlv xol,(Jrlill (0l,6ne>X. 1.5.5).Alrd EEt-

yciror (t)E4ig. Edv rt xagjniLl €(vo0(x(r), y(t)), rdrs u(x(t), y(.)) = cr,
ofidr€

rll= o
!;lr{rrn, tt
x(lr FE Tov raov6\,q rlE dl,!o[6qE

(r'(r)./'(') )

IXll[A 1.5.5 Td 6ro\1JoFara gradcnt €lvdt oAooldryK F€ rrc loocra0puiaE *d-

95 AI{A YTIKE: IYI'IAPIH:ElI

?! . ^'cr* a0 'Y'(t)=0
ax ay
EroFav(t)E
I d u ?u_ r',,,;=o
I a-r ay )'{,',,,

AnOAEI=HTHI nPOTA:H: 1.5.12 >tlrq(ovo pc fl.EncQoridv(ono-

eorlerio€rEoer(€[!( 6€iEouprdt! ro trad u ns[ grado €avaloeool(iF
vto. To €o(l)t€elxdTouElLvdF€vo€ivaL

trad u . gradr) = a r - . 4 " * d r , ! g

ax ax dy dy
ro onoio r,oorircr F€ tr466v olFe(ova Fr r0S €Elo6oergCauchy-
Riemann.l

H !6!0141(laurri rnE oQ0oy(r)1,rdrrlroE

r(l)v cQFovrri(i)voululd)v
txer pls orlFcvrlxrieuorxi on[ao[a 6r(l)E0a 6oup€oxo Keqdlqro 5.
'E!oE
dLl,os re6ro( nou 6rix1,€[r4v LoXi aur{g rlg !6!(ilnrog €avc!
vc 0€o)eriooulr€ o1JtlFoee€gon€lrovlo€rEro! to 0e6enpc iqS cvii-
oiQoqlE duvdQrlong.Aur6 n€QryQdeEror oro :X. 1.5.6.Edv l
/=u+iu €ivc! ovo).urlriri xc! f'(zd*O,x6xe I l-r e[vo! dvcll'Ilri
oc Fia 'tElrovrd V ron wo=[Qo, xol n (f ')'(rvo) * 0 otpg{r\]a pc to
orti|QnFarnE ovtloreoqng ouvderronE.Edv vo=c,+ic2, rdr€ or r.c-
pitttlEEu(x,y)=cr ttol D(x,y)=c, €ivo! €lxdv€E ro! oQll6vttoutto!
rclcx6Qljeou dEolo nou r6Fvovrc[ oro w{, tlaoo tlg atrEui6vtols
/-r. Oa rle6nEr€nop6\rrDE vo r6p\rovroroQeoycbvra c9or! n /i e{.vol
o{ppoeen orjpqov( pe ro O€drel[a 1.5.7.

{:.'

lXHtlA 1.5.6 Aqoi oL iad f I sivor avdluLx6s, iiva! onFFoeqsEral 6|dq-

Qo!'\,rrtr o00oyo1|,dt!ro.
1.5 ANMYTIKEI :YNAPTH:EII 97

:ipqova p€ qv nQ6r(orl 1.5.11ro neoyparLxd Feeog tltoE ava-

lurrx{g ouvderrtoqg €tvur oQ[ov0x1i.Mio i,oyrxri €e6rnol oeoQa ro
cl,,1iorQoqo: Eaval rdoe oelrovlxri our,dQrtorl ro rreolpallr6 F6QoE
IraE crvcrlurxt( ouvdQrrlolE; IIlo ou11r€l{Qlp€va: Edv 6oeEi pio aQ-
Folllri olJldQrlorl u o' €va oriolo A, nfidQX€r, I oQpov!1lriorqryri(
1I( r, r6rom dror€ rl / = u + i, va €i!c! ov(rtrurlxri oro A; Mia nIriQIE
(rtrvrrlorl Eival r.ohln),oxrt xcr! €Eoerdro! an6 ro oivo;.o A. H and-
v(IoI d$toc,a-lJloxoLrirqrr.iv xrL)LoQrolor,lrr or ILxQtg yrrl('vlrg.
n(rdy$qrL. I rirrirrlro rol' vo rivar Fiq ouv(ielrtol qQFovrxt rivur
ld(r tonLiri LiLotnra. H or'vdQrlon u €ivq! aQp.ovrxrio' 6va oivolo
rdv q eEto(')orl(l) r,oxire!o€ xdos oqpcio rou ouvdlol,, xa! I [oXiE
rt( (l) eEaQraro! pdvo ono rrl oupn€Qr,qoQdrlE u r4ovrd o'our6 ro
or1lrrio.

1.5.13 nPOTAIH Eav , u e[vat !l,a 6Lnlu ouv€xds naeay@yioqtn

aelouxi owdernol u7i ':1,ta1avolxrnti olJvd\ou A xoL zieA, TdT[
vndQXELxdrols yelroyLd Tou z( orn| onoie, n u eivat"to JrQsyparlxo
liQos p[aE avaluruiq or\tAerno\q.

Ml d),).q )dyra. r'n'rLr1rr ivo r > O xaL trid olv.l('rrpl u trou o(ri-
:rrrr| or,rv cvoLxro 6ror{rrD(1,,.r, rirdr{r drorr Or u x(( r, €ivol aQ-
t()r!xtg o1Jquyci(rnl rou D(zo, r). O D(zo,r) pnoQ€{va o€(l)Qleci
(D( o frryoltreQo( 6((rxoqxavrQou 2,, nou reQtlapf]dv€la! olo A.
Miu d[Forl ano6€lErln€QrTQdqr€rar ortv Aorl]o4 32. Mta 6r(r$oQerlN1i
{(x(jbrEl €\'6E mxUe(irreo onor€l6o[cro! ea 6o0Ei oro K€e.2.
A(tori -e'nc! vd loxri()uv or €Erorilo€lgCauchy-Riemann. I u oeiq€rcr!
IrovooiFavra pto(,) $LoSirQoo0€rLxrtqora0EQdE.O! eE!od)o€!gowas
Irroeoiv va XQnolllorolrleorlv o(rv FffJo6oq nQoobloQr,opot rIE o
a)tov 6[vEidr n lJ.(tsl,dreAuFdvollqQdbEryFa1.5.20).

Au$vo nogodelypoto

1.5.14 II0U Ellat ,l

/'+.2/ - |
t t 'z t _
tt+l

6,elurtxti; Yno^ork,tE rnr :rup.rro,/t).

.lru4. :utlqola F. rla IIQ()raoI 1.5.](i'i) rl Ieivor arah'rLiiri oro ottl'o].o

A-lzec z'+| + ol, brl.odri,
I /.iaar olul.rlltario€ olo ro enine6oeriro!
dx(t rr! xul3rr6EQi(€( ro! I = e"', brLabi ro orpeia
Ar.\ ru! TUrordQftr.i'rr,rrc
n4).rior'.I x(tdluyoc ri!4r
9E ANAAYTIKE: IYNAPTH:EII

( 2 . ' +1 )t 3 z ' 1 + 2 \ l z ' + 2 2 + r ) ( 3 L ' z )

_(2-421)
( z ' + t) '

qg oro
t.s.ts EotD t tlz)- z\ + r. MelerlorE rry aftrQaori outtnEpLgroAd

1do4. Oo XQnorFonolioo]JuE ro 0e0rQtla qE ot'ptroQe4Eanet1.0vrdl6

(1.5.7).E66 f'lzi=31=-3. EnoFavogi t tr€Q!or869€r ronHd ltard
,. = ar8(-3) rar noltronloodq€r ro tnixr €rt 3 = lf'(zo) I. nro onrxExQrp6vo,
€d\, c elva! orolq6inore ragnrilrl nou 6raQl€rara,i6 10 zo= l, 4 xaFililrt -
€!x6vo oro f(20), ed txer dvo €eonrdp€vo6dv!o[c r€pr€orQcFtlorqrd ,r
rar Wyet0rJlldlorord drov rraQdyovro3.

1.5.16 LEiETE
6rL rt [(zr=Z 6€r Eils. awhtt tl.

A1to4,'EoTl,iflz)=u(x,y)+lr\x,y\=x-ly,6r.ox 2-(x,yr-x + ty. Eno$-

vog u(x,y)=x. !<x,y)=-y. OWtt Aqax= | x\ADlay=-l otr6reau/ax'.
aulaX 6t1,o6i 6€\, rrororoloivrq! or €ErodrorrgCauchy-Rlemonn. AQo rl
f(z)=t be turoQDita €ivdr arolurrxri, otFq(l)va p€ to o.!tQ ra csuchy-
Riemsnn.(l.5.8).

