ata = lel mara its} Jie VR Ocal) Technical Publications Pune’Table of Contents : Chapter-1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 4 - 1) to (1 - 228) Chapter-2 Field Efect Transistor (2-1) to (2- 80) Chapter-3 Operational Amplifier (3-1) to (3-92) Chapter-4 — Practical Operational Amplifier (4-1) to (4 - 32) Chapter-5 General Linear Applications of Op-amp (5- 1) to (5 - 106) Chapter-6 _ Comparator and Schmitt Trigger using Op-amp (6- 1) to (6 - 68) Chapter-7 _ D/Aand A/D Conversion (7-4) to (7-42) Chapter-8 Timer IC 555 (8- 1) to (8 -50) Chapter-9 Phase Locked Loop (PLL) (8-1) to (9-30) Chapter- 10 Voltage Regulators (10- 1) to (10 - 76) Appendix - A (A= 1)t0(A-8)| Features of Book ‘The important concepts are highlighted using The stepwise methods suggested to explain the various complicated topics, mad ' the understanding of the subject very easy. The use of clear, informative and to the scale graphs, plots and diagrams. Best of Technical Publications As per Revised Syllabus of Mumbai University - 2007 Course Semester-II [Computer] Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits Bakshi, Godse Digital Logic Design and Applications Godse | Data Structures and Files Puntambekar Computer Organization and Architecture Godse |Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits Uday A. Bakshi M. (Electrical) Formerly Lecturer in Department of Electronics Engg. ‘Vishwakarma Institute of Technology Pune Atul P. Godse M. S. Software Systems (BITS Pilani) B.E. Industrial Electronics Formerly Lecturer in Department of Electronics Engg. Vishwakarma Institute of Technology Pune Visit us at: www.vtubooks.com Technical Publications pune”9g Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits ISBN 9788184314656 All rights reserved with Technical Publications. No pat of this book should be reproduced in any form, Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopy or ary information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing, from Technical Publications, Pune. Published by : ‘Technical Publications Pune” #1, Aniit Residency, 412, Sheniwar Peth, Pune - 411 030, India. Printer : Alet DTPsinters Seno. 10/3,Sinhased Read, Pine - 411 041Preface The importance of Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits is well known in various engineering fields. Overwhelming response to our books on various subjects inspired us to write this book. The book is structured to cover the key aspects of the subject Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits. The book uses plain, lucid language to explain fundamentals of this subject. The book provides logical method of explaining various complicated concepts and stepwise methods to explain the important topics. Each chapter is well supported with necessary illustrations, practical examples and solved problems. All the chapters in the book are arranged in a proper sequence that permits each topic to build upon earlier studies. All care hos been taken to make students comfortable in understanding the basic concepts of the subject. The book not only covers the entire scope of the subject bu! explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject more clear and makes it more interesting. The book will be very useful not only to the students but also to the subject teachers. The students have to omit nothing and possibly have to cover nothing more. We wish to express our profound thanks to all those who helped in making this book o reality. Much needed morol support ond encouragement is provided on numerous occasions by our whole families. We wish to thank the Publisher and the entire team of Technical Publications who have taken immense pain to get this book in time with quality printing. Any suggestion for the improvement of the book will be acknowledged ond well appreciated. Authors U. A. Bakshi A. P. Godse Dedicated to Guruvaj, Neha, Ruturaj co)Table of Contents Chapter-1 Bipolar Junction Transistor _ 1.1 Introduction .... 