FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DELA | F-E.M. MANUTENTION 4.001 3 EDITION SECTION! REVISED HEAVY LIFTING APPLIANCES 1998.10.01 RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF HOISTING APPLIANCES BOOKLET 3 CALCULATING THE STRESSES IN STRUCTURES ‘The total 3rd Edition revised comprises booklets 1 to § and 7 to9 Copyright by FEM Section | Also available in French and Germani i | Document prepared by the technical commission of FEM (European Handling Federation) Section 1 « Heavy lifting and handling equipment ». FEM Section | Secretary Cosette DUSSAUGEY 39-41, rue Louls Blanc 92400 COURBEVOIE 2 92038 PARIS LA DEFENSE CEDEX Fax :33 147 176260 E-mail : Mips@wanadoo fr Document available near the following National Committees BELGIUM FABRIMETAL Rue des Drapiers, 21 B- 1050 BRUXELLES Fox 322510 23 01 CZECH REPUBLIC ‘Association of Czechosiovak Manufacturers (of Transport and Liffing Equipment ‘SYMAS Kralovo Pole Cranes, a.s. CZ- 61200 BRNO Fax : 42 057262251 DANEMARK ‘Confederation of Danish Industries DK - 1787 COPENHAGEN Fax: 45 3377 3410 DEUTSCHLAND VOMA. Fachgemeinschaft Fordertechnik Postfach 71 08 64 (0 - 60498 FRANKFURT/MAIN Fax: 49 69 68 03 14 96 ENGLAND FMCEC ‘Ambassador House Brigstock Road GB- THORNTON HEATH CR7 7JG Fax: 44 181 6656447 ESPANA ‘Asociacion Espanola de Manutencion (AEM) ETSEIB - PABELLON F Diagonal, 647 - 08028 BARCELONA Fax : 94.83 401 60 58 FRANCE MIPS 39-41, rue Louis Blane F-92400 COURBEVOIE Fax : 33 1 47 17 62.60 ITALIA Associazione italiana Sistemi ‘Sollevamento, Elevazione, Movim Via L. Battistoti Sassi 11 L- 20133 MILANO Fax : 39 2 739 73 16 LUXEMBOURG Fédération des Industriels Luxembourgeois Groupement des Constructeurs BP. 1304 L- 1013 LUXEMBOURG Fax : 352 43 23 28 NEDERLAND FMB/GKT Postbus 190 NL 2700 AD ZOETERMEER, Fax: 31 79 363 13 65 NORGE Norwegian FEM Groups Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries Oscars Gate 20 / Box 7072 H N- 0308 OSLO 3 Fax : 47 22 59 66 69 PORTUGAL FENAME - Federagao Nacional do Metal (ANEMM) Estrade do Pago do Lumiar Polo Tecnologico de lisboa - Lote 13 P1600 LISBOA Fax : 351 1 715 04 03 SCHWEIZ/SUISSE/SVIZZERA, Verein Schweizerischer Maschinen- Industrieller (VSM) Kirchenweg 4 CH - 8032 ZURICH Fax: 41 1 384 48.48 ‘suOM! Federation of Finnish Metal, Engineering ‘and Electrotechnical Industies - FIMET Etelaranta 10 P.O. BOX 10 FIN - 00131 HELSINKI Fax : 358 9 624 462 SVERIGE ‘Swedish Association of Suppliers of Mechanical Handling Equipment MHG ns Box 8510 $- 114 85 STOCKHOLM Fax : 46 8 660 33 78‘The third edition of the "Rules for the design of hoisting appliances” dated 1987.10.01 included 8 booklets. An addition to this edition was compiled in 1998. This addition is | incorporated in booklet 9, which also replaces booklet 6. This booklet forms part of the "Rules for the design of hoisting appliances" 3rd edition revised, consisting of 8 booklets : Booklet 1 - Object and scope Booklet 2 - Classification and loading on structures and mechanisms Booklet 3 - Calculating the stresses in structures Booklet 4 - Checking for fatigue and choice of mechanism components Booklet 5 - Electrical equipment Booklet 7 - Safety rules Booklet 8 - Test loads and tolerances Booklet 9 - Supplements and comments to booklets 1 to 8 NOTE: Booklet 9 must not therefore be used separately. TALLERES JASO INDUSTRIAL, s.L. ESTEBAN MONDRAGON ror. TeeNicoBOOKLET 3 CALCULATING THE STRESSES IN STRUCTURES CONTENTS {INTRODUCTION THE CHOICE OF STEEL QUALITIES = Assessment of the factors which influence brittle fracture « Combined effect of longitudinal residual tensile stresses and tensile stresses from dead weight + Thickness of the menber + Influence of cole = Determination of the required steel quality group = Steel quality + Special rules CHEOKING WITH RESPECT TO THE ELASTIC LIMIT Structural menbers other then joints + Members subjected to simple tension or compression + Members subjected to shear « Members subjected to conbined loads - Equivalent stress Cese of joints « Riveted joints = Bolted joints General ++ Joints made with tension bolts with controlled tightening Bolted joints subjected to forces acting parallel to the Joint plane + Welded joints CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECT TO CRIPPLING CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BUCKLING ‘CASE OF STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SIGNIFICANT DEFORMATION CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE = Conventional nunber of cycles and stress spectrun Material used and notch effect Determination of the maximen stress Cray The ratloK between the extreme stresses Checking menbers subjected to fatigue 7 aL 3.5. Bb 3.6.1. 3.6.2. 3.6.3. 36a, 3.6.5. 3-10 BL 312 BB BB Bae Bue Bae 318 3-20 B22 ad Be 22h 28 B20 32e 3-25 325APPENDICES c prticle Page DESIGN OF JOINTS USING HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTS WITH CONTROLLED TIGHTENING A3.2.2.2.2.3. 327 STRESSES IN WELDED JOINTS A.3.2.2.3. 331 CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECT TO CRIPPLING 3.3. and 23 BND BUCKLING AS. 338 CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE AL3.6. 3-87 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS: See booklet 1 ( c fi ( ( 32INTRODUCTION ‘The stresses set up in the various structural menbers are determined for the three cases of loading defined under section 2.3., an @ check is made to ensure that ‘there is @ sufficient safety coefficient V in respect of the criticel stresses, considering the following three possible causes of failure : = exceeding the elastic limit ; = exceeding the critical crippling or buckling loed + = exceeding the Limit of endurance to fatigue. The quality of the steels used must be stated and the physical properties, chemical composition and welding qualities must be guaranteed by the sanufacturer of the material. ‘The permissible stresses for the materials used are determined as stipulated in clauses 3.2., 3.3., 3.4, and 3.6. hereunder, with reference to the critical stresses for the material. These critical stresses are those which correspond either to the elestic linit which in practice, involves establishing the stress corresponding to a critical Limit for elongation), or to the critical stress for crippling or buckling, or, in the case of fatigue, to the stress for which the probability of survival, under tests, is 90%. ‘The stresses in the structural members shall be calculated on the basis of the different cases of loading envisaged under section 2.3. by applying conventional strength of materials calculation procedures. The sections of metal to be considered shall be the gross sections (i.e. without deducting the areas of holes) for all parts which are subjected to compression Joads (1), and the net sections (i.e. with the areas of holes deducted) for all Parts subjected to tensile loads. In the case of 9 menber subjected to bending, a half-net section should be assumed, taking the net section in parts under tension and the gross section in parts under compression. To simplify the calculations, however, one may use either the section modulus of the net section or the section modulus computed for the half-net section, using as centre of gravity of the section that of the gross section. a ‘The area of the holes shall be included in the cross-sectional area only when they are filled by a rivet or a bolt.Bale Babb Beles THE CHOICE OF STEEL QUALITIES The verifications required in the design rules for the safety of the structure against yielding, instability end fatigue failure do not guarantee safety against brittle fracture. In order to obtain sufficient safety against brittle fracture, a steel quality has to be chosen depending on the conditions influencing brittle fracture. ‘The wast inportent influences on the sensitivity to brittle fracture in steel struc- tures are : A. Combined effect of longitudinal residual tensile stresses with tensile stresses fron dead load. 8. Thickness of the member. ©. Influence of cold. Influences A, 8, and C are velued with points. The required steel quality depends fon the sum of these points. ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE BRITTLE FRACTURE In the following, influences A, 8, and C in paragraph 3.1. are described and ‘quantified. INFLUENCE A : COMBINED EFFECT OF LONGITUDINAL RESIDUAL TENSILE STRESSES WITH STRESSES FROM DEAD WEIGHT Equations for Lines 1, II and IIT in figure LL. « permissible tensile stress with Line 1 : no welds, or only transverse Peapect to the elestio nit, welds leading ease i tae q tie «1 A OF Og = tensile stress from permanent load, e.g. fron dead weight Zp = assessing coefficient for Influence A valid only for Og % 0,50, Line II : longitudinal welds 2a ast Line IIT : accumulation of welds ‘The danger of brittle fracture is increased by high stress concentrations, in par- ticular by 3-axial tensile stresses, as is the case with an accumulation of welds.If menbers with low-stresses are stress relieved after welding (approx 600-650° C) Line I can be used for all types of welds. assessing coefficient Za Figure 3.11.1. Zp in terms of stresses and welds aS3.11.2. INFLUENCE Bo: THICKNESS OF MEMBER t t= Thickness of member in an tla ft 2g = Assessing coefficient for influence 8 i = 16 from t= 5 tot = 20mm s | on | 20 : 6 | 0,15] 25 ta = soe 7 | 02 | 30 aoe a | 0,25] 35 from t = 20 to t = 100 mm 9 | 0,3 | 40 iz ao | 0,4 | 45 2p = 0,65 ¥E-14,81 ~ 0,05 2 fos |x as_[o,e | 55 o| w 2 s 0 s 6 7% s m9 10 ‘Thickness of menber Figure 3.1.1.2. Assessing coefficient 2p = f (t) For rolled sections an idealised thickness t* is to be used. This is : for round sections : tai for square sections : wet ie for rectangular sections : tee where b represents the larger side of the rectangle and the ratio of the sides b bee b For & tet or > 1,8, test. 36Beil. INFLUENCE C : INFLUENCE OF COLD ‘The lowest tenperature at the place of erection of the crane determines the classi- fication. This tenperature is generally lower than the working tenperature. T = Temperature at the place of erection in °C Xe Assessing coefft. for influence C from 7 = 0°C to T = - 30°C take 2 te = f° from T = - 30°C to T = ~ 55°C take tee 28 10" °c °c el -to 70-30-40 =m - 5 | 01 | -35 | 45 Tenperature T in °C -10 | o4 | -a | 56 -1s | oe | -45 | 6,7 Figure 3.1.1.3. -~m | as |-s | 79 -25 | 2,3 | -55 | 9,0 Assessing coefft. Zp = f (1) BeL.2e DETERMINATION OF THE REQUIRED STEEL QUALITY GROUP It is the sum of assessing coefficients from paragraph 3.1.1. which determines the minimun required quality for the steel structure. Table 7, 3.1.2. shows the classification of the quality groups in relation to the sum of the assessing coefficients. If the sum of the assessing coefficients is higher than 16 or if the required stee] quality cannot be obtained, speciel measures will be necessary to obtain the steel quality necessary for safety against brittle fracture which will have to be determined with material experts. BTTable T.3.1.2. Classification of quality groups in relation ‘ to the sun of the assessing coefficients Sun of the assessing coefficients from paragraph 3.2.1, Ws p+ Ig + 2p Quality group corresponding in table 7.3.1.3. ARAK QUALITY OF STEELS The quality of steels in these design rules is the property of steel to exhibit a ductile behaviour at determined