1.5.17 Attd rnv Ilpdruon t.5.3tl fQ)=zt+t tlval dvalulxi. AeGrEdn

uctrot orctjr'.ctl oL cEroLbatrgCauchy- Riemann,

Atioq. E&.t I\z) = u(x, Y) + iv(x, Y) 61.d.!z=lx,y)=x+iy, rore u(x,y)=

xt 3x!'z+ | v,e1"D(x,y\=3x'1y-yl. EnopdnoE. aulax=3x'1-3y'1,aulaY=
-6xy, arlax =6xy xe\ aulay=3x1-3xy'z. o'fl6 rrs orolcg dxouue 611
aulax-aDlayxu aulay=-arldx.

t . s . t 8 E o r o A t v d a \ o L x t d L ' n o o t j l o \ on u c x a | A ' = | z | Z e A l . Edo' ttrL

\ f Etvat antl xLxl.eni rcI, A xol uE o()ioovpE ttta owd()t4oq t Flti ror A'
pt 14 uxton tlz)= fl7). AEiEr€ 6rt tt g Eivdl o! I'twi tri ror A' .

Auon. E&r t\z)-ut\,yt r n'r\,yr. rdrF ttr)-ll -u$,-yt- iDlx, yt.

r!! €Erodorrg Cauchy-Rlemann yro r11, t 0rSeErlE:
EI€yr(oDl-rE

a ( R e t )=
a
'
i 0xl avl

=.:f-urx, y'l=: {lma}

.dv dy
'I,5 ANMYTIKEI :YNAPTHIEII 99

a a( Ka€uP la= u
- - '
UlX.-Vl=- -
ay ay a/ ,,_,, al

a - a -{ r r n 8 )
-- l-u(\, -Y)l=-
dr t

Agot |.oxuouvor €Ero6osLs Cauchy-Rl€mann xar I8 el.vqrndQaliDliotpl

!^6 iry t\,voro r(ov nQsyForlx('vtretcpllr(iv (Y{41[t, €ivo! avalurri 8ni
ro! A'otFe(j)l,a F€ ro oEdQIF(lCauchy-Riemann. (Oa ProQo{'o€enlol! ttd-
rroioEvc l{oer rlv donryrl gE d[€o1 eqoepoti lou oQlopoi fllE Wp6It{iE

'1.5.19EovD6rL q f elva[ avdl,ut.xi oe pla rEQLoXl

G\/a arcIxro ouwxuxa
o{ro\o) A xal 6n n lfQ)l ei|at oftqcel etl rcu A. A.lEre 6rL 4 lQ, elvsl
oftgEel EttI rot A.

r€ €Elodro€r.E
Irior,. oo tQtor.tronor.lioouF€ cauchy-Riemann ylo aa 6EiEoupE
dr! r r'(z)=O ravrort olo A.'Eor{; f= !+ /u. T6r€ lflz = lr1+u'z=orag.= c
Eda c= 0. t6tc lt(z)l= 0 ondt€ f(z) =0 yra 6Lo ro z rou A. Edv c t' 0, na-
Qay(oy[Eor.rsEro l,2+ u'z= c oE nQog.r xo! y Reioxoupe

-a!-au-
2r-1*2u4 _o
ax ax ly ay
Cauchy-Rlem0nn.
xplortrorror6vroE1iE eErodloerg

a! a,^ a! au-
Ex dy Ax ay

dyvdolorg aulax xat aulax o rivaxdg r()1,

lls ouorrtra 6!l() €Erodo€(,)1'p€
oDlt.L€or6v 6X€r oeiEouoa un+u'?=c. nou etto! 6ldqoQil rou p$€vd5
Enopdlog rr p6vr Ludrl Eiv(l| aulax--Aulay=o d€ dLd ra orp€ia ro! A.
Aao f'(z) =aulax+ i(d,/ax) = 0 traltoi oro A. Aqoi ro A €ivdt ouv€x1!r6,
I / €ivsr orserei (onlt9(ovalte rlv nQ,6laol 1.5.5).

t.S.zO Na f$qotiv or aeAov$eE ovEttttE ttDv EE'Saq|towxlbv oltrltPrloeaill

(st ulx.y) = x1 yt
(|]) u(ay) = sinx coshY

naasdaw\. o avorvd)orlg FnoQei \,a (voYvoQioe''rc x' y'1 xat

sinx coshyoE ra trQaftartld plQI 1(|J!z'1xat sinz. z= x + iy Ano rlv tra'
 100 ANAAYTIKE::YNAPTHIEI'

QaniAror qtllrt nQo)(llrw€r

6rr or ou!,utEiE,tdo(, l||a,<orausedq,€ilor 2xy
aar sinhycosx.(oa boi$s orrr €n6p€!r eldrrra drr r sinz €ivar G!().rt1r,.ri.)
Eivor opoE or6ri+ro vd Lnooljp€ro nad|])"rpadp.oa rproq.onoliJ\{aq
cauchy Riemannbrdr! o (aayv6orrE tiroQsi ad st! €ilor o€
rrc EEro(iJoers
{)60r!s avotaoQlo€rrry xardl}.r},r Fo0grirrE ava}.1jTo.iiqouvriprilor! r(z).

(o) Edv r r eiror rt oal|orr].iiiorr(r,yriq

rff u, rol' aDlax=2y xa\ a\)/Ay=2x.
=2yx + I \! ) xa! , = 2xy+s,(x), on dnorSr(/)=s,(x)=oro0.,
Enop,tlorl,1,
on013,{x, Y) = 2yx + orao.
(0) a,/ax=-sinxsinhyror a'lay=cosxcoshy H nQdr! cEio(Dor ouv€nd-
lercl|6II u=cosxsinh/+.sL(/)xar r 6sritear1]=cosr(sinhy+B,(x).
Erod-
'vos8,(y) = €,(x)= or(0. xor '(x, y) = cosl sinhy+oro0.

t.5.2t AiG7ud1 q u(x. y)=|oe'[x\y' etls. aApoylxiezi ro, C\{01.

zxolrdor rL1 'ryartF aauowxts outltfLlg.

1no4. 'E1oSdtlcooqlrno).o'y!o[dq
paq 6stxv€!Orl

d,u d.u
-
3r, 3y, 1x,+y,), (r'+y:),

bllobi r sEio(,rort Lrplocelrsvororoircr. o?rdr€n otlldQlryt eivor {rQpovu{ri.

Ed! , (,\.J, rildr fro oeuovrz'],'!!uy.6. T.,Tr

a, a" ?a du
ax Ar x ' +y ' ay ax x ' +y ' .

A'io rt! oi"oxl,iA(oor rE nQ6rrE reiooorE r=-ranr(x/y)+9,(/) x { 1 ra n c j

r r b d r s e r l ,1 J = r a n ' ( y / x ) + g , ( r ) . O F o q t o n ' ( y / x ) + r a n | ( x | y ) = n / 2 q w -
rij, ordrE ir = ton '(y/x)+oxao.
[ ( Q d x r Q r i o r E< \ a r€ N z = x + i y . r t n t z = ' ' t x + y ' )iar ! o(x,y) rivor
r o n p o y l | a x r a op t ( D q r o n l o r z = l o e l z + / a r g z . E d a z 0 + 0 , | ( l l o q o u l l tv a 0 E -
oaidorp€ 6va 6rdo14rd.rLd ro.itnoFo rard rQdno! dJorr o dvxiororroq r)dr
bo< xo! ),oyaeiolou oAilsrar xdr Eivor or'!exi< o€ pia yrrrov i rox 2,,. To
r i ( r c r F o t t r d l d Q o q E i v a Lr o l v d A r t o l i p o q u ( x , y ) = 1 o g l z . H o l v i r Q r r o r ]
, (x, /) = tan L(y/ x) = ar8 z ri.l(tL $ic apFovuili ouLllyis rlE , o€ plo y€wo.vlrl
eErodlorrECauchy-Riemann rotlror! ondft o logz eiva! aro
l.rrutli oovdQqor. (BIir€ >r. 1.5.7.) lldvt(,)g, €dv xor r ! riva! oppo.vu{i oe
d),o ro c\t01,6ev undpx€i iaonoE vc 6ra).dEoriF€Fid oppovrrri orluli os
6),0 ro on.vol,ol.oro rts tani(y/x). Mi( raroLa orlutliE obrt€i oe €){}.oyri
aLd;or' rou oQio$aroq ao{ b€v Froponp€ !o a?roqnlolFr dvo trri6rpa aox.va
Irns o€ rdnoro o![Eio. (oa $s]€niooljlr€ ror loaz ri|o duorrForlxd orrE
snop€v€g€lollr€!.)
1.5 AIIAAYTIKE: IIIIIAPTH:EIZ 101