1.2 Operating Point .... 1.3 Fixed Bias Circuit 1.3.1 Circuit Analysis ..... 1.3.2 Load Line Analysis .... css 1.3.3 Selection of Operating Point ...... 4.3.4 Typical Junction Voltages and Conditions for Operating Region ............ 1.3.5 Advantages of Fixed Bias Circuit ....... 2.10: 0seeeee creer eer eeeeeceereeeeee 1-15 1.3.6 Disadvantages of Fixed Bias Circuit 1.4 Emitter Stabilized Biased Circuit 1.4.4 Circuit Analysis . 4.4.2 Stability Improvement 1.5 Voltage Divider Biased 1.5.1 Circuit Analysis... . ‘ 1.5.2 Simplified Circuit of Voltage Divider Bias . 1.6 D.C. Bias with Voltage Feedback 4.8.4 Circuit Analysis 1.6.2 Modified D.C. Bias with Voltage Feedback 1.7 Transistor Amplifier 1.7.1 CE, CB and CC Amplifiers . . . 1.7.2 General Characteristics of Amplifier 1.8 BJT Modeling... 1.9 Ther, Transistor Model . 1.9.1 Relationships of r-Parameters and h-Parameters . 1.9.2 Simplified r-Parameter Model for BJT 1.9.3 r-Parameter Model for CB Configuration 1.9.4 r-Parameter Model for CE Configuration 1.9.4.4 Analysis of Common Emitter Fixed Bias Configuration . _(1-1)to (11.9.4.2 Analysis of Common Emitter Voltage Divider Bias Configuration. 1.9.4.3 Analysis of Common Emitter with Unbypassed Re... aut 1.9.44 Analysis of Common Emitter with caller Feedback Confguatin ee 1.9.5 r-Parameter Model for CC Configuration 1.10 Hybrid Equivalent Model .... 1.11 Graphical Determination of the h-Parameters 1.12 Midband Analysis of BUT Single Stage Amplifiers ... 1.13 Method for Analysis of a Transistor Circuit ...... 1.14 Analysis using Simplified Hybrid Model _.. 1.14.1 CE Configuration 1.14.2 CC / Emitter Follower Configuration 1.14.3 CB Configuration .............. 1.15 Collector Feedback Configuration 4.45.1 Miller's Theorem 1.15.3 Analysis using Miller’s Theorem... 1.16 CE with Unbypassed Re Configuration 1.16.1 Exact Analysis using Dual of Miller’s Theorem . 1.16.2 Approximate Analysis... : 1.17 Comparison of Transistor Conf igurations .. 1.18 Hybrid - n Model. 4.16.1 Elements in the Hybrid - x Mode! 1-95 1.18.2 Hybrid - Parameter Values... ...... 200 1-97 1.18.3 Relation between Hybrid - mand h-Parameters . 1-97 1.19 Negative Feedback... 1-98 1.19.4 Classification of Amplifiers . 1-98 41.19.1.1 Voltage Amplifier 1-98 1.19.4.2CunentAmplifier sn dp ise oY thas ils 88 4.19.4.3 Transconductance Amplifier...) ss 1-99 1.19.1.4Transresistance Amplifier... . sete. 1:99 1.19.2 Concept of Feedback................ eee 1-100 4.19.2.1 Sampling Network 3.9 ths set Bat oy AO 119.2.2 Feedback Network 41-104 REESE EET Copyrighted material1.19.4 General Characteristics of Negative Feedback Amplifiers .............:....5 + 1-104 1.19.4.4 Transfer Gain 4-104 1.19.4.2 Stabiity of Gain... = i 4-105 1.19.4.3 Frequency Response and Bandwicth “ z : 1-106 1.19.44 Frequency Distortion... ss. setae 1-109 1,19.4.5 Noise and Nonlinear Distortion = 110 1.19.46 Input and Output Resistances . 1-110 1.19.5 Summary of Effects of Negative Feedback on n Amplifier Characteristics. woe 12120 4.19.6 Methodology of Feedback Amplifier Analysis........ Lea romirter ia eee 1.19.7 Voltage Series Feedback.....................05 4.19.10 Voltage Shunt Feedback . . Examples with Solutions ... Review Questions 2.1 Field Effect Transistor (FET) ... 2.2 Construction of JFET . 2.2.1 Construction of n-channel JFET and Symbol . 2.2.2 Construction of p-channel JFET and Symbol . 