!#"$%&

&('
) *+%
&,.-/ 01 324,5
&
6 7 
&,89
%&,1
:.;=<>@?BA@CB>EDGFIHKJ@?LDNMO;P?Q<RMTS?BA@<U<>@FVF4;PF4WX<ZY?B[9MTCBJ@F\<]PWI^_?QYWXFI^`Y?B[a[9MQWXY?BbWX?Qcd]PWVFXefcF\Y]P[9F4Jg<b\hi]=<R]Pb
Dj?QY<>k;=?f?QHK]PJ@C8MT<+]=<G]PJ<>@F5WX?BJl<ZFXef<j?Q^cdMTY<]PW\;PFcd>gmKb]PW\b4npoqF1D5]P;P;@bZF\F1>@?LDr]=<bcsY?QcF\Y<]PF4bMTYFYF\tdF4WX<ZF4u
]PJv<>sF[wF4MQbA@YxMTSd;=F4bus]ybW\AsbbZF4uz]PJ{<>@FU;yMQbZ<5;=F4WX<A@YFQnj|>d]Pb[w?Q<]=}TMT<ZF4b1>s?LD~DjFD1]P;P;;=?f?QH{MT<1<>@FbZ<ZY?BJ@C
MQJsuvDjF4MTH{^`?QYxWXF4b5]PJ{<ZF\Y[kb?Q^i<>@F8bMQ[wF[9F4MQbA@YMTSd;PF4b;PMT<ZF\Y4n
:.b.DGF>sM4}QFwMQ;=YF4MQu@m$bZF\F4J&h<>@FR^`?QYxWXFRW\MTYYx]=F\Y.]yb5<>@FUcd>@?Q<Z?BJ&hD5>d]PW>O>sMQb1Js?IWx>sMTYCQFwMQJsuJ@?I[kMQbb
MQJsuO>@F4JsWXF]PJs€dJs]=<ZFYMQJ@CQFQn|>@F\YF]Pb?BJs;PmV?BJ@FRMQ;P;=?‚DGF4uz}QF\Y<ZFXe$^`?QY„ƒ…+†‡MQJduzMQ;P;‰ˆsF\mfJs[kMQJzus]PMTCQYxMQ[9b
[RAsbZ<SF„u@YM4D1JIAdb]PJ@C<>s]Pb4niŠ1?LD~DG?BAs;yu{DGF8bZ<Adu@mk<>s]ybG^_?QYWXF]yJV<ZF\Yx[9b?Q^‹S?BAsJduIb<MT<ZF4b\hdu@F4W\MLmfb1MQJsu
YF4MQWX<]=?BJdbxŒ
 Ž ,1
w s j
 ?BAsJsub<MT<ZF4b?Q^cdMTY<]yW\;=F4b„>@F4;Puq<Z?QCQF\<>sF\YUSfmOF4;PF4WX<ZY?B[9MTCBJ@F\<]Pb[‘MTYF9}QF\Ym^’MQ[9]P;y]PMTY4“‹<>sFkb]P[wc”;=F4bZ<]Pb
?Q^WX?BA@YbZFk<>@Fk>lmfu@Y?QCQF4J•MT<Z?B[vn  mq?BA@Y8csYF\}K]=?BAsb„usF\€dJs]=<]=?BJ‰h‰<>s]Pb„MT<Z?B[a]Pb8M–ZWX?B[wc?Bb]=<ZF9cdMTY<]PW\;=F4—
MQ;=<>@?BAsCB>qDGFk<ZF4JsuJ@?Q<8<Z?J@?QY[9MQ;y;=m$<>s]PJsHz?Q^MT<Z?B[9bRMQb$–˜cdMTY<]PW\;PF4b—KnV|>d]Pb„]Pb„usA@Fw<Z?OMvD5]Pu@F4bcsYF4MQu
HKJ@?LD5;PF4u@CQF„<>sMT<<>@F\m{>sM4}QFUbA@SdbZ<ZYxAsWX<A@YFMQJsuvMQ;PbZ?SF4W\MQAsbZF„<>sF\mIMTYF„F4MQb]P;=mkFXe@W\]=<ZF4uvMQJsuz]=?BJs]PbZF4u‰np™˜J
^’MQWX<\h@F4MQW>vFXe@W\]=<ZF4uvbZ<MT<ZF8>sMQbMus]=šF\YF4Jl<[9MQbbMQJsu{bZ?wWX?BAs;PuISFWX?BJsb]Pu@F\YF4uVMQbMus]›šF\YF4Jl<WX?B[wc?Bb]=<ZF
cdMTY<]yW\;=FQnpoqFD5]y;P;gbZF\F<>s]yb%]yb‹csYF4W\]PbZF4;=m8>@?‚DœDGFWX?BJsb]Pu@F\Y%<>@FbZ<ZY?BJ@CB;=mS?BAdJsubZ<MT<ZF4b+]PJUM;PMT<ZF\Y;=F4WX<AsYFQn