:XHI{A 1,5.7 tvd6 rld6oE ro! totoQrctoo r(vd|,aralvlD{dgd! F(q y.wovld

Adl@tS

t. No nQoobroQfu,r€rc ou]olc orc oroca o! er6pcreE dl,voQuio€r,Eltvar

cvolrftu{€E,xc! vc ufioloyio€ie rlg ,rdQqT4ougroug:
(a) (z+ 1)r $) z++
n,(*)'' (6)
(z'- r, (z'+2\

2. IlQoo6roQColrro orh,olo oro onolc or lJi6FatlE orw(rQfilo€rg€hrcr,cvc-

luiuds ,(or rd rrtoloyld€i€ rlg ncSoydryolrgrouE:
(o,) 32'1+ 72 + 5 (P) (22+ 3)'
,^., 3z- l
"'-i=
3. >€ ror.d ofaola dftr or €rdpev€Sornoqriio€K orol,u&x4; Na rmolo-
'tio€I€ rrs tictQdldr'louEtouE:
(a) ,nr I
2", r a#QlaroE(0errx6Ei aQvltrn6g) '"' (z
+ t 121'
(.t\ zl(z'-2), n e.\l,/'69 axqeu"oE

4: fLa p0a yt(a,br--.C flaQoyorylorprt xqr f:ArC avalurrri Fe

y((a,btrcA, 6pttr€ &r 4-o=f.y Eivar raeatolytoqnt Fi o'(l)=
t'(r(,)) .7'(t) or'lle()'\rotl' r4v arr66€Gtroo 1.q1,61,o
qE oluo0SdE(15.4).
102 ANMYTIKE:UYNAPTH:EI:

5. Na pel€rro€i rl an€lQoofli oljtrjlealqoad rov endp€v(,v ol'\,aa ioeo)a oro

(a) f\z)=z+3, zi=3+4i (9) rQ\=zr+32, za=o

d) tlz)= " , z"=o

5. Nd pELerto€lI dn€lQoori ou|ln€plqoQd r(l)! rnopavo,v o!1,aQrioeov ora

\u) f(z)=22+5, zo=5+6i ( f ( z J= z a + 4 2 , z!= i

lr) t(z) = tllz t), zo= i

7. A€tEre dr! dt ldw=1lI'\2, 6nor w=tlz), noear(l)ylEol'ros rr!

r t(t(z))- z, xQror.[ororrfvrosroa ravdva rrs a],uo{6as.Yro06ore dr! r
/ oaccrar xoi rtlor ovai.xrrxri.

8. XQtoi@nolrior€ro 0€6prlFor(|Jao}'rloledeurvotlvcQ1ioe(l)!-y!c vo 6€[-

Eere drr €dl I f: A + C ei1,al
o\)qllJriri xol f'(z) * 0 1(o dlo ra ze A, r6rt
11fojrelrollger ovolrld otvo],o Tot' A o€ oloiliTd otvo?ro,

9. Alqnrord)drerI! ro1li r(1)veErodoe(1)v ylo rI o]JrdQtl-

Cauchy-Ri€msnn
o r tl ( z ) = 2 1 + 3 2 + 2 .

10. A$ErE6rr r /r.ur = 1l llrv rrvor,.rvalutlxri.

11. AeiEre,q),l,dlovrag leraFl,rtrdE,drr oi cElodro€lrCauchy-Rlemann

oe
yQdqovra!
rol,u{aEouvreray[t'1,8g
a/_t ar, ar__l a'l
ar ra9 ar taq
.
12. Exr€L6or€rrG nadEersorrtv Aor.ror 11 0)6sEiE.'Eora)6r! r f oaiEsror
oro avorxrd drlvolo AcC {irrt}.a6i,/:Acc+C) xor toto dtl
t (z) = r(z) + ix (z).'Edro r: (0,2z) x R*, R'?,dnor R' = I x € R I x > ol, 6i
!ero! ond r[v I(d,r)=(fcosd,rsind). Enop6voEI oivar 6vo nQoS-
€vo '!ar €ni ro1, ou!6lox R'l\l(x.0)lx>01. oalloripe " rr\, t(d,r)=
u(rcos0,.sin a) }lo! ff (d,.) =,(rcos 0, rsind). ^eiEr€drr
(a) I T ' iva' ouvr,(ri'E noQoluyio'ln xor aX'I oulr ld| naQoyuytorLrlovTt
orQoq4ouvdQr4drl.
(ll) rr f eivar ora)'tj1lxli€ni ro! A\lx+i/ y=o, x>ol €dv rar FovovEdvrl
(t. t): I 1(A)-+ R?€i\,arnaQay(')liorgrr.ar
du tdu du 1du
* ta0 ar rA0
enirou I '(A).
1.5 AI{AAYTIKE' :YNAPTH'EI' 103

13. oQiorc ro on!0oLo aflat flor djore

af =l tlaf al
aZ 2 \ax iay

.^.iErs(ifi or sErodroerEcauchy-Riemann.ivoMo6rllop€s tr€rrrvataT=0.

naearipwa: A6yo orron rou (norEl€oBnro(,),arIot p€ptltaEqo0a( drt o!
a!a).rrlr6s ouvoarrioflEeilar orryaarrioElq [6vo! rolr z 'la! oxt, rou t. H
trpor(ot orxi pnoQrivo liler rro arplfiri( oE !,EriE.Eda 6o0EtI f(x,/), 146'
{or[E x= +(z+ 7) ttn y=\tl2i)(z t). Tor€ I f.yiverat olvdQrlor l(Dv z
a(1r7 ro! o 'to\'dloE rt! c].lllor,XkrE ilvet

a/' a/ a.\+ a r a y t I a t j jj)

--= -l-
a2

14. oQiorr ro onp0oLoaAar (l)E€FiE

at tlar t at
2\nx iay
(4 A e i E r ed r ! € d v r / F t l o t , r v c L 1 , I t , { rrid, r 8 / ' = a t a z .
tll) Ela ttt)=z, ri.eatlaz=l Auatla7=0.
(r) Ed! /(r)=2, r61tatlaz=ot a d7=t
(b) AsiErc drr ro onlFoi.( ,//az rat ataT l,noxouolv oro|E !o[on< 1o1'
u u Q ' , i o I , ( T o Et r. v , ' u , v , ' u ! u r . l u t r u , d r u ir ^ ) . } . n : r ) n , ' r r r , ' u , ''r- v : r c Q c r , i , r t , v .
( r ) A r l E r e o r r r r d x q p a o r rI l , ' = " ) i l - " a , . 2 ' 2 " ' e i \ c t L a l a l n r u t l i d t t l d p r l o i l
ror z rdr rdL [6vov Ed! 4,,,,,= 0 tt.t orolobinort /n + 0.

15. Eoro dtr r / eivdr aloluru{1i onrdrQrrt(litetri xo! 6io,iou D= lz rato'o

( l o r . l z < 1 1 x ( ! o r r R e f ( 7 ) = l t r ( d ) . ( l r ( r z r o l r r ) . A E i E t Ed t r I / s i v a l
ora0€pi €ni, ror D.

'Eor(,)
16. la) flz)= u(x,y) + iDlx.y) $i(1 a!(t)'urt'i olvd0rlo'r 0!oE ovol
r r o n o u ! € r { r r r o i o o ! o } . o n A . E L i vd l r ( x , y ) + D D ( x . y ) = c a x o A . o ] I o l r d , D , L -
rivcr nQalporrrcE ora0€L)6s{txr olrg o.6eiEr€ 61r I f€['dL ord0EQriolo A.
(0) Ioxlr! ro ororfleo$a (a) etl.vor d;D.cEivar prlo6rxas oroo€paEi

17. Ynooaot€ o1r. I f Eivar clalrrtrrl eri rox A=lzlRez>ll x'rr

aulax + ar lay= o t\i ro! A. aeiErr or! urdax€r nactporrari ora0epd c tot
trry.tbtri orc0EQd d lfloreE d'or€ t (z) =- icz+ d !ni" 1o1rA.
 104 AI{MYTIKE::YIiIAPTH:EI:

18. 'Ear.$I(2, = z5llz ' €dv z + o no! f(0) = o.

(c) dEiEt€61i r f(z)/z 6Ea6l(Er6Q!oao06Ero r -+ 0.
( P ) E d v u = R e f x a r r , = I m f , 6 € i E r €6 r ! u ( x , 0 ) = x ,u ( o , y ) = y , u ( o , y ) =
u(x. o) = o.
(y) Aronior6or€ 6r! xndpxouvor FEQixaE napdy(])lori(l)v u, , rsr 6rr roxf-
ouv or sEro6o3rgCauchy-RienannalLd q f'(0) 6€v uidQr€!. YndQX€!ovr[-
qool aurou rou oulneQdoFaroE p€ 10 0e6Qllrdcauchy-Rlemann;
'(6)
Eralal.d0arErra doxror (c) p€ 1= | orour dEov€rx xor y xar o onou-

(e) Enavs]dpsr€ir! doxTlor(c) pe f(z)=\\xyl.