temperatures. The steels are divided into four quality groups. The group in which the steel is classified, is obtained from its notch ductility ina given test and temperature. Table 1.3.1.3. comprises the notch ductility values and test temperatures for the four quality groups. The indicates noten cuctilities are minimm values, being the mean values fron three tests, where no value must be below 20 Nn/cn ‘The notch ductility is to be determined in accordance with V-notch impact tests to 150 R 148 and Euronorm 45-63, Steels of different quality groups cen be welded together. Tg 1s the test temperature for the V-notch impact test. 1 fs the tenperature at the place of erection of the crane. Je and T are not directly conparable 2s the V-notch impact test imposes a more unfavourable condition than the loading on the crane in or out of service. +8Table 1.3.1.3. Quality oroups Guality group Notch ductility measured in 180 sharp notch test 150 R148 ‘in Na/on® ‘Test. temerature| Te. °C Steels, corresponding ‘to the quality group Designation of steels Standard Fe 360-A Fe 430 A Euronorm 25 St 37-2 St 44 2 DIN 17100 Perea We A 35-501 45 A 50 B = BS 4360 1972 35 + 20° Fe 360 - 8 Fe 030-8 Fe 510 - B Euronorm 25 R St 37-2 St bbe? DIN 17100 © 24 (837) - E 26 (Aa2) E 36 (052) NF A 35-501 40843 8 = ‘BS 4360 1972 8 oe Fe 360 -C Fe 430 -C Fe 510 -C Euronorn 25 ‘St 37 - St au 3U st 52-3 DIN 17100, 26 (837) E 26 (Aa2) £36 (852) NF A 35-501 a0 C43 C SOC SSC aS 4360 1972 6 - 20° Fe 360 - 0 Fe a10 - D Fe 510-0 Euronorm 25 ‘st 37 = aN St 4a - 3N St 52-8 DIN 17100 E 24 (837) = & € 26 (ma2) = 4 £36 (152) = & WA 35-501 20 0 43 0 500 SSE BS 4360 1972 = The test requirements of steels to BS.4360 do not in all cases agree with the Euronorm and other national standards, and the guaranteed Inpact test properties for steels to 8S.4360 nay be different to other steels in the same quality group. Impact test properties are stated in 88.4360 and where the requiresents are different from those guaranteed in 85,4260, egree~ nent must be obtained fron the steel sumpliers. 39Balad 2ade Bales SPECIAL RULES In addition to the above provisions for the choice of the steel quality, the following rules are to be observed : 1 = Non killed steels of group 1 shall be used for load carrying structures only in case of rolled sections and tubes not exceeding 6 am thickness. 2 = Menbers of more than 50 mm thickness, shall not be used for welded load carrying structures unless the manufacturer has a comprehensive experience in the welding of thick plates. The steel quality and its testing has in this case to be determined by specialists. 3 = If parts are cold bent with 2 radius/plate thickness ratio < 10 the steel quality has to be suitable for folding or cold flanging. CHECKING WITH RESPECT TO THE ELASTIC LIMIT For this check, @ distinction is made between the actual menbers of the structure and the riveted, bolted or welded joints. STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OTHER THAN JOINTS MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO SIMPLE TENSION OR COMPRESSION 1) Case of steels for which the ratio between the elastic Limit Gg and the ultinate tensile strength op is < 0,7. ‘he computed stress 0 must not exceed the maxim permissible stress 0, obtained by dividing the elastic Linit stress dz by a coefficient ve which depends upon the case of loading as defines under section 2.3. ‘The values of Ve and the permissible stresses are : Case T Case TT tase Tit ee 13 1,33 at ; 9 oe oe Permissible stresses 0, o <5 oe For carbon steels of current manufacture A.37 ~ A.t2 ~ A.52 (also called £.24 ~ £.26 ~ €.36 of Fe 360 - Fe 510) the critical stress Og is conventionally taken as that which corresponds to an elongation of 0,2 %. 3-10Table 1.3.2... Values of Or and dg for steels A.37 ~ A.a2 ~ 8.52 Elastic limit| Méxinum permissible stresses : 0, a % Case F Case IT Case 111 Nyon? Na Nena Niel £.28 (A.37, Fe 360) 240 160 380 zs € 26 (A,42) 260 175 195, 200 £.36 (A,52, Fe 510) 360 200 270 325 2) Case of steels with high elastic Limit (o¢/0R > 0,7) For steels with high elastic Linit where the ratiocEis greater than 0.7, the use of the Up coefficients does not ensure = sufficient Rargin of safety. In this case 2 check can be nade that the permissible stress 0, given by the formule below is not exceeded : where Og and Op are the elastic Limit and the ultinate tensile strength of the steel considered G52 and Og,sp these sone stresses for steel A.52, i.e. 360 Némm? and 510 N/n* Cas2 the permissible stress for steel A.52 in the case of loading considered. MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO SHEAR The permissible stress in shear T, has the following value : A tae Gg being the permissible tensile stress. sn3.21.3. MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO COMBINED LOADS - EQUIVALENT STRESS Ox; Sy and Ty being respectively the two normal stresses and the shear stress at a Given point, @ check shall be made : 1 = that each of the two stresses G, and O, is less then Cy and that Ty is less than Te 2 ~ that the equivalent stress Oop is less than Og, i.e. : Aaa totes Oy? = Oy Oy + 3 Ty? < Oy a hen using this fomula, ¢ sinple aethed is to take the maxinun values Oy, dy and . But, in fact, such a calculation leads to too great an equivalent stress if 1D is tmoseibte for tre eexinim values of each oF the three etrerees to ‘occur simultaneously. Nevertheless, the simple calculation method, being conservative, is always ecceptable. If it is desired to calculate more precisely, it is necessary to determine the ost unfavourable practical combination that may occur. Three checks must then be made by calculating successively the equivalent stress resulting from the three following combinations : © max and the corresponding stresses Oy and Tyy Gy max and the corresponding stresses 0 and Tyy Tay max 89d the corresponding stresses C, and dy Note © It should be noted that when two out of the three stresses are approximately Of the same value, and greater than helf the permissible stress, the most unfavourable combination of the three values may occur in different loading cases fron those corresponding to the maxinum of each of the three stresses. Special case : = Tension (or compression) conbined with shear The following formula should be checked + FIT 60g Biz3.2.2. CASE OF JOINTS 3.2.2.1, RIVETED JOINTS 1 = Rivets Jn shear Taking the effect of the clamping force into account, the calculated shearing stress T must not exceed : 1 = 0\6 0, in the case of single shear and T= 0,8 0g in the cose of double or miltiple shear where 0, is the permissible tensile stress of the metal used for the rivet. single shear couble or multiple shear 2 ~ Rivets in tension ‘The calculated tensile stress 0 must not exceed the value : 0 = 0,2 dy 3 = Rivets loaded in tension and shear The following conditions must be checked + 0 $042 05 and 40,6 0g for single shear or T£ 0,80, for double shear 4 = Lindt of bearing pressure The bearing pressure in the walls of holes o,, must not exceed On 145 Og for single shear On <2 O for double shear 5 - Notes concerning riveted joints jcted to tension should be avoided, particularly for the main b) all Joints must have at least tno rivets aligned in the direction of the force. Bas3.2.2.2. 3.2.2.2.08 3.2.2.2.14 BOLTED JOINTS GENERAL Bolted joints may be subjected to stresses due to forces acting perpendicular to ‘the joint (joints by tension bolts), due to forces acting parallel to the joint surfaces, and due to forces acting similtsneously perpendicular and parallel to ‘the joint surface. JOINTS MADE WITH TENSION BOLTS WITH CONTROLLED TIGHTENING 1 ~ General A Joint by tension bolts with controlled tightening is @ Joint in which the main tension is in the direction of the axis of the bolt, screw or threaded rod end which has been subject to a tightening effect, applied in the absence of any ex- ‘ternal load, which 1s recommended for all joints subjected to fatigue. Care must be taken to ensure that the bolt is not subjected to shear loading. These bolts do not come into the category of K.S. bolts but may be used if they fulfil the conditions of 3.2.2.2.2.3. Care should be taken to ensure that the bolts are correctly tightened and thet the tightening is permanent (tolerance +/- 10 X). Factor @ = 1.1 is introduced i to take account of tolerances. ( During the application of the initial tightening on the bolt, under the combined effect of tension and torsional loading the stress should not exceed 80 % of the elastic Limit, taking account of the scatter in applying the initial tightening. 2 ~ Calculation of the permissible load on joints a ti a) Tightening with twist op Vea 3 ES 048 0 20 Gp «Pe eee ty = 22% GPE 15s Bea Ga ¥ Op = theoretical tensile stress under the-tightening effect Jp = torsional stress under the tightening effect Gz = diameter of the root of the thread Ge = nominal disneter of the bolt Pa = thread pitch ki = friction coefficient in the threads i Ge = elastic limit of the bolt metal sab) Tightening without twist Ob ¥ 0,8 OF Two checks are to be made : 2) Under the maximum load, taking Into account the safety coefficient « andk', the elastic Limit of the bolt must not be exceeded. determine : ot, eo ee check that + gy Se & SE] sere Sp = section of the root < section of the shank. ft My + Be ‘At, = shortening of the elements to be tightened under the action of the tigntening force My = lengthening of bolt under the action of the tightening force. For assenbled steel parts, the section to be considered for Bf; : seq = -L [1s + £57 07] bearing dioneter under head fg = length of tigntened parts 0, = dianeter of bolt holes For bolts whose shank dianeter differs considerably fron the root diareter of the thread and where there is an apareciable threaded length renaining in the part submitted to stress, a complete calculation of At, should be nace. b) Under the maximum load with application of coefficients 2, K* and x” separation of the parts should not occur. a eS) Safety coefficients KK" and x" K depends on the surface state of the parts to be tightened (machined surface « = 1) xk! corresponds to safety in relation to the elastic limit In accordance with table 3.2.2.2. corresponds to safety against seperation of the perts. BASTable 1.3.2.2.2. case I case IT case IIT ¢ « 1,50 1,33 Al e” 1,3 1 1 : Note : The coefficients «' and «" should be applied to the mast un- favourable condition arising from the scatter in applying the initial tightening effort. t © ~ Checking for fatigue Checking balts for fatigue is carried aut solely for case I loads. Under the effect of the service load F), the true tensile stress varies between the values : The folloning equation must be verified Hg 28 BS % Og is the amplitude of the maximum permissible stress for fatigue given in the following graph. For any other type of bolt or design method the Og value should ensure at least an equivalent level of safety against fatique. Any conformity tests should be carried out according to 150 specification 3800/1 with Gp = 0,8 Re (Re = Oe).oy oo Ma ure “autem ‘faplitude of maximum permissible fatigue stress Graph for 150 bolts = standard thread = classes €.8, 10.9, 12.9 = cold rolled thread with heat treatnent after rolling 3.173.2.2.2.2. SOLTED JOINTS SUBJECTED TO FORCES ACTING PARALLEL 10 THE JOINT PLANE 1 ~ Bolts subjected to shear (fitted bolts) Preferably for non-fluctuating stresses with and without preload. The following checks presuppose that the bolting has been effected under proper conditions, i.e. using fitted bolts (turned or cold finished) with 150 tolerances ‘and the shanks of mhich bear against the full length of holes drilled in the parts being assembled. Holes must be drilled and reamed with the ISO tolerances. Black bolts are permitted only for secondary joints which do not transmit heavy loacs, They are prohibited for joints subject te fatigue. ‘The caloulated stress T on the shank shell not exceed the values given for rivets in clause 3.2.2.1.1+. ‘he bearing pressure shall not exceed the values indicated in clause 3.2.2.1.t-. 