The Data Model

Resource Book
Revised Edition
Volume 1
A Library of Universal Data Models
for All Enterprises

Len Silverstor

Wiley Computer Publishli

John Wiley & Sons, In

NEW YORK • CHICHESTER • WEINHEIM • BRISBANE • SINGAPORE • T0R0N1
 Contents

Foreword
Acknowledgments
About the Author

Chapter 1 Introduction
Why Is There a Need for This Book?
Who Can Benefit from Reading This Book?
The Need for Universal Data Models
A Holistic Approach to Systems Development
What Is the Intent of This Book and These Models?
What Is New in the Second Edition of the Data Model
Resource Book?
Conventions and Standards Used in This Book
Entities
Subtypes and Supertypes
Non-Mutually Exclusive Sets of Subtypes
Attributes
Relationships
Relationship Optionality
Relationship Cardinality
Foreign Key Relationships
Foreign Key Inheritance
Intersection or Association Entities to Handle Many-to-Many
Relationships
Exclusive Arcs
Recursive Relationships
Physical Models
Conventions Used for Illustration Tables
Conventions Used to Reference Figures
The Companion CD-ROM

Chapter 2 People and Organizations

Organization
Person
Person—Alternate Model
vi Contents

Party 29
Party Roles 33
Organization Roles 35
Common Party Role Subtypes 36
Should Roles Be Defined at the Time of the Transaction? 36
Party Role Example 37
Role Types throughout This Book 37
Party Relationship 39
Party Relationship Examples 44
Party Relationship Information 46
Status Types 47
Party Contact Information 47
Postal Address Information 49
Geographic Boundaries 51
Party Contact Mechanism—Telecommunications Numbers
and Electronic Addresses 53
Party Contact Mechanism (Expanded) 54
Contact Mechanism Purpose 56
Facility versus Contact Mechanism 58
Party Communication Event 58
Communication Event Follow-Up 63
Summary 67

Chapter 3 Products 69
Product Definition 70
Product Category 71
Product Identification Codes 75
Product Features 76
Product Feature Interaction 78
Product Feature Subtypes 78
Product Feature Examples 79
Unit of Measure 80
Suppliers and Manufacturers of Products 81
Inventory Item Storage 84
Product Pricing 87
Pricing Subtypes 87
Price Component Attributes and Relationship to Product
or Product Feature 89
Pricing Factors 89
International Pricing 91
Example of Product Pricing 91
Product Costing 93
Product to Product Associations 96
Products and Parts 100
Summary 104

Chapter 4 Ordering Products 105

Standard Order Model 106
Order and Order Items 109
 Order Parties and Contact Mechanisms
Sales Order Parties and Contact Mechanisms
Party Placing Order and Related Contact Mechanism
Party Taking Order and Related Contact Mechanism
Ship-to Party and Contact Mechanism
Bill-to Party and Contact Mechanism
Person Roles for Orders
Purchase Order Parties and Contact Mechanisms
Generic Order Roles and Contact Mechanisms
Order Adjustments
Order Status and Terms
Order Status
Order Terms
Order Item Association
Optional Order Models
Requirements
Requirement Roles
Requirement Status
Product Requirements
Order Requirement Commitments
Requirement Example
Requests
Request
Request Items
Quote Definition
Quote Roles
Quote
Quote Items
Quote Terms
Agreement Definition
Agreement Item
Agreement Terms
Agreement Pricing
Agreement to Order
Summary

Chapter 5 Shipments 159

Shipments 160
Shipment Types 161
Shipments Parties and Contact Mechanisms 162
Shipping Detail 163
Shipment Status 166
Shipment-to-Order Relationship 167
Shipment Receipts 170
Item Issuance for Outgoing Shipments 173
Shipment Documents 176
Shipment Routing 178
Shipment Vehicle 180
Summary 182
viii Contents

Chapter 6 Work Effort 185

Work Requirement and Work Efforts 186
Work Requirement Definition 186
Requirement Types 188
Anticipated Demand 190
Work Requirement Compared to Order 190
Work Requirement Roles 191
Work Effort Generation 193
Work Effort Type and Work Effort Purpose Type 195
Work Effort Attributes 195
Fulfillment of Work Requirements 196
Work Effort and Facility 198
Work Effort Generation—Alternate Model 198
Work Effort Associations 200
Work Effort Association Definition 200
Work Effort Dependency 203
Work Efforts and Work Tasks 203
Work Effort Party Assignment 203
Work Effort Party Assignment 205
Party Skill and Skill Type 206
Work Effort Status 207
Work Effort Party Assignment 207
Work Effort Role Type 208
Work Effort Assignment Facility 209
Work Effort Time Tracking 209
Work Effort Rates 211
Work Effort Assignment Rate 214
Inventory Assignments 215
Fixed Asset Assignments 217
Fixed Asset 218
Fixed Asset Type 218
Fixed Asset Assignment and Status 219
Party Fixed Asset Assignments 220
Work Effort Type Standards 221
Work Effort Skill Standards 223
Work Effort Good Standards 223
Work Effort Fixed Asset Standard 224
Work Effort Results 224
Summary 227

Chapter 7 Invoicing 229

Invoices and Invoice Items 230
Invoice Roles 234
Billing Account 237
Invoice Specific Roles 240
Invoice Terms and Status 242
Invoice Status 242
Invoice Terms 244
Invoice and Associated Transactions 244
Billins for ShiDment Items 245
 Billing for Work Efforts and Time Entries
Billing for Order Items
Payments
Financial Accounts, Deposits, and Withdrawals
Summary

Chapter 8 Accounting and Budgeting 259

Chart of Accounts for Internal Organizations 260
General Ledger Accounts and Types 260
Organization GL Account 262
Accounting Period 263
Accounting Transactions Definition 265
Business Transactions versus Accounting Transactions? 267
Accounting Transaction 267
Accounting Transactions and Their Related Parties 268
Accounting Transaction Details 270
Transaction Detail 270
Relationships between Accounting Transaction Details 273
Account Balances and Transactions 275
Subsidiary Accounts 276
Asset Depreciation 278
Budget Definition 280
Budget , 280
Budget Item 282
Budget Status 282
Budget Revision 283
Budget Review 286
Budget Scenarios 288
Usage and Sources of Budgeted Amounts 289
Commitments against Budgets 292
Payments against Budgets 293
Budget Relationship to General Ledger 295
Budgeted Items versus General Ledger Accounts 298
Summary 298

Chapter 9 Human Resources 299

Standard Human Resources Model 300
Employment 302
Position Definition 303
Position 305
Position Authorization 305
Position Type 306
Position Responsibilities 306
Position Type Definition 307
Organization 307
Position Fulfillment and Tracking 309
Position Fulfillment 310
Position Status Type 311
Hiring Organization 311
C Other Considerations 311
Contents

Position Reporting Relationships 312

Position Reporting Structure 312
Salary Determination and Pay History 314
Position Type Rate 316
Pay Grade and Salary Step 317
Pay History and Actual Salary 318
Benefits Definition and Tracking 319
Employment 319
Party Benefit 320
Period Type 321
Benefit Type 321
Payroll Information 322
Employee 322
Payment Method Type 324
Payroll Preference 324
Paycheck 325
Deduction and Deduction Type 326
Employment Application 327
Employee Skills and Qualifications 328
Employee Performance 328
Employee Termination 333
Summary 333

Chapter 10 Creating the Data Warehouse Data Model from the

Enterprise Data Model 337
The Data Warehouse Architecture 337
The Enterprise Data Model 338
The Data Warehouse Design 338
The Departmental Data Warehouse Design or Data Mart 338
An Architected Data Warehouse Environment 339
The Enterprise Data Model 340
Transformation Requirements 340
Process Models 342
High-Level and Logical Data Models 342
Making the Transformation 343
Removing Operational Data 345
Adding an Element of Time to the Warehouse Key 346
Adding Derived Data 346
Creating Relationship Artifacts 347
Changing Granularity of Data 350
Merging Tables 351
Creation of Arrays of Data 352
Organizing Data According to Its Stability 354
Summary 355

Chapter 11 A Sample Data Warehouse Data Model 357

Transformation to Customer Invoice 358
Removing Operational Data 358
Adding an Element of Time 359
Adding Derived Data 360