15, Ealst l(zJ = G + t) /(z- tr.

((1) nor, eivor r I dvol.urrxrij
(fl) Ell,d! r fottrpoQer oro z = 0i
(t) 1110!65 eivar or €!]i6v3gftrl' x '|ar y aE6\,ovp6o(l,)
rtg fi
(6) [o!d et\,a!I y('vto rot]lig rorv naQandvo€rxdvovr(l)v oE6vovi

'Eor(,J
20. &r I / €ilar piq ovcluixi ouvdQllol €rit €vdEcvolxtoi ouv€-
xrlxon ouv6l,oDA r{or 60r(l.)6rr r /tftr,(z) (r n + I riaQdyo}og)rJridQl.rxqr
€n( ro! A. A€i€r€6rr r f€ll,ar 6va nolu6vlpo 0aepoi €r.
€ivar prl6d1,

21. :€ nor6 onvol,oriva! I

u(x' v) = Re--L
z'- 1

22, Alqnrorrbor.6rf ro rQqypofl.xdxar qa1'rdo\Lx6vtpol lrtl t(z)= 21 Et-

adr dQpovrxtEouvaQrrloErE.

23. >€ nord odvold Eiva! o', €ndp€veE

ouvoarlio€lEaQFovD.6S;
(a) u(x,y)=rlx,(z"+3 z + t)

(p' . r-l
u(x,y)=
x +y tx+l

24. t€ nord ortvol,aeivo! o! €ropev€souvaario€E qpFoarld<;

( a ) u ( x , y ) = t n \ z+ | l z )

fi, utx.y\= ----J.------,

\x t) +v
1.5 ANAAYTIKE: :YNAPTH:EI: 105

25. Eor{, r f:A-+c ovoiurrxri ro! r w: RJR oe[ovlttli p€ f(A)=B.

AEIETE6r! rl w. f: A -r R €ivor oppovrxli.

26. Ed! r u Elval dQtlovfiri, b€tlre 61t oe noltxeg oriter(I-IFdlEE

. d'u d u d :' a = 0
r, +f +
ar' ar ae'

Cauchy'Ri€mannoe noltxi FopQrl(AolI-

(xplorponorrioro1[E EErorio€lE
orl ll).)

27. (a) d€tEredr! r u(x.y)= e'cosyetva!oepovrxlioro c.

(0) Na oQeee(pio dQpovlrli oxllyir !(x,/) lrls u olo C t6rolq 6ore
r(0, 0) = 0.
(r) A€tEl€dtr r l(z) = e" E(varavol.lltD{i ent rou c.

28, AsiEr€6rr rt u\x,y)=x\-3xy'1 €i1c!oQlovlnrieri rou c rar ro fJqE[lE

llio ouquyi oapovrrri u rfroro 6ole u(0,0) = 2.

29. Edv I u(z) €(voroQpol'rxriru! r ,(z) aplo'vrxri,r61E

(o) Etvor r !(u(z)) aepo!fii;
(ll) ElvorI u{z).r(z) oQ$ovrrri:
(t) Eivor rl u(z) + rr(z) depovrxrir

30. Oeoaiore rr! orildQrrdr l(z)=tlz. zxEAt((tlt rrE ratl"'rnl€Et-Ref-

oro0.rar r=Im/=orao. Tdtvovrali loxlls!ndlta 6rr xo Sraduoivol nd'
Qdl.hl.o o tv riopnnlr u = orr0.;

'Eor{D
31. drr ry ttgr onvrxDiEbEnrcArE naQayoyollEo€ ava ovot-
FEQIatE
xro onvoLo,4 xar tdro alulax'z+azulay1=o.Eor,o t=au/ax-iau/ay.
A€i€r€6rr it f€ildr aval,r'flri.

32. l-oTU6rr it ]|rivor bLrl.( ouvFxoghraeoQiorLrlnQalrorrxrlolvoortol

oplopall oro 6[0){0D(7", r) x6araouz0=x0+iyo.Ila (x |, y, ) € D(20,r), 6€iE!€

l"' du(\,,J)dr l" au

u(.\,.),)-,+l
tix
I . (.r,y,)dY
J\ ),o dl

oeilEr [ta oal-tovlJ{riouLllri rrl! r €n[ !o! D(20, r) |l3 ,(xo, ),0)= c
 ANA YTIKE: IYNAPTH:EIE

1.6 NAPATNTI:H'TOIXEINANN:YNAPTH'EON

:rlv [v6qro orr]'i 0a [€],€rriootrErLEr6l,orrl-[€q

raQoi,dlronE
oro(X€(Dbd)vouvoerlio€rov rrou avaq€eoF€orrlv Evor. 1.3.

H ExoenKnKor 11AoyoproFrKri
:uv6prnon
't.6.1
nPOTAIH I:I tdtELx(iwa\ftc-.C, zae', €ivat uvullrllti
Ett[ Tou C xal
d9l =
dz ",

AnOAEI:H At[6 rov oero[6, /(z) = e'(cosy+ /'siny),on6r€ ro nQaT-

lrcrrlto ,iot qcrv1crorrxop6QoEeivc! r./(x,y)=ercos]. ror" u(x,/)=
e"siny. Aur6g o! orvqQlioe[< €{vsI C- (or€iQcDE rroQcry(l)ylorpoE),
otr6r€ n l El1r'o!jraQ(yo]yiorFl. fLc vo d€iEoutl€6rt rl / r[1,/o!ovot,u-
l!r(ri, oQx€i va 6€iEolrBedr! lxcvonotouvlct! o! €E[o(i)o€[ECauchy-
Riemann.

:: = e'cosy -A!
ay

?x ay
Erott6vo)E
aulax=aulay 1tlJIaulay=-alrlax xot oi'[grDvdlrero 0€-
d)QrlpaCauchy-Riemannrl / €(va! avcl?,.w[r.(i.
Erion<,

!! = ?Y t i 41 =.'1.ory * i.;ny;=
dz ax ar ",
y€yov6(rou o).ox?,"IQ6v€r
rnv afiobelErl.l

Mi(r ouvdernortnor opi,(rrcr 'to! €lvct cvc].urrxrid€ o].oxlnQoro

€fiir€bo C ovopoLEr(lraxtpala. H f(z) = e' Et\uLpia r),liQnEouvdQ-
TTloT.
XQlolpono!(iwoE ro1'Excv6v€Ey|a rn! raQay(i)ylol (I]Qorool 1.3)
rorar rov lbrc rQono drLDExal c'Tlv rreqyForlxti a1rdJ,.xoll|r'[oQol'F€
1"o t[oeay(oyiooutrErlv e'o€ ouv6r,oop6 lr3 d].[€q oNaQrrio€rg. fra
nqed6e!./po, n e"+ I eivcr cx€Q.ri.r 6[dr! ot ouvcQrrio€lEz )z' ]{ar
rv-) e* eivcr ava).r|trr.€E,ror oiu"qovs pe rov 'iovdvo rqc alttoiaaq, rl
z + e" eivnr,ovctrurr.xri-Kard ouv6m!a, d(e" + 1)ldz=22e"
1.6 NAPATOTI:H:TOIXEINAON :YNAPTH:EON

Oupleri,r€ 6r! I or,v(ernorl loSz: C\l0l -+ C €i,rlal rl awlotQoqrl

It: e'orcv 4 er r€etoei!€ro! oq i,(oei6on€eio6o {x+rylyo<y<
yrr+zft\. ln rlv naeay6lloit rou logz 0a retr€t vo n€QloQtooutl€
rI o|vderl)ol o' €vo unoodvol.o ro! C\101. O l6yo( €ival arl,6q:
Iogz=log]zi+iargzoro (.)ldorntro, dor(D0<ar8z<2n. Op('g I oi'-
r(Qrrlon ar8 €ivsl oouv€ZtiE.nooouold!,€r lio (ouv6x€ro 2r xa0dr(
Dtaolltoupr tov ireclp(lT|x(i dEova. Eciv o./vorioot'l.t€rov rQalFarlx6
(iEo'\,(l,onoxLe(outl€ rorE nQayFartxoirq oQlopox( otoxE oroioug e€-
l,o !|€ va oQiE€ro!o logz. E,To[6v{rq.rivc! ordntFo vo XQrlolporotri
oortlr€rov xld6o -n < artl z < l. Ev(1xardl;,Ilo orivo)Looro onoao o
lotz €ival ollcl].urrrri ouv(ierlol 6[vrt(rr (lno rry rlaQaxaro rQdroon.