2 ~ Bolts subjected to conbined tension and shear A check shall be made that : 0 0,65 09 ad TK OE OQ for single shear or T60,8 Og _—for couble shear ang trate TG The permissible stress in @ bolt is Limited to : 6, a Oy = 0,8 Ge(9,2) for a construction which prevents stripping the thread. +7 0¢(9,2) for normal execution where 0¢(0,2) is the 0,2 % proof stress of the metal constituting the bolt. x183 = Joints using high strength bolts with controlled tightening (H.S. This type of Joint is recomended for assenblies subjected to fatigue and whose main loads are parellel to joint faces. Menbers joined by H.S. bolts are sub- jected to the folloning types of loads = ‘A ~ Loads acting in the plane of the joint (s) In this case, the loads tend to make the parts in contact slip and the force is trensnitted by friction. To determine the permissible load per bolt Tq which can be transmitted by friction, the tensile force F which exists in the bolt after tightening must be considered. This is multiplied by the coefficient of friction u of the contact surfaces, and the safety coefficients Ur which are the sane as those in clause (3.2.1.1.) are applied to this limiting force, i.e. Vp=1,5° for case 1 loading 1,33 for case 11 loading = 1,1 for case IIT loading ‘This may be expressed surfaces. 2 <2gE my mbeing the rser of friction The tension, F, in @ bolt depends upon the tightening torque ; the value of 1 depends upon the metal constituting the menbers, the state of the surfaces Jn contact, and the method of preperation, Appendix A - 3.2.2.2.2.. Anfornation on this subject. gives ‘The checking by calculation of the forces perpendiculer to the assembly surface shall be carried out in accordance with clause 3.2.2.2.1. If the bolted joint is subjected to an external couple M, the tensile loading has to be determined at the bolt which is subjected to the maximm loading ‘and, where applicable, added to the existing tensile load N. of the 7, Two checks must be made a) That, for the most highly stressed bolt, the sun of the tensile forces due to N and M loadings renains less than the permissible tensile force aS Gefined in 3.2.2.2.2. b) That the mean load which is transnitted by friction is less than the Following value : TeHE=N og Vr 3sFor menbers subject to compression, the stress is calculated on the gross section (cross - sectional area of the holes not deducted). For monbers subjected to tension there are two cases : ‘ t Ast _case : Bolts set in e single row, perpendicular to the direction of the load ; the following conditions must be checked : a) the total Load on the gross section b) 60% of the total load on the net section (cross-sectional area of holes rl ceducted) H 2nd case : Several rows of bolts perpen dicular to the direction of the load. ‘The most heavily loaded section (corres- ponding to row 1 for the menber A ~ see figure) must be analysed and the following ‘two conditions checked : a) the total load on the gross section, and ( b) on the net section, the total load from rows 2 and 3 (i.e. in the case of ‘the figure, 2/3 of the total load of the joint) to which 60 % of the load taken by row 1 is added. ‘This assumes that the load is equally divided anongst all the bolts and thet the number of roxs of bolts is small because if there are too many, the lest bolts carry little load. It is therefore recomended that not more than two rows of bolts should be used or exceptionally three. E ~ Execution of Joints with highestrength bolts Tt must be emphasised that the above calculations to check the adequacy of Joints with high strength bolts are valid only far joints made in accordance with accepted practice which requires controlled tightening of the bolts and preparation of the contact surfaces to obtain suitable coefficients of friction. See appendix A - 3.2.2.2.2.3, for further guidance. 3.2.2.3. WELDED JOINTS In welded joints, it is assumed that the deposited metal has at least as good characteristics as the parent metal. It must be verified thet the stresses developed, in the cases of longitudinal tension ‘anc compression, do not exceed the permissible stresses 0, given in clause 3.2.1.1. 320For shear in the welds, the permissible stress T, is given by : Fonever, for certain types of loading, particulerly transverse stresses in the welds, the neximun peraissible equivalent stress is reduced. Table T. 3.2.2.3. summarizes the values rot to be exceeded, for certain steels, sccording to the type of loading. Table T, 3.2.2.3. Maxima permissible equivalent stresses in welds (N/mn* steels 2,37 (Fe 360) ~ A.A? - A.52 (Fe 510 zi a7 Rae A.52 tie lCase I]tase ti]oace 11i|Gase ICase 1|Case I11|Case I[Case Ti[tase 11] Longitudinal equivalent stresses for all types | 160 | 1e0 | ais | 175 | 195 | 240 | 2a0 | 270 | 325 of welds ‘Trensverse tensile stresses. 1) Butt-welds and special quality Kwelds aco | aso | as | 75 | 195 | 240 | 200 | 270 | 325 2) Ordinary quality Kenelds uo | ase | ies | ass | 170 | zo | 210 | 236 | 285 3) Fillet welds ux | iz | ise_| za | iss | io | 170 | yer | 230 ‘Transverse compressive stresses 1) Butt-welds and Kewelds reo | 180 | 215 | avs | 195 | 240 | 20 | 270 | 325 2) Fillet welds wo | ie | 75 [m2 | isa | iss | iss | 220 | 265 ‘Shear All tapes of welds uz | azz | is2 faz | ase | x70 | ao | in | zo Appendix A-3.2.2.3. gives sone additional information on welded joints. 3213.3. CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECT TO CRIPPLING ‘The guiding principle shall be that parts subject to crippling must be designed ith the sene safety margin as thet adopted in respect of the elastic limit ; in other words, having determined the practical crippling stress, the maximum permis sible stress shall be the crippling stress divided by the appropriate coefficient 1,5 or 1,33 o 1,1 specified in 3.2.1.1. The choice of practical method of calculation is left to the manufacturer who must state the origin of the method chosen. If the method chosen involves multiplying the conputed stress by @ crippling coef- Tictent w depending upon the slenderness ratio of the menber and then checking that this amplified stress renains less than a certain allonable stress, the value to be chosen for this allowable stress shall be es specified in 3.2.1.1. Note : Appendix A-3.3. shows how to apply various classical methods of calculation in accordance with the above requirenents. CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECT 10 BUCKLING In determining the new buckling safety coefficients, stated below, it was considered that flat plates under compressive stresses equally distributed over the plate width, are exposed to a greater danger of buckling then plates under stresses changing fron compression to tension over the plate width. In consequence, safety against buckling was made dependent on the ratio ¥ of stresses at the plate edges (appendix A-3.4.) In addition it was found necessary to determine the critical buckling stress for circular cylinders and the spacing and moment of inertia of the transverse stiffe- ners in order to avoid too areat divergences in the effective safety due to the use of highly divergent data in technical literature. It shall be verified that the calculated stress is not higher then the critics) buckling stress divided by the following coefficients W Case Buckling safety W I 1,79 + 0,175 (#1) Buckling of plane members 1 150 + 6,125 (= 1) 1 1,35 + 0,075 (¥ = 1) Buckling of curved senders r 1,70 Circular cylinders u 1,50 (e.g. tubes) In 1,35 ‘The edge-stresses ratio ¥ varies between + 1 and - Aopendix A.3.4, gives the procedure for determining the critical buckling stress. 3-22CASE OF STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SIGNIFICANT DEFORMATION 4m this case the stresses in the members may not be proportional to the forces which cause then due to the deformation of the structure as a result of the application of ‘these forces. —=_— This is the case, for exanple, with the stresses pro- i duced in the column of 2 crane (illustrated diegranma- i tically) where it is clear that the monent in the column is not proportional to the forces applied because of deformations which increase their moment ar. In this case the calculation is made as follows = q 1 = First make the checks required by clauses 3.2. - 3.3, - 3.4, calculating the stresses resulting fron ‘the various cases of loading end checking that there Is @ sufficient safety margin in relation to the criti- Prd | Smite ste men chee eas) | | | | In the calculation of the stresses account is taken of the deformation due to the loads on the structure. 2 = A further check is also carried out by calculating the stresses resulting from the application of the loads multiplied by the coefficient v of the case of loading considered and taking into account the deformations resulting from the application of these increased loads and checking that the stresses thus calculated renain less then the critical stresses for the elastic linit, for crippling and for buckling. However, to take account of the fact that the variable loads Sy (loads due to the hoisted loed multiplied by ¥, to the wind and to horizontal movements) are more cangerous than the constant load due to the dead weight Sg, a check can be made in practice by considering two cases as follows : 1 = When the effects of the dead weight Sc and of the variable losd Sy lead to deformation in opposite directions : Determine the stress Og resulting from the application of the dead weight Sq (without enplification) and Oy Tesulting fron the variable loads Sy, miltiplied by the coef ficient V corresponding to the case considered (clause 3.2, elastic limit, 3.3. crippling, 3.4, buckling) end check thet this stress is less than the critical value i.e. = © resulting from (Sp + V5) < Or 2-~ When the dead weight and the variable load lead to deformations ‘in the sane direction : determine the stress resulting fron the application of the variable oad multiplied by the coefficient v end of the dead weight multiplied by the coef- ficient : viele Dr where r = =—SC calculated in the initial stage of the deformations. We then have : 6 resulting from (V'Sg + VSy) € Ser= 3233.6. 