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    8 views90 pages

    Oppenheim SignalsAndSystems2Ed SolutionManual

    Uploaded by

    Fizza Zafar
    solution manual of signals and systems

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 90
    CORRECTED SOLUTIONS 10 @ xli}all + Cu 2g Oe Flénree \y \\\ .\ 1.21) 4!) =x(i[ 5lt+2)-0lt-2)) wy Neste ot 4543 ght) -2G@)=-2E gh B)=xL-8)= “oF Tokobo no — FIGURE Chapter 1 Answers 1.1. Converting fom polar to Cartesian coordinates: jor te ‘cos(—n) = ib os) + isin) =f a Vie" eal in) 3) =145 Vie =1-j5 1.2. Converting from Cartesian to polar coordinates: B= beh, 20, 1-38 18. (a) Boo = [renee =}, Poo =0,because Bog < 00 fo (0) 22(9 = HD, onl] = 1, Therefore, Bae =f leatPat = at = 00, Poo = ue 2, a ie li fim ah [leo at = in [a= Jim = (6) 23) = cost). Therefore, Bae = J ale [toa = ce, rom fn df cottt= in [" (ESED) a mt 4)” wn, fen}? = (§)P ule}. Therefore, Bas = 3 fel? = (4) mln] = because Bay < 00. $8+8), [agfn|? = 1. Therefore, Boo = oI teal (e) zaln] = x 1 inl? Pam Jim sae Dll = i awreT 2, a (£) zal] = cos(n). Therefore, Bas = s test x 1+ cos( Fn) Poe aw eT a owt Go) = im aye (ae) 1.4. (a) The signal 2[n] is shifted by 3 to the right. The shifted signal will be zero for n <1 and n> 7. (b) The signal {nis shifted by 4 to the left. The shifted signal will be zero for n < ~6 and n> 0. 1.5. 1.6. ur. (c) The signal 2{n] is flipped. The flipped signal will be zero for n < —4 and n > 2. (a) The signal 2{n] is flipped and the fipped signal is shifted by 2 to the right, ‘This new signal will be zero for n < —2and n> 4. (e) The signal 2[n] is flipped and the flipped signal is shifted by 2 to the left. This new signal will be zero for n < ~6 and n > 0. (a) 2(1 — #) is obtained by flipping 2(¢) and shifting the flipped signal by 1 to the right, ‘Therefore, 2(1 — t) will be zero for t > -2. (b) From (a), we know that 2(1—t) is zero for t > ~2. Similarly, 2(2—1) is zero for t > —1 ‘Therefore, 2(1 — t) + 2(2 ~ t) will be zero for ¢ > ~2. (c) (34) is obtained by linearly compressing (t) by a factor of 3. Therefore, 2(3t) will be ero for t <1 (a) 2(¢/3) is obtained by linearly stretching 2(¢) by a factor of 3. Therefore, 2(¢/3) will be ero for t <9. (a) 21(¢) is not periodic because itis zero for t <0. (b) 2a{n] = 1 for all n, ‘Therefore, it is periodic with a fundamental period of 1 (c) za[n] is as shown in the Figure S1.6. Figure $1.6 ‘Therefore, it is periodic with a fundamental period of 4. (a) Eofarinl} = Hern) + aif-nl) = $n] ~ ul ~ 4) + ul-n) ‘Therefore, Ev{xr{n]} is zero for {nl > 3. (b) Since 29(t) is an odd signal, Ev{2(t)} is zero for all values of t (c) Evzsnt) = Has) + aan) = HIG) aln — 8) = Ga ‘Therefore, Ev{zs[n]} is zero when |n| <3 and when |n| -+ oo. (d) Fle) +a(-1)) = Evfzald}= y(t 2) — ea(—t+ 2) 1 2 ‘Therefore, Ev{24(t)} is zero only when |t] + a 1.8. (a) Re{er(t)} new (b) Re{z2(t)} 22 cos(0t +) Vicos($) c05(8t + 2x) = cos(3t) = e% cos(3t + 0) new (6) Rezalt)} = et sin(3t + 2) = et cos(3t + §) (d) Ree{za(t)} = ~e7% sin(100¢) = e-% sin(100¢ + n) = e°*cos(100¢ + §) right 1.9. (a) 21(¢) is a periodic complex exponential. y(t) = jel = 0D) oe ‘The fundamental period of z(t) is 3§ = §. ill be (b) z(t) is a complex exponential multiplied by a decaying exponential. Therefore, z(t) is not periodic. ‘ll be (©) es{n] is a periodic signal. a(n] = e'7*" = z2s[n] is a complex exponential with a fundamental period of 2F = 2. (a) saln] is a periodic signal. The fundamental period is given by N = m(s2%) = m(f). By choosing m = 3, we obtain the fundamental period to be 10. (e) zsin} is not periodic. zs[n] is a complex exponential with wy = 3/5. We cannot find ‘any integer m such that m(22) is also an integer. Therefore, zs(n] is not periodic. 1.10. (t) = 2cos(10¢ + 1) ~ sin(4t ~ 1) Period of frst term in RHS = 3 = § Period of second term in RUS "Thorefore, the overall signa is periodic with a period which isthe least common multiple of the periods of the fist and second terms. ‘This is equal to 1. qa. Period of the first term in the RH! Period of the second term in the RHS = m( 2%) = 7 (when m = 2) Period of the third term in the RHS = m( 2%) = 5 (when m = 1) ‘Therefore, the overall signal 2[n] is periodic with a period which is the least common multiple of the periods of the three terms in z[n). This is equal to 35, 1.12, ‘The signal z{n] is as shown in Figure $1.12. z[n} can be obtained by flipping u(n] and then shifting the flipped signal by 3 to the right. Therefore, z[n] = u{~n +3]. This implies that M = —Land m9 = ~3. sro 12s Figure $1.12 1.18. : 0, t<-2 ara = [ cars9—ae-aya={ 1 -22 2 Ba [tas La 1.14. ‘The signal 2(t) and its derivative 9(¢) are shown in Figure $1.14. 