1,6.2 nPOTA:H 'EottD A 10 avt)txrd oi\jolo trorr (trorfltirar dnd

ro C txf6( cnd fo| ce\'nfrxd ,teayltatLxd dEovu avpr.tplletlla\royi-
r\\t roo tt4.\€vo1(dtr,. .o C\lr+ iylx <O xat y=Ol). Opttor4t€
ivuv x|d.to ror loq En(.rou A:

lo|z=lo{ / + iaryz -r< a , r | z <l t

o ojtoao? ovopd _EErarxieos x1d4 .o.' lofaeieyou. TtlrE o lo9 z dvat

ayolvrh(i oltvtiernon tti tot A xatL

tl I
d;

Ay(tAoyottoxrieroltoiktxti()t,vylu roua (iliotti xlti'ovE.

nPnTH AnOAEI=H (Xp4oFonordrvroq ro 0e6pqForlq ovrlorpopqq

orrvcprtloqs). An6 rnv Evor. 1.3 oQiqout!€(iIr o logz sivor I [o-
vobrxi avri(ttt)oel ouvdQllorlrrt< /(z)=e'oQtoF€vrl oro ouvo).o
lt z= x + iy,,n <y < itl. AqoU\ de,/dz + O,ro 0€6elparIE ovri-
orQoqrtEouvCrQrloylg ouvfndryercr[ drr. ronr.xri,n e, 6xsr avrtoreoqrl
,rlv(it,rIoI rou r ival (lvo;.url"ri.A(lori rt a!.Ti('reoenouvderlort rivor
t()aadrxi,re6rr€!vc eivo! o loSz H raQdl(DloErnE /-r(w) €iv(!
l//'(z). Erolt€v(og f'(z)= t(z)= w xs\ df 'ldw=l/w o€ xdtj€orLreio
w. A.a

AEYTEPHAnOAEI=H (Xpio|Fono|(irwoqrlv r|olfti topgi rov eqF

o6oeov Cauchy- Riemann).>€ xrol,lri poQqrl,logz=logr+10, oro-
re u(r,d)=lo8r, r(r,d)=A r[ou eivar oulaQrrioelE
C'rrov | ,. O!
rEro6o€r<Cauchy Riemanno€ ro),rx€<ouvrrrcryp6v€E t"oxriouvorlv
108 A AAYTIKE' IYNAPTH:EII

tteQtoxliA, dtt@(€Enlrioau,s
oqv Evor. 1.5xo0 orr,gAoxrloE[E1l r(rl
12 oro i€loE suiriE rng €v6rnrag.O&(l)g

ar_l_la,
dr I rA0

1ar, ^ a0
ta0 dr

l€1ov6Enou 6Eaoqa),[ge! lv !oxr, r(ov €E0o6o€0rv

Cauchy-Rlemann.
E'[tons 6xorp6

: lorz = -: lozr + I !!
clz-ax-ax

_ | Ar +tae
t dx dx

E[va! r[Qogcrv6E 6r, €[[ ro! A,ar/ax=xlrxo,raelax=-y/rz o,go1J

0 = tan '(y/x), ondr€

! 5e = z =!
(lz - z=L-iY t
12 r'1 z2 z

To n€6{.ooro orio{o o xdeloE r],d6og .rou logz e{.vc!ovclurtxi

o1'vdQinon6tv€isu oro >X. 1.6.1.noQd6e!./podl)uol, xld6ou €lva!:

>XHMA 1.6.1 ne6io oalopoli ro! lotz

1.6 NAPATOTIIH ITOIXE|nAON IYI{APTHIEOI{ 109

loyz=loglzl+ laryz, O<atgz<2tt dfiou o logz e[vc! ovol1jrr,-

){ri ouvdQrns!€nl, ro! C\{x+l/lx>o, y=OI. Oa Xelo!$onoF
o1'lrsndvrc iol, xrrelo ril(16o,errdE edv 61o!p€ t(oeoQtd€L tidtlolov
dl,l,o.
'oxav
xerplpo'[ororit!€ro lotz oE otvo€rs( owoQxriocrE. 0o ne6]r€[
vo neoodxoup€d)ox€va ,raQapdvortpE oto tt€6lo oQr,ol,tot
xou logz
ILa noec!6€0ypa, oE o€(oerlooup€ rrN fQ, =logz2 ,t(r, rov t{tQro xld-
tio rou log. H ouvdernolourri €ival avaluilr(rlaLL1o\)A= lzlz+o
1r(l4argz+tttl2l yld ro1,E€Er1E 1,61ouE. H nQdrool 1.5.3poE6€ixv€!
or! I z'e{!o! ovollj1lrri o€ oid,|)ulQoro C. H €wdvs to! A p6oo)
rrK arr€rxdv0oqg z-)z' .l\st C\{x+/ylx<0, y=01 (frai{.i),tiou
ril,,urro oril,olo oro orroio o riEog xLd6ogxor lo8 oQtE€xaL xal Ea-
!o! cvclurlxri ouvderrlort.:ipqova p€ rov xcl6vc xqg aluot6aE, rl
-+
z logz! €CvcL cvcllrr,x1i €l1[1o! A (l3l6tr€:X. 1.6.2).

:XllUA 1.5.2 nrbio ovdlur(x.,rrtroE 116 lotrr.

H orvdQrrlon fe)=loYzz paE 6[v€! dva tiqQd6EtYpato! Y€Yovo-

roE dr! 0o rlecn€l vc €lF(ror€ ]rQoo€rirr,xoioio X€lQrop6 1(l)! loYo-
'Eorro
Qio[0rv. o[ 6rio orvoerrid€r,glotzr xoL 2loEz. Edv e€(llQlioouF€
dLe< r[E drvor€E rlpeE ro! Ioyaei0pou, o[ &ro oul.loyaE orv6],ov
oolminrorrv. Edv dpoE o€@eiooxF€ evcv xoeoploFfvo d!d6o, 'f|,(t ro-
edb€ryFo, rol, ,{riQro x},a6o, xal rov XQrpLFonolioolJpt xcr ylo tr,E
6rl() ouvaerioelE, ro 6to oivol"d 6€v Eivor rldvlc rc [614. fla ,taQd-
h r r y u a ,r q v z = 1 + i , r o i r a r y / = 3 n 1 4 x o r l o g / ' = 1 0 8 2 - n i l z . t , t t i
2lagz=log2+3fi112. H ouvdQrqol lo8z'z eivcr, ovotlurlrri oro €rlirs-
bo ro! 6€ o]Jl.r'i€Qltlsp0dvEr ro qovrooiui6 dEovo, €v6 I2logz €ivo!
(vo}.ur!,{ri oro €ntt!€6o ror, 6€ oupreetlctlFd1,€l xov aQvlrrx6 tQof-
l!.lr!rd nFldEova.
110 ANA^YTIKEI :YNAPTHIEI:

Or Tpryoworcrpx6S:uvopfilo€tq

M€td try €E€rooqr(ov t6[orir(or,/ tilE er, €lvor €dro]Lova F€],etri-

ooup€ r[E L6L6rr€( naQoY6.rlollg 1ro1,,rQlYovoF€rQrxd)v ouvaQlio€ov

1.6.3 nPOTA:H OL ouvderioELE sinz xdl cottz tlvat axtpar'E )rdl

oL Jraetlayoi Toua ,irolxal dfio rrE oXtoELg:

-4. xQL -;-

elz

AnOAEf=H Etto,L sinz=(et'- e t')/2j r'dl(D rou ooQoioltarog,xou 1{c-

vdva tns al,uo[6qE rcr, rou leiovdroE drr q €ro€r!]iri ouldernol €tvo!
sx€Qs{.q,oupJr€eq(aoupedr! rl sinz €(vc! ox€Qsic x& d(sinz\ldz=
t')12 = cosz. Kard rov i60o re6ro,
I ie'' - (- ie'')ll2i = (et' + e

d dl ! (e1'- e-0,
dz2 2

--! rc, er,)=-sinz I

2i

Or olvoerioerg sln-Lz xar cos rz pnoQolv vq dvql,1Joolv Fe rQdno

naedpolo drloE o lo8 z (rou €[!(rr rl o vdelrpq exp-'z p. rardll,rjl.r
nrdia oelopod ro! r!p(i)!). Micr 1€rola avlrl-r€r(jinrol qlroi,rq[ o(r!
Aoxlot 6 oro td).occut4E r16 rvoyrlrac.

H Y{roo4 oe Alvou

'Eox(l)
a xol b pryob!)(oi oQ!opo[. Yr€veupGoutr€ 6tL ai= e'rdr', rl
oftolo €lvc[, y€lrrd. nl€6r[pr] ouvdQrlon avd],o.fa F€ rov xld6o ror]
log.rou ril6yoope. AE ee(oQ{ool,prr6eo rlg ouvoerrio€!( z+ zi rc!
,, ) a'. OL ouvaQriorLE currg cv xaL gaivovral napoForr( tlorJv rr-
l.Ea(l)g
6laqoe€rrx6E ovd,t'IrxaE r6r.dqrEE.:rtv IIQ6raot 1.5.3 eEeld-
odF€ rlv r€einr(l)ort dnou o b €ivo! ax6eolog. H rrEei'tr{Dort€v6g y€-
vlxoi b eivo! r[€Qr.oodr€eo rloltrlloxn.

