Sh No. 25, Jnuary- February 1971 THE MAGAZINE OF CONFLICT SIMULATION Editorin Chet rector and Co-editor ‘ne Managing Editor ‘Associate Editors ‘Supplament Editor ‘Office Manager Office Statt ‘Adult-Garnes Editor Sid Sackson Diplomacy Editor ‘od Walker Contributing Artist John Kramer Contributing Editors Dave Willams Ray Jonson, Ea Mohrmann Original Editor and Founder STRATEGY & TACTICS Manasine is Cooyright, 1971, Th In This Issue THE ROMAN ARMY, BC 753 to 1453 AD 3 “CENTURION” TACTICAL GAME 13 (BC 100 to 600 AD) cS CAMPAIGN ANALYSIS EASTFRONT: ORGANIZATION OF 19 GERMAN GROUND FORCES OUTGOING MAIL by the Editors 2 GAMES by Sid Sackson 24 Simulations Publications Corp. Printed in USA, ‘Alright ‘esarved. All editorial and gonoral mail should be sent to S&T GAGE REVIEW by James, John, and Kevin Flannagan 25 Bor206,, NY" 10000" AMT charting and wcll tre Pear Oke RR ORE NY eS! (PABSIN REVIEW Edward 6. Weirton 26 Ean adow s$300/oag Send eros or moray orders criy {owing Gow by REFLEX OFFSET. 20 West 22nd St: rion _OIPLOMACY 7 Beat Wales 2 purty done by ASLE BOOKBINDERS, 26 West 15ty St, ADVANCED NAPOLEONICS ty Fred Vietmeye 31 RY. NV. Typography at by THE TECH, 84 Mewachussts comments ang, SRT No, 25/ENCLOSURES: news i Centurion ules of Play Centurion Map Sheet Centurion Counter Shoat (A) Centurion Counter Sheet (8) ‘Sheet ‘TSG Ad/Back tse Lit Feedbck Questionnaire {incon ‘As with past ieuos, this one contains a nuribor ff changes in format. One of the most obvious att thangos i the droping MAIL. “Thorewere numerous gens ata -- 2S DUTGOING MAIL “e INCOMING MAIL as tong as aificiant through OUTGOING MAIL. Actually, this technique fs nothing new, and it was a reqlor etal Customer & Subseribor Inqui (212) 533-1338 i. Sy teasons, The most important wore low reader urstions raised in that section through SUTGOING MAIL. Going through the mail ‘ve find dozene of letters which 2k “Tor Information that would be of generat intrest. Obviously, not all of these letters can be print, Thue for the last fow issues wo have Taken to compiling lists of questions rasa in the mail and answering them in OUTGOING MAIL. Wer suspect that few people will miss feature of mapazines and’ nevepapers op unt the lost thirty or fourty years S&T. like remy Of the Olé periodicals, efor a limited au populority of OUTGOING MAIL toe ut 19 believe that we are probaly right on this one Questions raised in the current mail touched on numerous paints, which we will cover fh the bulk of OUTGOING MAIL. Ono point ied was a basic difference in stitude (Continued on 228.)The Roman nation was inextvicbly bound up ints army._The whole oF tho governmental Sater and sein system was created out of Bnd the wo times In he history when the Roman notions chose to ienore this Tact, and the army, proved disastrous Romulus (c, 780716 BC), te legendary ‘of Mars, Soon after founding the ety {753 BC) he led his mob of eltizane into thei frst war, ‘against the Sabines and thor allies for a3 tion has i, wives. Though Livv says the lomans. prevalled, the fact remain that Romulus nod to. share hie thyone with. the Sobine Titus Totus and, upon Romulus’ death his successor was ancther Sabine, Noma Po pilus, According to tradition, Fomulus dv fed the population into 30 companies (euras) fantury ct foot (100 men} and 9 deeurin ot Forse 110 men}. Thus, the Initia army (@ tus) was, nominally, 3,000 foot and 300 ors, The service wns by family groups and without pay. The curiae formed, in tur, the First assembly (Comita Curtata. It elected the new king, cantirmad death sentences and did Title. There ws no legion at that time anc the maneuver element was the century, OM cars were under the King; the foot and the ‘The next major change sas under Servius Talus, the lst king of Floman origin (the last king, Targuinius Superbus, was Etruscan), He frorgentesd Roman society inte five cases, 753 BC-1453AD by Steve Patrick sy a aL, AE a, a 2 miltgy” bass. The fist clas, valued 3 100,000 asses" or more, had 40 senior cen Turles and 40. junior centuries (the senior They had 1 provide themselves with bronzs helmet, rourd shield, areaves ard breastplate, frst class, Engineer, at this time, were lig to tho bulding of siege engines, The second lass, betwoen 75,000 and 100,000 aes, had 20 conturles and were equipoed ae the firs ‘lass but with 3 long, rather than the round held ana without breastplate, Tho third clas, 50,000 to 75.000 aswes, had 20 centuries and ‘were armed as the second cls, but without ‘eaves, The fourm class, 26,000 to 60,000, Thad 20 cantuties, oo, but wero armed with ‘only the spasr and jowoin. The {ith chat, 11,000" 0° 25.000, had “30. centuries and provided the singers. In addition, the fifth floes hac two cunturics of bugles and tum peters These under 11000 aos in wealth, the Proletarate, were exempt from service, Over nd above this were the equites oF ih, Sheed roan the wealthiest fomiie, A tora of 18 centuries of eavalry were formed and ‘gven 10,000 asses for purchaso of horse and 2.000 asses par year to feed them, Thus, normally, the Romans could field 17,000 foot ed 1 AbD horse Actualy, this arrangement id not moan that ‘the upper classes were more numerous than the test, whieh hal Impartant consoquencos. Se monetary unit, not animals for the frst class, move than all the other Clases combined and, whan’ the ‘centuries viet done by class, rst class voting fst, and frased ‘whan the issue wos decided, Thus, Foil tye frst else voted one woy, the issue It was a rare issue that got down to the third lass before getting decided, with the overthravr ot the kings, the Latin Sates rebelled. and formed the anti Roman ‘Latin League” and the Roman state wont ino a brit eclipse. The Volzc and the Aeaui tary part of tha FHth Contry BC. This finaly fed 10 8 second reorganization of tha city into 21 bes, which were to provide money ard troops, The tribes also formed an asumbly, the Comitia Tributa, and fram their number tame the Tribuai Plebis (which wore initially ‘elected by the Comita Curiatal. More import fn, the Comitia Tribute unike the other omit, id not need senatorial aermisson tO In the mid Fifth Century. BC, the soeal structure broke down and ule wis given ever {03 decemviraa, instead of the consuls. In 460 the Sabine and Agu nations invaded ard fight of the docemuits Took 10 the Toi, The ‘army, stil organized along” several lines, ‘muting and. marched on Rome, This romptod naw rotors‘The army was organizad into two soparate ‘osties of 4.000 mon, called logianes. Is from this point that tho history of the Iogion bosins ‘A socond and more important reform was the hanging of the besie style of combet. (Sor Fig) By this time, tho consuls wore getting in ‘tested work and could na longer maintain the finturies As a ren, 8 now mogitracy wos freatad the eandor. These two men would be chosen every three to. twelve years (ater, regulary every five years) to poll the citizen: {hip and determine who belonged in what Clase, This power later expanded to. include ‘erecking the morals of the Senators, thereby feiding our modern understoraing of the word ‘The result of a census was 8 grand mustar on the. Campus Martius and this bocome the omits Conturiata, Soar the Comitia Centr: sta had the power to ect consuls with senate Soprowl) and select censors a8 well 38, By 427 BG, to declare war. ‘The strife between the classe tonard the end of the fifth cantury BC led to 2 temporary suspension of the consulate [since only pat Cans could be oloeted consul and the pati ‘ans were being foresd to yield some power fad did not want to permit the plebs to Become consuls, In its place were first three, thon si trbunes, Hovaver, to indicate that they had the powers of the consul, they were officially entitled "military tribunes with con Sular power.” They could, therefore, command the legions Around 430 &C tho concept of dietator vas ‘adooted (earlier dictatorships being historically fomeuthat suspicious), The dictator wes chosen by the consuls. He assumed supreme power for ‘thor se months or the duration ofthe eras, ‘ahlenever tae sorter He, in tum, would pick his Heutenant, called the "master of the hore.” Thus, ihe dictatorship, too, was eser= tially 2 military office, designed to. combat thyeats 10. the government” from. external sources, As. practical matter, the dictatorship, ‘was abolished nth third' century, whieh Urvlerscares the probiem of Caesar becoming stator Tor ie in 48 BC. During this period of the later part of the fifth century BC also evolved the Institution of "tho thumph and the lesser honor, the ovation, The triumph was voted by the Senste. ond could not ba hald without them. However, the Sidirs couls grant their own honor by Sceloiming their itoriousleador as imparetor. Imperator was an honorific rather than a true function but invariably a trlumphator ves also Imperator (although the reverse was often not true). The significance of the tte “imperator” bcomes greater as the end of the Republic ‘rem near As indicated earlier, normally each consul commanded two legions, He could, however, designate 9 lieutenant, called a. legate, 10 command one fgion while he took the other, ‘hereby allowing a total of four separate commands. If more than four legions were ‘aised, the imperium "was granted to the prastore, who were the next elective office below tho consul, If more legiohs wore noodod than there wore consuls or praetors 10 com: ‘mand, then they turned to the previous yoar's Consuls oF praators to command, thereby bbesinning the proconsul snd propraetor con- 201s which proved the cornerstone to admin ‘stration of the colonies and provinces acquired after the First Punic War, Inthe conquest of aly and, ultimately, in the First and Second Punie Wars, Tha First Punic War (263-240 C) enaed with Rome estab lished a3. colonial and naval power. The ‘Second Punic War (218-202 BC) was anothor ‘matter, Rome entered it with the traditional four legions plus some 60,000 allied foot anc 4,000 allied’ horse, ‘The’ Sabinas: mustered '50,000 foot ond 4,000 horse; the Umbrians ‘and Sarsinatians 20,000; the Veneti_ and Cenomani ancther 20,000; a reserve force of 20,000 foot and 1.500 horse of Romans and 30,000 foot and 2,000 horse of allies gave the Fomans a total of 700,000 foot and, 70,000 hors. Yet, duo to detections and othor reosons, the Romans had such 2 manpowar Shortage that they had to buy some 24,000 Slaves and press them into service, In the end, fof course, the Romans won and the Cartho Sinan ost. More importanty, the destruction ‘Of Carthage asa mejor powar left a power ‘ocuum sinco the empire of Aloxander, in tho East, was now badly in decline. As » con ‘qusnce, the Romans bogan to expand into this \ocuum, ist in the eivillzod areas such a the former Punic teritorins In Spain ard Altice sand in Greece, and then into loss chilzed aos uch a Gaul, This, in turn, lod to. the proliferation of proconaulhigs and propraetor. ‘hi to command the troops which had to be $tationed in the provinces, ‘During this period tween the Punic wars and (Coos, the fgion wae evolving Into the orpant zation considered most typical of he Romans (though it wae probably at its peak for only some 400 years out of the 2,000 of Raman history). tn weapons the oblong sheild was the lunivorsai rule: te Spanish sword had replaced the longer Roman sword, the javelin had replaced the hasta asa spear. The artery was Falsod to 2 high level of art. There wore Spoar throwing weapons, such os the catapult and ‘he scorpion, both resembling large erssbons, the former aoing the larger. On the other hon, the Balista and onager were stone throwers — the indirectire weapons of the Roman Army. Inadaition, the Romans had protective devices te enable them to got close to besieged cites, The plteu vss triangular devico, covered by hides, hich the Romane rolled up tothe walle inorder to ig or work the battering ram. The "ortse” was an excellant example of field ‘expediont — the shields were locked together te form a shell undes whieh the Romans could approach a wall without getting speared, They ‘lo employed 3 moweable tower which was suitable for stepping over tho ramparts. Im marching, the Romans employed thres base formations: “awolin procession,” which was ‘the column formation. "repared edoe.” which twas: the normal battle formation and which ‘would’ be alled a line formation by modern armies; “squared march” whieh was a oquare, ners (abe) were strictly aed for making sioge engines, Along with the engineers were other non-combatants: the ‘rule-skinaers, who eared for the 700.800 pack animals used to transpart the impedimenta and the “drudge.” charged with care for the tons. During this period, the “draft” was conducted ina most informal way. A call was sent ut for the abletedied men of the centuries to 35 somblo in tho Campus Martius, The 24 elected Iribunes were distributed sx por legion as the junior officers The men who asemblad in te ‘Campus Martius wore then chosen at random for sorvioe snd tho rest sont home. Those Claiming physical reasons for exemption woul fen get thei hearing ae be duly punished if they were malingrers or excunel if tir compiains woro vali, The same procedure (wan ud to elect the ivaty, “The romans, 3s was mentionad betore, found themsaives in a vacuum ater the Second Punic War where there was no military force, man for man, which was the equal of he Roman lesionsire, nor was one to arise until the [Neoersin empire swept out of the Eastin the Fourth Century of the Christian Era, Asa result, the Romans bocame inner casted with their ‘energies, lacking “extemal Toes, This began, internally, the period of cv disorder with ihe Grocchi brothers proposing radical reforms and Goius Morivs raising the spectra of 3 monarchy by ‘holding the consulship an “npresicented five consecutive times. During his aaministraton, Marius produced & major reform in the smy. His fist wae tactical, Promoted by the probloms met fight ing the Jugurthine Wars’ end te Germans, Marius reorganized the basic combat Tome: tions aes forth in Figare ‘The second major reform of Marius was the abolition of al property. requirements for service. This was a dual chang. It poned the Fanks to the poor whieh, in turn lessened the food for the rich to serv, Ths teh, having their ovm business ot home, were the true ctizon soldiers in that they were glad to be out fs soon as possible, For the poor, it wa a Possible profession and, in effec. the Marion Tetorms allowed the creation of the profes sional standing army. In turn, the loyalty of tho mon could bo captured by’ tho leader who fengured 3 healthy distribution of booty, there bby making them more loyal to thal com anders than to the government. Less than a Deneration foter, the Impact of thischange was brought home when L. Comalius Sulla was ble to: march on Rome with his legions and size power. In effect, the Marian reforms, “whlen helped make a strong army. also proved the uneoing of the Republic for It gave those Inaividuals who opposed the government the ‘hance to do something about it outaide of the normal political chants, Sulla did it; Marius {eid to do it to Sulla, Crus cid it: Pompey ‘ven roses his own private ary Caesar did. “The Pistory of the Fist Century BC is fied with indivduale who were able to use theie Tegions 0. make themealves polities powers Both tha First and Second Trhamwirates (the second being calle, ironically, "Triumvirate to Restore the Republic") wore coalitions of rrlitary men wo, ia turn, had 2 felling out find nother chil "war. Inthe end, Caesor's fhephow and adopted son, Octavius, whom tsveryone considertd too sickly to be a treat, triumphed and set about creating & new onder ‘The arrangement Octave usad 10 sot up hie regime (BC 30-14 AD] soften overlooked. He id not simply declare himselt_a monarch ‘Cavsar fot hie life because somebody dough that was what he wanted, Actually, Octavius, for Augustus as her is batter know, made @ formal gesture of turning back power to the Senate [though he Kept some for himself). The final arrangement was a5 ingenious a it was (Continved on 8.)