2.3 Unbiased JFET ..... 2.4 Principle of Operation of JFET ... 2.5 JFET Characteristics 2.5.1 Drain V-I Characteristics for n-channel JFET . 2.5.2 Drain V-| Characteristics for p-channel JFET . 2.5.3 Transfer Characteristics forn-channel JFET . 2.5.4 Transfer Characteristics for p-channel JFET . 2.6.1 Transconductance 2.6.2 Input Resistance and Capacitance. . 2.6.3 Drain to Source Resistance 2.6.4 Amplification Factor 2.7 JFET as a Switch2.8 JFET as a VWR or VDR .. 2.9 JFET Low Frequency Small Signal Model. ... ee 24106 s Circui 2-19 2.40.1 JFET with Fi 22-19 2.10.2 JFET with Self Bias (Bypassed R,) 2-28 2.10.3 JFET with Self Bias (Unbypassed R, ) ; 2-24 2.104 JFET with Voltage Divider Bias (Bypassed R ) 2-29 2.10.5. JFET with Voltage Divider Bias (Unbypassed R,) .. 2-30 2.11 Common Drain Circuit (Source Follower) 2.12 Common Gate Circuit ... Examples with Solutions ... 12-57 Chapter-3 Operational Amplifier == (3- 1)t0 92) Review Questions .. 3.1 Introduction ..... 3-4 3.2 Op-amp Symbol and Terminals 3.2.1 Power Supply ...........0e eee e eee 3.2.2 Obtaining Dual Supply from Single Supply “ 3.3 Block Diagram Representation of Op-amp 3.3.1 Input Stage 3.3.2 Intermediate Stage . 3.3.3 Level Shifing Stage... . 3.3.4 Output Stage 3.3.5 Currents and impedances ............. 060005 3.4 Voltage Levels and Saturating Property of Op-amp 3.5 Basics of Differential Amplifier 3.5.1 Differential Gain Ay ......... 3.5.2 Common Mode Gain A, 3.5.3 Common Mode Rejcion Ratio CMRR 3.5.4 Features of Differential Amplifier . . 3.6 Transistorised Differential Amplifier .. 3.6.1 Differential Mode Operation 3.6.2 Common Mode Operation 3.7 Differential Amplifier Circuit Configurations 3.8 Basic Op-amp Circuit .. 3.8.1 DLC. Analysis 3-16 (i)3.9 Input Stage of Op-amp ..... 3.10 Intermediate Stage ..... 3.11 Level Shift Stage in Op-amp 3.12 Output Stage in Op-amp 3.12.1 Output Stage with npn Transistors 3.13 A.C. Analysis of Differential Amplifier using h-Parameters . 3.13.1 Differential Gain (A,) .... . 3.13.2 Common Mode Gain (A,) .......... : 3.13.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 3.13.4 Differential Input Impedance (R,) ... 3.13.5 Output Impedance R,) . 3.14 AC. Analysis of Differential Amplifier using r- -Parameters 3.15 Equivalent Circuit of Op-amp 744 3.16 Equivalent Circuit of Op-amp 1435 3.17 Ideal Op-amp Characteristics ..... 3.18 Voltage Transfer Curve of Op-amp 3.18.1 Ideal Voltage Transfer Curve ‘ 3.18.2 Practical Voltage Transfer Curve............ 3.19 Equivalent Circuit of Practical Op-amp 3.20 Practical Op-amp Characteristics .. 3.21 Slew Rate 3.21.1 Effect of Siew Rate .. 3.22 Open Loop Configuration of Op-amp 3.23 Open Loop Op-amp Configurations 3.23.1 Differential Amplifier . 3.23.2 Inverting Amplifier . . . 3.23.3 Noninverting Amplifier 3.24 General Purpose Se -amp 741 3.24.1 Features .... 3.24.2 Pin Diagram 3.24.3 Ideal Vs Practical Characteristics of IC 741 Op-amp 3.24.4 Classes of Op-amp IC 741 3.25 Packages of Op-amp 3.26 Performance Parameters of Op-amp 3.26.1 Differential Input Resistance . rae3.26.2 Input Capacitance .. . 3.26.3 Open Loop Voltage Gain ........ 3.264 CMRR .......... secre eee 3.26.5 Output Voltage Swing 3.26.6 Output Resistance . 3.267 Input Voltage Range .. 3.26.8 Power Supply Rejection Ratio . 3-60 3.26.9 Power Consumption .......... 3-61 3.26.10 Gain-Bandwidth Product 3-61 4.26.11 Equivalent Input Noise Voltage and Current 3-61 3.26.12 Average Temperature Coefficient of Offset Parameters . 3-61 3.26.13 Supply Current 3-62 3.26.14 Parameter Consideration for Various Applications 0 3.27 Absolute Maximum Ratings of Op-amp .. 