1.6.4 nPOTA:H
(i) fLa onoladifioft €xloyi xtd'ot, tnE ouvtiernonE log, n ouvtie-
rnotl z ) a' Eivar fitleq? xuL qXELn.tedlayo z + (loga)u'.
1.6 nAPArnnlH :TolxElllaoll :YllaPTllrEor{ 111

(ii) ILa 6rdv xagoplapelo xld6o t?S orNdQtrldlg lo& eot@ toe t4t-
Qro, 4 o|wdQln,\ z-+ Zb dvaL avaLutttai xaL 4 ttaSdy@y6Exls
ehrdl z ) bzo-t,

ANOAEI=H
(i) a'= e'rot". Afid To! rcvdvd rnE olnlJoloogI olrdQrndq dDii e[-
vcr c1,clurLtri oto C Fe raQdtoYo (loga)e'q'=(loga)a'(o
log a .[aaL dtag€Qd).
(ii) zb= eD'"t'. H ouvdQrqoi olnri e{,vdr caqhrrr(ri oto 'ls6[o oQr'
opoi ro1'' logz, agot 'n v -t et" €CvaLareQ|o[o. E t(orlE, dnd to1,
riovdvq rlE al1jo[6qE,

! row,= !
E'- "t
(To o[olo Loorrto0pe Dz'_ror)pg<ovcpg qt AoraIoI 20 olo 16-
log lnE El|dtrltoE 1.3).1

O!o!r(d, oro p€QoE(tt). edv b>0 tvoQ{,Eoupe drr I z'€lvdl ct{e'

eqcd (pe roQdyoyo bzb-tr. dp(og,
te!'1x6. tl z'etvc! cvalu[r&li F6'\,o
oro r€6[0 oQl,opoitol, lotz.
@ofiQ6r!.!vo 66qoulr€,pqadl olo p6Qog(ii) qE 4fid6.!Eng.Edv
6xoDp€€r*6E€i rov diQ0o rt).d6o totJ logz o oto[og 6x€L'I€6[0 oQ!_
ouorl C\{x+iyly=0 '{or x<0} ttcL 'tEo[otupdv to Rx(-t't)
(f!drl;), i6t€ \ z-) za Et\lo.L cvclljrlr.rl rt![ tou C\{x+ /yly=0,
x<O) (01'ftt€:x. 1,6.3).Oq lrjtoQorroap€ srlonE vq 6LaI6EorrF!tov
x)d6o ro! log nor, 6Xe!,le6[o oQropo{to c\(x + Jx Ix > 0} xdr fis6(o
\I\dt\ 70 Rx(-7ft14,n14) 16\E\ z'+ z" 0d ilcv ovqlljrlx{ efii to!
c\lx+i,Ylx>01.

IxHflA 1.6.3 nrprolcEcwrrnii?tqroE 16 z+z'.

112 AI{MYTIKE:TYI{APTII:EII

H tw|npnpn r-oori Pqo

Maq atr6 r[E r-0016g eiE€Ero! z e['\,o! 1 z'l', p€ l{ordlllln €tiF

loyri xl,ri6ou x4g logz. OL d)'l€g Q(qeE6[vo!to[ p€ rr,g lrrdlorneg
€xloyeE rldaor 6rorg avaq€esF€ oirlv E1,ot. 1.3. :lvio{rg XQIolpo-
'Ero!,
ro!€irol o lruQlog ]ild6oE. attd iIv IlQdlooll 1.6.4(ii), rai,Q-
voupe @E€!6[rili n€Qlrlroor] Tnv

1.6.5 nPoTAIH H ouvdeinon z -+ ztt'=t'12 E[vaLavalurLxi olo

tte'to opLopoi rnE lolz (yLa ttaed6Elyp<t,otu\/ lrliplo xld6o) xaL 6X€r
napdytDyo

L
'On(l)ExaL p€ ro loydp0opo,eq nedtr€uvc e[Fcor€t[QooErxlxol rn
[r€
Xeriorfrov ouvoerlio€(ovz--tzo, z-+\2 xaid rl orivo€oi rouE
t!€ dll,aE olloQrlio€rEd,or€va f]eloxdpsor€fidwq olo tt€6[oovclu'
rlxdlrtrdE. Mic reloro nrelnr(Dorl'f0q xl.ouvdernorl rarQolorvrr{ Qi-
lo neelyQdg€ro!oro Al,pa1/onaQdb€tlFa 1.6.8.

Aurttuo nqddclVttoro

1.6.6 Ns raQayeyio.t. nE en.tptvtgotvaprioit<, btrowsE rLElttpto|at

6nou ot owapllot$ at' -..tvtrt avalt'rtxti:

( p ) s i n( e ' )
(t) e'lQ'+3) (b) lG'+ |
(r) cosZ (E) l / (e'- l)
(rl) lor(e'+l)

(c) z,: e" . H e' €iv(r riklQtg. An(i rov xo!6va 14E oluoi6as I z J e' ei-
l,ar a,|€Aaia. An6 1()! xav6va r4S d!1lot6oG b(oup€ €nlols 6r! I nd(tdyoYog
rrE ouvdprlolE oro z eiva! e'e".
(0) z+siD(e'): H z)e'xol r t w - r s i n v s i v a u s x € Q a i o ,o n f i e , a n o r o v
xolovq rl]5 d],uoa6cgI zrsln(€') €ivar ox€aqio tror rt rdEiyot6g rrg mo z

l ' t ) z ) e ' l ( Z ' 1 + 3 ) . H q t r € r x 6 1 , l oz4- t e ' t l v o t a x € a o i o x o t I z ) 1 1 Q 2 + 3 \

eiaor olol.urrxri oro c\liJ3/1. Eno$vos I z-re'l(z?+3) €ivo! aval,urlali
1.6 NAPATOTIIH ITOIXEIOANiI IYNAPTHIEON 113

' r 1 o c \ l - L J 3 , l x a L i x c r n o Q d Y u , yo 1 o z ' a t J t i rol nQos

e' e' 22 - e'lz'1'2Z+1t

z1+3 \21+t)1 (21+1\'

(6) zi{e'+l : As 6!(r}.€Eoop€ rov t(166o rllE oradQrlolE wiit nou

riv(r oealurD(rioro c\{ r + iv lv= s. x < 0}'Ero! 0a nQ6nctao 6lol6Eouu€
rry nrprol(r A rfrors dort /€A. to e'+ | va |rlv rtvdL rourdleovo nAsY-
larrx6 rar <0. IlapqtlQriort 61r I €'€tvot 'Orov nQoYFat${i€dv xa! [6vov edv
,y= lm z = nE f !a xdrio(o o#poro n (Inr(i) ro t civar dQilo' I €' €[-
wr orrrxi nrav ro ]?fl1dL n, ptr16, 1 e' rrv(L aevrytxi LdU)le' = e" onou
r=R€z xar e'>l €dr )tq[ [6vov €d! x>0 Enop€vorE €dv oQlooup€ ro
A = c\ lx + /y lr >0, y= (2, + l)t, dno! ro ,l rdtQw! 0€lrxtg,tar aQllltrxag
oato(r€( l![dE *a0d)qxd! ro l|!6&] (dtrorgoro :X 1 6.4)'rdro I e'+ I e(ror
trQ(ltlotrxi ttoi <O €da1.dtl(dto edv zG A. AQou1 e'+ 1 etva!,dEQaid'€[-
!(r ova),r'lrrri efi{ 10! A. Ard tov t{dtdld r19 atrr'oll'(rE'I le'.+l eiaot
(vo).orLri €n[ ro! A pe 'IdA(iYo)lo(e'+ l) r/'?(c')/2

:XXtliA '1.6.4 nEQlot1i

ovalu t 6tnid! rrrs r'+ 1{67f,1.
't1a ANAAYTII(E: IYNAPTHIEI:

(x) zlcosZ. Apo.[ z= x+ iy, outtqorvo|re rlv llQdroorl].3.4, cos;=

cos(x - jy) = cosxcos(-iy) sinxsln( ty) = cosx coshy + j sinx sinhy, onore
u(x, y) = cosx cosh/ r.lr , (x, y) = slnx siDhy EnottvoE aulax =-sinxcoshy,
aulay=sinxcosh/. Etrv r cost irav ava),!rxi, r aulax es irav ior neoq
aulay, ye?ov6Ero onoto 0o ouvC|3orvc €d! xc! pdlov Edvsinx = 0 (6!l.obi.
Edvx=0 i sda x=ni, n=xt.t2,...J. EiroBdvoE 6sv rJndQx€!dvorxrd(Frt
i€v6) oivolo A oro oroio q z-+ cost va Eivordl,alurlrti.
(\\ z+ tl(e' l): >ntteova F€ rra IlAdrqor 1.5.3(iii)xs! ro y€yov6g6rr rl
z -e €'- I etlar or{eQoia,
ou[ireQaivoge 61r r z r l/(e' - l ) .iv(! avo}'llrr'|f
oto o volo oro onoiL,er-1 * 0, 6tl,obi ro o!'voLoA=C\lz=2nntln=o,
t l. 12,... ). H noQdl!,ydsrrtgoro z E[vo!- e?/(e'- l),.
(t) z--.1o6(e'+l): Aqoi o riQloExldbo( io! lot oQig€rqixorEiva!aro-
l.urrxi olJvdptrot orTl! i6tq ,I[Qroxli6n(l)sxoL r rrrQdlo)vLr.lplqo. 6!l,o6i
ru A=C\lr+/y I =(', x<01. FroponFcvo XQiloLuonoLryoqre rq anor.-
IaoAord rlg (d). Ari6 rov rqvdva rtg sl,lrtl,oullog xar ro onor€Idouqra1rtE
(d). it z-r lot(e'+ l) rivd! dvqlurrni orrv nceloxrirou lxiBorog 1.6.4.

1.6.7 AetErEttrl 4 oL'\'dQrnon

e/ Sntnpei rLEfolttg peruEi elqELrivrapdl"
liLxry neos rcr'E dEortaotyrentyttluy.

1io4. H €!0€ld noU oQiE€ro!on6 rtl\' y=% qnElxo!(qerdrotla axlfvc

l x + lx rsny0 x > 0 J xr( 1 €r'0Etano! oQllEra!qn6 rlv x = x0 oneurovGEr.r!
orov rnr.Io lzrdloro (i)otel" =c\l.0Lfns >X. 1.3.7.H y(l)vtq[€raEnoflor,
oo6irorr orrils! nor rou €eonrou6vou6ro1,rlopcro;orov xrtrl,o oro oI-
|r€io Etrdqis lIS or{rtlsE rdr rou nuxlou €(rc! z/2. EnoFavoJE o! y(Dvt€S
blarlQot'lror. Aurd €lror olvends pe ro o€dQl|rorIE ottlpoQ{ptEqr€rrdvt-
orE (l.5.7).

1.6.8 Ae[*€ drL lnoeEi ya opnqEi ivag xldnog n1sovvdpqo\g w)!i

dnrc \ z +'l z' I v.t Eiyala\/a|t)tlxi aq reappnldottEw nEeloxqrou
>X. 1.6.5. X?''olpoEoLdvtdg ro o ppolLoptt rc! oxtlpatoE, \EiEre 6rL
,'[t' - 1 = 1115, a -
"" "",,, 6nov o < €| < 28, a < 02< a.

Ano\. E& '[z t eiva! r rErao.r(D!!,oi Qiqdro! z-] xa! fi +t etvaL1

rrraoyolLr1i QrEdiou 1+ I. ."., lt | .lt; ftrar r rrrpoyuvrx4 srEo
rou z?- I (rrorir). Ild r1.v z -{z t llnoAot}r€vo 6!o},€€oup. .lt f
"ou
oQiEfratxot eivd avolr'trxi €ni rou C\lx + i/ ly= o xor x > 01. Eropdv(l)s I
, i " " " o v a i n r ! ' i it n t r o u c \ { r + / y y = 0 x a ! x > l } . Ilo rra
"-ttrt
z-+{z+l |rjropoarrvd brdliEouFF rrv 1 ro! oAi(rroLxor ravdLovdlu-
 r.6 nAPATOnIHtTOtIEtOAOtIIYNAPTH:EOI{ 115

:XHMA 1.6.5 r|!6aoovalntr2drlr< rtq 1rz:- L

rrxi €nl rou C\l x + /y l y = 0 l{o! x < oI. rnoptv(')grt z r {tlT eivo! o!o-
).rrrxrisnt ron c\ { x + ,y ly = o, x < - I I . Apu tt z + ,{iJ {z+i eivarc,
lolurrxi lna rou c\{r-+t),ly=0, l:rl>rl pe rrrr noaon(i,!)rxrori't}d-
br,,vr1q f. M€ lllou! rolr< xldborlg dxouue ,{z-t -,ta"'',,, x"t
'{,-t =1r,,r'".,', ondre r':l ,{,-t =,t7;,2'"'+',.. Aqou
r z-+
'ltI \,*| € i v o ru v a L u l r xrin i r o u c \ { . \ + i y l y = o , l x l > I I g q n a . n e !
v( crl,rrololxrto€ itdnoroftl.dbor(q on.vdQrrtot( rErQay(!)llxiaita f rard
rrv rtnEradvroil, - trz- r . r,u vo nAoriFEaurd ro! x).d6o,noQorrQiore
d r r z e c \ { x + / y l ) , = 0 . l x : ' r } r d v x a r F 6 v o v€ d v7 , - I e c \ { x + i J,=0,
x>01 (rrarij xar 6r(jr ed! rdaows rrv 1 nou oeiq€rqrror Eild! avol.r,
nx'i cni rou c\lx+iyly=0, x>o), lore n ,-'{itr riaa! ova}.ur!x,i
r n i r o r |c \ l x + , J , l y = o . x l > I l .

IlaAori?noq. To orlp0ol.o f lgrloLpororelroryra br{iqoQorExldboljg rrE

ouvdrerlolEiErQo.y{r)vrxrl .r(rLo x}d6oE roa onoio axoutl€xoooQiorr
0i;a,
{alvErar an6 1o oulvQalr1trla. O dnou6aorrlE0q npdnrr va ouvl0ioEr
vd or€nrEraL ro oqrflolo 1' oe q(6ot Ir rrrv €xtoyri ev6EoamFfvou |.ld-
'tt6 AI{AAYTII(EI IYI{APTH:EI'

AarrroeB
1. Na naQoyol,io€rr xa! vd 6{iro€r€ rrE reQloxdg aasl,ur!1t6rrFoE o€ xdo€
pia an6 r4 eEiEouverrlo€rs
(a) 21+z (P) tl z

G) "'e(?+)
2. Na naQay(l)yloEirrar va 6{i)oErsrrg ?rr0rox65
ovo},urlr{6rlroEo€ rdoe
Wo on6 lrE €Ei6 ouvaA issrg
(o) 3' (F) log(z+ l)
(1) z'"" 6) \r,

\,

3, Na nQoo6roeiorrr ro €ndp[ta Fgto6!1.d6Qro ed! ndQxoul/:

(o) (B) lim i1-1

a. No nQoo6roQioarfrc €n6trlvd pry06t1{d6Qrq €dv undQxouv:

'
(l) lim 1-

5. tdl{,€!61r sinzl< | yis 6Id r( ze C;

.
5. Auorr rry sinr= w,(or 6EtEr€,r6E ploAonF€vq Er)'aEoup€ taov oQr-
op*vo xl,dborIE sln r (iroreaa ElvaLovdLr'lflr1ol|vdorTtorl.
Yno)'oyioreqv
naQdy(tJlodurou ro1' x)d6ou ttE sin-rz.Bl6n€ Aoxror 15 sro r6IoS rolj
Keqolqtou 1.3.

7. 'Eo!u
l(zt=tl(t-z). ror poad6rotou
Eivar 4 f o v€x1igoro Eo(dreQrxd

8. Eol(t) u(x,y) ror ,(x,y) rrQo'y|rarl|.tgouvaQlioELE oQroFfvEso' avo

caorxt6 otvoLo A cR: = C ffir dor(r 6rr |,xaaonorouv tr( €Ero{i'oErE Cauchy-
RiemsnnEni rou A. asiErcorr or ouvaerlio€rE u,(x.y) = lr(x, yt'- t,(x, yt':,
x t(x,y) = zu(x,y) t (x, y) rao{nErrl! o! !,(}, J,)= e(rr)cor u( x, y), n,(x, y) =
e4' v)slnr(x,y) rr.ovonoronvr!E lErodo€rECauchy-Rlemann.rii rou A.
MroQ€[t€vo ro 6eiEerraur6 r(oQigva ).dv€rEuno],oyroFoi,Ei

9. Na FQ€ootvor n€0rq(6EovolurD(6rrrrosr((lr rt ndQdyoyogrov €Eis ou,

(a, zll2z -1) G) .""',"

A'KH>EII ENANA HIUHI TIA TO KEOAAAIO'I 117

10. Na pAEo€irl n€plox1ioloLurrx6rrraE xai n ?raQdy(l)rog

l(l)v €EiE ou-

@,[,r1 ( 0 ) s i n1 '

1 1 . N o 0 a E 0 €x {o e } d x r o r ror E l e " ' l y r a € r e i v o r o z y r a r a o r o i a l z l < 1 .

