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‫‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺓ‪ ‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺃﺷﺮﻑ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻮﻗﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ‬ﺳﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﻴﻦ‪ ‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‪ ‬ﺁﻟﻪ‪ ‬ﻭﺻﺤﺒﻪ‪ ‬ﺃﺟﻤﻌﻴﻦ‬
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‫‪ ‬ﻭﻫﻲ‪ ‬ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ‪ ‬ﺣﻤﻴﺪ‪ ‬ﺑﻮﻋﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪sefroumaths.site.voila.fr ‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫‪ALMOHANNAD‬‬
‫ــــ دئ
اــــ ﺏـــــــــ ت‬
(2

(I
. 0 ". 6
-! !3! (* IN = {0,1, 2,3, 4,5.......}
. 0 , ! ". 0 (*
IN * = {1, 2,3, 4,5.......}
. a ". c $) b ". c a ". b $ !%& (*
. 6
-! !3! 8 ". 1
-! (*
. 9 ". (* –
(II
. 1 , ! "# 1
- (* a
(1
. k ∈ IN a = 2 k
25,11,9,5,4,3,2 () &* + (3 a
(2
" (a . k ∈ IN a = 2 k − 1 a = 2 k + 1
$ # α r 7..... 7 α 3 7 α 2 7 α1 7 α 0 $- (3
{0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9} . ! "# $ !%& $ (a
. ! "# $ !%& $ (b
%-!
-! -& α r α r −1 ...α 0 6-
. a + b $) $ b a $ !%& (* (c
............ 7 α1 ! "# 7 α 0 ! "#
. a + b $) $ b a $ !%& (*
- (b . a + b $) b $ a $ !%& (*
:- a = α r α r −1 ...α 0
-!
. ab $) $ b a $ !%& (* (d
α 0 ∈ {0, 2, 4, 6,8} $ !%& 2 6.-! . a (* . ab $) $ b a $ !%& (*
. ab $) b $ a $ !%& (*
3 / α 0 + α1 + α 2 + + α r $ !%& 3 6.-! . a (*
*+! , $) $
$ b a $ !%& (e
4 / α 0α1 $ !%& 4 6.-! . a (* .
α 0 ∈ {0,5} $ !%& 5 6.-! . a (*
9 / α 0 + α1 + α 2 + + α r $ !%& 9 6.-! . a (* (III
$ !%& 3 6.-! . a (* . $
$ b a $- !" (1
11 / (α 0 + α 2 + α 4 + ......) − (α1 + α 3 + α 5 + .....) a $ !%& b
- /0 a
-! $& .
. k ∈ IN a = b k
{ }
α1α 0 ∈ 00, 25,50, 75 $ !%& 25 6.-! . a (*
(2
.
/0 0 (*
. $"% &* (4
. 0 , ! /0 - 0 (*
. $
1 $
$ b a $- !"
$) c /0 b b /0 a $ !%& (*
"
1 "# , b a $
- 3! 4-! ".-!
. b
- /0 a
. a ∧ b PGCD (a , b ) - . 5 4
# $"% ! (3
. $
1 $
$ b a $- !"
. /)'
0
- (5
/0 2 , b a $
- 23! 4-! /0-!
. a ≥ b IN * $ b a $- PPCM (a, b ) - . 5 4 "
1
: 6- 6# ;# PGCD (a, b ) $
. a ∨b
".-! < ". "= b a 6.
$ "
# !%, #-!
(4
. "
1 # *> , PGCD (a, b ) PPCM (a, b ) = a $) b
- /0 a
-! $ !%& (*
: ?-! @%, A* $ PPCM (a, a ) = a (*
a b r1 r2 ... ... ... &

' (IV
q1 q2 q3 . $
$ b a $- !" (1
r1 r1 r2 ... ... rn 0 ". b
-! $& 7 b 6.- # a
-! $& .
a
b /0 a $ !%& a
. b / a . k ∈ IN a = b k

(V
-
a - ! !" (1
. a 1 . $#
(2
. 8 - a
-! , B. - (a
p ≤ a B. -! p 6-3! !3! 8
2
. - 1 a $) a ". !3! @%, $ !%&

. - a $) a ". C !3! @%, 8 ; !%&
, 100 $ 23! 6-3! !3! (b
47 ,43 ,41 ,37 ,31 ,29 ,23 ,19 ,17 ,13 ,11 ,7 ,5 ,3 ,2
.97 ,89 ,83 ,79 ,73 ,71 ,67 ,61 ,59 ,53 7
, p ≠ 2 - (c
. - E- 1
-! (d