Š1?LDjF\}QF\Y4h%>sF\YFw<>@F9us]›šF\YF4JsWXFw]PJq[kMQbb„]Pb}QF\Ymb[9MQ;P;WX?B[9cdMTYF4uq<Z?v<>@F9[kMQbb8]=<bZF4;P^ž“‰<>sFwFXeKW\]=<MT<]P?BJ
F4J@F\YCB]PF4bw]PJŸ>gmKu@Y?QCQF4JœMTYFv?Q^1?QYu@F\Y$ \¡F\¢RhbZ?qD5>@F4JFXe@W\]=<ZF4u&hG<>@Fv[9MQbbw]PJsWXYF4MQbZF4bSlmE?Q^1?QYxu@F\Y$ \¡
F\¢8£¤W\¥QhsWX?B[wcdMTYF4uzD5]=<>{<>@F„<Z?Q<MQ;%[9MQbb?Q^%MTY?BAdJsu ¦.F\¢8£¤W\¥BhsbZ?k<>s]Pb]PbMv \¡f§d¨8FXšF4WX<\n
 ]PJsud]PJ@C$MQJF4;PF4WX<Z?QYJE]yJg<Z?zMQJMT<Z?B[9]PWk?QYSd]=<UJ@F\F4usbMz}QF\Ym;PMTYCQFIJlAd[SF\Y8?Q^cd>s?Q<Z?BJFXe@W>sMQJ@CQF4b4h
bZ?9DjFUW\MQJdJ@?Q<YF4MQ;P;PmV<>s]yJ@HV]PJ$<ZF\Y[9b?Q^MwcF\Y<AsYSdMT<]=?BJvW\MQ;PW\Ad;PMT<]=?BJ$MQJsuO>@F4JsWXFˆsF\mfJs[kMQJzus]PMTCQYxMQ[9b\n
™˜JsbZ<ZF4MQu{DjF8>sM4}QF8<Z?9b?B;=}QF„<>@F„<]P[wFX©ª]yJsu@F\cF4Jsu@F4Jl<«KWx>@Y‚?B¬ us]yJ@CQF\YF4­lAsMT<]P?BJ&n™žCBJs?QY]PJ@C<>@FF4;=F4WX<ZY?BJzMQJsu
csY?Q<Z?BJzbZcd]PJ&hK<>@F„F4JsF\YCQmv;=F\}QF4;Pb?Q^>lmfu@Y?QCQF4J$W\MQJvSF„^`?BAdJsu{^`Y?B[
®±¤°¯ ²¥ ³ ¥X´qµ ·B¸‰¶ ¹¥ ºX» ´½¼¿¾8´
D5>@F\YF ² ]Pb<>@F8YF4udAsWXF4u$[9MQbb
² ¼ À$Áµ À9 ¼ ¡KÃÅÄQÄQÄQÆ À$Á
MQJsu » ]Pb<>sFus]PbZ<MQJdWXF„SF\<žDGF\F4Jz<>@F„F4;=F4WX<ZYÀ ?BJOÁ MQJsÀ uv csY?Q<Z?BJ&n|>@F„F4J@F\YCQmIF4]PCQF4Jg}TMQ;PA@F4bMTYF8CB]=}QF4JvSfm
¾5Ǽ ® È ·B¸‰¶¹¥º °dÉfÊ ¥ ±¤² Ë É ¥¥ ¼ ®VÌ ±¤¥ ˲ ¥É ¥
Í ;=F4MTYx;=mQhQ<>@FF4J@F\YCQmbZcF4WX<ZYAs[Îu@F\cF4Jsudbp?BJ<>sF¯^_AsJdWX<]=?BJsMQ;f^`?QYx[Î?Q^”<>@Fc?Q<ZF4Jl<]PMQ;Ïn:#us]=šF\YF4Jl<W>@?B]yWXFQh
bAsWx>$MQb<>sF8b]P[wcd;PF>dMTY[w?BJs]PW.c?Q<ZF4Jl<]PMQ; ÀvÐ ¥ » ¥\Ñ ± hdDG?BAs;yu{CB]=}QF8}QF\Ymvus]›šF\YF4Jl<F4J@F\YCQmI}¤MQ;yA@F4b
¾5Ǽ ° Ð½Ò Ë µ‡Ó±Ô
¯
Š1F4JsWXFQhSlm[9F4MQbA@Y]PJsC$<>@F{bZcF4WX<ZYAs[/DjFVW\MQJ€dJdu?BA@<U<>@FV^_?QY[‘?Q^<>@Fkc?Q<ZF4Jl<]PMQ;ÏnÕSl}K]=?BAsb;PmQhp^_?QY
F4;=F4WX<ZY?B[kMTCBJ@F\<]Pb[vh%<>@Fwc?Q<ZF4Jl<]PMQ;DMQb>s]Pb<Z?QY]PW\MQ;P;=mOus]PbWX?‚}QF\YF4uSF\^_?QYF9­lAdMQJg<As[‘[wF4W>sMQJd]PW\b\h‹S”A@<8]PJ
csY]yJsW\]=cd;=F]=^p«@W>@Y‚?B¬ ud]PJ@CQF\Y4Ö×bGF4­lAdMT<]=?BJV>dMQuVWX?B[wF€sYxbZ<\hl<>sF4Jk<>@F  Ñ » ^_?QY[Ø?Q^‰<>@F.c?Q<ZF4Jg<]PMQ;WX?BAs;PuI>sML}QF
 