3.28 Closed Loop Configuration of Op-amp .... 3.29 Realistic Simplifying SUNN: 3.29.1 Zero input Current . 4.29.2 Virtual Ground . 3.30 Ideal Inverting Amplifier 3.31 Ideal Noninverting Amplifier .... 3.32 Important Point about Noninverting Amplifier 3.33 Voltage Follower .. 3.33.1 Advantages of Voltage Follower . 4.33.2 Practical Use of Voltage Follower . Examples with Solutions Review Questions .... Chapter-4 Practical Operational Amplifier = 4.1 Introduction .... 4.2 Offset Voltages and Currents 4.2.1 Input Offset Voltage ........... 4.2.2 Input Offset Current ......... 4.2.3 Input Bias Current ........... 4.2.4 Output Offset Voltage (Vou)... 8 4.3 Effect of Input Offset Voltage on Voos -.. 4-4 ()4.4 Effect of Input Bias Current ..... 4.5 Total Output Offset Voltage without Compensation .... 4.6 Offset Nulling .. 4.7 Input Offset Voltage Compensating Network .... 4.7.1 Design Steps 4.7.2 Compensation for Closed Loop Op a6 Configures 4.8 Input Bias Current Compensation . 4.9 Effect of Input Offset Current on Output Voltage .... 4.10 Thermal Drift ....... 4.10.1 Effect on Input Offset Voltage 4.10.2 Effect on Input Offset and Bias Currents . 4.10.3 Error Voltage due to Drifts 4.10.4 Drift Compensation 0.02... ces eeeeeeeeee 4.11 Effect of Variation in Supply Voltages on Offset Voltage 4.11.1 Change in Output Voltage due to Changes in Supply Voltages ... 4.12 Common Mode Configuration and CMRR ... Examples with Solutions Review Questions Chapter-5 General Linear Applications of Op-amp_ 5.1 Introduction .. 5.2 Summing Amplifier or Adder 5.2.1 Inverting Summing Amplifier ........ 5.2.2 Non-inverting Summing Amplifier... . 5.23 Average Circuit ........ scaRemuey ners 5.3 Subtractor or Difference ‘Amplifier 5.4 Introduction to Instrumentation Amplifiers ... 5.5 Requirements of a Good Instrumentation Amplifier .. sé 5.6 Limitations of Difference Amplifier as an Instrumentation Amplifier .. 5 - 13 5.7 Modified Difference Amplifier ... 5.8 Instrumentation Amplifier with Two Op-amps 5.8.1 Advantages ...........eseeceeceeees 5.9 Three Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier 5.9.1 Analysis of 3 Op-amp Instrumentation Amplifier . 5.9.2 Advantages . 5.10 Instrumentation Amplifier with Active Guard Drive5.11 Instrumentation Amplifier using Transducer Bridge .... 5.12 Applications of Instrumentation Amplifier ... 5.12.1 Temperature Controller ............+ ae 5.12.2 Temperature Indicator . . 5.12.3 Light Intensity Meter... 5.12.4 Analog Weight Scale 5.13 Study of Instrumentation Ampiti og ‘Ic. 5.13.1 Circuit Diagram of AMP-01 . 5.14 Frequency Response and Bandwidth of Op-amp 5.15 Integrator. 5.15.1 Ideal Active Op-amp Integrator. 5.15.2 Input and Output Waveforms ...........++ . 5.15.3 Expression for Change in Output Voltage . . 5.15.4 Frequency Response of Ideal integrator . 5.15.5 Errors in an Ideal Integrator 5.16 Practical Integrator... 5.16.1 The Analysis of Practical Integrator . se 5.16.2 Frequency Response of Practical Integrator . 5.16.3 Applications of Practical Integrator... .. 5.17 Integrator with Run, Set and Hold Mode 5.17.1 Integrator in Set Mode . 5.17.2 Integrator in Run Mode. 5.17.3 Integrator in Hold Mode . 5.18 Summing Integrator .. 5.19 Non-inverting Integrator ... 5.20 Differentiator .... 5.20.1 Ideal Active Op-amp Differentiator. 5.20.2 Input and Output Waveforms .. bie 5.20.3 Frequency Response of Ideal biferente.. eRe 5.20.4 Disadvantages of an Ideal Differentiator 5.21 Practical Differentiator.. 5.21.1 The Analysis of the Practical Differentiator 5.21.2 Frequency Response of Practical Differentiator. . 5.21.3 Steps to Design Practical Differentator........ 