0 2
3 (4 $." (3
< 6. a ≥ 2
: -
a = p1α1 . p 2α 2 . p 3α3 ...... p rα r
. 6- ! p r 7..... 7 p 3 7 p 2 7 p1
. 6
1 6
! α r 7..... 7 α 3 7 α 2 7 α1
. 6- ! F! -& a
-! 49 6-! @%,
25
54 2
54 = 2 × 33
$%& $%& - :54
-! 49-
27 3
9 3
3 3
1
. +" (4
F! , b a $
- 23! 4-! /0-! (a
b a 9 $ 6-! 1 6-! 6-3! !
-!
. E -& 6
!
-! F! , b a $
- 3! 4-! ".-! (b
. E 2 -& 6 b a 9 $ 6-! 6-3!
76 ∨ 632 ‫ و‬76 ∧ 632 :- 25
76 2 632 2 $-
38 2 316 2
19 19 158 2
1 79 79
1
76 = 22.19 632 = 23.79 $%&

76 ∨ 632 = 23.19.79 = 12008 76 ∧ 632 = 22 = 4
a ≥ 2 $- (c
! F! -& a
-! 49 a = p1 . p 2 . p 3α3 ...... p rα r
α1 α2
. 6-
(1 + α1 )(1 + α 2 ) (1 + α r ) , a
-! "!#

‫ا
ب ا‬
:
(A

&'( IK ‫و‬IJ + 2 (a

v ‫و‬u 1
.(... + α IJ + β IK = 0 + IJ = α IK 9)

3; &*2 IK ‫و‬IJ :2 ! ( )

u .!"
.9 AC ‫و‬AB &8-.

v AB = − BA 2

< = IK = 6AB − 3AC IJ = 2AB − AC 9 * (.$% &'() AB + BC = AC 3

. IK = 3IJ 3IJ = 6 AB − 3DC = IK + . A = B ) AB = 0 4
v v u +v

MA = 3MB >2 &
M 989 ( ABC ) (b u + v ** $+ 5

:8 @* & 8 M
73 3? u $-. v u ,
MA = 3 ( MA + AB ) MA = 3MB
./0+ 1
MA − 3MA = 3 AB
u /0+ 1 ( ABCD ) (23 6
3
. AM = AB 2 AM = 3 AB −2MA = 3 AB D C 5* 4

2
I :&
3%

AB = DC (a
A B
AD = BC (b

AC = AB + AD (c
.7- [ BD] [ AC ] 3
(d
A I B [ AB ] &
7- I 7
1
AI = AB (* IA = − IB (* AI = IB (*
2
1
IA + IB = 0 (* BI = BA (*
2
:
1
AI = AB $ [ AB ] 7- I (a
2
+ 2 + [ AB ] 7- I + 2 (b

A IA + IB = 0
[ ] 7- I 989 ( ABC )
BC 8
( )
1
I . AI = AB + AC *
B C 2
.989 ( ABC ) 9
A [ AC ] 7- J [ AB ] 7- I
1
I J IJ = BC *
2
B C

v ‫و‬u (a 10
.

v ‫و‬u (b

. u = α v + v = α u

AC ‫و‬AB 4
& C ‫و‬B‫و‬A
(c

AC = α AB + AB = α AC

CD‫و‬AB 4
( CD ) ( AB ) (d
.

( BC ) ( D) . 77 ( ABC ) (3 . (I

N ( AC ) M ( AB) O
( L) ( D)
A AM AN MN
= = :
! ( P)
M
AB AC BC (D ) M ( L)
M '
M N AB AC BC . ( D) M
= =
AM AN MN M ' (L ) M
M '

B C . ( D) ( L)
MA NA MN
= ≠ "
MB NC BC
. 86 I 3*
89 ( ABCD) (4 . !" #
$
% #&
' ( L) M
(a
IA IB AB . O
' ( D) M
(b
A B = = :
! ) ' ( D) ( L) ( (c
IC ID CD
IC ID AB . ( P) *
( P) p
I = = . p( M ) = M ' -
M ' M ' +
,$
IA IB CD
! ( p . ( D) ⊥ ( L) ,$ (d
D C BI AI AB
= ≠ " . ( L)
BD AC CD
: "
# "! (5 . ! (II
+ 3 ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (a :
/0 1* ( (1
A A '
# 6 ( D ') ( D) {( A,α ), ( B, β )} /0 G ,$
(L1 ) C B A

B B ' p(G ) = G ' p( B) = B ' p( A) = A '
(L 2 ) . C' B' A'
(L 3 ) C C ' {( A ',α ), ( B ', β )} /0 G' .
 ( L1 ) //( L2 ) :
3"
1* ( (2

( L1 ) //( L2 ) //( L3 ) .  AB A ' B ' ,$ [ A ' B '] /0 I' . [ AB ] 3"
I ,$
 = p( B) = B ' p( A) = A ' 4*
 AC A ' C '
( AC ) N ( AB ) M . 77 ( ABC ) (b :
#0 1* ( (3
A ' B ' = kC ' D ' . AB = kCD ,$

