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    cratons fanerozoicos

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    cratons fanerozoicos

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views81 pages

    Livro 368 449

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    D'deridex Redemptio
    cratons fanerozoicos

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    PHANEROZOIC CRATONIC Cores, Marcinat BELts AND SEDIMENTARY BASINS “Lower Paleozoic magmatism in South America is most clearly recorded in. ‘outcrops in central and northwestern Argentina, extending into southern Bolivia, northeastern Chile and the coast of southwestern Peru. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of this age are well exposed in the geological provinces of central and northwestern Argentina, and its characteristics are considered representatives of the Paleozoic evolution of southwestern Gondwana... This distribution indicates that the basement of the southwestern sector of the South American Continent was mainly developed during the Early Paleozoic, being the Pampean and the Famatinian the best recognized orogenic episodes, These large Paleozoic regions are the basement that structurally controlled the Meso-Cenozoic Andean magmatism associated with the Pacific subduction.” (Rapela, this volume) “Regarding the distribution of Phanerozoic sedimentary successions and particular plate-tectonic regimes, four major domains are recognized in the South American Plate: the continental interior; the western; convergent margin of the plate; theeastern side, a more than 10 000 km-long divergent margin; and the northern and southern margins of the plate, marked by a regional transcurrent tectonic regime...” (Milani and Thomaz Filho, this volume) CRON UG. ARLEN THOU, 8 CAMEOS, DA "TETOMCEYELUTION oF SOUTH, 368280 /ODE AERC, 200 CR TAGONIA Prrcgrs iss sigue sn of stn Sst America that recards a complex history of orogeny. continental bredk-up, seismic idgecalision, an foreland basin development. The geographicallphysiogrephical limis of Patagonia are the Colorado Riveratabott 39°Sin the N and the foothills ofthe Patagonian Cordillera along the western and southern margins; the crystalline Patagonian domain extends towards the § and consttate the basemen forthe Argentinean continental magi ‘Patagonia encompasses several geological units suck 4s the Somun Cora and Deseado massves, the San Jorge Basinthe Rio Mayo Embayment andthe Austral Basin ig, 2), The Patagonies foothills comprise the pre-Andear Patagonian Precorilera, the Bernétdides Mountains, and ‘an extea- Andean region of basaltic platen (mesa The Somun Cura Massif This geological province was recognized as 2 stable cratonic block since the pioneer work of Windhausen (1931). who defines it as the Patagonian Massif. is western ‘boundary coincides withthe Patagonian recorders, and Ss outlined by the Andeas Theust Front, that subdivided a western area with deformed Cenozoic rocks and a more stable area with mid or nil deformation (Fig, 2). ‘Towards the W, the Somun Cura Masifisbounded by the Catadén Asfoto Basin, and is overlapped by the eposits ofthe Chubut Group, of Eary Cretaceous age. The metamorphic basement consists of guess and miceschist metamorphosed in the amphibolite facies, associated with sprtectonic granitoid pltons. Rb/St ages determinations feom these racks gave B50 50 Ma(St°#Snital ratio of| (0.70734) according to Linares etal (1990) and 620 +45 Ma (55 initial rato of 0.7038) by Varela eta (1997), “These ocksar lated tothe low-grade El agit Sehist that bas been considered by some authors as part of an Early Paleozoic basement, However, equivalent low-grade ‘metamorphic rockshavebeendatedby Linares al (1990) at 60025 Ma {Se intial aia of 0.70347). Neve UF Po dating on ziteon from the southwestern sector of the massif indicated even older Middle Proierozoic ages Early Paleozoic marine deposits of Sierra Grande Formation unconformeblyovedie the easter sector of the masif(Corése al, 1984), Othoquariteis interbedded with important zones ofooitc iron beds p to 14 m thick. This coves of Suan age, forms a sable platform of castc beds ‘with nino ttfaceous lees and the sedimentary rocks have «typical Malinokafrc fauna, The fauna is characterize by the Carkia antionss- Heterorthll association of Sisran (Wentockian) age (Mancetido and Darnborenc, 1984). Victor A. Ramos and Maria B. Aguirre-Urreta Boththebasementand partially the cover are intensely intraded by Ordovician, Carboniferous, and Permian ‘sranitoid boxes, Some authors recognize two different petrogrephicsuites:anolder suite consisting of sebduction selaed tonalite, granodiorite and granite; and a second suite consistingof pos-tectonic granite intresives (Rapela and Caminos, 1987). New Rb/Sr ages from these assemblages gave 483 £22 Ma and 467 £ 16 Ma, in ranodionite and granite,an€363++57 Maand 318+28Ma in granite bodies emplaced in the Eatly Paleozoic cover (Varela 1997). ‘These cks ae covered by widespread acid voleanic and pycoclastic rocks that constitute an extensive Thyolitic plateau. Middle to Late Triassic ages have been recorded in the northwestern sector, associated with Dieroidium fora (Stipanicic et al, 1968; Artabe, 1985, 1986). The rhyolite rocks are younger towards the Atlantic coast. RB/Se ages obtained in several diferent areas ofthe massif yielded ages from 183 £ 2te 178 £1 Ma (Repela and Pankhurst, 1993). These ages were confitmed by Ar/Ar dating which range from 186.2 1.5 to 176.9 + 0.8 Ma in the Marifd Formation (Aric e al 1996). Both isotope studies pointed to an important shortelived melt episade that involved most of the Somuncura Massif, associated with the break-up of Gondwana (Kay er a, 1993). These rocks are also closely linked with Early Jurassic granitoid with similar ‘composition ané tectonic setting (Rapela etal, 1991). ‘Thermal sag subsidence following the Jurassic ‘extension produced he Chutut Group continental deposi ‘of Barly Cretaceous age(Stpanicc etl 1965; Spalletti et a, 1989) Several shallow marine transgressions in the Maastrichtian (Andreis ef al, 1989; Spalletti, 1990), ocens,and Neogene covered most of the Aantic side of the massif (Legarreta and Uliana, 1994), A Zarge alkaline flood basalt province covered the Somun Cura Massif at about 27 Ma (Ardolino, 1581). These flows have been interpreted as produced by a transient hot-spot like environment by Kay el (1998), that ina few milion years caraded a large volume of basalt Late volcanic activity of alkaline basal: and rhyolite is concentrated near Tesea ‘Corbell, 1984) ard inthe Siers de Apas Las Chacays, ‘alagapa, and Pire Mabuida (Salani and Page, 1990), ia voleanic domes, annular dykes, and minor flows ‘The dominant structure ofthe massfis characterized byhalf graben systems, associated with he opening ofthe South Alantc Ocean. The orientation of the extension was blque tothe continental margin, and a partition ofthe stress in strike-slip displacements is evident (Cicireli, 1989), The western sector has mild tectonic invecsion produced during the Andean compression 369 ~ | NEUQUEN, Att 2 ether ee VICTOR A. RAMOS ANG MABLA &. AGUURRE-UnBE SSK Kea Rs CORDILLERA PATAGONICA “ryt DESEADOY +f ' MASSIF + + + > . Y Fig 2 Main groopialarares ofthe Somun Cura Malin ‘northern Patagonia, and ajacengeotegical provinces Fig. 4-Main geloyical features of the Dieses Masifin 370 southern Patagonia (madified after Panza eal, 994), TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA a winnowive TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA ie VICTOR A, RAMOS AND MARIA B, AGUIRRE-URRETA 372 The Deseado Massif ‘This region has been considered as an ancient and independent massif from the Somun Cura area since the Work of Feruglo (1946). Leanza (1958) gave the present name tothe stable basement area comprised between the Deseadio and Chico de Sania Cruz rivers (Fig 3} The basement consists of isolated outcrops of phyllite and ow-grade schist (Di Persia, 1962) that have bern dated st 540.20 Ma by K/Ar method (Perzucki, 1978) Silurian panitoid intrusives and sub-voleanic rocks are emplaced inthe metamorphic rocks (Paltsa, 1989; Marquee etal, 1994) Recent U/P dating on zieon gove ages 425,454 and 472 Ma (Middle-Late Ordovician to Silurian) ia granitoid djkesof the Tres Hermanas eyion Some tonalite rocks yield ages between 407 and 402 Ma (Devonian). Detrital zircon fractions fom metaguarzte samples gave Pb PU of 93 Ma (Locke ef a, 1999) On this basemest, minor continental basins of La Golonérina and El Trangyilo were developed in Permian and ‘Triassic times (Stipanicie and Reig, 19565 Archangelsky, 1998; Arcondo, 1972). Red arkose, shale, and taf ofthese basins have been interpreted as rift sequences by Jali. (1987) and Jalfin andl Herbst (1995). These deposits have «rich Triassic dinosaur founa in the El Trangudo Basin (Bonaparte and Vince, 1979) and well-preserved flora and tmicrfiore (Herbst 1988; Zavaieri 1993). ‘These deposits are intrude by Late Tassie and Early Jurassic granite of the Central Patagonian Batholith (stipanicicer al, 1972; Rapelaera, 1991). The extensional regime was related tothe breek-up phases associated with the South Atlantic opening that developed the large Chon ‘Aike Rhyolitic Province (Kay et al, 1988). The Chon Aike thyolite and ignimbrite, with sarc basal, i associated With a clastic continental sequence éeposited in hat graben systems (Ramos, 1996). The age of the rhyolite Varies rom 1680 170 Main the easter sector ofthe massif (Pankhurst and Rapela, 1993) ‘These clastic and volcanic rocks are covered by younger ignimbrite fows, volcanic and castc sequences of Eaely Cretaceous age that indicate a rectvationofthe extension in the northwestern secar ofthe massif (Pala, 1989). dane marine sansgresions of Paleocene, Eocene and Olgoeene- Miocene age ae interbedded with continental clastic and prrodastic sequences (Legareta and Ulan, 1984) ‘The structure of the cegion displays an intense penetrative deformation inthe metamorphic basement (Panza et at, 1994); extensional structures in the Permian and Mesozoic deposits (de Giusto eal, 1980), and sub-herizontal Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequences. The Jurassic rocks are associated with important gold low-sulfidstion epitherrnal systems at Gerro Vanguardia and related ore-disteiets (Genini, 1985; Schalammak etal, 1995), The Patagonides ‘The pioncer work of Keidel (1921) recognized the Patagonides, an old mountain chain situated between the Northera Fatagonian Andes and the Soran Cara Masi. ‘The presen definition ofthe Potagonides is mainly based nite work of Groeber (1938) and Frengueli (1946) This sevlogical province comprises Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary deposits and associated igneous rocks formed during theatest Cretaceous (Fig 4. Thediferent «anges ofthe Patagonidescan be susivided in two distinct morphostructural ents, the Patagonian Precordilera and the Bernddides. The Patagonian Precordillera ‘This region comprises a series of pre-Andean ‘mountains developed between the Risthuaw Basin et the foothills of the Patagonian Andes and the Soman Cura Massif (40'S to 48°35). The stratigraphy was established bby Rramchiand Page (1980), and themainsteuctral features are shown in the Figure 4 ‘The basement consists of Precambrian metamorphic rocksexpased in the Gastre region ihatisintruded by Early Paleozoic granitoid plutons Dalla Saldaetat, 1994). These Precambrian rocks are the basertest ofthe Tepuel Late Paleozoic marine basin (Svero, 1962}, ater defined a ‘composite basin to include the Jorassic deposits by Ugante (1966), The Late Paleozoic rocks consist of glacial, slaciomsrine, marine and continental deposits several thousand metres thick, developed in aback-arcentensional sting (Ramos, 1983). Black shale and sandstone beds bearing Late ‘liensbachian to Eariy Tearcian ammonites and bivalves ‘Riccardi, 1983; Hilebrandt, 1987) are exposed between Esquel and the Sierra de Payaniyeu. These Liassic rocks Snterfinger with continental nd volcaniclastic deposits ‘Corti, 1984), defining an extensional intra-arc basin ‘The Liassc rocks are covered by the Middle ta Lat urassic lLonco Trapal voleanics (Nall, 1983), which correspond toanextra-Andeanvolcanicare. Tisarcis partially coeval ‘withthe Lage La Plata Formation along the axis ofthe Patagonian Cordilera (Ramos, 1983). Granitoid bodies along the extra-Andean region represent the large Cental Patagonian Batholith of Eatly to Midcle Jurassic age, emplaced along extensional fauks trending W-NW (Rapela et af., 1991), Lacustrine limestone and black shale of the Cafiadén Asfalio Group define basin trending NW deposited ie a hall-graben system during Middle to Late Jurassic time (Figaci and Courtade, 1993). This renewed episode of extension is obliquely positioned tothe E of the Liasscintra-arcbasin -An extensive cover of late Early Cretaceous continental deposits ofthe Chubut Group unconformably overlies the Jurassic rocks. These continental deposits are interfingered with thickctufleyers thet arethe picoclstic equivalent of the Early Cretaceous voleanic arc ofthe Divisadero Group, well exposed along the axis of the Patagonian Cordillera (Ramos and Drake, 1987) The eastern area is also covered by Maastrichtian- Danian marine deposits related t a Atiantic short-lived transgression. The western part is covered by Laie Cretaceous tholeitc basalt flows, Paleogene alkaline basal related to ridge subduction are developed of 43°5 (Ramos and Kay, 1992). The structure of the TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA paTagonia Fig. Main goolopoa fearures of Patagonies withthe Precerilera and the Nernardides ol Belt (ater Baretta, 64 Fiper end Courtede, 17933, Fig5-Strctral ecti of Coda de Ri SenguerAntiline Produce Farah _TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA VICTOR A. RAMOS AND MARIA 8, AGUIRE.URAENA Fig 6- Ma geological features of outharnPatagon ith imexposaen ofthe Ris Mayo Emhaymentunlthe Aura 374 ‘asin (modifi ofter Ricca 198) Patagonian Precordillera is characterized by tectonic inversion of previous nocmal faults with a dominant ‘westerly vergence (Mézquez and Giacosa, 1999). Due to ‘the oblique trend ofthe normal faults, thereare important stcike-sip displacements (Coira eta, 1975). The Bernardides Aseriesofrengesin the central extra-Andcan Patagonia {49°05 to 46°S) has been grouped asthe Beratdies by Ferello (1969). These ranges are separated from the Patagonian Andes by the depression of the Genoa and ‘Senguetr River valley. The eastern boundary coinces with Lake Colhue Huai. ‘The Berndrdides fold belt is characterized by large antcial structures, such asthe Codo dal Rio Senguerr (Fg. 53) and the Siecta de Castillo, bounded by N-NWetrending faults developed by tectonic inversion ofeat'y Mesornichalf- _gelbens(Hormevc etal, 1993). Theantidina structures have vergencetothe Eorto the W, following the dp of he previous ‘normal faults. The initia fll ofthese half grabensisexposed to tes in the Patagonian Precordillera. The fl consist of Lassie deposits, Middle Jurassic voleanics and lacustrine Pre-Cretaceous shale, The sag phase depositsare represented by the lat Early Cretaceous Caubut Group (Suto, 198) ‘These continental and pyroclastic sequences, the okest units ‘exposed in the Bernd, are fas fr their abundant SHRIMP analyses,and whole- rock Rb/St and K/Ar; (2) thermo-bacometry based on smcroprobe mineral analyses; and (3) Nd and Sr isotopes, and major element and traceelement geochemistry ofthe ‘magmatic suites, Recent accounts om the Early Peleozoic history ofthe provinces ofthe northwestern Argentina, ang different viewpoints on its geody namic evolution are presented in the book The proto Andean Margin of ‘Gondwana, Pankhurst and Rapele (eds), 1998. Pionering contributions and research on the geology of these provinces, back in time upto 1978, can be consulted inthe Segundo Simposia de Geog Repional Argentina, volume 1, Taner (ed), 1979 Carlos W. Rapela Gondwana mobile belts and the Precordillera Terrane Geological and paleontological evidence indicating hat the Argentine Pecordillera is a Laurentian terrane has revolutionized ideas about the proto-Ardean margin of South America (Dalrie, 1997; Benedetto, 1998), Altiough the exotic origin of the Precordiller has been widely accepted, the timing of accretion and the associated _geotectonic models remained conirovesial Dalla Saléa etal 192,1998:Astini tal, 1995; Dalit, 1997;Benedet, 1988; Rapela ef al, 1998b). Despite the fact that several problemsare sill unsolved unraveling theevaution of the ‘Gondwana margin immediately prior to accretion of the Precoudllea teane has helped to distinguish diferent mobile belts and to better constrain existing geodynamic models (Repela ota, 1998; Sims ea, 1998) Paleozoic provinces at 22° § to 33° S may be divided ‘nto those related to Early to Middle Cambria accretion (the ‘Pampean Mobile Bet). and those associated with Ordovician subduction (the Famatinian Mobile Blt) and ater collision ofan exotic terrane (the PrecordieraTerranc). More precise g2ochronological data and detaled peological studieslead toa more restricted definition of Pampean and Famatinian ‘evenis and their duration (Rapela et al, 1998b). The Pampean Mobile Belt includes the Eastern Sierras Pamnpeanas and asietn Cortilea provinces Fig). From 22° § to 77° S the Pampean Belt is dominated by the Poncoviscane Formation, which is mainly composed of a thick sequence of low-grade metamorphic rocks inclading, ‘metapelite and turbidite beds with wel preserved primary structures (Jeek, 1990), cerrying trace fossils and indicating a late Precambrian (Vendian) to early Lower Cambrian (Commotinn) age (Duran, 1996) This ighil folded series ‘sintraded by Cambrian granite and uneoeormably covered bby Middle-to Late Cambrian platform sediments therefore suggesting a Middle Cambrian deformation (Rossi etal 1992; Durand, 1926). From274Sto 33°S only metamorphic equivalents ofthe Puncovscana Formationare exposed, The sequences are mastly composed of medium to low pressure and temperature, high-grade metamorphic cocks and matectc granites of Earyto Middle Cambrian age partially remobilized and intruded by Ordovician to Carboniferous sranitoid plutons (Rapela eta, 1998a) ‘The Famatinian MobileBel,excorapassing the Pung, the amatina System the Sierra de los Llanos de La Rioja and Sieras de San Luis consists oflaw- pressure andlow-fo-hgh temperature metamorphic rocks, back-arc sediments, and ‘widespread Ear)y Ondovician magmatic rocks (Fig. 2) 381 TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTH AMERICA 382 a a whebaryy ww F161. Early haces geological provincia thesouthern Aden dielosed rback-rhaating shove Miocene Pat laste madi ‘fier Aaptactal 8), Pricipal siren ‘Wis sgrert are Qoilroes C-Capiitas a anni Famatinas eas; U- Uma Maz W: Nove deCndaby Co- Crdbas Sam La: lena de io od Chops VF Vie Fert PP de alas BC Preoriens. 176.2. Bary Paleoealcrcomstrriom of he proc-Andgan margin of soothern South America after the dacking of the Precarlera Terrane Farpen Vebie Bot Precordilera Terane Term aon [i rr ream ee se ‘The Precorillee Terrane (Preconilleran Terrane of Astin taf, 1995) is essemtially equivalent tothe Cuyania ‘Terraneof Ramos tal (1998) and consists of metsmorphic Easement partly covered by Cambrian-Ordovicincarbonate rocks. ln the Precordillera the latter contain typical Laurentian faunas (Benedetto, 1998) and subsequent silcictastc units that extend into the Upper Pateczoic; a Grenville age for their unexposed basement has been inferred from xenoliths in Miocene voleanic rocks 1102-4 0.006;a, Pb ztcon, Kay eral, 1996) Exposed Greaville- ‘age besement occurs both W and E ofthe Precordllra, Caminos (1973) was the first to recognize the contrasting, lithology ofthe basement rocks occurring to the E of the Preconilleraas the Sierra de Pie de Palo, Sierra de Maz nd Siecra de Umango.namely the Western Sierras Pampeanas (Fig), that are characterized by an absence of major bathoiths abundant ultemafimaficand metamorphosed carbonate sequences, with metamorphic assembiages that generally indicate higher-pressure metamorphism than in the Easter terra Pampeanas. The isotope ages indicating 4 Grenvilian age for the Western Sierras Pampeanas (McDonough eta, 1993; Varela eral, 1996 Pankhurst and Rapela, 1998) is further evidence favouring the allochiony of the Precordilera Terrane, and confirmed the early observations made by Carainos (1873, 1979) indicating sharply contrasting evolutionary lines and petrogenetic processes for thebasement ocksof the Eastern and Western Sieras Fampeanas. The Neoproterozoic-Devonian evolution of the Pompean and-Fematinian belts is compared to tat of the Preconillera Tesrene in Figure 3. The geodyramic model described below follows the main features presented by Rapela of at. (1998b}, but new U/Pb SHRIME data have Allowed better estimations ofthe intrusion age ofthe large peralaminous batholiths (Rapela et al, 1999), and ‘modification inthe interpreted sequence of evens Supercontinent break-up: opening of the Puncoviscan and Southern Tapetus oceans Break-up of the the latest Precambrian Pannotia Supercontinent produced continental terranes that were accreted to Laorentia and Gondwana in early Paleozoic

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