12. Nr a'robelE€rs rr p€0o6oxfi 're.i!

rrv nQdroor 1.6.5XprolponoKbvras
qE I1eoroorE1.6.2.
xIS on6bErErE

13. llo! €[ldr r] z4Z" N.r]\1tlr:''i:H zt 21',

14, Na oeioslE6!sv xLd6orI< ttt+rt xGLvc ieiEerr drr €ilar orqllJru{rj.

A:KH:EI: ENANAAHq'H: T|A TO KEOAAAIO1

1 , Y r i o l o y ( o l1E0 e r ,l o 8 ( 1 + / ) , s i n l , 3 ' , e ' : or )r.r

2. f(o noltq r([6g ro! z LaXi'eL

lo|"21=2lotza o xrjQro(x].d6oErou loya-
Qi0po! ewoetls! dlr 1r( orc 6io t!61I.
xQrlorpoTio!€tror

rdirE oxic,)to! i.
3. No ltQehnv or AteEE

z 1!d rouE onoio\tEz'z-1+ i.

4, Na lloe0onvdlor or aQLo}lo[

s. Na l.u0EtI cosz={t ,')EnooFz.

6. Nc l.ugeiI sinz= {: r,r npoSz.

7. Na neQllQae€tlet,)terpu{dro orivoi.or',r! orlpeio! zEC:

to) \z+il= 2-i (D lz-1 =3 z-2

8. Na n€QllQaq€iyeoterarxdro orilolo n! .'i+.rio! z€C:

(1) z tl=lz+t O) lz-1 =2 2

9. No rapdyoyio€rEflE EEriE
EaApdoELE
ora alTaorolxone6io oQropon:

((I) zr+8 (0) : .

(1') exp(21- 1) (5) sin(lorz'?)

'10. :E notd oi'vo),o€iva! r[t <rvn].1'rfirir

Nc uno].olrooeir nopdyo)
I
Id! rrE.
118 ANA YTIKE: :YNAPTHEEII

11. Na riEQr-rp6U€rE rc otlvoLa mq oroia or €nop€\,eqotlvapnioetE €ilar

ava}tlxrrfs xai !( uololio6r€ rrS napo'IriJ,touErouq:

(o) e!' (lr)

a,;
ryr fl , 1tc npclscrrxoo

12. To [6!0 pE rlr Aoxr]ol ll yro rrs ou\,oario€lE:

t c r e x o- 1 , r L o" . c

13. MnoQ0t vd oQ|o()etdvag [o1'6rrpog (dva]. rrrdg) x]'d6os rori losz ora

\1, lzlt<lz <21 (0) {, Rez>o}

( 1 ) { z l R e z> r mz I

14. AeiEreor! I cnorrdlloitz+ z+|Iz,rntLxo\tlcr 1o1 x{x}.o Ir rarolo

6o1t lzl=cl orrlv 01.),rr1tr nor rrQryQdqsrs!qn6 rrv {v=u+ii,lu=
(c+ l/c)cos9,r, = (c- l/c)sind, 0 <d <211. MnoQEt
\,o 0iao!ro c= li

15.'Eolr'r 61! ! / €lvq! alaltrrxi sni 10! 4. AS oetoolpe rtv a: A -e C ps

Trt\t sQ)=tA). tldrs EiaarI g cvol.!'rrxrir

16. Na llQe0oivra nQoyparlrd(r(or qalrdoxrrd $dQr xlE f(z)=zrxar va

6erxr€i6rr lxalonorcuv r!E €Elo6oErE
Cauchy-Riemann.

17. Eo!o f(x + iy\ = (x1+2y) + i(x1+ y1).>€ nord ot$etatlnAQXEr

r 1'(20)r

18- 'Emo r f:AccJC awlrrlxi €ni evoqolorxron oulol.or A, x(lr

A=lz zeAl.
(o) No n€Alyaduersro A rearperprxd.
r0r Oaiorl rlv €: A -C Ir r,tv grrt- r^ . AriEn or i I nlur uv(-

19. 'Em0:'I I: A c C J c Eilor avo).1lTr}!ri

oro avorxr6 orvEaftrd onvol.oA
ror orr 1/(z) eivarn0at$drfirl-rLd6la ra z EA. &iEft 6rr r f€iro! otd0Eai.

20. Ano6eiEre rr< cqrodorr< Cauchy-RiemannoE €EilE.'Eoxo 6rr r

f : ACC)C eiva!naQaloliorpraxo 20=xa+iyo-'Eoro gr(.)= .+ t% xar
a,(t = xo+ i. EqoQpdmero! ravoaa rrE d,xoiSa! ('I[6 fta1 xar f.s,.
A:KH:EI: ENANAAHII'HITIA TO KE9A AIO 'I 119

'Emo
21. 6r! 'r f(z) €irsr (voLurrxri oro t'ioxo lz ll<1. Ynoo€m€ 6r!
t'(z)= tlz, t(r) =o. LEiEre drr /(z) = lo3z

22. XQrorForouior€ro 0r{nQrparrg avriorQoer! oxvderrots ortv ard6€r-

EI ror eErig@or€Ieouqros.Eo(,) r A c c -r c a1'olurxi (ro A €ivor avo!-
xrd oraErrrxd)rsr €or(, (trr /(A) - {z rdroro d'ors lz = 3 }. rdrE rt I ei-
"a!

23. AnobElErE
6ir
(2,,+h.)"-t,i _
tin z,,

24. (a) Edr 6ao nol,!6vur1opO)-a,+atz+ . +.r,2'6XELpia eieo c..

f€iErr 6rr ttno$i va yQa{0€ioav p(z)=(z-cthlz\ 6nox t(r) ei!a! 6!a ro-
ir(i,vupo |]sopon r- l. (XQr(rr[onoLiorErrl 6ralpsor nolu(,rip(or yrq !q
'\eit€r€6rr ro r- c brdlQoiro p(r).)
(11) XQlor[ororrior€ ro p6Qo!(a) lla vo lriEErr drr ro p(z) 6€v ljtoQ€i va
iZ€r r€Qroo6r€A€S (rn6 r Qiq€c.
t?) n(jre €i!a! ro c pltd ros p(z) xar rou p'(z)i

25. >c not6 o('!olo Elv(! r zJ zz (r(Irrrxrii Ynololiore rry rqQdy(l)yd

rrlE.

26, Esr(l) 6 a\,ai.urLx'i3n( rou avorxro(i olv6lou A. 'Eora) /J= {z€4

.q(r) *0j. A€iEr€drr ro B rllor aaorxr6 x(r drr r l/r eivo! a1'ol.ux|l{iEn{
rou a.

27. Nd IIL)€[re
xa! aa naQ(orriocrs.rAaQ(x(l
lrE ],!osrs rr( z'=-8/.
'Eoto
28. rl f:AcCrC ovol.rrr1{ri
rri erdg alorrroi o!vd).ou4 xar
.or.) f'(zo) + 0 trd rdro€z0e A. A€iEredrr ro oil,ol.o I Re/ (z) | z €A ) c R €i-

29. AeiErr6rr or u(x,y)=x1 3xy2, r{x,y)=3x?y-y'Lxdaonorotvrr!€Er

driJoflECauchy-Riemann.:toi,r(orr ro anoral,€opa.

30. a.iEr€ 6rr or noQ(x{iro ouvaplioELsEivarolvlxciE oro z= 0:

{/dez"'1l)zl' z+o
f(z)=l (t) r(z)=lzl
t O z=t)
12O AI{MYTIKE:IYNAPTIIIEI:

31. >€ r!o0doru€ia z €trar o! en6u€vEg

ouvqerrio€r4
roQay(oyloueEl
\qt f(z)= zl'z (lt) t(z)=y ix

32. xqrorFonorrior€ro 0e6plpo ro! de Moivrc yra rov urroroyrott0rou

o€eo{oporogsinx + sin2x + .. + sintr.

33. na rr ouvdarryrtu(x,y\=y\-3x'1y,
{o) AEiEre6rr r tl eiad! oe[o!!r.ri Ot6n€ nedlqol l.5.ll).
(0) Na rlaos6loeio€i€q ot'Euyi ouvdQrlol ,(x./) dor€ yt u+iu va eivqu

34. ge(')0rimsrrv olvdetror \!Q)=tlz. zxebLaare1ts looorooprxfExa-

Fnril$Eu= olao. :Xo),dor€.

35. nQoobloQeiore rrq 4 6!oeoQrr!*g rqrfE lox z no! afielxoltlolrdl orrt

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