AM AN
( MN ) //( BC ) . = ,$
AB AC D C B A " ' D ' C' B' A'

: " .
< +": 4;3;2;1 +": (1 (III
. 0 < = 9
. > !# (5) ": + 5 ( L4 ) ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (1
. D C B A
+
,$ (2 C B A
# 6 ( D ') ( D)
AB = kCD ? AB = kCD :
! . D ' C' B' A' D

A A ' CA C ' A ' AB A ' B '
B B ' ...... BD = B ' D ' CD = C ' D '
C C '
D D ' ( L3 ) ( L2 ) ( L1 ) (2
( D ') ( D) + 3
A A ' C B A
# 6
(L1 )
(L 2 ) B B ' . C' B' A'
(L 3 ) C C ' :
!
CB C ' B ' AB A ' B '
...... = =
AB A ' B ' AC A ' C '
IR ‫ا‬- ‫ا
ب‬
. '",.‫ور ا‬01‫( ا‬4 . IR ‫ا

ب‬
+
‫ ا*ي‬b ,‫ﺝ‬.‫د ا‬$%‫ ا‬.‫ ه‬a ‫د‬$%& '‫*ر ا)ﺏ‬+‫ ا‬. a ∈ IR ‫"ی‬ . IR ‫( ا ا
ب‬1
. a = b ,4‫ و‬. b 2 = a : 123‫ی‬ . IR d ‫ و‬c ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a
. ‫ــــــت‬%‫ﺥ‬ a + c = b + c
‫ یـــــــ‬a = b (a
+
. IR b ‫ و‬a (a (c ≠ 0) a.c = b .c
‫ یـــــــ‬a = b (b
a 2 = ( a ) 2 = a (∗ a ≥ 0 (∗ a + c = b + d a = b
 ‫
ـــــن و‬ ‫( إذا آن و‬c
( a )n = a n (∗ ab = a b (∗  a.c = b .d c = d
. b = 0 ‫ أو‬a = 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a.b = 0 (d
a a
= (∗ . b ≠ 0 ‫ و‬a ≠ 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a.b ≠ 0 (e
b b a c
(a ≠ 0 ‫و‬b ≠ 0) a.d = b .c
‫= یـــــــ‬ (g
. x2 = x . x ∈ IR (b b d
a c ac a c ad + bc
a a . = ‫و‬ + = (h
= ‫و‬ ab = a b : ‫
ن‬ab > 0 ‫( إذا آن‬c b d bd b d bd
b b a a
. x = − a ‫ أو‬x = a
‫ یـــــــ‬x 2 = a a ∈ IR + (d 1 b a b = a ⋅ d (i
= ‫ و‬b = ‫و‬
a a c bc c b c
. '2‫ـــــــــﺱ‬4‫( ا‬5 b d
: ‫ إذا آن‬82
‫ إذا و‬d ‫ و‬c ' ' ‫ن‬674 b ‫ و‬a ‫دی‬$%‫ل إن ا‬.2 (a IR ‫( اى‬2
a b a = 1 (∗
1
(a ≠ 0) a = 1 (∗ 0
‫( "ی‬a
=
c d (n ∈ IN − {1} )
*
a n = aa.
. a (∗
a.....
a a a
: ‫
ن‬1 = 2 = = n : ‫( إذا آن‬b
n fois
b1 b 2 bn 1
a −n = (∗
a1 a2 a k a + k 2a2 + + k n an an
= = = n = 1 1 ‫ـــــــت‬%‫( ﺥ‬b
b1 b 2 b n k 1b1 + k 2b 2 + + k n b n
*
. Z n ‫ و‬m ‫ و‬IR b ‫ و‬a (a
. 5
6‫ئ ا‬81‫( ا‬6
1
x 22‫د ﺡ‬$: ;‫ آ‬: ‫( "ی‬a
‫ و‬k %‫ﺏ‬44 < ‫دی‬$: ‫ر ﺏ‬.=3 a − n = n (∗ a m . a n = a m + n (∗
k ≤ x < k + 1 : 7%‫ ی‬k + 1 a
‫ أو‬E (x ) = k ,4‫ و‬x ‫د‬$%& >3=‫@ئ ا‬+‫ ا‬A<‫ ی‬k <7‫د ا‬$%‫ا‬ (ab ) = a .b n (∗
n n
(a m ) n = a mn (∗
[x ] = k a an
( ) n = n (∗
a
n
= a n − m (∗
m
: '(‫*ﺡ‬ b b a
. x ;B ‫ )ة‬$‫ﺝ‬.‫< ا*ي ی‬7‫د ا‬$%‫ ا‬.‫ ه‬x ‫د‬$%& >3=‫@ئ ا‬+‫∗( ا‬ a = b ‫
ن‬a = b ‫( إذا آن‬b
2 2
. IR x ; E ( x ) ≤ x < E ( x ) + 1 (∗ . a = b ‫ ارة