3 3 we ‘Therefore, xt) 1 1 ~ appa | 3 J ae . > 2 Figure $1.14 ‘Therefore, SS e243 J se-28—1) 3, and ty = 1. ‘This implies that Ay 1.15, (a) The signal z2[n), which is the input to Sp, is the same as yi[n]- ‘Therefore, vale) = rn —2)+ 5aain—3] = nle-2)+ jul -3) = dayfn—2) + 4nyfn—3] + 5(2naln — 3} + 40i(n — 4) = xy[n— 2] +5y[n— 3) + 2n[n - 4) "The input-output relationship for is fn) = 2z[n — 2] + San — 3] + 22[n — 4) i (b) The input-output relationship does not change if the order in which $; and Sp are connected in series is reversed. We can easily prove this by assuming that; follows Sy. In this case, the signal x[n], which is the input to S;, is the same as yon]. Therefor, nln) = 2xy[n] + 4x[n - 1) = 2afn] +4ynin— 1) 1 2(aafn—2] = 2xy[n—2] +5: alr ~ 3) + A(zaln~ 3] + 5zan— 4) in ~ 3] + 2xa{n— 4] "The input-output relationship for $ is once again ln = 2e{n — 2] + 52{n ~ 3] + 22m — 4) 1.16. (a) The system is not memoryless because y[n] depends on past values of z{n]- (b) The output of the system will be yfn] = é[n}é[n ~ 2] = 0. (c) From the result of part (b), we may conclude that the system output is always zero for inputs of the form d[n— k], k € Z. Therefore, the system is not invertible. 1.17. (a) The system is not causal because the output y(t) at some time may depend on future values of x(). For instance, (—n) = 2(0). (b) Consider two arbitrary inputs 2(t) and za(t). 21(t) + n(t) = 2: (sin(e)) t2(t) — walt) = 22 (sin(t)) Let 29(t) be a linear combination of 2,(t) and z(t). ‘That is, a(t) = ary (t) + baa(t) where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If23(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output y(t) is 2 (sin(t)) ax; (sin(t)) + bare (sin(t)) = anit) + b(t) Therefore, the system is linear. us(t) 1.18, (a) Consider two arbitrary inputs 2i[n] and xan) nine alr] ulnl= > alk) ¥ all fn] — voln} ‘That is, where a and b are arbitraty scalars. If x(n} is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output yan] is Let zal] be a linear combination of x3[n] and za[n -za{n] = az[n)} + bee nino win] = > asl ey nine nine = ¥ @alti+emlk) =2 YO milk] +o Yo malt enn a keno = oyile) + byl] ‘Therefore, the system is linear. (b) Consider an arbitrary input 2; [n). Let Y alt mln) be the corresponding output. Consider a second input xan) obtained by shifting =n] in time: zy{n) = 21[n — ra} ‘The output corresponding to this input is winl= SS all= SO alk-ml= Dall toning Bem aes Also note that nenitne uin—mj= > lal. enomi—no ‘Therefore, valn] = wil — mi) ‘This implies that the system is time-invariant, (©) I le{nl| < B, then vin] < (2no + 1)B ‘Therefore, C < (2n9 + 1)B. 1.19. (a) (i) the ifn) (b) (@) Consider two arbitrary inputs 2:(t) and 22(t) a(t) lt) = a(t ~1) 22(t) + yn(t) = Paa(t — 1) Let 23(t) be a linear combination of z(t) and z(t). That is, s(t) = axs(t) + boa(t) where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If <3(t) is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output ys(¢) is us(t) Pas(t 1) P(az(t— 1) + bra(t —1)) ay; (t) + bya(t) ‘Therefore, the system is Hinear. Consider an arbitrary input 2;(t). Let w(t) = P(t - 1) be the corresponding output. Consider a second input «9(t) obtained by shifting ,(t) in time: 9(t) = a(t to) ‘The output corresponding to this input is walt) = fxa(t - 1) = #xy(t— 1 to) Also note that a(t ~ to) = (t~to)?xi(t ~ 1 ~ to) # vnlt) ‘Therefore, the system is not time-invariant, Consider two arbitrary inputs z,[n} and z2{n). 23{n—2] ain] — valn] = 23[n — 2] Let 23{n] be a linear combination of x;(n] and za[n]. That is, alr] — mln) as{n] = a23{n) + bala) where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If 23[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output ys{n] is wl] = 23{n-2] (azy[n ~ 2) + beofn — 2)? a2ziin — 2] + Ben — 2] + 2abey[n~ 2}xain — 2] # ays{n| + bysln] ‘Therefore, the system is not linear. 