3.6.1, 2.66 3.6.3. CHECKING MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE Danger of Fatigue occurs when @ member is subjected to varying anc repeated loaas. Fatigue strength is calculated by considering the following paraneters + 1 the conventional nunber of cycles and the stress spectrun to which the menber 3s subjected ; 2 ~ the material used and the notch effect at the point being considered ; 3 ~ the extreme maximum stress Ongy which can occur in the menber 5 4 ~ the ratio K between the values of the extrene stresses. CONVENTIONAL NUMBER OF CYCLES AND STRESS SPECTRUM ‘The number of cycles of varistions of loading and the spectrum of stresses to be taken into consideration are discussed in clause 2.1.2.2. and in clause 2.1.2.3. These two paraneters re taken into account when considering solely the group in which the menber is classified in accordance with clause 2.1.4. MATERIAL USED AND NOTCH EFFECT The fatigue strength of @ menber depends upon the quelity of the material used ‘and upon the shape and the method of making the joints. The shapes of the parts Joined and the means of doing it have the effect of producing stress concentrations (or notch effects) which considerably reduce the fatigue strength af the menber. Appendix A-3.6. gives a classification of various joints according to their degree of stress concentration (or notch effect). DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM STRESS Gagx The maximun stress, Ongx 1s the highest stress in absolute value (i.e. it may be tension or compression) which occurs in the menber in loading case I referred to in clause 2.3.1. without the application of the amplifying coefficient Yo- linen checking menbers in compression for fatigue the crippling coefficient, W, given in clause 3.3. should not be applied. Ear3.6.8, 3.6.5. THE RATIO « BETWEEN THE EXTREME STRESSES ‘This ratio is determined by calculating the extrene values of the stresses to which ‘the component is subjected under case I loadings. ‘The ratio may vary depending upon the operating cycles but it errs on the safe side to determine this ratio by toking the two extreme values which can occur uring possible operations under case I loadings. If Opax 8nd Gain ae the algebraic values of these extreme stresses, Onax being the extrene stress having the higher absolute value, the ratio may be written : Sain op Iain Tain or Tin in the case of shear. Snax “Trex This ratio, which veries from + 1 to - 1, is positive if the extrene stresses are both of the sane sense (fluctuating stresses) and negative when the extrene stresses are of opposite sense (alternating stresses). CHECKING MENBERS SUBJECTED TO FATIGUE Using the parameters defined in clauses 3.6.1. to 3.6.4. the adequacy of the structural menbers and of the joints subjected to fatigue is ensured by checking that the stress Cgax, a5 defined in clause 3.6.3. is not greater then the permissible stress for fatigue of the menbers under consideration. This permissible stress for fatigue is derived from the critical stress, defined ‘as being the stress which, on the basis of tests mace with test pieces, corresponds to a 90 % probability of survival to which a coefficient of safety of 4/3 is applied thus : 0g for fatigue = 0,75 0 at 90 % survival. a ‘The determination of these permissible stresses having regard to all these consi~ derations is @ complex problen and it is generally edvisable to refer to specialised books on the subject. Popendix A-3.6. gives practical indications, based on the results of research in this field, on the determination of permissible stresses for A.37 - A.62 and A.52Z steels, according to the various groups in which the components are classified, and the notch effects of the main types of joints used in the manufacture of hoisting appliances. 3-253-26APPENDIX A — 3.2.2.2.2.3. DESIGN OF JOINTS USING HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS WITH CONTROLLED TIGHTENING Clause 3.2.2.2.2.3. determines the general requirenents to be observed for the exe- cution of joints with high strength bolts. ‘This appendix gives some directions on the preperation of the surfaces to be joined, the friction coefficients obtained and the tightening methods. Coefficient of friction u The coefficient of friction used for the calculation of the force transmitted by friction depends upon the joined material and upon the preparation of the surfaces. A minimum preperation before jointing will consist in rexoving every trace of cust, rust, oil and paint by energetic brushing with a clean metallic brush. Oil stains faust be removed by flane cleaning or by the application of suitable chemical products (carbon tetrachloride, for instance). ‘Amore careful preparation will increase the coefficient of friction. This could be sandblesting, shotblasting or oxy-acetylene flane cleaning done not more than five nours before tightening ; brushing must be done just prior to jointing. The coefficients of friction are given in the following table. Toble T.A. 3.2.2.2.2.3.1. values ot cre narnn | esely ens muitos | “Geter or sand-blasted) cae (a) Fe360 00 2,50 e-26 (882) 030 oso e-36 (4.52) Fe 310 on oss It is necessary to insert two washers, one under the bolt head, the other under the nut, These washers must have a 45° bevel, at least on the internal rim, and ‘turned tonards the bolt head or the nut. They must be heat-treated in order that their hardness shall be et least equal to that of the metal constituting the bolt 327Bolt tightening ‘The value of the tension induced in the bolt ust reach the value determined by calculation. This tension, resulting fron tightening, can be measured by calculation of the torque to be applied to the bolt and given by the formula : My = 1,10 Coos where Mg is the torque to be applied in ie 4 is the nominal diameter of the bolt in am F is the nominal tension to be induced in the bolt kN © is 2 coefficient depending on the thread form, the friction coefficient or the threads and between the nut and the washer. With metric-threaded bolts and washers as delivered (slightly oiled, without rust or dust) : C= 0,168 ‘The tensile stress in the bolt must not exceed that defined under clause 3.2.2.2.2. Value of the tensile stress area of the bolts linen determining the stress in the bolt, the tensile stress area shall be calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of the core (minor) dianeter and the effective thread Gianeter. These values are given in the following table : Nominal dianeter | 8 | 10 | 12 | 1] 16] 18 | 2 | 22 | | 27 | 30 co) Tensile tress areal 36,6] 58 | 84,3] 115 | 157 | 192 | 265 | 303 | 353 | 459 | 501 (an?) 3-28Quality of the bolts Bolts used for this type of joint nave a high elastic Limit. The ultimate tensile strength Gp aust be greater than the values given hereundt %E 0,2 oR Non Nem? < 700 > 1,15 Of. 700 to 850 > 1y12 Of > 650 > 1410 Oe ‘The dieneter of holes shall not exceed by more than 2 am the diameter of the bolt. ‘The following table gives per bolt and per friction surface, the values of the tranonissible forces in the plane parallel to that of the joint for belts of 1000 = 1200 Non? with an elastic Limit of of = 900 N/mm* for various friction coefficients for the steels A.37, A.42 and A.52. To apply these figures, the number of effective friction surfeces as indicated in the crewing below must be determines. Effective friction surfaces 2 friction surfaces m = 2 3 friction surfaces m = 3 328Table T.A.3.2.2.2.2.3.2. Iransmissible forces in the plane of the joint per bolt and per friction surface Bolts of 1000/1200 N/mn® : Og = 900 N/mm? vith means of preventing stripping of the threads : 0g = 0,8 Og Normally prepared soit | Tensile} Clan Specially prepared surfaces dia- | stress | sing | APoties serfeoes neter | exee | force | *7* Steels Steels Stee! Ae37, Rod, Be52 A357, aot? reg us 0,30 u='0,50 w= 0,55 [fase [case 11] Case 11i|case I]case 11]case I1l|tase I[case 11|tase 111| ea ww fim fw ey | mw | | ow |e | | ey | ew 1o | 58 | a7] 2,7] 93] 94] ue | 33,9] 15,7] 18,9 | 35,2 | 17,2 | 20,8 12 | 2,3 | 6] 144,0 | 12,1| 13,6] 16,5 | 20,2] 22,8] 27,5 | 22,2 | 25,0 | 30,3 1 | 5 | 02,7] 29,0 | 16,5] 186] 22,5 | 275] 31,0[ 37,6 | 30,2 | 32 | a1, 1s | 157 | 113,0| 358,0 | 22,6] 25,5] 30,8 | 37,7] 42,5| 51,0 | 41,5 | ase | 56,5 1s | 192 | 138,0| 492,0 | 27,6] 31,0] 37,6 | 46,0] 51,8| 62,7 | 50,6 | 57,0 | 69,0 20 | 25 | 1760 | 697,0 | 35,2) 39,7] 4,0 | 58,5] 66,11 80,0 | 64,5 | 72,7 | 88,0 2 | 303 | 21,0 | 950,0 | 45,6] 49,3] 59,7 | 72,5] 22,0] 99,0 | 20,0 | 90,2 |109,0 za | 353 | 250,0|1200,0 | 50,8] 57,1] 69,4 | 24,5] 95,5] 1155 | 93,1 |105,0 |127,0 27 | 439 | 330,0 |1760,0 | 66,0] 74,2 | 90,0 | 110,0| 124,0| 150,0 |221,0 |136,0 |165,0 For a bolt with an elastic Limit of Of., the values of the forces and of the torques indicated in this table are to be multiplied by the ratio 01/900. lnere no special measures are taken to avoid stripping of the threads (0 = 0,7 Og) these values are to be divided by 1,14. iAPPENDIX A— 3.2.2.3. STRESSES IN WELDED JOINTS Determining the stresses in welds is @ highly complex problen primarily because of the great runber of possible configurations welded joints can assume. For this reason it is not possible, es the matter stands at present, to lay down precise directives in these Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances. Indesd, both the volune and the subject matter of rules relating to welding would be oif- Ficult to fit into the general context of the present design rules. It was conse- ‘quently cecided to include only the following general indications ALL methods of calculation assune of necessity a properly executed Joint, i.e. ‘a weld with correct penetration and 2 good shape, so that the Joint between the components to be asseabled and the weld sean is free from discontinuity or sudden change of section as well as fron craters or notches due to under- cutting. The design of the weld must be adapted to the forces to be transmitted, and specialised literature on the subject ‘should be consulted. It should be noted that the strength of = welded joint is significantly inproved Af the surface of the weld is finished by careful grinding. 2 - There is no need to take into consideration stress concentrations due to the cesign of the joint or residual stresses. ‘The permissible stresses in welds are those determined under clause 3.2.2.3. ‘and the equivalent stress Cop in the case of conbined stresses (tensile or conpressive) © and shear stress T is given by the formule : oot Opp = VOR 427 In cases involving dual stresses 0, and O, and the sheering stress Ty, the following formula is applied : prereset ep = VET GF > GG + 2 hy = tne finiet weld, the width of the section consicered is the depth of the weld to the botton of the throat ang Ste length is the effective length of the weld Jess the end craters. ‘The length need not be reduced if the joint closes on to itself or if special precautions are taken to limit the effect of the craters. Attention ds drawn to the fact that it seems to be reliably established that Fatigue failures in welded joints seldom occur in the weld seam itself but usually beside it in the parent metal. B31The stresses nin aNd Gpax for the fatigue strength calculations for the parent metal beside the weld sean, can therefore in general be conputed using the classi- cal methods for calculating the strength of meterials. In order to verify the fatigue strength of the weld itself, it is generally held that it suffices to confirm that it is capable of transmitting the seme loads as the adjacent parent metal. This rule is not obligatory however when the parts Jointeo are generously di- mmensioned in relation to the forces actually transnitted. when this is the case it suffices to dinension the weld sean in accordance with those forces, with the proviso that @ fatigue check should then be performed in accordance with appendix 83.6. lihetever the case it is emphasised that the size of @ weld should invariably be in proportion to the thickness of the assenbled parts. ‘Special cases In certain cases of assenbly by welding, particularly when there is @ transverse load (i.e. perpendicular to the weld sean), the permissible stresses must De reduced (see clause 3.2.2.3.). 