5.21.4 Applications of Practical Differentiator 5.22 Summing Differentiator Gi)5.23 Double Integrator ....... 5.24 D.C. Amplifiers 5.25 A.C. Amplifier .. 5.25.1 Inverting A.C. Amplifier 5.25.2Non-inverting A.C, Amplifier 5.26 Single Supply Biasing ... 5.26.1 Inverting Amplifier with Single Supply. . 5.26.2 Non-inverting Amplifier with Single Supply 5.27 Voltage to Current Converter ..... 5.27.1 Voltage to Current Converter with Floating Load 5.27.2 Voltage to Current Converter with Grounded Load . §.27.3 Applications of V-I Converter ...........00.0005 5.27.3.1 Low Voltage D.C. Volimeter. . . . 5.27.3.2 Low Voltage A.C. Volimeter. . . . 5.27.3.3 Diode Tester and Match Finder. . 5.27.3.4 Zener Diode Tester 5.28 Current to Voltage Converter 5.28.1 Applications of /V Converter .. 5.28.1.1 Photodiode Detector. . 5.28.1.2 PhotoFET Detector Examples with Solutions ... Review Questions 6.1 Op-amps in Switching Circui 6.2 Op-amp as a Comparator. 6.2.1 Basic Non-inverting Comparator 6.2.2 Inverting Comparator 6.2.3 Practical Comparator 6.3 Single Supply Comparator .. 6.4 Comparator Characteristics ...... 6.5 Limitations of Op-amp as Comparator 6.6 Applications of Comparator... 6.7 Zero Crossing Detectors .. 6.7.4 Non-inverting Zero Crossing Detector . 6.7.2 Inverting Zero Crossing Detector . .. 6.7.3 Capacitor Coupled Grossing Detector . eee6.8 Voltage Level Detector........ 6.9 Time Marker Generator .. 6.10 Window Detector... 6.11 Pulse Generator.................+ 6.12 Regenerative Comparator (Schmitt Trigger)... 6.12.1 Basic Inverting Schmitt Trigger Circuit . 6.12.2 Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger . . 6.13 Schmitt Trigger Applications .. 6.13.1 Schmitt Triggers for Eliminating Comparator Chatter 6.13.2 Schmitt Triggers in ON/OFF Controllers. 6.14 Comparison of Schmitt Trigger and Comparator . 6.15 Schmitt Trigger with Different UTP and LTP Levels ... 6.16 Precision Rectifiers ... 6.17 Precision Half Wave Rectifiers 6.17.1 Positive Precision Half Wave Reciifier . 6.17.2 Negative Precision Half Wave Rectifier 6.18 Precision Full Wave Rectifiers 6.19 Basic Logarithmic Amplifier. 6.19.1 Basic Log Amplifier using Diode. 6.19.2 Basic Log Amplifier using Transistor . . 6.19.3 Disadvantages of Basic Circuit. . 6.20 Temperature Compensated Log Amen ier 6.20.1 Stability Considerations . $ 6.21 Antilog Amplifier .. 6.21.1 Basic Antilog Amplifier using Diode .. . 6.21.2 Basic Antilog Amplifier using Transistor............. 6.22 Temperature Compensated Antilog Amplifier Review Questions... 7.1 Introduction .. 7.2 Variable, Resistor Networks .. 7.3 DIA Converters .... 7.3.1 Binary Weighted Resistor D/A Converter 7.3.2 Inverted R/2R Ladder D/A Converter 7.3.3 RI2R Ladder D/A Converter...7.3.4 Switches of DAC . 7.3.5 Current Driven DAC . 7.4 DIA Accuracy, Resolution and other Parameters 7.5 Sources of Errors in DAC .. 7.6 IC 1408 / 0808 D/A Converter . 7.7 AID Converters 7.7.1 Single Slope ADC 7.7.2 Dual Slope ADC 7.7.3 Successive Approximation ADC ........... . 7.7.4 Flash (Simultaneous Conversion) ADC ...........ssseeeeees seer eee neeerees 7.1.5 Comparison between Flash, Dual Slope and Successive Approximation Techniques . 7.7.6 Counter Method ........ 7.1.7 Tracking Type Continuous A/D Conversion .. 7.8 A/D Accuracy and Resolution .... 7.9 A/D Converter ICs Examples with Solutions ..........0.0.0cccccceeseeeeeeeeee Review Questions ... Chapter-8 Timer IC 555 _ 8.1 Introduction ..... 8.2 Basic Circuit 8.3 Block Schematic of Time! 8.4 Timer IC 555 .. 8.4.1 R-S Flip-Flop .. 8.4.2 Basic Timing Circuit 8.5 Block Diagram of IC 555 8.5.1 Functions of Pins . 8.6 Monostable Multivibrator using Ic 55: 8.6.1 Operation . 