ن‬b ‫ و‬a ‫ و‬a = b ‫( إذا آن‬c
2 2
. IR ‫( اـــــــــــــــ‬II . a = −b ‫ أو‬a = b

‫ یـــــــ‬a = b
2 2
(d
‫ـــــــت‬%‫( ﺥ‬1 ‫ ی "! أن أن‬a = b : ‫ أن‬ '‫*ﺡ(ـــــ‬
a − b ≥ 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≥ b (∗ (a ‫ ارة‬b ‫ و‬a ‫ و‬a = b
2 2
a − b ≤ 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗ '‫ـــــت ه‬,- (3
a − b > 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a > b (∗ (b (a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 (a
a − b < 0
‫ یـــــــ‬a 3‫) ﺹ‬D %‫ وا‬a ≤ b ‫
ن‬a b + c
‫ یـــــــ‬a > b (∗ (a − b )3 = a 3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b 3 (e
a ≤ b a 3 − b 3 = (a − b )(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) (f
. a ≤ c ‫
ن‬ ‫( ∗( إذا آن و‬e
b ≤ c a 3 + b 3 = (a + b )(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) (g
‫ت‬9‫ــــــــ‬1.‫( ا‬3 a ≤ b
. a < c ‫
ن‬ ‫∗( إذا آن و‬
[a, b ] = {x ∈ IR / a ≤ x ≤ b } (a
b < c
[a, b [ = {x ∈ IR / a ≤ x 3‫) ﺹ‬D %‫ وا‬a + c ≤ b + d ‫
ن‬ ‫( ∗( إذا آن و‬f
]a, b ] = {x ∈ IR / a < x ≤ b } (a c ≤ d
]a, b [ = {x ∈ IR / a < x a} (a ac ≤ bc ‫
ن‬ ‫( ∗( إذا آن و‬g
c ≥ 0
]−∞, a ] = {x ∈ IR / x ≤ a} (a
]−∞, a[ = {x ∈ IR / x < a} (a a ≤ b
. ac ≥ bc ‫
‫ـــــــــــ‬:;‫( ا‬4 c ≤ 0
‫ و‬a ≤ x 3‫) ﺹ‬D %‫ وا‬ac ≤ bd ‫
ن‬ ‫( ∗( إذا آن و‬f
0 ≤ c ≤ d
. '‫ــــــــ‬,.‫' ا‬.‫( ا‬5
0 ≤ a ≤ b
‫م‬.2 ، r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& 8‫)ی‬4‫ ﺏ‬F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫( إذا أرد أن أن‬i (a ac < bd ‫
0 ≤ x − x 0 ≤ r $+76 ‫ و‬x − x 0 )PQ4‫ﺏ‬ 0 < c < d
1 1
‫م‬.2 ، r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& ‫ ﺏ
)اط‬F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫( إذا أرد أن أن‬ii ≥
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗ . b > 0 ‫ و‬a > 0 (i
a b
. − r ≤ x − x 0 ≤ 0 $+76 ‫ و‬x − x 0 )PQ4‫ﺏ‬ 1 1
‫م‬.2 ، r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫( إذا أرد أن أن‬iii
≥
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗ . b < 0 ‫ و‬a < 0 (j
a b
− r ≤ x − x 0 ≤ r $+76 ‫ و‬x − x 0 )PQ4‫ﺏ‬ a 2 ≤ b 2
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗ b ≥ 0 ‫ و‬a ≥ 0 (k
. x − x 0 ≤ r 7%‫ی‬ a≤ b
