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1. Verb '이다'
2. '예'
5. Demonstrative '이,그,저'
6. Verb '아니다'
'이다' is the form which links a subject with its predicate, indicating equality or identification.
If this form is attached to the noun, there can be no pause or space between it and the Noun. It is
pronounced like a part of the Noun.
It has two different forms '-예요' and '-이에요'. '-예요' is used when the Noun ends with a vowel, and
'-이에요' is used when the Noun ends with a consonant.
2. '예' : yes
'예', which means 'yes', is often pronounced `네'. It is used as a regular response to a knock at the
door, or hearing your name called, and being greeted. The opposite of `예' is `아니오'. This means
'no' is used in negative replies to questions, in contradictions and denials, and as an informal reply to
apologies, expressions of thanks, and compliments.
3. The subjective marker '-이/가'
The subjective marker `-이/가' is used to indicate that the preceding noun phrase is the subject of the
sentence. ‘-가’ is used after a word which ends with a vowel, while `-이’ is used after a consonant.
Here are some examples:
가방이 있어요.
모자가 있어요.
While the subjective marker `-이/가' indicates the subject of a sentence, the topic marker `은/는' is
used to indicate the comparison of topics. If there is no connotation of comparison with another
subject, this marker cannot be used. '-는' is used after words ending in a vowel, `-은' is used after
words ending in a consonant.
Here are some examples:
5.1. 이게,그게,저게
These are the contractions of '이것, 그것, 저것` and the subjective marker '-이'.
'이것' is 'this thing.' '이' is a demonstrative which modifies the dependent noun '-것'
and it is used only as a modifier of the following noun. '이것' indicates a thing which
is close to the speaker. '그것' indicates a thing which is far from the speaker, but
close to the listener. It can be also used as that thing or those things already under
discussion. '저것' is used to indicate a thing which is far from both the listener and
the speaker.
그것+ 이-> 그게 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
저것+ 이-> 저게 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
5.2. 이건,그건,저건
These are the contractions of '이것,그것,저것' and the topic marker '-은'.
그것+ 은-> 그건 'that' (far from the speaker, close to the listener)
저것+ 은-> 저건 'that over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
A: 그럼 저건
Then, what's that?
뭐예요?
5.3. 이분,그분,저분
'이, 그, 저' can indicate persons with '분' which means person.
저분 'that person over there' (far from both the listener and the speaker)
This word is used for making negatives. You have already studied '이다` which indicates equality or
identification. The '이다' is attached directly to a noun, and is pronounced as one word with the noun.
When you make the negative construction of '이다', the subject marker '-이/가' is attached directly to
the noun, and then followed by the negative verb '아니다'.
The verb `있다' indicates existence, location or possession. The opposite verb is `없다'.
(Possesion)
동생 있어요? 네, 동생이 있어요.
Do you have a younger brother? Yes, I have a younger brother.
(Location)
교실에 책상이 있어요? 네, 책상이 있어요.
Is there a desk in the classroom? Yes, there is a desk (in the classroom)
Names of countries
한국 Korea
독일 Germany
프랑스 France
호주 Australia
멕시코 Mexico
스페인 Spain
Jobs
선생님 teacher
의사 doctor
학생 student
피아니스트 pianist
화가 painter
Kinship
아버지 father
어머니 mother
할아버지 grandfather
할머니 grandmother
삼촌 uncle
Everyday words
책상 desk
의자 chair
창문 window
칠판 chalkboard
사진 photograph
집 house
교실 classroom