8.6.2 Derivation of Pulse Width 8.6.3 Schematic Diagram . . a 8.6.4 Applications of Monostable Multvibrator . 8.6.4.1 Frequency Divider 8.6.4.2 Pulse Width Modulation . . 8.6.43 Linear Ramp Generator... . 8.6.44 Missing Pulse Detector8.6.4.5 Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) 8.7 Astable Multivibrator using IC 555 87.1 Operation ......... 0.62605 87.2 Duty Cycle : : 8.7.3 Schematic Diagram... 6... occ coce peeves eeeeeneereeeeeee 8.7.4 Applications of Astable Multvibrator. ...... 8.7.4.1 Square Wave Generator. . 4 ‘ 8.7.4.2 Voltage Controled Osciiaior (VCO) : » 8-23 87.4.3FSKGeneratr ‘ . 8-24 8.7.4.4 Astable Multvbrator with a Variable Duty ole. ® 8.8 555 Timer as a Schmitt Trigger. 8.9 Comparison of Multivibrator Circuits ... 8.10 Features of IC 555 Timer 8.11 Connecting Load to IC 555. Examples with Solutions... Review Questions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Basic PLL Operation 9.3 Important Definitions Related to PLL 9.4 Phase Detector / Comparator Block of PLL .. 9.4.1 Analog Phase Detectors ....... 9.4.2 Digital Phase Detector. . . . 9.5 Close Loop Analysis of PLI 9.6 Transfer Characteristics of PLL .. 9.7 Monolithic Phase-Locked *d Loop IC 56: G711IC SB5 we seca 9.7.2 Electrical Parameters of 565 PLL 9.7.3 Derivation of LOCK Range ..... 97.4 Derivation of Capture Range... 9.7.5 Filters used in PLL. . 9.8 565 PLL Applications .. 98.1 Frequency Multiplier . . 9.8.2 Frequency Synthesizer 9.8.3 FM Demodulator Deinrearaiomr tas ee &)9.8.4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Demodulator............0000ee00eeees rowsten DBRS 9.8.5 AM Detection... . 9.8.6 Frequency Translation Examples with Solutions Review Questions... Chapter-10 Voltage Regulators _ (10-4)to 10.1 Introduction .. 10.2 Block Schematic of Regulated Power Supply .... 10.3 Factors Affecting the Load Voltage ... 10.4 Power Supply Performance Parameters . 10.4.1 Load Regulation .... 104.2 Line Regulation or Source Regulation . 10.4.3 Output Resistance 10.4.4 Voltage Stability Factor (Sv) 10.4.5 Temperature Stability Factor (Sr) 10.4.6 Ripple Rejection 10.5 Basic Voltage Regulator . 10.6 Types of Voltage Regulators 10.6.1 Shunt Voltage Regulator . 10.6.2 Series Voltage Regulator . \ 10.6.3 Comparison of Shunt and Series Regulators 10.7 Shunt Regulator using Op-amp 10.7.4 Limitations 10.8 Series Regulator using Op-amp 10.9 Limitations of Discrete Regulators ... 10.10 Advantages of IC Voltage Regulators 10.11 Classification of IC Voltage Regulators .... 10.12 Three Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulators .... 10.12.1 Block Diagram of Basic Three Terminal IC Regulator 10.12.2 Datasheet Specifications of IC Linear Regulators .. . 10.12.3 IC Series of Three Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulators . 10.12.4 Typical Connection of IC 7805 Regulator 10.12.5 Positive 5 V Power Supply using IC 7805 .........-..ssssssesseeeeeeees 10.12.6 Adjustable Regulator using 78XX Series 10.12.7 Applications of IC 78XX and 79XX ....10.128 Datasheet Specifications of IC 7805 . . .. 10.12.9 Boosting Regulator Output Current 10.13 Three Terminal Adjustable Regulator : LM317_. 10.13.4 Connection Diagram of LM317 Regulator ei 10.14 LM340 Series .... 10.14.1 Fixed Regulators using LM340_. . 10.14.2 Adjustable Voltage Regulator using LM340...........0ec20ceesseeevereeee 10-29 10.14.3 Current Regulator using LM340 10.14.4 LM320 Series 10.15 General Purpose IC Regulator 123 10.15.1 Important Features of IC 723. 7 10.16 Internal Structure of IC 723 10.17 Specifications of IC Regulator 723 . 10.18 Applications of IC 723 ... 10.18.1 Basic Low Voltage Regulator (V, 10.18.2 Low Voltage High Current Regulator... 