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗
$+76 ‫و‬ x ‫د‬$%‫) ا‬PQ4‫م ﺏ‬.2 x ‫د‬$%& F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB ‫د‬$3 ‫( إذا أرد أن‬b
: &‫ أن ی‬T474< 7‫ و ه‬: a ≤ x ≤ b a 2 ≥ b 2
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b (∗ b ≤ 0 ‫ و‬a ≤ 0 (l
r = b − a FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& 8‫)ی‬4‫ ﺏ‬F‫)ﺏ‬2‫ ا‬F2‫ ه ا‬a (i
a 2 ≤ b 2
‫ یـــــــ‬a ≤ b IR b ‫ و‬a (m
r = b − a FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& ‫ ﺏ
)اط‬F‫)ﺏ‬2‫ ا‬F2‫ ه ا‬b (ii
b −a a +b b = 0 ‫ و‬a = 0 ‫
ن‬a + b = 0 ‫ ارة و‬b ‫ و‬a ‫( إذا آن ـ‬n
r= FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& F‫)ﺏ‬2‫ ا‬F2‫ه ا‬ (iii '(‫*ﺡ‬
2 2
‫رن‬2 ، F%‫*ور ا)ﺏ‬+‫ ا‬A&: ‫ین‬.43‫ ی‬b ‫ و‬a ‫دی‬$%‫إذا آن ا‬
'‫( *ﺡ(ــــــ‬c 2 2
: F4‫)ات ا‬PQ4‫ى ا‬$‫ إﺡ‬7‫ی‬$ V‫ )ة إذا آ‬x ‫د‬$%& F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB $‫ی‬$3‫ی ﺕ‬ G‫ ﺙ‬b ‫ و‬a ‫ إرة‬1234‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a ‫رن‬2 ‫ ی "! أن‬b ‫ و‬a
. (l ‫( و‬k 4‫ﺹ‬I‫; ا‬%4<
r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& 8‫)ی‬4‫ ﺏ‬F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫ن‬.46‫ و‬0 ≤ x − x 0 ≤ r (i
r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& ‫ ﺏ
)اط‬F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫ن‬.46‫ و‬− r ≤ x − x 0 ≤ 0 (ii . '-.‫' ا‬.‫( اــــــــــ‬2
x − x 0 ≤ r ‫ أو‬− r ≤ x − x 0 ≤ r (iii K @) ‫د ا*ي‬$%‫ ه ا‬x ‫د‬$%& F2&J‫ ا‬F2‫ ا‬. IR x : ‫"ی‬
r FB$‫ ﺏ‬x ‫د‬$%& F‫)ﺏ‬2 FB x 0 ‫ن‬.46‫و‬  x ; x ≥0
x = : &‫)ف ﺏ ی‬%‫ وا‬x ‫ب‬
. ‫( ای ا"=ي‬d −x ; x ≤ 0
. IR x . K< ‫ ه‬x ‫د‬$%& F2&J‫ ا‬F2‫
ن ا‬x ≥ 0 ‫ ∗( إذا آن‬: 7%‫ی‬
n
E (10 x ) . K&‫ﺏ‬2 ‫ ه‬x ‫د‬$%& F2&J‫ ا‬F2‫
ن ا‬x ≤ 0 ‫∗( إذا آن‬
x ‫د‬$%& 8‫)ی‬4‫ ﺏ‬F‫)ﺏ‬2‫ ا‬F‫)ی‬W%‫ ا‬F2‫ ا‬A<‫ی‬ ‫)ي‬W%‫د ا‬$%‫( ا‬i
‫ـــــــــــت‬%‫ﺥ‬
10n
. 10
−n
FB$‫ﺏ‬ x ≥ 0 (∗ −x = x (∗ (a
n
E (10 x ) x x
+ 1 ‫)ي‬W%‫د ا‬$%‫( ا‬i = x n = x (∗ xy = x y (∗
n
‫د‬$%& ‫ ﺏ
)اط‬F‫)ﺏ‬2‫ ا‬F‫)ی‬W%‫ ا‬F2‫ ا‬A<‫ی‬ (∗
10n y y
−n
. 10 FB$‫ ﺏ‬x . x = −r ‫ أو‬x = r
‫ یـــــــ‬x = r (∗ (b
. x = − y ‫ أو‬x = y
‫ یـــــــ‬x = y (∗
− r ≤ x ≤ r
‫ یـــــــ‬x ≤ r (∗ (c
x ≤ − r ‫ أو‬x ≥ r
‫ یـــــــ‬x ≥ r (∗