 E/(α2µ c 2/2) E/(hω)

5.5

−0.25
4.5

−0.50
3.5

−0.75
2.5

−1.00 1.5
l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3 l=4 l=0 l=1 l=2 l=3 l=4

SF\F4J9^_?BAsJsuwSfmwbZ<Asu@mK]PJ@C„<>sF5>gmKu@Y?QCQF4JVMT<Z?B[NbZcF4WX<ZYAs[vn%oqF1W\MQJIW\;=F4MTY;=mwMTcsc”;=mU<>d]Pb]Pu@F4M]PJw<>@F5W\MQbF
?Q^i<>@F8bZ<ZY?BJsC9^`?QYxWXFQhsD5>@F\YF„<>sF„c?Q<ZF4Jl<]PMQ;‰]ybJ@?Q<HKJ@?LD5J$cF\YbFQn
:b]P[9]P;PMTYUbZmfb<ZF4[‘<Z?>gmKu@Y?QCQF4JŸ]Pbc?Bb]=<ZY?BJs]yAs[vnv|>s]PbU]Pb8<>sFVS?BAsJsu•bZ<MT<ZF{?Q^5MQJ•F4;PF4WX<ZY?BJŸMQJsu
Mc?Bb]P<ZY?BJ&n¿Š5F\YFS?Q<>#[9MQbbZF4bVMTYFz<>@FbMQ[wFOb] \FQhMQbk<>@F\m½MTYFOMQJl<]=cdMTY<]PW\;PF4b9?Q^„F4MQW>r?Q<>@F\YLhbZ?
² ¼ À Á Ñ ± MQJsuv<>@F„F4JsF\YCQmv;=F\}QF4;PbMTYF

¾Ç9¼ ®kÌ ±¤¥ Ë ² ¥ É ¥ ¼ ®VÌ ¥ · À$Ë ¥Á É ¥

D5>s]yW>]PbF4bbZF4Jg<]yMQ;P;=m<>@FvbMQ[wF{bZcF4WX<ZYAs[ SdA@<UYF4bW\MQ;=F4uusA@FI<Z?O<>sFI[9MQbbRud]›šF\YF4JsWXF4b\n:5CBMQ]PJ‰h<>s]Pb
WX?BAs;Pu{SF8WX?BJsb]Pu@F\YF4uvMQb1M9WX?B[wc?Bb]=<ZF„cdMTY<]PW\;=FQn
…+}QF4JU[w?QYF+FXeK?Q<]PWGMT<Z?B[kb%>dM4}QFjSF\F4JU[9MQu@FQhTD5]=<>UJ@F\CBMT<]=}QF[UAs?BJsb _<>sFGbZF4WX?BJsuUCQF4J@F\YMT<]P?BJU>@F4ML}f]PF\Y
}QF\Yb]P?BJ?Q^G<>@FkF4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ .MQJsucd]=?BJsb _<>@F9­fAsMTYHl©ªMQJg<]y­lAsMTYHOS?BAsJsubZ<MT<ZFk?Q^ 1SF4]PJ@CvW\MTcs<A@YF4uqSlm


JfAsW\;=F4]K]PJl<Z?8MT<Z?B[9]PW?QYSd]P<b\n%:.;P;=?‚D5]PJ@C.^_?QY<>@Fus]›šF\YF4JsWXF]PJR<>@FYF4udAsWXF4uw[9MQbb\hg<>@F4bZFMQ;P;fCB]=}QF<>@FbMQ[wF

    

bZcF4WX<ZYAs[ Wx>sMTYMQWX<ZF\Y]ybZ<]PW\b\nkŠ1F4JsWXFQh%DGFkSF4;y]=F\}QF<>sMT<8F4;=F4WX<ZY?B[kMTCBJ@F\<]Pb[‘DG?QYHKb„<>@FVbMQ[wF9J@?z[kMT<Z<ZF\Y
D5>s]yW>{cdMTY<]yW\;=F„<>@F8W>dMTYCQFU]Pb?BJ‰“s<>s]Pb]PbMkJ@?BJK© <ZY]=}K]PMQ;YF4bAd;=<\n

  U
|>@Fq^’AsJsudMQ[wF4Jg<MQ;„]yJg<ZF\YMQWX<]P?BJsbv?Q^kƒ…+† W\MQJ MQ;P;SFu@YM4D1J!]PJ¿<ZF\Y[9b$?Q^R<>sFˆ@F\mfJd[9MQJ~us]yMTCQYMQ[
}QF\Y<ZFXeD5>s]PWx>zDjFRud]PbW\AsbbF4uz]PJOMkcsYF\}f]=?BAdb1;=F4WX<AsYFQn.:<.<>s]Pb1}QF\Y<ZFXeh&<>@F\YF]Pb.MVWx>sMTYCQF4u^_F\Y[9]=?BJ _?QY
MQJl<]=^`F\Yx[9]=?BJ YMQus]PMT<]PJsC9?QY.MTS”bZ?QYSd]PJsCkMkc”>@?Q<Z?BJ&n1|5>@F^_F\Y[9]=?BJOW>sMQJsCQF4b.]P<b5F4J@F\YCQmzMQJsu[w?B[wF4Jl<As[


bZ<MT<ZFI]PJqCQF4J@F\YMQ; hpSdAs<8u@?lF4bUJ@?Q<UWx>sMQJ@CQFI]=<b8JsMT<A@YFQ“%FQn C@nvMO[UA@?BJ•J@F\}QF\YRWx>sMQJ@CQF4bR]PJl<Z?zMQJF4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ&n



Š1F4JsWXFQhs<>@F\YFUMTYF8}QF\YmI^`F\D~<ªmfcF4b5?Q^%usF4W\M4mvD5>s]yW>vW\MQJv?KW\W\A@Y<>@Y?BA@CB>vF4;=F4WX<ZY?B[kMTCBJ@F\<]Pb[vnÕJ@F„<ªmfcF
]Pb1^`Y?B[MQJFXe@W\]=<ZF4ubZ<MT<ZFw<Z?{MVCQY?BAsJsubZ<MT<ZFw?Q^+MIWX?B[wc?Bb]=<ZFRcdMTY<]PW\;=FQ“<>s]yb1]Pb1^’MQ[9]P;P]PMTY1^`Y?B[MT<Z?B[k]PW
cd>lmfb]PW\bMTCBMQ]PJ&hsS”A@<MQ;PbZ?9?KW\W\A@Yb^_?QYcdMTY<]PW\;=F4bMQJsu$JfAsW\;=F4] n
:½bF4WX?BJsu<žmlcFG?fW\W\A@Yxb‹SF4W\MQAsbZFjDjFGW\MQJRYF\}QF\Yb]yJ@C5?BJ@FG?Q^s<>@FG^`F\Y[k]=?BJ;P]yJ@F4b‰MT<%<>@FG}QF\Y<ZFXehB[wF4MQJd]PJ@C
<>sMT<8F4;PF4WX<ZY?BJK© c?Bb]=<ZY?BJqMQJdJs]P>s]P;yMT<]=?BJO]ybc?Bbb]=Sd;=FQh‰MQb8DGFkbM4DcsYF\}f]=?BAdb;=mQnw|>s]Pb]Pb„>s?LDc?Bb]=<ZY?BJs]PAs[
]PbIMTSd;=FO<Z?ŸusF4W\M4mQn‡|>s]PbV[9MTHQF4bv]=<V^_AsJdusMQ[wF4Jl<MQ;P;=mœus]›šF\YF4Jl<k^_Y?B[>gmKu@Y?QCQF4J&n |>@F?BJs;=mŸcdMTY<]yW\;=F4b
D5>s]yW>q]PJl<ZF\YMQWX<F4;PF4WX<ZY?B[9MTCBJ@F\<]PW\MQ;y;=mMQJduMTYFk;P]PCB>g<ZF\Y8<>dMQJq<>@F9F4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ•MQJsuqc?Bb]P<ZY?BJqMTYF9cd>s?Q<Z?BJsb
<>@F4[9bF4;=}QF4b\h”b?k<>@FRu@F4W\M4mz[RAsbZ<5SF<Z?kcd>@?Q<Z?BJdb ’MT<;=F4MQbZ<5<žDG?I<Z?VWX?BJdbZF\Y}QFF4JsF\YCQm$MQJsuz[9?B[wF4Jg<Ad[
MQJsu$W\MQJ$SF8usYM4D5J$D5]=<>vˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJ$ud]PMTCQYMQ[9b
 

?Q<ZF9<>@Fk]PJl<ZF\Y[wF4ud]PMT<ZFwF4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ]yb„J@?Q<bZF\F4J&“%^_F\Y[9]=?BJsbW\MQJEMQ;PbZ?$MTcscF4MTY8]PJqˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJEus]PMTCQYMQ[kb„MQb
}K]=Y<AsMQ;cdMTY<]PW\;=F4b\n


™˜J9^’MQWX<\hKc?Bb]=<ZY?BJs]PAd[‡>sMQbG]P<bCQY?BAsJdukbZ<MT<ZFbZcd;P]P<Slm9MU>gmfcF\Y€dJ@F ’bZc”]PJK©ªbZcd]yJ p]PJg<ZF\YxMQWX<]=?BJV]yJg<Z?U<ªDj?

}QF\YmW\;=?BbF4;=mqbZcdMQWXF4ubZ<MT<ZF4bRD5>s]PWx>>sM4}QF{us]›šF\YF4Jl<W>dMTYCQFIWX?BJ ZA@CBMT<]P?BJ ­lAdMQJg<As[ JlAd[SF\Yb\“iDjF
 

  

±
 e- e-
e e
γ γ

Virtual e e γ

γ γ
e e
e+ e+

D5]P;y;fud]PbW\Asbbi<>d]Pb­lAdMQJg<]=<žmw]PJ9[w?QYFusF\<MQ]P;s;PMT<ZF\Yj]PJ<>@F5WX?BA@YxbZFQn†.AsF<Z?UWX?BJsbF\Y}¤MT<]P?BJ9?Q^<>s]Pb­fAsMQJl<As[
JfAs[SF\Y4h<>sFICQY?BAsJsubZ<MT<ZFz>sMQbR<Z?u@F4W\MLm•<Z?q?BJs;=m•F\}QF4JœJlAs[USF\YbR?Q^cd>@?Q<Z?BJdb ’[9MQ]PJs;=mq<žDG? UD1>s]P;=F
<>@FR>s]=CB>@F\Y.º bZ<MT<ZFRW\MQJO?BJs;=m$usF4W\M4m$<Z?V?fusuOJlAd[SF\Yb ’[9MQ]PJs;=mI<>@YF\F xn1|>@FU;y]=^`F\<]y[wF4b?Q^<>@F4bZFR<ªDj?{MTYF
 

 Tà ±  \¡f§ bjMQJsu Tà ·  \¡f§5b\hfYF4bZcF4WX<]=}QF4;=mQn|>@F1bZF4WX?BJsu{]Pb+b;=?LDjF\YGSfm9M8^’MQWX<Z?QY?Q^‰MTY?BAsJsuO \¡Q¡Q¡MQJsu

 

MTCQYF\
F4b5DGF4;P;D5]P<>zƒ…+†
W\MQ;PW\As;PMT<]P?BJsb\n z?BbZ<?Q^p<>d]Pbj^_MQWX<Z?QY.]PbF4MQb]P;=mVAsJsu@F\Yb<Z?l?Ku{MQbSF4]PJ@Cb]P[w cd;Pmw<>@F

c?LDjF\Y?Q^ Ì usA@FU<Z?I<>sFUMTS?L}QFwus]PMTCQYxMQ[9b\“<>@FU€dYbZ<5CQ?fF4bMQb Ì ¥ D5>s]P;=F<>@FRbF4WX?BJsuzCQ?fF4b„MQb Ì hD5>s]yW>
]Pb.u@?LD1JzSfmv?L}QF\Y8MV^_MQWX<Z?QY?Q^5 \¡Q¡Kn„Š1F4JsWXFQh<>@FUusF4W\M4mzYxMT<ZFU<ZF4;P;yb1Asb.MTS?BA@<5<>sFU^_?QYWXFQh&MQ;=SF4]=<5]PJOMV;PF4bb
us]=YF4WX<DjMLmQn

+ %,. 
|>@FR<>s]=Yxuz<ZF4Wx>sJs]P­fA@FRDGFD5]P;y;‹AsbZFR<Z?vbZ<Asu@mz^`?QYWXF4b„]yb5YF4MQWX<]P?BJYMT<ZF4b\n8oqFwD5]y;P;‰CQ?v]PJl<Z?V<>d]Pb]PJOb?B[wF
u@F\<MQ]P;‹MQb]=<WX?L}QF\Yxb1bZ?B[9FJ@F\D~WX?BJsWXF\cd<b5MQJsu$]yb<>@F8SdMQb]yb^`?QY5Mk;=?Q<?Q^iD5>sMT<DjF8D5]P;P;u@?k;yMT<ZF\Y4n:5CBMQ]yJ&h
SF4W\MQAsbZF1<>@F5ˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJIus]PMTCQYMQ[kb^_?QYƒ…G†!u@?BJ&Ö <+Wx>sMQJ@CQF.<>@F5c”MTY<]PW\;=F<žmlcFQhf<>@F4J9<>@F\YF1MTYF1SdMQb]PW\MQ;P;Pm
?BJs;=mr<ªDj?½<žmlcF4b$?Q^RYF4MQWX<]=?BJ‰“bW\MT<Z<ZF\Y]PJ@C½?Q^RcdMTY<]yW\;=F4bv^_Y?B[ F4MQW>~?Q<>@F\YOMQJdu cdMTY<]PW\;PFX©ªMQJg<]=c”MTY<]PW\;=F
MQJsJs]y>s]P;PMT<]=?BJV<Z?9csY?fusAdWXFb?B[wF\<>s]PJ@CwF4;ybZFQn
«KW\MT<Z<ZF\Yx]PJ@CIDjMQb>s]Pb<Z?QY]PW\MQ;P;=mI}QF\Ym$]P[9c?QY<MQJg<\n5|5>s]PbDMQb>@?LD <>@FMT<Z?B[9]PWRbZ<ZYAsWX<AsYF?Q^MIWXF4Jg<ZYxMQ;
>@F4ML}lmœJfAsW\;=F4Asb9bA@YY?BAsJdu@F4uSlmœ;P]=CB>l<wF4;=F4WX<ZY?BJdb9DMQbkus]PbWX?L}QF\YF4u]PJŸ<>@F 1A@<>@F\Y^_?QYu½bW\MT<Z<ZF\Yx]PJ@CFXef©
cF\Y]P[wF4Jl<\ n 5A@<>@F\Y^`?QYu _?QY.MQWX<AsMQ;y;=mv>s]Pb<žDG? +>&n׆RnbZ<Asu@F4Jl<b €dYF4uzMQ;=c”>sMcdMTY<]PW\;PF4b ’>@F4;P]yAs[*JlAdW\;=F4]Ïh
 ¼ ± MT<UMO<>s]PJqCQ?B;PuE^_?B]P;  ¥  ¼  Ä MQJsu•[9F4MQbA@YF4uE<>@FVusF\tsF4WX<]=?BJ•MQJsCB;=Fk?Q^<>sFVMQ;=cd>dMQb8D5>s]yW>
  

F4[w F\YCQF4u‰n
  

 
 
 
 
  θ
 
 
 
 
 
 @J ?‚D5]PJ@CE<>@FbZ<ZYAsWX<A@YFz?Q^MQJ¿MT<Z?B[vh.]Ïn FQn~<>sMT<v]=<I>sMQb{MEWXF4Jl<ZYMQ;JfAsW\;=F4Asb\hDjFW\MQJrW\MQ;yW\As;PMT<ZF<>@F
us]Pb<ZY]=SdA@<]P?BJ]PJr<>@FEMQJ@CB;=FŸ<>sMT<$DjFFXeKcF4WX<\n |>s]Pb{W\MQJ~SFqu@?BJsFqD5]=<> M½W\;PMQbb]PW\MQ;„W\MQ;PW\As;yMT<]=?BJ&h
MQ;=<>@?BAsCB>½]=<w<A@YJdb?BA@<9Mq€sYb<R?QYxu@F\Y9cF\Y<A@YS”MT<]=?BJŸ­lAsMQJl<As[ W\MQ;yW\As;PMT<]=?BJœCB]P}QF4bw<>@FzbMQ[9F$MQJsbZDjF\Y4n
|>@FUu@F\<MQ]P;PbMTYF;=F\^_<^`?QY1<>@F8csY?QSd;=F4[b>sF\F\<5SdA@<<>sF8YF4bAs;P<]PJ@C9us]›šF\YF4Jl<]PMQ;&WXY?Bbb.bZF4WX<]=?BJ‰hdMQb1usF\€dJ@F4u
]PJ{<>@FU;PMQbZ<;=F4WX<A@YFQh@<A@YJsb?BA@<5<Z?9SF

¼ È    ¥ ¶ ¥ ¥   ¼    ¥ °sÉ ¥  
·B¸‰¹º À  ¥ Ê · b]PJ  ! Ñ ± Ò ± À  Ì ¥ ¯ Ô b]PJ  ! Ñ ±


     

™˜JRWX?BJl<ZYMQbZ<<Z?<>@F>sMTYxuK©ªbZcd>@F\YFGW\MQbZFQhB<>d]Pbi]Pb%}QF\YmUu@F\€”Js]=<ZF4;=m„J@?Q<]PbZ?Q<ZY?Qcd]PWGSdA@<%^_MQ;P;yb‹}QF\YmUYMTcd]Pud;=mD5]=<>
]PJsWXYF4MQb]PJ@C8bW\MT<Z<ZF\Yx]PJ@CUMQJsCB;=FQn|>@F}QF\YmwYMTcd]PuY]ybZF?Q^&<>@F5WXY?BbbGbF4WX<]=?BJV]yJw<>@F5^_?QYDMTYukud]=YF4WX<]=?BJ9bM4mKb
<>@FwMQJ@CB;=Fw?Q^jbW\MT<Z<ZF\YU]yb.AdbAsMQ;P;=mv}QF\Ymb[kMQ;P;Ïn8|>s]yb.]yb1SF4W\MQAsbFR<>sFw^`?QYWXF9]yb.b[9MQ;P;iMT<8;PMTYCQFwus]Pb<MQJsWXF4b
MQJsu#<>@F\YFO]ybkM•[9?QYF$<MTYCQF\<{MTYF4ME^_MTYV^`Y?B[ <>@FOJfAsW\;=F4Adb9<>sMQJW\;=?BbZFz<Z?E<>@FOJfAsW\;=F4Adb\n¿™ž<9DMQbV<>@F
Ó
 MTCQYF\F4[wF4Jl<SF\<žDGF\F4J•<>@FkMQJ@CBAs;yMTY8us]PbZ<ZY]PSdA@<]=?BJO^`Y?B[ 5A@<>sF\Y^`?QYxu&Ö×b„bW\MT<Z<ZF\Y]PJsCvFXefcF\Y]P[9F4Jg<8MQJsu<>s]Pb
^_?QY[UAd;PMD5>s]PWx>{csY?‚}f]PusF4u{<>@F„€sYbZ<F\}K]Pu@F4JdWXF„^`?QY5JfAsW\;=F4] n
|>sF9MTS?‚}QFV]=CBJs?QYb8MQJlmbcd]PJ?Q^<>@F9cdMTY<]PW\;=F4b„]PJl}Q?B;=}QF4u&nV™ž^j<>@F\mq>sM4}QFIbZcd]PJ‰h&<>@F4J<>@Fk^`?QYWXFkD5]P;P;
SFkus]›šF\YF4Jl<\“MzbZcd]yJsJs]PJ@C{W>dMTYCQF4u•c”MTY<]PW\;=Fk>dMQbMz[kMTCBJ@F\<]PWk[9?B[wF4Jg<UD5>s]PWx>qD5]P;y;]PJg<ZF\YxMQWX<D5]=<><>@F
[9MTCBJ@F\<]yWO€dF4;Pu#YF4bAs;=<]PJsC•^_Y?B[ <>@F?Q<>@F\Y{cdMTY<]PW\;=FQÖ×b{[w?Q<]P?BJ ’MQJdu¿<>@FO?Q<>sF\YvcdMTY<]PW\;=FQÖ×b{[9MTCBJsF\<]PW
[w?B[wF4Jl<5]=^i]=<>sMQb?BJ@F xnG|p?ku@?w<>@FUW\MQ;PW\As;PMT<]=?BJ{D1]=<>$bZcd]yJVYF4­lAs]PYF4b<>@F8^’As;P;MTcscdMTYxMT<Asb?Q^+ƒ…+†Rndˆs?QY


¶§² §
¶§² §


e- e-
e

e
µ- µ-
D5>@F\YF   ¼  ¥ ¼  Ths<>@F8YF4bAs;=<]PJ{<>@FWXF4Jl<ZYFX© ?Q^`©ª[9MQbb1^`YxMQ[wF8]Pb

¼ Ì ¥ °¯ ¥ É ¥   µ WX?Bb  ! Ñ ±
±  b]PJ  ! Ñ ±
  

   

?Q<ZFQhf<>sF1us]PMTCQYxMQ[ >sMQb+<ªDj?U}QF\Y<]yWXF4bGMQJsukDGF1CQF\< ¥ MQbGDGF1FXefcF4WX<\n|>sF5MQJ@CBAs;PMTYju@F\cF4Jsu@F4JsWXF]yb}QF\Ym

b]P[k]P;PMTY8<Z? 5As<>@F\Y^_?QYu•bW\MT<Z<ZF\Yx]PJ@CSdA@<R>sMQbMQJ•FXeKÌ <ZYMWX?Bb  ! Ñ ± <ZF\Y[ usA@FV<Z?<>@FIbcd]PJ&nz|5>@FVWXY?Bbb


bZF4WX<]=?BJz^`?QY5<>@F4bZF8<žDG?kMQb1Mw^’AsJsWX<]=?BJ{?Q^iMQJ@CB;=F8?Q^%<>@FbW\MT<Z<ZF\YF4u$F4;=F4WX<ZY?BJz]Pb
 

™ <<A@YJsb?BA@<<>s]PbWXY?Bbb5bZF4WX<]P?BJz>sMQb1J@?Q<SF\F4Jv<>@?QY?BAsCB>s;=m{[wF4MQbA@YF4u$SF4W\MQAdbZF8?Q^iFXefcF\Y]y[wF4Jg<MQ;‹us]w©
W\As;=<]PF4bD5]=<>$[RA@?BJzSF4MQ[kb\nj|5>s]Pb]Pb5J@?Q<5<ZYAsF8?Q^i<>@FUbZF4WX?BJdu$<ªmfcF?Q^+ƒ…G†ÎYF4MQWX<]=?BJODGFUD5]P;P;&;=?f?QH{MT<\h
JsMQ[wF4;Pm ¶ i¶ § MQJsJs]P>s]y;PMT<]=?BJ&h@D5>d]PW>>sMQb.WX?Qcd]=?BAsb1FXefcF\Y]y[wF4Jg<MQ;pusMT<MKn Í ?BJsb]PusF\Y ¶ ¶ §
²  ² § “<>@F
ˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJOus]PMTCQYMQ[N^_?QY5<>s]ybYF4MQWX<]=?BJz]yb

·
 e- µ-

e e
γ

e+ µ+
MQJsuv<>d]PbCB]=}QF4b5MkWXY?BbbbZF4WX<]P?BJ 

¼ Ì ¥ · °¯  ¥ É ¥ ˜  µ WX?Bb ¥ 
 

?Q<ZFMTCBMQ]yJ&h”<žDG?{}QF\Y<]yWXF4b1CB]P}QF4b.MIWXY?BbbbZF4WX<]P?BJzcsY?Qc?QY<]=?BJsMQ;‰<Z? Ì ¥Tn5™˜Jz<ZF\Y[kb5?Q^+WX?Bb@hd<>d]Pb5]Pb AsbZ<

M9­fAsMQu@YMT<]yW
 

MQJsuv<>d]Pb>sMQbSF\F4J$[wF4MQbA@YF4uvS?Q<>{^_?QY5[UAs?BJsb

Æ
MQJsuv^_?QY<MQAsb

|>s]yb1]PbMvb]PCBJs]=€dW\MQJl<5YF4bAs;=<\n|>sF\YFR]yb1CQ?f?KuqMTCQYF\F4[wF4Jl<\“p<>@Fw[9MTCBJd]=<Asu@Fb>@?‚D5b<>@Fw[UAs?BJqMQJsu<MQA
>sML}QF.<>sFbMQ[wF„W>sMTYCQF„MQb<>@F.F4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ‰n|>@Fb[9MQ;P;MQJ@CBAs;PMTYus]Pb<ZY]=SdA@<]P?BJ9us]PbWXYF\cdMQJsWXm9]PbjAsJsu@F\YxbZ<Z?l?Ku
]PJ{<ZF\Y[kb?Q^iDGF4MTH{^_?QYWXF8FXšF4WX<b1J@?Q<]yJsW\;PAsu@F4u{>@F\YFQn
™˜b„<>s]Pb„b>sMTcFMQWX<AdMQ;P;=mOusF\cF4Jdu@F4Jg<?BJq?BAsY8MQbbAs[wcd<]=?BJsbxŒr™ <„<A@YJdb1?BAs<8DGF9MTYF9bZF4Jsb]=<]P}QFw<Z?v<>@F
bZcd]yJ{?Q^%S?Q<>z<>@F8cd>@?Q<Z?BJOMQJsuv<>@FU[UA@?BJ _?QY5<MQA >@F\YFQnj™ž^%<>@FUcd>@?Q<Z?BJvDMQb1bcd]PJv¡Khd<>sF\YFWX?BAs;PuzJ@?Q<
SFkM$cdYF\^`F\YF4uEus]PYF4WX<]=?BJq^_?QYU<>sFk?BA@<ZCQ?B]PJsCO[RA@?BJsbb?z<>@F\mqDj?BAs;PuE>sM4}QFI<Z?WX?B[9FV?BA@<R]PbZ?Q<ZY?Qc”]PW\MQ;P;=mQh
 

YF4bAd;=<]PJ@C]PJEMtdMT<us]Pb<ZY]=SdA@<]P?BJ]PJWX?Bb @nq:.;=<ZF\YJsMT<]=}QF4;PmQh+]=<R<A@YJsbU?BA@<<>sMT<w>sM4}K]PJ@CbZcd]yJ•¡[UAs?BJsb
Dj?BAs;Pu{CB]=}QFMkb]PJ ¥ wus]PbZ<ZYx]=SdA@<]=?BJ‰n
dσ/d(cos θ) dσ/d(cos θ)
sin 2θ = 1 - cos 2θ

cos θ cos θ
-1 0 1 -1 0 1
| >@F1usMT<Mb>s?LDJsF4]=<>@F\Y?Q^&<>@F4bF5c?Bbb]=S”]P;P]=<]=F4bp]Pb<ZYxA@F5MQJsuV>@F4JsWXFcsY?L}QF4bG<>sMT<G]=<G]Pb]PJsusF\F4uw<>@F5c”>@?Q<Z?BJ
D5>s]yW>#]yb9SF4]PJ@CFXe@W>dMQJ@CQF4u¿>@F\YFOMQJdu#MQ;PbZ?E<>sMT<I<>@FO[RA@?BJrMQJsu½<MQArMTYFS?Q<>bZcd]PJ~ L£ ± h1;P]=HQFz<>@F
F4;=F4WX<ZY?BJ‰n|>s]Pb.bA@cdc?QY<b5<>@FcsYF\}f]=?BAdb1bZ<MT<ZF4[9F4Jg<8<>dMT<„<>@Fw[UA@?BJMQJsu<MQAqMTYFw>@F4ML}f]PF\Y„}QF\Yb]=?BJsb.?Q^
<>@F8F4;PF4WX<ZY?BJ&n
ˆi]PJsMQ;y;=mQh‚J@?Q<ZFj<>@F.  Ñ  SF4>sM4}K]=?BA@Y4“¤<>@FWXY?Bbb%bZF4WX<]=?BJUCQF\<b%}QF\Ym8b[9MQ;P;lMT<p>s]PCB>8F4J@F\YCB]PF4b\n Í ?BJg}QF\YbF4;=mQh
<>@FWXY?Bbb.bZF4WX<]=?BJCQF\<b.}QF\Ymz;PMTYCQFRMQb1<>@FRF4J@F\YCQmz]Pb5YF4usAsWXF4u‰“>@F4JdWXFRMT<.YF4bZ<.[9MT<Z<ZF\Y8MQJsuMQJg<]P[kMT<Z<ZF\Y
MQJsJs]y>s]P;PMT<ZF.}QF\Ym{F4MQb]P;=mQn
?BA{[9MLmwSF1DG?BJdu@F\Y]PJ@CD5>gmDjF.>dM4}QFJ@?Q<j;P?l?QHQF4uIMT<G<>sF5YF4MQWX<]=?BJ § § n|5>s]PbYF4MQWX<]P?BJ
]Pb.MQWX<AsMQ;P;=mO[w?QYFWX?B[wcd;P]PW\MT<ZF4uOSF4W\MQAsbZFR<>@F\YFMTYF<ªDj?v;=?LDjF4bZ<?QYu@F\Yus¶]PMTCQ¶ YMQ[k
b1¶]PJO¶ <>s]Pb.W\MQbZFQ“&?BJ@F^_?QY
bW\MT<Z<ZF\Y]yJ@CE;P]PHQFz]PJ ¶ § ² §
¶ § ² § MQJdu½?BJ@FO^`?QYIMQJsJs]P>s]y;PMT<]=?BJ^`?B;y;=?LDjF4u#SfmŸcdMQ]=Y9cdY?fudAsWX<]=?BJ½MQbI]PJ
¶  ¶ §
²  ² §in|5>@F8ˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJzud]PMTCQYMQ[9b^_?QY<>s]ybYF4MQWX<]=?BJzMTYF

 e- e-
e

e
e+ e+

e- e-

γ
e e

e+ e+

MQJsu½Js?LDDjF$[UAdbZ<k]PJl<ZF\Y^_F\Yw<>@F4[ MQb9<>sF\mMTYFO­lAsMQJl<As[ J@F4Wx>sMQJs]PW\MQ;y;=mE]PJdus]PbZ<]PJsCBAs]Pb>sMTS”;=FQhpF\}QF4J]PJ

csY]yJsW\]=cd;=FQn|>sFYF4bAd;=<5]Pb.b]P[9]y;PMTY<Z? ¶ § ² §
¶ § ² §EMQb.<>@FUA@cdcF\Y.ˆ@F\mKJs[9MQJus]PMTCQYMQ[3CB]=}QF4bMk[RAsWx>
Sd]=CQCQF\Y1WX?BJg<ZY]PSdA@<]=?BJ{<>sMQJ$<>@F;=?‚DGF\Y5ud]PMTCQYMQ[vn