10.18.3 Basic Positive High Voltage Regulator ....... REPRE 10.18.4 Positive High Voltage High Current Regulator... 5 sees 10-37 10,18.5 Negative Voltage Regulator 10.19 Protection Circuits in Regulators 10.19.1 Constant Current Limiting Circuit. . . 10.19.2 Disadvantage of Simple Current Limiting 10.19.3 Foldback Current Limiting 10.19.4 Over Voltage Protection 10.19.5 Thermal Shutdown ......... 6.6.26. eee e eee 10.20 Limitations of Linear Voltage Regulators 10.21 Basic Switching Regulator ......... 10.22 Block Diagram of SMPS 10.23 Types of Switching Regulators 10.24 Step Down Switching Regulator (Buck) 10.24.1 Advantages 10.24.2 Disadvaniages . 10.25 Step Up Switching Regulator (Boost) 10.25.1 Advantages 10.25.2 Disadvantages . *- 10.26 Voltage Inverter Type Switching Regulator (Buck- Boost) Gent)10.27 Applications of SMPS . soe ee . 10.27.4 Comparison of SMPS and Linear Regutaiors Sevenand . 10-64 10.28 Switching Regulator IC wA78S40 10.281 Features of A78S40 10.28.2 Stop Down Switching Regulator using 78S40 ............eeeeeee vs. 10-87 10.28.3 Step Up Switching Regulator using 78S40 Examples with Solutions ..... Review Questions ... Appendix «A : (A. t)to (A-5) (xviii)image not availableimage not availableimage not availableimage not availableElectronics Devices and Linear Circuits 1-5 Bipolar Junction Transistor Here, le = Gade +leyo Key Point: The reverse saturation current, Icy, is temperature sensitive and it doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature. Common Emitter Configuration As shown in Fig. 1.6, in this configuration input is applied between base and emitter, and output is taken from collector and emitter. Here, emitter of the transistor is common to both, input and output circuits, and hence the name common emitter configuration. Common emitter configurations for both n-p-n and p-n-p transistors are shown in Fig. 1.6 (a) and 1.6 (b), respectively. (a) -p-n (b) pp Fig. 1.6 Common emitter configurations As shown in Fig. 1.6 the bias voltage Vip forward biases the base-emitter junction and Nec is used to reverse bias the collector-base junction. Here, Gace Te = Bade #11 +Ballevo where Bac = 72 The term “(By.+1)Icgo" is’ the reverse leakage current in common emitter configuration. It is designated as Iczo. Topo = Bact) I cso Neglecting Icyo we have, Tc = Bada and Tp = Tp tlc =(14+B ay Common Collector Configuration As shown in Fig. 1.7, in this configuration input is applied between base and collector, and output is taken from emitter and collector. Here, collector of the transistor is common to both input and output circuits, and hence the name common collector configuration. Common collector connections for both n-p-n and p-n-p transistors are shown in Fig. 17 (a) and 1.7 (b), respectively.image not availableimage not availableimage not availableElectronics Devices and Linear Circuits 1-9 Bipolar Junction Transistor It is important to note that since the base current is controlled by the value of Ry and Ic is related to Ip by a constant B, the magnitude of I; is not a function of the resistance Rc. Changing R¢ to any level will not affect the level of I, or Ic as long as we remain in the active region of the device. However, the charge in R will change the value of Vcr. Where, Vc Ve: Similarly, Where, V5 In this circuit, V, and > Example 1.1: Vee = Ve-Ve : Collector voltage Emitter voltage Vee = Vo —Ve : Base voltage Vee = Vo Ver = Ve Vpc: Assume Vor = 0.7 V and B = 50. Solution : Veo +10V tle Re 1.2kQ }_-—, + c Ice = Bly = 50 x 42.27 x 10% = 2.1135 mA Vee = VeonIcRe = 10 - 2.1135 x 10° x1.2x10° 6) (6) For the circuit shown in the Fig. 1.11. Calculate Iy,lc.Vee.Vp-Ve and