3.32APPENDICES A — 3.3. AND A — 3.4. CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECT TO CRIPPLING AND BUCKLING ‘The ain of these two appendices is not to adopt any specific stand on the problem but merely to give some general indications end enable reference to be made to existing works. A number of different methods are at present in use, snong which the fellowing are cited : 1 2 in Germany, DIN 4114 in Belgiun, regulation NBN 2 3 - in France, the CM 1966 Rules in the United Kingdon, BS 2573. APPENDIX A — 3.3. CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECT TO CRIPPLING nile not wishing to adopt any particular standpoint on this problem, the FEM Tecomands the use of @ practical method in the simpler cases, consisting in ampli- fying the celeulated stress in the various leading cases defined in cleuses 2.3.1.5 2.3.2., and 2.3.3., by a crippling coefficient wy, dependent upon the slenderness. ratio of the menber, and checking that, in each of these cases, the stress thus augnented renains less than the stresses given in table 1.3.2.1... ‘The velues of w are given in the tables below for the follosing cases, as a function of the slenderness ratio 2 : Table T.A, 3.3.1. + rolled sections in St 37 steel (Fe 360) Table T.A, 3.3.2. + rolled sections in St 52 steel (Fe 510) Table T.A, 3.3.3. : tubes in St 37 steel (Fe 360) Table T.A, 3.3.4, : tubes in St 52 steel (Fe 510) Determination of effective lengths for calculating the slenserness ratio 1 1 = In the ordinary case of bars hinged at both ends and loaded axially, the effective length is taken as the length between points of articulation. 2 - For an axially loaded bar encastered at one end and free at the othet the effective length is taken as twice the length of the bar. BB3 = Because of the uncertainty which exists at present about the effect of fixity fon bars in compression between two connections, the effects of fixity are not taken into consideration and the bar is designed as if it were hinged at both ends, the effective length therefore being taken as the length between points of intersection of axes. ‘The case of bars subjected to compression and bendir In the case of bars loaded eccentrically or loaded axially with a moment causing bending in the bar = either check the following two formulae : Fm Ste ease ane oF Mey sos Met co, were : F 4s the compressive load applied to the bar, is the section area of the bar, is the bending moment at the section considered, + is the distance of the extrene fibre from the neutral axis, is the moment of inertia ; = or perform the precise calculation in tems of the deformations sustained by the bar under the conbined effect of bending and compression, the necessary calculation being effected either by integration or by successive approximations. 33aTable TA. 3.3.1. Value of the coefficient w in terms of the slenderness ratio 4 for rolled sections in St 37 steel (Fe 360) a ° 1 2 3 ‘ 5 ‘ 7 8 9 20 | 104 | 104 | a4 | 205 | 2.95 | 1.06 aor] yor | 1.08 30 | 108 | 109 | 209 | sao | a0 | 1ar aaa] qs | 133 w | 146] aaa [oats | aas | ras | iar ade} aaa | 1.20 so | aa [azz | nas | azs [a2 nas [ aa] az | 129 @ | 130 | aan | ase | ass | ase cigs | 137] age | 240 yo | iat} rez | aa | aes | 146 ao | 250 133 wo | 15s | iss | ass | ae | 16 res | 166 169 go | un | ars | ae | ae | a7e as | 184 1 roo | 190 | 192 | a9 [396 | 198 | 200 | 202 | 205] 207 | 2.09 yo | am | 216 | 2a6 | 2a | 2m | 235 | 227 | 231] 235 | 239 ro | 243 | 247 | zr | ass | 260 | 26] 26s | 272) 277 | 28 10 | 285 | 290 | 294 | 299 | 303} 308 | 312 | saz] 322 | 326 wo | 3a | 336 | ae | ses | 350 | 355] 360 | 365] 3,70 | 375 aso | 30 | 30s | 390 | 355 | 400 | 406 [ «ar | sas] 422 | 427 ro | 432 | 438 | 443 | aao | ase | 460 | aes | amt] 47 | der yo | 48 | 494 | 300 | sos | san] sav] 525] 29) 535 | 34 wo | ser | 5,55 36 | saz] se] see | sor] 597 | 603 wo | 610 | 626 62 | 636 | 6a] 64 | 655] 662 | 669 300 [675 | ome no | 745 | 752 zo | a7 | az 230 | 8,93 | 9,02 mo | 9,73 | oer ra 766 | 773 | 781] 788 | 795) 803 | B10 aa | a7 | ass] 86s | 970] 9,78 | 6,86 oz | 92s | 933 | 9a | ous] 957 | 9.65 997 | 10.05 | 10,24 | 10,22 | 30,30] 10,39 | 10.47 250 | 10,55 335Table TA. 3.3.2. Value of the coefficient w in terms of the slenderness ratio for rolles Sections in St $2 steel (Fe 510) fi 4 a ° 1 2 3 4 5 ‘ ? s ° ‘ - ( zw | 106 | x06 | nor] aor | 108 | 208 | 109 | 209 | 220 | aan c poof aa} age] aaa | ats} aaa} nas | aas | tas] a7 | aie w | ui} ono | um] ua] sa] 23 | uze | 2s | 126) 127 so | a2e | ago] agar | 232} us] 23s | age | as | nas | a0 oo | nar] nas | rae | ads] ams] avo | asr } rsa | as | 56 yo | use| 160 | 162 | 364] 166] x68 | 270 | 272 | a7 | 177 so | 179 | sr | 1p | ass] ras] asr | 293} 19s | 19s | 202 go | 203} 20 | 2m | 29 | 22 | 229) 235 | 238 | 20 | 248 wo | 253] ase [ 26 | 20 | 274] 279 | 295 | 2 295 | 3,01 ¢ uo | 305} 32] sas} 3.29] 329] sas | sa | sar] ass | a9 wo | 365] 3 | 377 | 309] 399 | 396] “402 | doo | ais | 422 yo | 42] 435 | aar | das] 43s | 462 | oo | 475 | 482 | 499 wo | 496 sis | sz] sas] sao] se | sss | se 30 | 5.70 393 | sor | 609 | 616 | 624] 632 | 6.40 wo | 64s 67 | 681] 690 | 698 | 706 | 735 | 7.23 vo | 732 738 | 767 | 7,76 | 785 | 794 | 903 | 822 180 au | ass] a67| 276 | sac | 295 | 9.05 390 sa | 953 | 9.63 | 9,73 | 9,83 | 9,93 | 10,03 was 10,44 | 30,56 | 10.65 | 10.75 | 10.85 | 10,96 | 12,05 mo} 17 149 | 10 | a7 | ang2 | aga | 04 | 225 zo | 1226 x60 | 12,71 | 1282 | 12,96 | 13.05 | a3.a7 | 13,28 ‘ B40 33.75 | 1387 | 13.99 | 14a | 1423 | 143 | 1447 20 | 1459 34,95 | 15,08 | 15,20 | 15,33 | 15,45 372 250 | 15,83 ¢ Table T.A. 3.3.3. Value of the coefficient w in terms of the slendemess ratio ) 7 for tubes in St 37 steel (Fe 360) ‘ > wlolelelenl eel pele] » 1,03 1,03 106 1,06 1,05 1.05 1,05 3,06 1,06 € ESSE UES els ise) ” Ba | Ls 413 ald has Lis 16 a7 417 4 € E(B ee ele) se) al slelel aE SS Sa) BS) asp eye]. [ip] ee fee fe pk] a) oe] |e | SEBEL LES S| cis | cep] me [ae pm fasten tanf ee iw pan] m [25 [32 | 23 | a |e |e EP ean dal ToTable TAA, 3.3.4, Value of the coefficient w in terms of the slenderness ratio } for tubes in St 52 steel (Fe $10) a ° : 2 3 4 5 ‘ 7 . ° zo | soz | x02 | nor | aos | nos | nos | ro | 0% | 105 | 1.05 go | 10s | nos | aos | ror | 107 | nos | noe | 309 | 210 | 120 aw foaar | aaa] oaaz foias fanaa fae [aus | tae | aaé | iar go | aus | sas | am | uz [azz | az [ize | vas | ozs | a7 oo | a | 190 | aa | nz | ass | nas | uae | ue | ase | ta yo | saz | nae | aes | ae | aes | ast | ass | uss | usr | ise eo | ue | ass | am | ous | ure | nes | ues | ase | u97 | 200 go | 205 Fak> Sam armbar doheaile TALS 2. Note : The values of w in table T.A. 3.3.3. and T.A, 3.3.4. are valid for calculating the case of en axially loaded bar consisting of a single ‘tube whose dianeter is equal to at least six tines its thickness. 373-38APPENDIX A — 3.4. CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECT TO BUCKLING Fron the theoretical standpoint, the criticel buckling stress Ol, is regarded as ‘¢ multiple of the EULER Stress given by the formula : gE re e\z ohe (2) ieatite () sepcesentirg the critical buckling stress for a stip of thitiess e, raving a width equal to b, this being the plate dimension measured in the direction perpen- dicular to the compression forces (see sketch Delon). == In this formula, E is the maculus of elasticity and n Poisson's Ratio. For normal steels in which E = 210 000 N/mm? and 7 = 0,3, the EULER Stress becones + of = 109 200 (y The critical buckling stress o%, must be 2 multiple of this value, whence = Os = Ko in the case of compression. In the case of shear the critical stress is = hh oe The coefficients Ky and Kz, known as the buckling coefficients, depend on = the ratio a = 2 of the two sides of the plate 3 = the manner in which the plate is supported along the edges = the type of loading sustained by the plate in its own plene = any reinforcement of the plate by stiffeners. 2Value of coefficients Ky ond Kr Without wishing to enter into the details of this problem, which is the subject of specialised works and of particular stendards,we give hereafter values of Ky and Ky for a few simple cases (see table TA. For more complex cases, reference should be made to specialised literature. Combined corpression and shear Taking o and t to be calculated stresses in compression and in shear the critical comparison stress O%;.¢ 1s determined fron the expression : lease tr El Ter, Y being defined in the table T.A. 3.4.1. Important note : It is essential to note that the formulae above giving the critical stresses CX and Ofc apply only when the values deternined thus ere Below the Limit of propertionality (i.e. 190 N/an® for A.37 steel, 290 N/m? for A.52 steel). Similarly, the formula giving TY, applies only when the value v3 TY, is below the Limit of proportionality. Venever the formulae give values sbove these Linits, it is necessary to adopt limiting critical value, obtained by multiplying the calculated critical value by the coefficient given in the table T.A. 3.6.2., which also indicates the reduced values corresponding to various calculated values of Of and Ty.Table T.A. 3.4.16 Value of the bucklis coefficients Ke and at their four edges kr; for plates supported case Ky oF Ky [Sinple uniform compression eae — | abt kg = B =F asi fo = (a+b? non-uniform compression 7 8,4 oe: ‘ot hi a ae Gays eer | ast foe @ eb? pBbe pure bending ¥ = - 1 or bending with tension pre- aed fy = 23,9 porderant cone a 3 cud ale te = 2 - +a Sve, eee | 83 ky = 15,87 a6 jBending with compression preponderant - 1<¥ <0 Kye (Qe KE ¥ RS OY Oe cone By | where : poe LAE | kr vatue of tg for ¥ = 0 in case ro. 2 = ke = value of Ky for pure bending (case no. 3) Oz2¥O Pure shear azl Key = 5,36 + 2 agi Kye ae ag Table TA. 3.4.2. Values of 9 and the reduced critical stresses Ska» Oke and he (Wan?) Ze 2.3. leet] ke | % ree Jealculaced | calculased | . reduced | reduced || ealeulaved | caleulared| He reduced Steel St 37 (Fe 360) Steel St 52 (Fe 510) sso | 110 | 1,004 199 y 10 | 250 1 168 J 1,00) 290 zoo | ie | oer | ise | us | 300 | 173 | ose] 29 ho | zt | oe | ws | one J aio | 179 | ose | 2a7 tao | 12x | oa | 200 | tis | 320 | uss | 0. | 00 zoo | iss | ova | ace | nr | 30 | ast | nse | 200 zo | 139 | ores | 20e | ne | 340 | 136 | 0,90] 305 zs | ves | oz | 20s | us | aso | 2oz | oven | 208 zee | iso | om | aos | 120 | 360 | aoe | ones | 00 Seo | vez | ov | 22 | a2 | sao | 220 | oma] a soo | ars | oa | zis | 1m | ao | 2m | or] a6 seo | isr | os | 221 | sze | ao | ase | ors | a2termination of permissible buckling stresses After the critical buckling stresses have been cetermined as indicated above, the permissible stress is obtained by divicing the critical stress by the coefficient W determined in clause 3.4. ‘The calculations