III I
( i, j )

/ A :3/ 1u 1

u 1# A # )#

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u
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# M # " - u . B = ( i, j ) 2

i A . ( D ) D ( A, u ) 1 u

AM
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: !" . u  x  u ( x, y )

B &

u

/ M ∈ D ( A, u ) (a

. u AM
y 
.& u # '$#% #(% : !"

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.
% &' 2
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u − v ( x − x′, y − y′ )

u + v ( x + x′, y + y′ )
:($
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u ( a, b ) 1# A ( x , y ) # )# ( D )
0 0 /# . B & v u #
(*
 x = x0 + at :
! 3/# det ( u, v ) 1 2(#

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 y = y0 + bt
x x′
( )

det u , v = = xy′ − yx′
y y′
# # " - ( D )
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, #(% v u # (*
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det u , v ≠ 0
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/
: !"

. (D) . j i (1

α = β = 0 +, α i + β j = 0 #(% (*
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. β = β ′ α = α ′ +, α i + β j = α ′i + β ′ j #(% (*
.
)
$ 3 # +, 65$ C B A ' #(% (2
1# A ( x , y ) # )# ( D ) (a
0 0

.
! . AC AB

:
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det ( AM , u ) = 0

/ M ( x, y ) ∈ ( D )
$
II
6 ( o, i, j ) 6!$ !/
1

x − x0 a j i o
y − y0
=0
/
b .
b ( x − x0 ) − a ( y − y0 )

/ ( ) )!/# / 2

R = o, i, j
: Ax + By + C = 0 !" / !" 8 )
OM # 7# M
( D ) /
- ( A, B ) ≠ ( 0, 0 )
#
$#% ( x, y ) # OM = xi + y j !"
. ( D ) : Ax + By + C = 0  x
M  M ( x, y ) R )!/! M
( D ) : a x + b y + c = 0 "# / (b  y
( o, i, j ) )!/! '$#% #(% : !"

. u ( −b, a ) 1 ) ( D ) M
# ( D ) #(% (* (c

c (D ) OM = xi + y j #(% . j i * OM )

i (1, 0 ) # +, 8,;# . M ( x, y ) +,
j . y = c !" 1/ 1 . R = ( o, i, j ) )!/# / 3

O

i B ( x , y ) A ( x , y ) # /
B B A A
# ( D ) #(% (*
. AB ( x − x , y − y ) (*
(D ) B A B A
j ( 0,1) # +, #;#
j :
- I # '$#% +, [ AB ] 38 I #(% (*
. x = c !" 1/ 1 y A + yB x A + xB
O i c yI = , xI =
2 2
1# o ( 0, 0 ) # )# - 8,;# (* +, C B A # ' #(% : !"
.)!/ ( A, AB, AC ) 6!$#

. y = 0 1/ i (1, 0 )
# ( ∆′) ( ∆ ) #(% (c 1# o ( 0, 0 )
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( ∆′) v ( ∆ ) u <
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% &' *
+ )
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4

det u , v
( ) :' ,

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( )

. / ( ∆′) ( ∆ ) +, det u, v ≠ 0 #(% (ii
x = t y = t : ( ∆ ) < ( ∆ )
-; 2 +, ( ∆ ) // ( ∆′) #(% (d
.<=#
.<E
(% x = 1 − 2t
/ x + 2t − 1 = 0 (% y = t :9 :"'

/0

$
6
. ( ∆ )  x = 1 − 2t
1/ +, #=# 2# ( ∆ ) #(% (a  y =t
/# /# B(- y = mx + p !"  x = 1 + 2t (1)
/ !" 8! ( ∆ ) :  )# / (b
.8<#  y = 3 + t ( 2 )
. ( ∆ ) )# 1# /# /#
, t < ( ∆ )

/ ) a ≠ 0 : u ( a, b ) 1 ) ( ∆ ) (b .7<;#

, >/ ( 2 ) (1)
. m b - ( ∆ ) 1# /# ( ( ∆ ) // ( y′ο y ) (1)
, >/ t = − y − 3 ( 2 ) :5$
a . ( ∆ ) : x + 2 y + 5 = 0 (% x = 1 − 2 y − 6
( ∆′) : y = m′x + p′ ( ∆ ) : y = mx + p # / (c
:
-
. 5
( ∆ ) // ( ∆′ )
?# ( ∆′) ( ∆ ) # : # (a
m = m′ , #(%
:
!
 x = x1 + a′t ′
( ∆′ ) :  @ ( ∆ ) :  xy == xy
0 + at
#(% (i
 y = y1 + b′t ′  0 + bt
 x + at = x + a′t ′
(S ) 0 1
A# )
y
 0 + bt = y1 + b′t ′
( ∆′) ( ∆ ) +, t = . # 5 ( S ) #(% (*
t′ = .
$
, t >/ $#% !" 8
, /
. (∆)
. ( ∆ ) = ( ∆′) +, !# 1 * ( S ) A! #(% (*
 x = 1+ t
( ∆′ ) : 2 x − 3 y + 1 = 0 ( ∆ ) :  #(% (ii
 y = −1 + 2t
 x =1+ t (1)
( S )  y = −1 + 2t ( 2 ) A# )
 2 x − 3 y + 1 = 0 ( 3)