7 (i) Consider an arbitrary input 2,[n}. Let ann] = 23[n - 2) be the corresponding output, Consider a second input 2a[n] obtained by shifting y(n] in time: a{n] = eiln — no} "The output corresponding to this input is alr] = 23fn = 2} = aff —2— no) ‘so note that yal — no] = x{[n — 2 — no] ‘Therefore, valn] = viln — mo} ‘This implies that the system is time-invariant. (c) (i) Consider two arbitrary inputs zy{n] and 22[n) fr ain] — wah ziln] + viln] = ain] -2iln— 1] a(n + 1] — xa{n— 1} That is, Let an} be a linear combination of 2,[n] and ean. axg{n] = a2; [n] + bx{n] where a and b are arbitrary scalars. If za[n] is the input to the given system, then the corresponding output ysin] is za{n +1) — asm — 1} axy{n + 1] + bz,{n +1] - axy[n — 1] — bza[n - 1] a(zy[n + 1] — mn - 1]) + (za[n + 1] ~ z2[n - 1) cay;[n) + byaln] ‘Therefore, the system is linear. (Gi) Consider an arbitrary input 2[n]. Let & =z woud al) =eiln+1)-nfr-1] be the corresponding output. Consider a second input 2a[n] obtained by shifting 22y(n] in time: zn] = z[n — no} ‘The output corresponding to this input is = aaln-+ 1} — 29{n— 1) = zifn+1— ng] -2iln— 1-0) wal 8 @) @ (ii) then ting Also note that valn — no] = 21h 1 = no] —a1[n — 1 — no] ‘Therefore, vel] = n(n — n9] ‘This implies that the system is time-invariant. Consider two arbitrary inputs x(t) and 22). z(t) + w(t) = Od{x(t)} 22(0) + walt) = Odfen(0)} Let 2a(¢) be a linear combination of 24(t) and z(t). That is, a(t) + bara(t) ‘where a and 6 are arbitrary scalars. If z(t) is the input to the given system, then ‘the corresponding output ys(¢) is us(t) Od{as(t)} Odfaz,(t) + bxa(t)} = aOd{x(t)} + bOd{z2(t)} = ays(t) + byalt) ‘Therefore, the system is linear. Consider an arbitrary input 2(t). Let nit) = Odf2,(9) = HOH be the corresponding output. Consider a second input z(t) obtained by shifting 2,[n] in time: ‘t2(t) = 21(t — to) ‘The output corresponding to this input is w(t) = Odfey(o} = BOSD _ uta ) Also note that y(t — to) ~ 21(-t + to) ~~ 2 wilt —to) = # wit) ‘Therefore, the system is not time-invariant. 1.20. (a) Given a(t) = — vit a(t) =F — yt) = Since the te isa, a= Horse) nya Hor re) ‘Therefore, 4(t) = cos(2t) —+ yr(t) = cos(3t) (b) We know that Using the linearity property, we may once again write 1 e-del8 + cbeI8!) = cos(3t — 1) a(t) = FoF tej) ml) = ‘Therefore, -2y(t) = c0s(2(t — 1/2)) —+ sn(t) = cos(3t ~ 1) The signals are sketched in Figure $1.21. “40-0 2 xQt) rt ox(et+) 7 2 3 aor 6 ort i oI + ae oat Figure $1.21 (Can) re sig ae sete in igure $1.22 THB. ‘The even and odd parts are shld in Figure $1.2. 10 x{n-4) rn xbr aoe % he |e f TT ae Ter “6 lo fa mle @ ©) @ ” o Ln rt 2) = % ©) Figure $1.23 Figure $1.24 1.24, ‘The even and odd parts are sketched in Figure S1.24 1.25. (a) Periodic, period = 2n/(4) = #/2. (b) Periodic, period = 2x/(n) =2. (c) a(t) = [1 + cos(4t ~ 2n/3)}/2. Periodic, period = 2n/(4) = */2. (A) 2(¢) = cos(4nt)/2. Periodic, period = 2x/(4n) = 1/2. (c) x(t) = [sin(4nt)u(t) — sin(4xt)u(—1)}/2. Not periodic. (£) Not periodic. 1.26. (a) Periodic, perio (b) Not periodic. (c) Periodic, period = 8. (a) z{n| = (1/2)fc08(3en/4) + c0s(nn/4)]- Periodic, period = 8. (e) Periodic, period = 16. (2.27, (a) Linear, stable. \—~ (bp) Memoryless, linear, causal, stable. (e) Linear (a) Linear, causal, stable. (e) Time invariant, linear, causal, stable. (®) Linear, stable, (g) Time invariant, linear, causal < ing (n} # 1.80. 1.83. (a) Invertible. Inverse system: y(t) = 2(t +4), (b) Non invertible. ‘The signals 2(t) and z(t) = 2(¢) + 2x give the same output (c) Non invertible. d[n] and 26(n] give the same output. (q) Invertible. Inverse system: y(t) = de(t)/at. (e) Invertible. Inverse system: y{n] = 2[n + 1] for n > 0 and ylnl (f) Non invertible, zn] and ~[n} give the same result. (g) Invertible. Inverse system: y[n] = 2{1 — n] (h) Invertible. Inverse system: y(t) = x(t) + do(t)/dt. (3) Invertible. Inverse system: y(n} = {n) — (1/2)z{n ~ 1} G) Non invertible. If) is any constant, then y(t) = 0. (Ke) Non invertible. é[n] and 2é(n] result in y{n] = 0. (1) Invertible, Inverse system: y(t) = =(t/2) (mm)Non invertible. 21[n] = dn] + dfn — 1] and zap (n) Invertible. Inverse system: yfn] = z{2). [r] give u[n] = din}, . (a) Note that a(t) = 21(t) — 21(¢- 2). Therefore, using linearity we get yo(t) = w(t) — ri(t 2). This is as shown in Figure $1.31. (b) Note that 29(t) = 21(t) +2:(¢+ 1). Therefore, using Tinearity we get ys(t) = w(t) + ta(é-+ 1). This is as shown in Figure $1.31 qe) Wc) Figure $1.31 All statements are true. (4) a(t) periodic with period 7; y(t) periodic, period 7/2. (2) u(t) periodic, period 7; 2(¢) periodic, period 27. (3) a(t) periodie, period 7; ya(t) periodic, period 27. (4) va(t) periodic, period 7; x(t) periodic, period 7/2. (1) True, z{n] = 2[n +N]; mln] = vile + No}. ie. periodic with No = N/2 if N is even, and with period No =.N if V is odd. 15 is periodic. ie. let 2{n] = g{n] + bln] where (2) False. vii] periodic does no imply 1, neven _{ neven { oO, nodd | 4 Aled = { (Gy, nod “Then y(n] = 2[2n] is periodic but z[n] is clearly not periodic (8) Tue. aft +N} = afnls yal + No] = valrl where No = 27 (4) ‘True. yoln-+ N] = yal; n+ No] = alo] where No = N/2 alr 138) (@) Consider - DY afr] = 210] +) tated + at-nl} If 2{n] is odd, 2[n) +2[-n] = 0. Therefore, the given summation evaluates to zero. (b) Let yfe] = 2i{nlzein). ‘Then y{-n] = 21[-n]zal— ‘This implies that yn] is odd. (c) Consider 5 x ate) + Using the result of part (b), we know that 2¢[ Jel isan od sig, Therefor, wing the result of part (a) we may conclude that a > ze[nja ‘Therefore, 2?[n] == - 5 atin] + = a(n] (A) Consider [lew [2 sous [2 a(tyde + Again, since ¢(t)z0(t) is odd, elthzalthl [Leranae=o. iz (ide = f. * (eat + f a(t)dt 16 ‘Therefore, 41.35. We want to find the smallest No such that m(27/N).No = 2rk or No = EN/m, where k is an integer. If No has to be an integer, then V must be a multiple of m/k and m/k must be an integer. This implies that m/& is a divisor of both m and NV. Also, if we want the smallest possible No, then m/k should be the GCD of m and N. Therefore, No = N/ged(rm, NV). 1.86. (a) If z{n] is periodic efo("+")T = eT, where wy = 2n/Tp. This implies that Teh Fy = 78 rational umber 2m, NT = ork = (b) 167/75 = p/q then {n] = &%%0/0), ‘The fundamental peviod is a/ged(p,g) and the fundamental frequency is 2n 2m » oy wo 2h ged(p,a) = =P acd(p,a) = Pged(p, 4) = “geal eed, a) = Fecdlnna) = Frsedla) = “sed P (©) p/ged(p.a) periods of 2(t) are needed. 1,87. (a) From the definition of day(¢), we have dat) =f 200+ s)uiner [lvcerneteidr oya(-t). (b) Note from part (a) that ¢co(0) = dze(—f)- This implies that g-o(t) is even. Therefore, the odd part of dzz(t) is zero. (c) Here, doy(t) = dze(t — 7) and dyy(t) = dz2(t). (£38) Wes a 2609 69, Tans 1 Jim da(2t) = im, s8ayalt) ‘This implies that ' S(at) = 582) (b) The plots are as shown in Figure S1.38. 1.89, We have Fim vat) = Fim ua (0)6(t) = 0. Also, 1 Jim wa(t)5a(6) = A(t) Figure $1.38 We have ce - oft) -[ u(r)6(¢ = 1) f u(e)é(t — x)ar. ‘Therefore, , <0 at-7) | w-{ 1 1>0 -ulz)a(¢ ~ 7) = 6(¢~7) undefined for t= 0 1.40, (a) Ifa system is additive, then 0 = a(t) — 2(t) — v(t) — u(t) = 0. Also, if a system is homogeneous, then 0=0.2(t) > y(t).0=0. (b) y(é) = 2?(t) is such a system. (c) No. For example consider )= x(r)dr with 2(¢) = u(t)—u(t—1). Then 2(2) = 0 for t> 1, but y(t) =1fort>1. (g) Since r) > O,ra > 0 and ~1 < c0s(61 ~ 63) <1, (al-lal? = sf+r3-2nre FB-+ 1 + aria coa( ~ 0) ar +220? wad and (lea + lea)? = Ff +08 + rare 2 [an + a2P 1.54, (a) For a= 1, itis fairly obvious that For a # 1, we may write a-a)S @ = ‘Therefore, | (b) For jal <1, im aN = Wit ‘Therefore, from the result of the previous part, ete ool 1 (a) 1 (d) We may write 1.55. (a) The desired sum is, Pa Chapter 2 Answers 2.1. (a) We know that (821-1) ‘The signals «{n] and h{n] are as shown in Figure S2.1. pF a) { ie Figure $2.1 From this figure, we can easily see that the above convolution sum reduces to h{-Yz{n + 1] + hfd}2{n — 1] 2e[n + 1] + 22[n - 1] maln] This gives 25 + 1] + 4é{n] + 26[n — 1] + 26[n ~ 2] — 24[n — 4] nl (b) We know that DY dlklein + 2-4) nl +2] + h[n] Comparing with eq. (S2.1-1), we see that nln + 2} (c) We may rewrite eq. (S2.1-1) as DY zlklaln —k] k Similarly, we may write usin) Comparing this with eq. ($2.1), we see that usln] = viln + 2] 30 2.5. The signal y(n] is ln] = [rn] « A In this case, this summation reduces to 9 a vin] = So allhin - k] = alm — &] 0 From this it is clear that y{n] is a summation of shifted replicas of h[n]. Since the last replica will begin at n = 9 and An] is zero for n > N, y[n] is zero for n > N +9. Using this and the fact that y[14] = 0, we may conclude that V can at most be 4. Furthermore, since y[4] = 5, we can conclude that hin] has at least 5 non-zero points. The only value of N which satifies both these conditions is 4. 2.6. From the given information, we have: D alelain - 4] = > Gtalk — te vlr x hln] k-1] = DG ytun +k-1] r= Replacing k by p—1, (26-1) ‘| [| qi gna | | | ala) ote 234s ase Figure $2.7 2.8. Using the convolution integral, a(t) » A(t) f 7 Given that h(t) = 6(¢ +2) +26(¢ + 1), the above integral reduces to a(t) +y(t) = x(t +2) +22(¢+1) ‘The signals z(t +2) and 2e(t + 1) are plotted in Figure $2.8. 2 os x42) ' o let) é 0 . ae 82.8 Using these plots, we can easily show that a(r)h(t —r)dr = ie A(r)a(t — r)dr. t+3, —2t-4 0, (t-5) <7r<(t-4) 34 ‘Therefore, A=t-5, B 2.10. From the given information, we may sketch z(t) and h(t) as shown in Figure $2.10. (a) With the aid of the plots in Figure $2.10, we can show that y(t) = 2(¢) « A(t) is as shown in Figure $2.10. ze) * * he) 0 t + ow + ow 1 te t Figure $2.10 Therefore, t O 5, the integral is 6)_~8t-5) 3 Therefore, the result of this convolution may be expressed as -00 UhfAll = 0 Al cos(F8)| a co = ‘This sum does not have a finite value because the function k| cos($)| increases as the value of k increases. Therefore, f(r] cannot be the impulse response of a stable LTT system. (b) We determine if h cos(2t)\dr is absolutely summable as follows > [hall = 3 gle 00 Therefore, ha[n] is the impulse response of a stable LTT system. 2.16. (a) True. This may be easily argued by noting that convolution may be viewed as the process of carrying out the superposition of a number of echos of h{n]. The first such echo will occur at the location of the first non zero sample of z{n]. In this case, the first echo will occur at Nj. The echo of h{n] which occurs at n = N; will have its first non zero sample at the time location N; + Nz. Therefore, for all values of n which are lesser that Nj + Np, the output y(n] is zero. (b) False. Consider ln] = fn) + hf = DY akain-4 From this, yin-1) = > aff}h{n — 1-8) b=00 = 2{n]* hin —1) ‘This shows that the given statement is false. 37 (c) True. Consider u(t) = ato ene) = [a(n nar From this, v(t) = [xem =n)dr [ * a(—n)h(-t-+r)dr a(—t) #h(—t) ‘This shows that the given statement is true. (d) True. This may be argued by considering * a(a)h(t — r)dr. u(t) = 2(t) «h(e) In Figure $2.16, we plot z(r) and h(t — r) under the assumptions that (1) x(t) = 0 for t > Ty and (2) h(t) = 0 for t > Ty. Clearly, the product x(r)h(t — r) is zero if a(t) h(-T) T % 4-T, Tv Figure $2.16 t-_>T. Therefore, y(t) = 0 fort > Ty +7. 2.17. (a) We know that y(t) is the sum of the particular and homogeneous solutions to the given differential equation, We first determine the particular solution yp(t) by using the method specified in Example 2.14. Since we are given that the input is <(t) = e(-1+3))tu(t) for t > 0, we hypothesize that for t > 0 p(t) = Kei, Substituting for z(t) and y() in the given differential equation, (<1 43)) Kel H3 4 ac eH80 = (1481 38 This gives 1 (AP)KHMK=1 3K =a Ty ‘Therefore, e(-14380t uplt) = sO 3049) In order to determine the homogeneous solution, we hypothesize that un(t) = Ae Since the homogeneous solution has to satisfy the following differential equation $l) + ay) =0, we obtain Ase! + 4Aet = Aet(s + 4) = 0. ‘This implies that s = —4 for any A. The overall solution to the differential equation now becomes = Aen 1 (asaiye wf) = Aes REM, t>0 Now in order to determine the constant A, we use the fact that the system satisfies the condition of initial rest. Given that y(0) = 0, we may conclude that 1 -1 30 +3) 30 +3) At ‘Therefore for t > 0, ut) [etteenn], 0 1 30 +3) Since the system satisfies the condition of initial rest, y(t) = 0 for t < 0. Therefore, LG [_ ey (ssn wht) = Go [et a +90] wey (b) The output will now be the real part of the answer obtained in part (a). sin3t — e~*] u(t). 39 2.18. Since the system is causal, y[n] = 0 for n < 1. Now, vil) = 4ylo}+2ft]=04+1= wal = git pte vi] = jubl+aisi=t+0-4 yaa Therefore, a ie) = yt 3 2.19. (a) Consider the difference equation relating y(n] and w(n] for S: ln] = ayln — 1} + Buln) From this we may write and = jul 1) ~Guln — 2) ‘Weighting the previous equation by 1/2 and subtracting from the one before, we obtain gure -y- wen ~ty ypu Substituting this in the difference equation relating w[n] and z{n] for 1, dy) — Sun — 1) - avin — 11+ Svln -2 B 26 26° ‘That is, 1 ale = (a+ 5)uln— 3] ~ Sule — 2] + Ban] Comparing with the given equation relating y[n] and z[n], we obtain B=1 a) = f. uui(1— 1) cos(2er)dr which is the desired integral. We now evaluate the value of the integral as Ez) = sin(2nt)|,21 = 0. @ (ios sin(2rt)|a1 2.21. (a) The desired convolution is vin) = ofp) Ain) = DY alélhfn-4] k5=00 = Pai" forn>0 - att! = (FS hi orate (b) From (a), | ufn] = (n+ 1)o"uln. (c) For n <6, ofS dye She utr] = 4") Sg) gp fo = For n > 6, in Sh yk S ke yin] = 4" § Sl 5) - Sg fo eo ‘Therefore, _ J /M-1/ayar, nse vid={ (acim: n>6 (d) The desired convolution is vin] = D> alklAln- 4] ey vot An] + h{n — 1] + hf — 2] + Alm — 3] + Afn — 4] ‘This is as shown in Figure $2.21. 42 a[0}hn] + x[t}hfn — 1] + 2[2]hfn — 2] + 2[3]h[n — 3] + 2[4]Aln — 4) Figure $2.21 2,22, (a) The desired convolution is u(t) " i a(r)a(t — r)dr te “Aled, £20 ‘Then v(t) (b) The desired convolution is u(t) a(r)h(t~ r)dr f Coe f nt —)dr. 2-"dy — [ Ndr, $< h ‘This may be written as 6 tar — [ ANd, 1 5. (b) In this case, HedUUY ln] = z{n} + h{n] = h{n] - fn - 1). y" 2.25. (a) We may write z[n] as a{n] 45 2.27. 2.28. (b) Now, fr] = 23[n] « valr] = yaln] — ln — I} ‘Therefore, { 2{1— (1/2)"#9} + 2{1 — (1/2)"*4} = (1/2)"*3, n> -2 yinJ= 9 1, n=-3 0, otherwise ‘Therefore, y{n] (c) We have 1/2yuln +3). waln] -aln] + xa| ufn +3] — un + 2] = d[n +3}. (d) From the result of part (c), we get vuln} afr + 3] = (1/2)"*4ufn + 3). valn] + 21] The proof is as follows. 4, = fwd = [i f.xone-nerae = [2 [= raed = a 2(r)Andr AzAn " (a) Causal because h[n] = 0 for n <0. Stable because }>(})" nao 5/4 < 00. (b) Not causal because h{n] # 0 for n <0. Stable because } > (0.8)" =5 <0. (c) Anti-causal because hn] ° 0 for n> 0. Unstable because > (1/2)" = 00 a (€) Not causal because h{n} # 0 for n <0. Stable because > 5" = 7 < 00 =0 for n <0. Unstable because the second term becomes infinite (e) Causal because hf as n+ 00. (£) Not causal because h{n] # 0 for n <0. Stable because > |A{n]| = 305/3 < oo a7 (g) Causal because h{n] = 0 for n <0. Stable because > |h{n]| = 1 < ov. 2.29. (a) Causal because h(t) =0 for t <0. Stable because f[ In(Q)|dt = e°8/4 < 00. (b) Not cansal because A(t) # 0 for t <0. Unstable because [ a(t)| = 00. (c) Not causal because A(t) # 0 for t < 0. a Stable because f [A(t)|dt = €19/2 < 00. (A) Not causal because A(t) £0 for t <0. Stable because f[ [n(t)|dt = €2/2 < 00. (e) Not cansal because h(t) #0 for t <0. Stable because i Ih()|at = 1/3 < 00. (E£) Causal because h(t) = 0 for t < 0. Stable because f |a(t)|dt = 1 <0. (g) Causal because h(:) = 0 for t < 0. Unstable because [ JA(2)|at = 00. 2.30. We need to find the output of the system when the input is | to assume initial rest, we may conclude that y[n] = 0 for n < [rn]. Since we are asked ). Now, fn] = 2[n] - 2y{n — 1). ‘Therefore, xy(0] = 2{0] — 2u{-1] > ull] = [2] — 2y[0) and so on. In closed form, vuln] = (-2)"ul ‘This is the impulse response of the system. 2.31. Initial rest implies that y(n] =0 for n < -2. Now ln) = 2{n] + 22[n — 2} — 2y[n — 1] ‘Therefore, w-2] = 1, uf-l) ld] = 56,y{5] = -110, yn] = -110(-2)""* forn > 5. 2.32. (a) If ya{n] = A(1/2)", then we need to verify Clearly this is true. 48 (b) We now require that for n > 0 ( ‘Therefore, B= —2. (c) From eq. (P2.32-1), we know that y{0] = z{0] + (1/2)y{-1] = x{0] = 1. Now we also have yO)=A+B + A=1-B=3. 2.33, (a) (i) From Example 2.14, we know that n= [5 (ii) We solve this along the lines of Example 2.14. First assume that yp(t) is of the form Ke* for t > 0. Then using eq. (P2.33-1), we get for t > 0 ee ie 2Ke™ + 2K 7 We now know that yp(t) = }e% for t > 0. We may hypothesize the homogeneous solution to be of the form yn(t) = Ae. Therefore, wo(t) = Aew™* + ie, for t > 0. Assuming initial rest, we can conclude that yo(t) = 0 for t < 0. Therefore, ‘Then, (iii) Let the input be z73(t) = aeu(t) + Beu(t). Assume that the particular solution p(t) is of the form uplt) = Kiae™ + KpBe™ for t > 0. Using eq. (P2.33-1), we get 3K ce + 2K pe + 2K ae" + 2Kofhe* = a + Be” ‘Equating the coefficients of e%* and e* on both sides, we get Ki=> and Ky 2.37. Lot us consider two inputs n(t)=0, for allt and a(t) = effu(t) — u(t - 1)} Since the system is linear, the response yi(t) = 0 for all t. Now let us find the output yo(¢) when the input is #2(t). ‘The particular solution is of the form yplt)=Ye', O = > oti hl z «) rig 82.47 (#) 1, a 2.48. (a) True. If A(t) periodic and nonzero, then f la(@)|at = 00. ‘Therefore, h(t) is unstable. (b) False. For example, inverse of h{n] = d[n ~ k] is gh (c) False. For example h{n] = u{n] implies that = 6{n +] which is noncausal. D llr} = co. This is an unstable system. (d) True. Assuming that h{n] is bounded and nonzero in the range m é[n — k]. Therefore, io 0 for n <0, then hfn} = 0 for n <0 and the system is causal. inl] < 1 = Bz for all n. (b) Consider ‘Therefore, the output is not bounded. ‘Thus, the system is not stable and absolute summability is necessary. (c) Let 0, if h(-t) =0 at) =4 ben : Bon, ith(—) #0 Now, [2(t)| <1 for all t. Therefore, 2(2) is a bounded input Now, y(0) = £ a(—1)h(r)dr gee) = [ier 5 t. In(0)ldt = 00 ‘Therefore, the system is unstable if the impulse response is not absolutely integrable: 2.50. (a) The output will be azy(t) + bxa(t). (b) The output will be 21(t ~ 7). 63 bo @ qin) 40) @ yale] | (o [O) @) 9G yfn) 00 be @ yt) @ ) bl Pip) y x(n) axe) be tn) (#) Figure 82.57 (b) The figures corresponding to the remaining parts of this problem are shown in the Figure $2.57. 2.58. (a) Realizing that z2[n] = y:{n], we may eliminate these from the two given difference equations. This would give us 2ya{n] — yaln — 1] + yaln — 3) = xi[n] — 52[n — 4). ‘This is the same as the overall difference equation. (b) The figures corresponding to the remaining parts of this problem are shown in Figure $2.58. 2.59. (a) Integrating the given differential equation once and simplifying, we got a a u(t) = -2/ u(r)dr + =f a(r)dr + Ha(t), a1 Jo a J o0 a ‘Therefore, A = —ao/a1, B = bi/a1, C = bo/ar. (b) Realizing that 22(#) = y1(¢), we may eliminate these from the two given integral equa- tions. This would give us ‘ ‘ w(t) = af wwlr)dr + af ay(r)dr + Cai(t). n Figure $2.58 (c) The figures corresponding to the remaining parts of this problem are shown in Figure 82.59. 2.60. (a) Integrating the given differential equation once and simplifying, we get vo = Bf andr 22f" f” wlordete fe < + & ff Hoed + & fi atnar + 2a ‘Therefore, A = —a;/a2, B = ~a0/a, C = bo/a1, D = bi/a2, E = bo/az, (b) Realizing that <9(t) = yi(t), we may eliminate these from the two given integral equa- tions. (c) The figures corresponding to the remaining parts of this problem are shown in Figure 82.60. 2.61. (a) (i) From Kirchoff’s voltage law, we know that the input voltage must equal the sum of the voltages across the inductor and capacitor. Therefore, a()= ou) +u(t). Chapter 3 Answers 3.1. 3.2, 3.4, ‘Using the Fourier series synthesis eq. (3.38), Z(t) = aelPH/T 4g eI 4 qyei8OR/TH 4 ge J32R/TH DeHlOR/B) 4 De d2R/BY 4 4giACn/8) _ g5—s8l2n/s)t 6x 3) " = 4cos(74) + Boos Et 3 5 4.0s(4) ~ Bin ‘Using the Fourier series synthesis eq. (3.95). alr] = ay + agei*2™/¥ 4g y6-FAPHINIn 4 qyeHM(2R/N In 4g je dA(2e/Nn L$ ell /M) g§2(2H/8)n 4. ila /M) g~24(2n/5)n 4 2c) IMOH/NID 4 26 HEM g_gerdA(25/N)n dn 8n = 14 2c08(Zn + 2) 8a 2 14 Booe(Fn + 5) + deos(En +5) 8. 0 inn 4 14 2sin(Zn +) +46 ‘The given signal is a(t) " a Bsr 4 Lest aj aes = 24 Lelong Lint air 4 ne seo From this, we may conclude that the fundamental frequency of z(t) is 2n/6 = n/3. The non-zero Fourier series coeficients of z(t) are: af = 2, =a2=5, a5= Since wo = x, T' = 2n/uwy = 2. Therefore, 1p aoe [ (tea Io and for k #0 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. Both 7,(1— ¢) and 2)(t— 1) are periodic with fundemental period T; = 32. Since y(t) is a linear combination of 2,(1—) and 21(t — 1), it is also periodic with fundemental period 1, = 2, Therefore, w2 = wr. Since 11(t) 5 ay, using the results in Table 3.1 we have ay(t-+ 1) © aged y(t —1) #5 age H# H/T) = a(t +1) Fs ager ‘Therefore, ay(t-+1) +211 —t) 2S agettOr) + a_per FORT) = eHK (ay, + 04) (a) Comparing 21(t) with the Fourier series synthesis eq. (3.38), we obtain the Fourier series coefficients of «(t) to be ae={ G's Osks 100 *= 9, otherwise From Table 3.1 we know that if 2) (¢) is real, then ay has to be conjugate-symmetric, i.e, ay = a". Since this is not true for 21(t), the signal is not real valued. Similarly, the Fourier series coefficients of a(t) are _ f cos(km), 100k < 100 m= LO, otherwise From ‘Table 3.1 we know that if za(t) is real, then ay has to be conjugate-symmetric, i.e, a = a", Since this is true for z2(¢), the signal is real valued. Similarly, the Fourier series coefficients of s(t) are . _f fsin(kn/2), 100 << 100 “LO otherwise From Table 3.1 we know that if a(t) is real, then ay has to be conjugate-symmetric, i.e, ag = a". Since this is true for z9(¢), the signal is real valued. (b) For a signal to be even, its Fourier series coefficients must be even. This is true only for z2(t). Given that A a(t) &S ay we have dx(t) a(t) = ate Fa ‘Therefore, k#0 bk = FGn/TIR 87 3.8. 3.9. ‘When k = 0, using given information ‘Therefore, k=0 k#O” Since 2(t) is real and odd (clue 1), its Fourier series coefficients a, are purely imaginary and odd (See Table 3.1). Therefore, az = a and ao = 0. Also, since it is given that ay = 0 for |k| > 1, the only unknown Fourier series coefficients are a; and a_;. Using Parseval’s relation, 1 FL, eOPa= Yo lo, for the given signal we have : 5 fetta = SO taal. ‘ ‘Using the information given in clue (4) along with the above equation, fax? + Jas? = => af =1 ‘Therefore, a =-ay= oo ay =-ay=- ass aaa The two possible signals which satisfy the given information are 1 1 ay(t) = Leitrim _ Lian mt oF sin (at Ts Vi ’ and a(t) = ae + ne = Visin(rt) i 3 ‘The period of the given signal is 4. Therefore, 1 a = 5 rt i= = H+ ser] ‘This gives 2j, a2=-1, ag=14+25 88 3.10, Since the Fourier series coeffiecients repeat every IV, we have a, = 415, a= 16 and a3 = 7 Furthermore; since the signal is real and odd, the Fourier series coefficients ay will be purely imaginary and odd. Therefore, ay = 0 and ay =a, m=-a-2 a =-O-5 Finally, 4.11, Since the Fourier series coefficients repeat every V = 10, we have a; = ani = 5. Further- more, since a(n} is real and even, ay is also real and even. Therefore, ay = a-1 = 5. We are also given that ® 5 Deb? LO la{nll? = 50. 10 ‘Using Parseval’s relation, SX lee? = 50 wich ‘ ¥ lai? = 50 1 * Jal? + la? +05 + Sola? = 50 = 8 B+ dolar = 0 i ‘Therefore, ay = 0 for k= 2,--- ,8. Now using the synthesis eq.(3.94), we have 8 i= > ayelvkn Dd weit ase> é = belli" 4 5S" = 10c08(En) 8.12. Using the multiplication property (see Table 3.2), we have ESS by + Dba + Wn + Des 89 3.13. 3.14. Since by is 1 for all values of k, it is clear that by + 2b.-1 + 264s + 20,3 will be 6 for all values of k. Therefore, , for all k. Let us first evaluate the Fourier series coefficients of z(t). Clearly, since z(t) is real and odd, ax is purely imaginary and odd. Therefore, ay = 0. Now, oc 5 f° -(t)erI2H/ tgp ve = Effet 8Jo er HORI) Ge yuo Clearly, the above expression evaluates to zero for all even values of k. Therefore, _ { 0, k a={4 if When (2) is passed through an LTI system with frequency response H(jw), the output y(t) is given by (see Section 3.8) ult) = So ag jkup)elrt kere where wy = 3 = §. Since a, is non zero only for odd values of k, we need to evaluate the above summation only for odd k. Furthermore, note that opr _ sin(kn) H (shave) = HRI 4)) = Foray is always zero for odd values of k. Therefore, u(t) is periodic with period N = 4. Its Fourier series coefficients are 0. ‘The signal z| jee = 5, forallk From the results presented in Section 3.8, we know that the output y[n] is given by 3 Sau (cir!) itn = TH e0 + LAH TH (SOA CIEE) + LT(eH)) 3 (s3.14-1) 90 From the given information, we know that yin] is Ca yin) = cos(en+ F , = coaline® = cos(fn +9) eet a ilies 5 it uartl 50 +5¢ = Latntn 4 LetieD = 30 See Comparing this with eq, ($3-14-1), we have H(e®) = H(e) =0 and H(é#) =2e%, and H(e4) = 208% 3.15. From the results of Section 3.8, ut) = oH Ghul where wo = %f = 12. Since H(jw) is zero for || > 100, the largest value of |k| for which ay is nonzero should be such that [lwo < 100 ‘This implies that |k| <8. Therefore, for |k| > 8, ax is guaranteed to be zero. 8.16. (a) The given signal 21[n] is aife] = (yh = = er ‘Therefore, 2{n] is periodic with period N = 2 and it's Fourier series coefficients in the range 0

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