are then performed as follows : ‘The stresses are determines for each case of loading, in accordance with clause 3.4., after which a check is mace to ensure that these calculated stresses do not exceed the permissible stresses determined as indicated above. Note : In the case of conbined compression and shear, the critical comparison stress Gre Must be canpared with the comparison stress calculated fron the formula in cine batons oop EE Example of checking for buckling Take the case of a plate girder in St 37 steel, having a span of 10m, a depth of 1,50 m, 2 wab thickness of 0,010 m, a uniformly distributed load of 162 kN/m and stiffeners 1,25 m apart. e208 Reactions on supports : A= B = B10 kN Moment of inertia of the bean = 1 419 000 cn* Checking at section MN, located 0,625 m from A Bending monent at MN 2 Mp = 810 x 0,625 = ered = 474,7 kNn Upper stress (compression) : oy = = BAD 2108 x 0,84 8 10? S28 nn? 1419 060 x 10° Lower stress (tension) : é 2 op = HUAs7 x 108 066 x 10? «29 when? 1419 000 x 10 ‘These stresses are calculated at the upper and lower edges of the web. fe ishear stress + S10 x10" = 162 x 9,625 2 10” = 47 Nien? o,z2 v 0,79 a= LB 2 0,83 (<1) giving Kg= Gs KY YK OVO : va (ae2)?ec2de » (008+ snvtien Ke (aed) xg dibs « (09s and k" = 23,9 whence Ky = (1 ~ 0,79) 7,90 + 0,79 x 23,9 ~ 10 x 0,79 (1 ~ 0,79) = 16,88 ‘The Euler Stress : of = 199 a00 (£)* = 109 e00 | 8,4 Nan? civing a critical buckting stress + Ob, = Kero = 16,89 x 8,4 = 258,6 N/m? 2G D3 ey 538, = 11,75 a a 0,83" anc Rhy = he = 1,75 x 8,6 = 99 Nem The critics) comparison stress then becones : Vm 43 x at? 2 kre = = 168 N/ne 1:09, 2 ,/es0B, 2 4a 158,5 % a Te, Conclusion = The comparison stress in the case of tension (or compression) combined with shear is given in clause 3.2.1.3.o +31 = 86 N/mm, This value is smaller than the critical buckling stress aiven in 3.4. (with vy = 1,4) 482 = 120 wan for loading case ‘The permissible buckling stress is therefore not exceeded in loading case I. Naturally, @ check must also be made to ensure that the permissible buckling stresses are not exceeded in loading cases 11 and III. Ghecking of buckling for circular cylinders Thin wall circular cylinders such as, for exenple, large tubes, which are subject to central or eccentric axial compression have to be checked for local buckling if : «38 were = thlciness of the wad 5 a telus fron the nie ofthe at thiiowss 5 Ge + elastic Lint of the steel tye, asin table 7.2.2.3. 2 ndulus of elasticity, see Ate The ideal buckling stress of can be determined from: Wy E of = 0,2 £2 In all cases where OY is situated above the Linit of proportionality of the struc- tural steel, the ideal buckling stress oY hes to be reduced to OY by means of the factor 9. ‘At @ maximun spacing of 10r, transverse stiffeners have to be provided whose manent. of inertia has to be at least : rentiyfe ‘The monent of inertia is calculated fron the following formulae : 1 ~ Central disposition of the stiffener F (centre of gravity of the stiffener section in the median plane of the wall thickness). air2 = Eccentric disposition of the stiffener F (centre of gravity of the stiffener section Fz outside the median plane of the wall 1). Paty tye Fyeed + Foe It As accepted that this calculation of of and oY respectively takes account of geonetrical divergences between the real and the ideal cylincer surfaces due to local construction defects up to 2 dimension of 3. asAPPENDIX A — 3.6. CHECKING STRUCTURAL MEMBERS SUBJECT TO FATIGUE Tt must be remenbered that fatigue is one of the causes of failure envisaged in clause 3.6. and therefore checking for fatigue is additional to checking in reletion to the elastic Limit of permissible crippling or buckling. If the permissible stresses for fatigue, as determines hereunder, are higher than those allowed for other conditions then this merely indicates that the dimensions of the conponents are not determined by considerations of fatigue. Clause 3.6, enumerates the parameters which must be considered when checking struc- tural components for fatigue. ‘The purpose of this appendix is firstly to classify the various joints according to their notch effect, as defined in clause 3.6.2. and, then, to determine for these various notch effects and for each classification group of the component. as defined in clause 2.1.4, the permissible stresses for fatigue as a function of the coefficient k defined in clause 3.6.4. ‘These permissible fatigue stresses were determined as e result of tests carried out by the F.E.M. on test pieces having different notch effects and submitted to various loading spectra. They were determined on the basis of the stress values which, in the tests, assured 90 % survival including a factor of safety of 4/3. In practice, @ structure consists of menbers which are welded, riveted or bolted ‘together and experience shows that the behaviour of a menber differs greatly fron fone point to another ; the innediate proximity of @ joint invariably constitutes 2 weakness that will be vulnerable to a varying extent according to the method of assenbly used. ‘An examinetion is therefore ade in the first sections, of the effect of fatigue fon structural nesbers both away from any joint and in innediate proximity to the usual types of joint. The second section examines the resistance to fatigue of the means of assenbly themselves, i.e. weld seans, rivets and bolts. 1 = VERIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ‘The starting point is the fatigue strength of the continous metal away from any joint and, in general, away from any point at which @ stress concentration, land hence’a lessening of the fatigue strength, may occur. 3oa7In order to make allowance for the reduction in strength near joints, as @ result of the presence of holes or welds aroducing changes of section, the notch effects in the vicinity of these joints, which characterize the effects of the stress concentrations caused by the presence of discontinuities in the metal, are examined. ‘These notch effects bring about 2 reguction of the permissible stresses, the extent of which depends upon the type of discontinuity encountered, i.e. upon the method of assenbly used. In order to classify the importance of these notch effects, the various forms of joint construction are divided into categories as follons + Umelded ‘These menbers present three cases of construction. Case Wg concerns the material itself without notch effect. Cases Wy and Wz concern perforated menbers (see table 7.A.3.6.(1)) Welded parts ‘These joints are arranged in order of the severity of the notch effect Increasing from Ko to Ky» corresponding to structural parts located close to the weld fillets. The table T.A. 3.6, (1) gives sone indications as to the quality of the welding and a classification of the welding and of the various Joints that are most often used in the construction of lifting appliances. tion of the permissible stresses for fatigue Tensile and compressive loads The basis values which have been used to determine the permissible stresses in tension and compression are those resulting fron the application of a constent alternating stress + dy (« = - 1) giving a survival rate of 90 % in the tests, to which a factor of safety of 4/3 has been applied. To take account of the number of cycles and of the stress spectrum, the Cy values have been set for each classification group of the menber the latter “taking: account “of “these two ‘paraneters. For unwelded parts, the values , are identical for steel St 37, and St 44, ‘They are higher for St 52. For welded parts, the 0, values are identical for the three types of steel.Table T.A, 3.6.1. Values of G4 depending on the conponent ‘group end construction case (N/m?) Welded components Jrwelded ts Seapets Construction cases Construction cases Compo~ (Steels St 37 to St 52, Fe 360 to Fe 510)| rent % % grow Fe 350} oe so [FO 26 [se 52 [EE 3°] se sz Ko Ly ke Ks Ka St 37 Jee 510] St 27 |e 10 |S 27 |e 510 ist a4 3st aa st aa |F* e1 | 2491} 298,0| 212,7| 253,3| 17,0] 208,6 | (361,9) | (223,1) | (271,4) | 195,9 | 116,3 e2 | 220,a} 261,7| 1907} 222,4| 157,21] 183,2 |(293,8) | 262,3 | 220,3 | 157,4 | 94,4 es | 202,2| 229,8| 171,8| 195,3| 14,5] 160,8 | 2384 | 212,9 | 178,8 | 127,7 | 76,6 ea | 162,2 | 2ore| 1548 | 17,5] 327.5] 142,2 | 1935 | 172,8 | 1451 | 10,7 | 62,2 es} 1661 | 17,2] 139,5| 150,¢] 424,9| 32,0 | 157,2 | 14,3 | 127,8 | 04,2 | 50,5 ee | 147,8 | 155,6| 125,7| 132,3 | 1055} 1089 | 127,5 | 13,8 | 95,6 | 68,3 | 41,0 ey {133,2| 136,6| 223,2| 226,2| 93:2] 95:7 | 1035 | 924 | 77,6 | 55.4 | 33,3 ce | 120,0 | 120,0| 102,0| 10,0] 84,0] 84,0 | 64,0 | 75,0 | 63,0 | 45,0 | 27,0 The values in brackets are greater than 0,75 times the breaking stress and are only theoretical values (see note 2 st the end of this clause). ‘The following formilae give for all values of k the permissible stresses for fatigue + ae co = for tension + a = for compression : (2) Oy is given in table above.bye >0 = for tension ot «2 @ ~~ Sa" r-a-39 ~ for compression Op = 152 Gf oo) where Gg = tensile stress for k = 0 is given by the formula (1) that is : Gg = 1466 Oy 4, = tensile stress for «= + 1 that is the ultimate strength og divided by the coefficient of safety 4/3 : ©, = 0,75 op Oy is Limited in every case to 0,75 dp. By way of illustration, fig. A.3.6.1. shows curves giving the permissible stress as a function of the ratio k for the following ceses : steel A.52 5 predominent tensile stress 5 groupe £6 5 construction cases lig, Wy, Wz for unwelded components and cases of construction for joints Ky to Ky. ‘The permissible stresses have been limited to 240 N/mn®, i.e. to the permissible stress adonted for checking for ultinate strength. 3550 « ¢ t fiFigure 8.3.6.1. A S23 tension; group £6) (peemsasioie stress) oy Nim? = 240 Nim? eee ae ae . 2 « & wo ww Ratio between the extrene stresses Shear stresses in the material of structural parts, For each of the groups from £1 to E8 the permissible fatigue stress in tension of the case Wp divided by 75 is taken : “Ot of Cae Wo 1e 5Combined loads in tension (or compression) and sheer In this case the permissible stresses for fatigue for each normal load in tension (or compression) Oye and Oy, and shear Tyg are determined by assuning that each acts separately taking respectively the following values of k in accordance with clause 3.6.4. Semin ey = Semin ae Ky = ealn % max Sy max Tay max Then the following three conditions are checked : 6, 'y max < Oye ana Sx max < Tx, ; Ty max © ya None of the calculated sheares should exceed the permissible value of G, in case I Joading (see table 7.3.2.1.1.). 