# / !" 8 ( 3)
, y x >/
.
, / ( ∆′) ( ∆ )
, /# B( #(% (*
.!" 8 ( 2 ) (1)
, t >/
./C ( ∆′) ( ∆ ) +, * /# ' #(% (*
+, !# 1 * /# ' #(% (*
. ( ∆ ) = ( ∆′ )
A# ) ( ∆′) : 2 x − y + 1 = 0 ( ∆ ) : x + 2 y − 1 = 0 #(% (iii
.(i '* D ( S ) 2 x − y + 1 = 0
x + 2 y −1 = 0 
 ( ∆ ) : ax + by + c = 0
 # / (b
( ∆′ ) : a′x + b′y + c′ = 0
a b
A# / ( ∆′) ( ∆ ) +, ≠0 #(% (i
a′ b′
.:# !" 8!
a b
( ∆′ ) // ( ∆ ) +, =0 #(% (ii
a′ b′
b c a c
./C ( ∆ ) // ( ∆′) +, ≠0 ≠0 #(% (*
b′ c ′ a′ c′
b c a c
. ( ∆ ) = ( ∆′) +, =0 =0 #(% (*
b′ c ′ a′ c′
‫ا
ودت ‪ -‬ات‬
‫ادت واات ﻡ ا
ر اﻥ‬
‫ﻡ&ﺡ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (I‬ا
ودت‬
‫‪ (a‬ا‪%‬د ‪ ) ( E ) : ax 2 + 2b ′x + c = 0‬ی&‪( b = 2b′ G‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺕ‬
‫ ‪ 3‬ا‪ C‬ا‪0 ∆′ H D‬ض ا‪ . ∆ C‬وی&‪∆′ = b′2 − ac %‬‬ ‫ ‪ » x‬ا ‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆′ 〉 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ 29 D 9 3‬ه‪.%‬‬ ‫‪P ( x ) = an x n + an −1 x n −1 + .... + a1 x + a0‬‬
‫‪−b′ + ∆ ′‬‬ ‫‪−b′ − ∆ ′‬‬ ‫‪an ≠ 0‬‬ ‫ ‪ an ,...., a1 , a0‬أاد و‬
‫= ‪x2‬‬ ‫= ‪x1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫*( ) ‪ P ( x‬أو ‪ P‬ﺕ ودی ار ‪ n‬و ‪. deg P = n‬‬
‫‪−b′‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆′ = 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ $ 3‬وا‬ ‫*( ا!اد ‪ an ,...., a1 , a0‬ﺕ ‪$%‬ت ا"ودی ‪. P‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆′ 〈 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ B ( E‬ﺕ‪ 3‬أي ‪.3‬‬ ‫‪ (b‬ﺕ‪0‬ن ودی & إذا و‪ -.‬إذا آ‪$% ( )%‬ﺕ'‪.& %‬‬
‫‪ (c‬ا"ودی ا& ) '‪ %‬در‪.‬‬
‫‪ (b‬إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ = α 2‬ن ا‪%‬د ﺕ‪9 3‬‬ ‫‪ (d‬ﺕ‪0‬ن ودی ‪%‬ن ‪%‬وی ‪%‬ن إذا و‪ -.‬إذا آ‪$% )%‬ت ا"ود‬
‫‪−b + α‬‬ ‫‪−b − α‬‬ ‫ ‪ 12‬ار ‪%‬وی‪.‬‬
‫= ‪x2‬‬ ‫= ‪x1‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪ (e‬آ‪ 3‬ودی ار ‪ P ( x ) = ax + b :1‬ﺕ ا‪.‬‬
‫‪ (f‬آ‪ 3‬ودی ار ‪ P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c :2‬ﺕ ‪7$7‬‬
‫ﺕ* ﺙ&ﺙ ا
ود‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ ‪ 7$7‬ا"ود ‪a ≠ 0 ( P ( x ) = ax + bx + c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ا"ود‪.‬‬
‫‪deg ( P + Q ) ≤ sup(deg P , deg Q ) (a 2‬‬
‫ أ‪ 3‬ﺕ‪0 P ( x ) 3‬م ﺏ"‪ 3‬ا‪%‬د ‪( E ) ax + bx + c = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪deg ( P − Q ) ≤ sup(deg P , deg Q ) (b‬‬

‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〉 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ‪ E‬ﺕ‪ x1 9 3‬و ‪ x2‬وی‪0‬ن ﺕ‪3‬‬
‫‪deg ( P ⋅Q ) = deg P + deg Q‬‬ ‫‪(c‬‬
‫) ‪ P ( x‬ه‪P ( x ) = a ( x − x1 )( x − x2 ) 0‬‬
‫‪ 3‬ا‪x − α !" #$‬‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ = 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ $ 3‬وا ‪ x0‬وی‪0‬ن‬
‫‪ P ( x ) (a‬ودی‪0 .‬ل إن اد ‪: α‬ر ‪"9‬ودی ‪ P‬أو ;‪2‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ P ( x ) 3‬ه‪P ( x ) = a ( x − x0 ) 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪"9‬ودی ‪ P‬إذا و‪ -.‬إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪P (α ) = 0‬‬

‫وا"ودی ) ‪P ( x‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〈 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪3 %' 1 ( E‬‬
‫‪ P ( x ) (b‬ودی‪.‬‬
‫‪ %' 1‬ﺕ‪.3‬‬
‫) ‪ P ( x‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪ x − α 9‬إذا و‪ -.‬إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪. P (α ) = 0‬‬
‫ﻡ&ﺡ‪:‬‬
‫إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ = 0‬ن ا"ودی ) ‪% P ( x‬رة ‪%J‬ﺏ ه‪.%‬‬ ‫ﻡ&ﺡ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (a‬إذا أرد‪ %‬أن "= ه‪ P ( x ) 3‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪0 x − α 9‬م‬
‫‪ 3‬إ‪-‬رة ﺙ&ﺙ ا
ود‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ"‪%‬ب ) ‪. P (α‬‬
‫ ا"ودة ‪( a ≠ 0 ) P ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c‬‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. P (α ) = 0‬ن ) ‪ P ( x‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪. x − α 9‬‬
‫ﺏ"‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬م‬ ‫إ‪%L‬رة ) ‪P ( x‬‬ ‫دراﺱ‬ ‫أ‪3‬‬ ‫‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. P (α ) ≠ 0‬ن ) ‪ B P ( x‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪. x − α 9‬‬
‫ا‪%‬د ‪( E ) : ax + bx + c = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ (b‬إذا أرد‪ %‬أن "= ه‪ P ( x ) 3‬ﺕ‪ 3‬ا ‪0 x + α 9‬م‬

‫‪x2‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〉 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪x 1 29 D 9 3‬و‬
‫ﺏ"‪%‬ب ) ‪. P ( −α‬‬
‫وﺕ‪0‬ن إ‪%L‬رة ) ‪ P ( x‬ه‪G‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪ (II‬ادت واات ﻡ ا
ر ‪.II‬‬
‫‪x1‬‬ ‫‪x2‬‬
‫‪ax 2 + bx + c‬‬
‫‪x2‬‬
‫ ‪a a
a‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﺡ* اد ‪ax 2 + bx + c = 0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ ا‪%‬د ‪a ≠ 0 ( E ) : ax 2 + bx + c = 0‬‬
‫ أ‪ 3 3‬ا‪%‬د ) ‪0 ( E‬م ﺏ"‪%‬ب اد ‪∆ = b 2 − 4ac‬‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ = 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ $ 3‬وا ‪ x0‬وﺕ‪0‬ن‬ ‫*( اد ∆ ی ‪C‬ا ‪%‬د ) ‪. ( E‬‬
‫إ‪%L‬رة ) ‪ P ( x‬ه‪:G‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〉 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ 29 D 9 3‬ه‪.%‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫∆ ‪−b +‬‬ ‫∆ ‪−b −‬‬
‫‪ax + bx + c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ ‪a‬‬ ‫= ‪x2‬‬ ‫= ‪x1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬ ‫‪2a‬‬
‫‪−b‬‬
‫إ‪%L‬رة ) ‪P ( x‬‬
‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〈 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ 3 %' 1 ( E‬وﺕ‪0‬ن‬ ‫=‪x‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ = 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ ( E‬ﺕ‪ $ 3‬وا‬
‫‪2a‬‬
‫ه‪:G‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ‪%‬ن ‪A. ∆ 〈 0‬ن ا‪%‬د ) ‪ B ( E‬ﺕ‪ 3‬أي ‪.3‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪ax + bx + c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ ‪a‬‬
.1627 ‫و‬8‫ﻥ ﻡد ﻡ ا
ر ا‬ 2 .II ‫ع و
اء
ري ﻡد ﻡ ا
ر‬12‫ﻡ‬ 4
 ax + by = c
b′ ‫ و‬a ′ ‫ و‬b ‫ و‬a ‫ ( ا!اد‬S )  S&‫ ا‬
( E ) : ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ‫د‬%‫( ا‬a
a ′x + b′y = c′ ∆ ‫ب‬%"‫م ﺏ‬0 9 3‫ ( ﺕ‬E ) ‫د‬%‫ أن أن ا‬%‫*( إذا أرد‬
.& %'9‫) آ‬ . ∆ ≥ 0 N‫و‬
.% ‫ب ا"دات ا‬%"‫م ﺏ‬0 ( S ) S&‫ ا‬3 3‫ أ‬ ‫د‬%‫ ا‬3 ‫ ﺏون‬9"‫ذی ا‬%‫ع واء ه‬0N ‫ب‬% ‫*( ی‬
c b  −b
∆x =
c ′ b′
= cb′ − c′b  x1 + x2 = a
a b % ‫ ا‬QH‫ل ا‬% ‫ﺱ‬%‫ﺏ‬
∆= = ab′ − a ′b 
a c a ′ b′  x ⋅x = c
∆y = = ac′ − a ′c  1 2 a
a′ c′
.%' 9 β ‫ و‬α ‫ن‬0‫ ی‬II ‫د ار‬% ‫ ﺕ"ی‬%‫( إذا أرد‬b
.‫ وا‬$ 3‫ ﺕ‬S&‫ن ا‬A. : ∆ ≠ 0 ‫ن‬%‫( إذا آ‬a
∆y α ