‫ﺳﻮﻡ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫‪ ٣.١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺵ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺮ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ(‪ .‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻢﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺑیﺶﺗﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ .‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺻﻮﺕ( ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﮊﻟﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣.١.١‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻛﻼﻥ )ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ( ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ )‪ (continuum hypothesis‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺘﻲ ﺁﻥﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻇﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 0.01 mm‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺣﺎﻭﯼ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ‪ 3×1010‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﮔﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )‪ ،δm‬ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ‪ δV‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪:‬‬

‫‪δm‬‬
‫‪ρ = lim‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١‬‬
‫‪δ V → 0 δV‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ۳.۱.۲‬ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ‪ Xi , i = 1, 2, 3‬ﻭ ﺫﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ‪ t‬ﺑﺎ )‪ Xi(t‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،t+δt ،‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺯ )‪ Xi(t) + δXi(t‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ( ﺫﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪.(٣.١‬‬
‫‪X3,x3‬‬

‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪lim δXi dXi‬‬

‫‪Xi‬‬
‫‪δXi‬‬
‫= ‪Ui‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢‬‬
‫‪t + δt‬‬ ‫‪δt → 0 δt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪Xi + δXi‬‬

‫‪X2,x2‬‬
‫‪X1,x1‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪" ،‬ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ" )‪ (velocity field‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭﻳﻠﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ )‪ Ui(x1,x2,x3;t‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻻﮔﺮﺍﻧﮋﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺫﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﺵ ‪ Xoi‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺑﺎ )‪ Vi(Xo1, Xo2, Xo3; t‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺫﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ .Ui=Vi‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺘﻖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂Vi‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٣‬‬
‫= ‪αi‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ‪ ∂Ui/∂t‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ ∂Ui/∂t‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂Vi ∂U i‬‬ ‫‪∂U i‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٤‬‬

‫= ‪αi‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+U j‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂X j‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ )‪ (local acceleration‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪(convection‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‪ Xi‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ acceleration‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﮔیﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺗﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺫﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫)‪ material derivative‬ﻳﺎ ‪ (total derivative‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫) (∂ ) ( ‪D‬‬ ‫) (∂‬ ‫)‪(۳.۵‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪+U j‬‬
‫‪Dt‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂X j‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼیﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫= ‪αi‬‬
‫‪DU i‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٦‬‬
‫‪Dt‬‬

‫‪ ۳.۱.۳‬ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ‪ ،eij ،‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ eij‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺖﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ(‪.‬‬

‫‪1  ∂U ∂U j ‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٧‬‬

‫‪eij =  i +‬‬
‫‪2  ∂X j ∂Xi ‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻪ‪ ،Ωi ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )‪ rotation‬ﻳﺎ ‪ (curl‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪∂U 3 ∂U 2‬‬ ‫‪∂U1 ∂U 3‬‬ ‫‪∂U 2 ∂U1‬‬

‫= ‪Ω1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫= ‪Ω2‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫= ‪Ω3‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٨‬‬
‫‪∂X2 ∂X1‬‬ ‫‪∂X3 ∂X1‬‬ ‫‪∂X1 ∂X2‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ )‪ (irrotational‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ )‪ (rotational‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.٢‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪-‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻥ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪d‬‬
‫≈‪e‬‬ ‫) ‪(α − β‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫) ‪Ω ≈ (α − β‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪1 dU1 1 dα‬‬
‫‪dU 1‬‬ ‫= ‪e12 = e21‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪≠0‬‬ ‫‪2 dx2 2 dt‬‬
‫‪dx 2‬‬
‫‪dU 1‬‬
‫‪dx2 dt‬‬
‫‪dx2‬‬

‫‪e≠0,Ω=0‬‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫‪e=0,Ω=0‬‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.٢‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬

 ‫‪ ٣.٢‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫)‪ volume forces‬ﻳﺎ ‪ (body forces‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝﻫﺎﻳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻳﻚﻧﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ )ﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻲ )‪ surface forces‬ﻳﺎ ‪ (contact forces‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ‪ σij ; i,j =1,2,3‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ‪ .σij=σji‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺷﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ‪ σ11 ،‬ﻭ ‪ σ22‬ﻭ ‪ σ33‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻝ )‪ (element‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺮﻱ )‪ (σij , i≠j‬ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ )‪ (tangential stresses‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬
‫)‪ (shear stresses‬ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻻﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻠﻐﺰﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.٣‬ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ‬
‫‪X2‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ δx1‬ﻭ ‪ δx2‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪σ22δx1 σ21δx2‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫‪σ12δx1‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺻﻔﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪-σ11δx2‬‬ ‫‪σ11δx2‬‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ )‪(principle axes‬‬
‫‪-σ12δx1‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪-σ21δx2‬‬ ‫‪-σ22δx2‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ )‪ (principle stresses‬ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪X1‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.٣‬ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺫﺭﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ σii‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪P = − σ ii‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٩‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ‪ ،σij ،‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﻢﺳﺎﻥﮔﺮﺩ )‪ (isotropic part‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ Pδij‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ‪-‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺎﻫﻢﺳﺎﻥﮔﺮﺩ )‪ (non-isotropic part‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ‪ dij‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻲ )‪ (deviatoric tensor‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‪،‬‬

‫‪σ ij = − P δ ij + d ij‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٠‬‬

‫ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ .dii=0‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ P ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫‪dij=0‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪σij=-Pδij‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ )‪ (static pressure‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ٣.٣‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪∂ρ ∂ ( ρ U i‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(۳.۱۱‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂Xi‬‬

‫‪ ρ‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ρ ،‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪∂U i‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٢‬‬

‫‪=0‬‬
‫‪∂X i‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻤﻨﺘﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻧﺮﺥ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﻨﺘﻮﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪DU i‬‬ ‫‪∂σ ij‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪= ρfi +‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٣‬‬
‫‪Dt‬‬ ‫‪∂X j‬‬

‫‪ fi‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ‪ .(gi‬ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (٣.١١‬ﻭ )‪ (٣.١٣‬ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪ ٣‬ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ ، Ui , i=1,2,3‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ ،P‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﻲ ‪ dij‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻄﻲ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﻡﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ‪dij‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ )ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪d ij = Aijkl ekl‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٤‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺑﻲ ﺟﻬﺘﻲ )‪ (isotropic fluid‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ‪ Aijkl‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫)‪ (isotropic‬ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Aijkl = λδ ijδ kl + µδ ikδ jl + γδ ilδ jk‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٥‬‬

‫‪ μ ،λ‬ﻭ ‪ γ‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ‪ ،(dij=dji) dij‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻳﻢ ‪ Aijkl‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ‪ i‬ﻭ ‪ j‬ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ γ=μ‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮﻥ‪٨١ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ‪ Aijkl‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ μ‬ﻭ ‪ λ‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪σ ij = − P δ ij + 2 µeij + λekkδ ij‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٦‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ ،ekk=0‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
 ‫‪σ ij = − P δ ij + 2 µeij‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٧‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‪ ،μ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ‬
‫‪ 1 ∂U1‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪2 ∂X2‬‬

‫‪∂U1‬‬
‫‪d12 = d 21 = µ‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.١٨‬‬
‫‪∂X2‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.١٦‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻨﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭼﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻧﺎﻭﻳﺮ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻛﺲ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪∂U i‬‬ ‫‪∂U i‬‬ ‫‪1 ∂P‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2U i‬‬

‫‪+U j‬‬ ‫‪=−‬‬ ‫‪+ν‬‬ ‫)‪(۳.۱۹‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂X j‬‬ ‫‪ρ ∂Xi‬‬ ‫‪∂X j ∂X j‬‬

‫‪ ν‬ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ‪ μ/ρ‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻧﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ )‪ (٣.١٢‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪ (٣.١٩‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ‪ Ui, i=1,2,3‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ‪ P‬ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ(‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ ،(٣.١٩‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪ ٣.٤‬ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ‪ ٣.١٢‬ﻭ ‪ ٣.١٩‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼﹰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻲﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ui‬‬ ‫‪Xi‬‬ ‫‪tU c‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٠‬‬

‫= *‪U i‬‬ ‫= *‪Xi‬‬ ‫= *‪t‬‬
‫‪Uc‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬ ‫‪Lc‬‬

‫‪ Uc‬ﻭ ‪ Lc‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﯽﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪P − P0‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢١‬‬

‫= *‪P‬‬
‫‪ρU c2‬‬

‫‪ Po‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (٣.١٢‬ﻭ )‪ (٣.١٩‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫*‪∂U i‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٢‬‬

‫‪=0‬‬
‫*‪∂Xi‬‬
‫*‪∂U i‬‬ ‫‪* ∂U i‬‬
‫*‬
‫*‪∂P * 1 ∂ 2U i‬‬
‫‪+U j‬‬ ‫‪=− *+‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٣‬‬
‫* ‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂X *j‬‬ ‫‪∂Xi Re ∂X *j ∂X *j‬‬

‫‪ Re‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺯﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪LcU c‬‬
‫= ‪Re‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٤‬‬
‫‪ν‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (٣.٢٢‬ﻭ )‪ (٣.٢٣‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺣﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮ ‪ Re‬ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪،Re‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻲﺑﻌﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ‪ Re‬ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻟﻲ ‪ Uc ،Lc ،ρ‬ﻭ ‪ μ‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻚﺟﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺪﻝﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞﺿﺮﺏ ‪ UcLc‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ‪ ν‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺖﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻲﺑﻌﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )‪ (٣.٢٢‬ﻭ‬
‫)‪ (٣.٢٣‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺑﺮﺁﻱ )‪ (lift‬ﻭ ﭘﺴﺂﻱ )‪ ،(drag‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ )ﭼﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻞ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ( ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺟﺪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.١٩‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‪ ،DUi/Dt ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ )‪ (inertial force‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺫﺭﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ν‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ‪∂P/∂Xi‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
 ‫‪DU i Dt‬‬ ‫* ‪DU i* Dt‬‬
‫‪= Re‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٥‬‬
‫‪ν∂ 2U k ∂X j ∂X j‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2U k* ∂X *j ∂X *j‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﻳﻚ )ﺩﺳﺖﮐﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ‪ ،‬ﺧﻂ‪-‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪،Re>>1‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ‪ Re‬ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣.٥‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬

‫ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٣‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯﺍﯼ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻭ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻃﻴﻔﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﯽﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ )‪(Re→0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ‪ Re‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ‪ (1 / Re) ∂ 2U i* ∂X *j ∂X *j‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫ﻟﺨﺘﻲ ‪ U *j ∂U i* ∂X *j‬ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ (∂Ui* ∂t * ) ،‬ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻢﭘﻮﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٣‬ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻛﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫* ‪∂P‬‬ ‫*‪1 ∂ 2U i‬‬

‫=‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٦‬‬
‫‪∂Xi* Re ∂X *j ∂X *j‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻟﺰﺟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻻﻳﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ "ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ" ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
 ‫)ﺏ( ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ )∞→‪ Re‬ﻳﺎ ‪(ν→0‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ( ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ‬
‫)‪ (٣.٢٣‬ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﻭﻳﺮ‪-‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻛﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺰﺝ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫*‪∂U i‬‬ ‫‪* ∂U i‬‬

‫*‬
‫* ‪∂P‬‬
‫‪+U j‬‬ ‫* ‪=−‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٧‬‬
‫* ‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂X *j‬‬ ‫‪∂Xi‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺨﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺍﺑﻪﺍﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻧﻤﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﺮﺩﻩﺍﻱ ‪ φ‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫* ‪∂ϕ‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٨‬‬
‫*‪U i‬‬ ‫=‬
‫*‪∂Xi‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻱﮔﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٨‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ )‪ (٣.٢٢‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻻﭘﻼﺱ ﻣﻲ‪-‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫* ‪∂ 2ϕ‬‬
‫‪=0‬‬ ‫)‪(٣.٢٩‬‬
‫*‪∂Xi*∂Xi‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻝ *‪ φ‬ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٨‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺖﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٧‬ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٧‬ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (٣.٢٩‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺁﻝ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﺝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﺁﻥﻛﻪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ ،(٣.٢٣‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪) :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﺍﺳﺖ )‪ .(no penetration‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ )ﺏ( ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺟﺎﻳﺰ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ )‪ .(no slipping‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﺮﻁ )ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﻳﻢ‪ .‬ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ )ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭼﺸﻢ ﭘﻮﺷﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‬
‫)ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻞ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ(‪ .‬ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ )ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ( ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺰﺝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ )ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ( ﻓﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﮏ ﻣﺮﺯ ﻧﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻟﺰﺟﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭼﺸﻢﭘﻮﺷﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻏﻴﺮﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(٣.٤‬‬
 ‫ﻻﻳﻪ ﻣﺮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺯ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬

‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ٣.٤‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