2) If any one stress is markedly greater than the other tuo in any given case of loading, it will suffice to check the menber for fatigue under the corresponding load, neglecting the effect of the other tao. 252b) In the other cases, in addition to checking for each loading assumed to act alone, it is recommenced that the following relationship be checked : (Gey (e=)- Sx max Sy max 4, cree <2 ©) Ona. Oya [Peal [ya] Swe here the stress values Gyay Oya and Taya are those resulting fron the application of formulae (1), (2), (3) and (4) limited to 0,75 Op. In applying this formula, reference should be made to the directions given in cleuse 3.2.1.3, In other words + = either perform the check by combining the maximum values Cy maxy Oy max and “yy maxi 9nd Comparing with the permissible stresses Ox, yg AMG Tyyg computed onthe basis of the most unfavourable values of x. = oF seek the most unfavourable combination actually possible by making the check with the following values : €) Oy max 8P°E Ky pin with the corresponding values Of ys Tye K y and Kxy b) Cymax 8F0 Ky min with the corresponding values Of Ox, Tyyr Kx AMOK xy ©) Ty max 2d Kxy min mith the corresponding values of Oy, Oy Kx and Ky In this connection, see note in clause 3.2.1.3. In order to facilitate the calculations, table T.A, 3.6.2. gives the pemissible values of = 4 9, 2LMBX as a function of —AMSX and of —LMEX Taya xa ye In this table, the values of SESS are given in the left hend coluan with xa the Following convention : the ratio is considered to be positive if 0, max and Cy max have the sane sign, and negetive otherwise. (1) Ag this inequelity constitutes a severe requirement, values slightly higher than 1 are acceptable, but in this case it is necessary to check the relation : max * Sy nex Fal “( Tt should also be noted that the values [yal and |Zye| in the denoninatar for the third term should be taken as absolute values, 0; mex Pd Oy max being assigned their algebraic values. 353Table TA. 3.6.2. Tay max Sx max x Values of E82 in ters of SEB ang Seas ya Ona, ya a Oy max Sa 1,0 09 | 08 07 0,6 os | 04 o3 | 02 on o +10 | o 0,300 | 0,400 | 0,458 | 0,490 | 0,500 | 0,490 | 0,458 | 0,400 | 0,300] 0 +09 | 0,300 | 0,436 | 0,520 | 0,575 | 0,608 | 0,625 | 0,625 | 0,608 | 0,575 | 0,520] 0,436 +08 | 0,400 | 0,520 | 0,600 | 0,656 | 0,693 | 0,714 | 0,721 | 0,714 | 0,693 | 0,656} 0,600 +0,7 | 0,458 | 0,575 | 0,656 | 0,714 | 0,755 | 0,781 | 0,794 | 0,781 | 0,781 | 0,755] 0,714 +06 | 0,490 | 0,608 | 0,693 | 0,755 | 0,800 | 0,831 | 0,849 | 0,854 | 0,849 | 0,931 | 0,800 +0, | 0,500 | 0,625 | 0,724 | 0,781 | 0,81 | 0,866 | 0,889 | 0,900 | 0,900 | 0,889 | 0,865, +0,4 | 0,490 | 0,625 | 0,721 | 0,794 | 0,849 | 0,889 | 0,917 | 0,935 | 0,938 | 0,933 | 0,917 +0,3 | 0,458 | 0,608 | 0,714 | 0,794 | 0,854 | 0,900 | 0,933 | 0,954 | 0,964 | 0,964 | 0,954 + 0,2 | 0,400 | 0,575 | 0,693 | 0,781 | 0,849 | 0,900 } 0,938 | 0,964 | 0,980 | 0,985 | 0,980 +01 | 0300 | 0,520 | 0.656 | 0.755 | 0,831 | o.eer | 0,933 | 0.964 | 0.985 | 0,995 | 0.995 0 jo 0,436 | 0,600 | 0,714 | 0,800 | 0,866 | 0,916 | 0,954 | 0,980 | 0,995 | 1,000 = 03 0,300 | 0,520 | 0,656 | 0,755 | 0,831 | 0,889 | 0,953 | 0,964 | 0,985 | 0,995 + 0.2 0,400 | 0,575 | 0,693 | 0,781 | 0,849 | 0,900 | 0,938 | 0,964 | 0,980 = 03 0,173 | 0,458 | 0,608 | 0,714 | 0,794 | 0,854 | 0,900 | 0.953 | 0,954 = 04 | 0,265 | 0,490 | 0,625 | 0,721 | 0,781 | 0,849 | 0,889 | 0,917 = 95 0,300 | 0,500 | 0,625 | 0,714 | 0,781 | 0,831 | ‘0,866 + 06 0,300 | 0,490 | 0,608 | 0,693 | 0,755 | 0,800 = 07 0,265 | 0,458 | 0,575 | 0,656 | 0,714 + 08 0,173 | 0,400 | 0,520 | 0,600 + 09 0,300 | 0,436 If O max 890 Oy max AF Of opposite sign (tension or compression) read the values “9; of TY-88% starting from the negative values of =X 83% “aye ed 354General_notes Note 1 - In applying the above considerations, it is essential to take into ‘account the secondary bending effects which @ particular method of assenbly may cause in the menbers of the structure. Note 2 - If reference is mace to the table of values of Oy it can be seen thet in groups El and £2 much higher stresses then those usually permitted in struc- tures are quoted. These values ere in fact only theoretical values obtained by extrapolation of the test results an higher groups (E3 to E8) with medium of severe notch cases (kz, Ks and Ky). Therefore there is no need to attach any material significance to these values in brackets, consideration of which could in sone cases lead to the conclusion that an assembly of type Ko or Ky could resist fatigue better than the welded metal (case Wp). This apparent anonaly illustrates the well knoan fact that it is not always necessary to certy out fatigue checks for the loner groups with slight oF moderate notch cases. With respect to the calculations it must be renenbered that these theoretical Gy valugs are used only to deternine the permissible fatigue stresses yg, yg 2d Tyyq for use in formula (5) which covers the case of conbined loeds. Examples of calculations are given at the end of the Appendix. VERIFICATION OF THE JOINING MEANS (welds, bolts, rivets) welds a) Tensile and compressive loads in the welds : Welds subjected to fatigue under tensile and compressive loads are checked using the sane permissible stresses as those of the metal joined. Note - The Limits indicated under 3.2.2.3. for certain particular cases of transverse tension and compression in weld seams must be observed. Appendix 3.2.2.3. gives, in addition, sone indications for the determination of the stresses in the weld seams. b) Shear loads in the welds : The permissible shear fatigue stresses in the welds are determined by divi- ding the permissible stresses in tension for case Ky by 72. 6) Conbined loads : ‘The method set out above for structural menbers is used when considering the effect of fatigue In weld seans subjected to variable conbined loads. 3-55Bolts and rivets a) Tensile loads Fatigue due to variable tensile loads in bolts and rivets need not be considered. In this conection, it should be noted that bolts and, even more important, rivets working in tension should be avoided as far as possible. b) Shear loads and bearing pressure : Single and multiple shear loads as defined under 3.2.2.1.1. must be distinguished. ‘The permissible shear stresses for fatigue for bolts and rivets are fixed by multiplying the permissible stresses in tension for case W by = 0,6 for single shear 0,8 for multiple shear The permissible bearing pressure values are obtained by multiplying the permissible shear values in the bolts and rivets by 2,5. 356Table TA. 3.6.(1) Classification of cases of construction for joints Seints may be riveted, bolted or welded. ‘The types of weld most comonly used for hoisting appliances are butt welds, double bevel butt welds (K welds) and fillet welds, of ordinery quality (0.0.) or special quality (S.Q,) as specifies belor. Weld testing is also stipulated for certain types of Joint. {1) See page 3-59 387 A~ Wels qualities wes Execution wo mone S| SP eee om Root of weld scraped (or trimmed) before 1 | Baking sealing run. conan [toara seina me HE done cae we qualit x-rays) over 100% | P 100 Y | Weld ground flush 6.0.) : lof seam Jength with plate parailer | >< to direction of Full depth Anion bievonnsd If the calculated stress > 60% tines ordinary | PO0t of veld scraped Sp [ine pemissinie | 2 qulity (or trimmed) before stress tela teers encore cert Otherwise random PS oneck over at east] 5 15 10% of sean length 4 Root of weld scraped (or trinned) before ‘taking weld on other Special | sice. Weld edges quality | without under-cutting Keweld in | (5.0.) | and ground if Check thet. for angle formed necessary. Full tensile loads by two parts Penetration welds Peau with bevel perpendicular to on one of eee ene the direction of the parts to eee jthe forces is be joined at | O62nstY | Se two welds <3 m= free fron Location of | MBUtY \_ Jrsnination. (0.0.) sean J<3ee [Gheck that for jai |etded edges with. tensile leads the Seete [out undercutting Yq |plate peroendiculer] 5 Fillet welds | Gig)” | anc around if ZS [eerie Gizection of in the angle |‘) | necessary the forces is free Torned by | from lamination worerts Toray cuatity a 0.0.) |Table T.A. 3.6.(1) (cont'd) 8 - Cases of construction for joints In the tables below the various cases of means of assenbly are classified in terns of the magnitude of the notch effect they produce. Tt should be noted that, with a given weld, the notch effect differs according to the type of loading to which the Joint is subjected. For exenple, a fillet welded joint is classified under case Ky for longitudinal tension or compression loads (0,31) or longitudinal shear (0,51), and under cases ky or Ky for transverse tension or compression loads (3,2 or 4,4). Non welded parts Case Wy Reference| Description Figure Symbol Parent metal, honogeneous surface. Part without joints or breaks in — W jcontinuity (solid bars) and without Inotch effects unless the latter can -—_— lbe calculated, Reference| Description Figure Symbol JParts drilled. Parts arilled for riveting or bolting with rivets el itel inne ita 29 wat oes Joints using high strength bolts (el 3.2.2.2-2.3-) loaded up ta febes-e-e-| fens ae aaiatine aes (C1 3.2,2.2.2.2.) Reference| Description Figure | Tl arts erittes for siveting or — EE — Mp. otting in anton the rivets oz o 4} bolts are loaded in multiple shear =. Parts drilled for riveting or bolting, in which the rivets or Wo.2 [bolts are loaded in single shear (allowing for eccentric loads), Jthe parts being unsupported Parts drilled for assembling by Ineans of rivets or bolts loaded 42.3 lin single shear, the parts being Jsupported or guided 3582 = Welded parts fase Ky - Slight stress concentration Reference’ Description Figure ‘Symbol a parts butt-nelded (.0.) at x a of 0,1 fright engles to direction Pim lof forces Parts of different thickness ey butt-welded (S.Q.) at right —o os of langles to direction of = Sea 0,12 jrorces. — Asymmetrical slope : 1/6 to | ——| — | >< 1/5; Symmetrical slope : 1/3 ug futtwns 2 tn averse] (| | OF 32 |roint of web plate —i | Pi ssc seoure by batt-weling = of 0,13 |(5.Q.) at right angles to the 7 ldirection of the forces 1 bo pct ue! by tang D, 0,3 |(0.0,) pareiiel to the on direction of the forces P10 Parts joined by fillet welds oe (0..) parallel to the “4 0,31 |eizection of the forces A (Longitudinal to the joined parts) 7 a ate seid (0.0) bere 2, oa |rsctisn teeing tame ra | | ned of a bean se ke or Fidlet weld (0.0.) X M between Flange and web of @ as [tame erm | C| x jequivalent stress for combined forces (C1 3.2.1.3.) A or Tt is forecasted that the synbols shall be adapted to the ISO standard 2553 et the next edition of the Design Rules, when the addition of this standard will be definitively adopted. 359Case Ke - Slight stress concentration (continued) Reference| Description 0,5 Jautt weld (0.Q.) in the case Jof Jongitudinel shear K-weld (0.9.) or fillet weld (0.G.) in the case of longi- tudinal shear Case K; - Moderate stress concentration Reference Description Figure al Parts joined by butt welding (0.Q.) at right engles to the Jdirection of the forces in [Parts of different thickness Joutt welded (0.9.) at right langles to the direction of the forces. Asynnetrical slope : lt in 4 to 1 in 5 (or syametri- Jcal slopes : 1 in 3) 1,32 Jeutt weld (0.0.) executed for transverse joint of web plate 1,13 Jousset joined by butt welding (0.0.) at right angles to the ldirection of the forces 4,2 lContinuous main menber to which lare Joined by continuous K-welds| (S.Q.) parts-at right angles to ithe direction of forces 3-60Case kK) - Moderate stress concentration (continued) Reference} Description Figure Synbo} 1 1,21 [web plate to which stiffeners are Joined at right angles to ‘the direction of the forces by Ineans of fillet welds (8.0) lwhich extend round the corners lof the web stiffeners war 13 Parts Joined by butt welding parallel to the direction of ‘the forces (without checking the welding) -_ Yv 4,31 K-meld (S.Q.) between curved flange and web Ql Case K ~ Medi im stress concentration Reference} Description Figure 21 + Parts of different thickness butt welded (0.0.) at right langles to the direction of the forces. Asymmetrical slope : 1 in 3 (or symmetrical slopes : 1 in 2) 2M Sections joined by butt welds (5.@,) at right angles to the Jdirection of the forces 2,12 Section joined to a gusset by a butt weld (S.G.) at right angles to the direction of the forces 2413 Butt weld (S.0.) at right angles Jto the direction of the forces, Inade at intersection of flats, lunith welded auxiliary gussets. fre ends of the welds are ground, Javoiding notches Ki|X 3-61Case K2- Mediun stress concentration (continued) Referer Description Figure ic Symbol 2,2 Continuous main menber to which ‘transverse diaphragus, wed stiffeners, rings or hubs are fillet welded (S.9.) at right angles to the direction of the forces “ay 2,21 eb in which fillet welds (5.d.) Jare used to secure transverse wed stiffeners with cut corners, the welds not extending round the comers We 2,22 ‘Transverse diephragn secured by Fillet welds (S.0.) with cut Jcorners, in which the welds do Jnot extend round the corners 2,3 [Continuous main menber to the ledges of which ere butt welded (S.Q.) parts parallel to the Jdirection of the forces. These parts terminate in bevels or radii. The ends of the welds Jare ground avoiding notches P 100 2,31 Continuous main menber to which Jare welded parts parallel to the direction of the forces. ‘These parts terminate in bevels or radii. Valid where the ends of the welds ere K-nelds (S.Q.) over a length equal to ten ‘times the thickness provided ‘that the ends of the welds are jground avoiding notches mate 2,33 (Continuous menber to which 2 flat (1 in 3 bevel) is joined by a fillet weld (S.0.)," the Fillet weld being executed in the X area, with a= 0,5 iN 2,34 K-weld (0.0.) ade between lcurved flange and wedCase Ka - Nedium stress concentration (continued) Reference| Description Figure synvor) 24 welds (S.Q.) perpendicular to ta usetiola tae — wt Kenels (S.Q.) between flange and | iri Soa arias meer 21 | ius see M jig aie oe wi 2,5 K-weld (S.Q.) joining perts I 2 een aa. ct y= Se nection Feference Description | Figwe syabaa FRE ot ; Paste ee etn) = —y==— | Ft 3,1 [at tight angles to the direction a P 100 anes 2 ical slope, or symmetrical zoe: Jposition without blend slope =< ones 711 |packing strip secured by ioe eet te se yt ma whose root is supported by a 7732 Ihacking piece and not covered <= psa ne Butt weld (0.Q.) at right angles fs arn ro re > Jnith welded auxiliary gussets. ‘The ends of the welds are laround, avoiding notches B63Case Ky - Severe stress concentration (continued) Reference| Description Figure Symbol"! 3,2 Continuous main menber to which parts are fillet welded (0.0.) fat right angles to the direction of the forces. These parts take only a small portion of the load: transmitted by the main menber a a“ 32h Wed and stiffener or transverse diaphragn secured by uninterrup~ ted fillet weld (0.0.) 33 | terminate in bevels and ends of Continuous member to the edges of which are butt welded (0.0.) parts parallel to the direction ‘of the forces. These parts ‘the welds are ground avoiding notches. Vv 3,31 Continuous menber to which are jwelded parts parallel to the direction of the forces. These parts terminate in bevels or radii. Valid where the ends of [the welds are fillet welds (S.Q.. lover a length equal to 10 tines the thickness, provided that the lends of the welds are ground, avoiding notches 3,32 continuous menber through which lextends a plate, terminating in bevels or radii parallel to the direction of the forces, secured by Keweld (0.Q.) over a length jeq.al to 10 tines the thickness 3,33 lcontinuous menber to which is Incided a flat parallel to the direction of the forces, by Ineans of fillet weld (S.0.) in ithe indicated area when 21 < 1,5 ep S68Case K ~ Severe stress concentration (continued) Reference| Description Figure symbol) 338 Merbers at the extrenity of which] connecting gussets are secured by| ja fillet weld (S.0.) when ey ¢ e2] In case of unilateral gusset Jallow for eccentric load 3,35 [Continuous wenber to which stiffeners parallel to the léirection of the forces are Inelded. The ends of the welds are| fillet welds (S.Q.) over 9 length] jequal to ten times the thickness Jang are ground avoiding notches 3,36 continuous menber to which stiffeners parallel to the leirection of the forces are Jsecured by fillet welds (0.0.) Inhich are intermittent or made lpetween indentations 34 lcruciferm joint made with K-weld (0.Q.) at Tight angles to the Jdirection of the forces < 3a Ik-weld (0.0.) between flange and Jeb in case of concentrated load Jin the plane of the web at right fangies to the weld 35 ix-weld (0.0.) joining parts stressed in bending and shear ' 37 Jcontinuous menber to which Jsections or tubes are fillet Iwelded (S.0.) 365Case Ky - Very severe stress concentration Reference! Description Figure Symbol" 4) parts of different thickness butt welded (0.9.) at right Jangies to the direction of the forces. Asyrmetrical position lnithout blend slope oe + Butt welds (0.@.) at right angles [to the direction of the forces, Jat the intersection of flats (no euxiliary gussets) et eee Single bevel weld at right angles to the direction of the forces, between intersecting parts (cruciform joint) Vv 43 Continuous menber to the sides ‘of which are welded parts ending at right angles, parallel to the direction of the forces Continuous menber to which parts, ending at right angles, parallel to the direction of the forces, ‘and receiving a large praportion ‘of the loads transmitted by the main menber, are secured by fille weld (0.0.) 4,32 [Continuous menber through which extends a plate ending at right angles and secured by fillet Jwelding (0.0.) 4,33 Continuous menber on which a flat }is secured by means of a fillet meld (0.Q.) parallel to the ldirection of the forces 6s.Case ky - Very severe stress concentration (continued) Reference Description ‘Symbo) (1) 4,30 Joint plate secured by (0.0.) fillet welds (e, = ez). In case lof unilateral joint plate allow for eccentric loads 4,35 Parts welded one on the other secured by fillet welds (0.0.) in a slot or in holes 4,36 Continuous wenters between which comecting gussets are secured by fillet welds (0.0.) or butt welds (0.0.) Cruciform joint made with fillet weld (0.Q.) at right angles to the direction of the forces Fillet weld (0.0.) between flange and web in the case of concentrated load in the plane of the web at right engles to the weld 4,5 Fillet welds (0.0.) joining parts stressed in bending and shear Continuous menber to which sections or tubes are connected by fillet welds (0.0.) x7EXAMPLES OF FATIGUE CHECKS FOR A WELDED WEB TO FLANGE JOINT STEEL St 37 TOP FLANGE OF GIRDER OF AN OVERHEAD TRAVELLING CRANE ON WHICH A CRAB RUNS (Combined check for fatigue and elastic limit) The results of stress calculetions in the top flange of the girder are as folloxs : Longitudinal compression : | x max =~ 240 N/mm? H Ox pin =~ 28 N/mm? Stan from which K = 0,2 Laterel compression when the crab wheel passes = Oy ax = ~ 200 N/m? = Sy min = 0 from which K 20 ‘Shear : changing sign when passing from one side to the other of the section : 2 Tay max = 2 40 Neo from which x = -1 Equivalent stress : Tao)? « (OO)? 2 1D n 100s 3 x ae 7 (140) + (100)* = 140 x 100 + 3 x 40% = LMA < 160 N/mm? (9,) acceptable (See clause 3.2.1.3.).CHECKING FOR FATIGUE AND ELASTIC LIMIT FIRST EXAMPLE COMPONENT IN GROUP E4 WITH FILLET WELD (0.0. 1 = CHECKING MATERIAL ADJACENT TO THE WELDING a) Longitudinal compression : case Ky (reference 0,31) Checking for elastic Limit : 9, = 160 Nine Sx max = 160 N/m from which Tex mex! < Checking for fatigue + Oy 193,5. Nom? %, Oy 322,5 N/a? 6, =0)75.0R = 27D Ni Of is Limited to 270 Nim Oe == 12x Op += 524 Nw Oe =~ 324 Non? [ex max! < [Pxal b) Lateral compression : case Ky (reference 4,41) Checking for elastic limit : cn = 160 Ne’ %y max == 100 Nina! (°y ne 368 (table T. 3.2.141.) (table TA. 3.6.1.) (table T. 3.2.1.1.)Checking for fatigue : Ow = 82 Ninn (table TAA. 3.6.14) oad oy 03,7. Nan? Op = Oy = 107,7 N/mm? (forma (3)) 2x Op = 12K Non Oya 126,46 N/on? ¢ [9 max] < [yal ) Shear in the material ( Checking for elastic Limit : = 19 2 ‘ ya * = 928 Ninn (table T. 3.2.1.1. vt able ) 5 i, Ty max zl Ty mex cm i Checking for fatigue = 18241 Ty AR 105k Wr (table T.A, 3.6.1.) : Tay max = 40 Nm? ¢ i Ixy, max] < Te : : ) Checking for conbined loads ‘ unr ‘ cata aula / SEG. F - oem < ‘ therefore satisfied. « 370CHECKING IN THE WELD If the thickness of the two welds is equal to the thickness of the web, the StIESSES Oy max» Cy max 20 Tay max have the same values as in I ~ above. ‘The permissible tensile and compressive stresses are the same as for 1 - abovt Gn the material), with respect to both checking for elastic Limit and checking for fatigue. It follows that we can dispense with a check for the cases corres~ ponding to a) and b) above. The permissible shear stresses, as regards checking for elastic limit, are obtained by dividing the permissible tensile stress by ¥2, instead of 3 in the case of the material itself. They are therefore more favourable then those used Jn cases c) and d) above. To sum up, we may confine ourselves to checking for fatigue the cases correspan- ding to c) and d) above. ¢) Shear in the weld ya (table T.A, 3.6.1.) santa Tay max from which Fy mex! < [Tyal 4) Checking for combined loads : Using formule (5) Condition to be checked : ole , (= 100_\2 _ (40) (100) , (woe (38) + (RY - SEP + GRY = oe ca therefore satisfied. Note : If the component had been classified in croup ES, the stress Oy max 1100 N/mm? would be too high, since the permissible fatigue stress for case ky and x = 0 is only : s12xdxae 7 Oy = 12 x Sx A = 82 Nem BA”SECOND EXAMPLE COMPONENT IN GROUP E6 - K WELD (S. The loads - and therefore the stresses - will be assuned to be the sane as in the first example. As the permissible stresses for the elastic limit checks are not affected by the change of group, nor by the type of weld, the calculations in the first example may, in this respect, be reproduced as they stand. We shall therefore confine ourselves to checking for fatigue. 1 - CHECKING MATERIAL ADJACENT OT THE WELD fa) Longitudinal compression, case Ky (reference 0,33) 1275. N/na (table T.A, 3.6.1.) = 212,5. Nene! = 20 Nem = 22,0 Wen? (formal (3)) = 266 Nim? (Formule (4)) == 266 Non? Sq max == 160 Nim? from which [ex maxl < |xal b) Lateral compression : case Kp (reference 2,41) Ow = 95,6 N/mm? (table T.A. 3.6.1.) 5 2 % =$ % 1593. W/ne’ % = % 159,3. Wen? (formula (3)) = 19,2 N/mm 1912. N/ner 100 N/a’ 27©) Shear in the material : = 18748 tas. 2 Taye = pe = 85,3. Nam! 2 Ty max 240 N/mm From which [Tay maxl < [yal ©) Checking for combined loads : Use formule (5) Condition to be checked : (e3)* = (49%) therefore satisfied. 2 ~ CHECKING IN THE WELD Same reasoning as for first exemple. Leaving cases c) and d) to be checked for fatigue. c) Shear in the weld : ws 2 Tye BEE 002 Nam ee Tay max = 60 Nim fron whieh < yal xy max] ) Checking for combined losds : Use formuls (5) Condition to be checked + 300, 140) (= 100) 40 qo, ez A 2 S286) * \=i9h, 266 x 1ST,2 ~~ 19042, therefore satisfied. BT (table T.A. 3.6.1.) = 072 <1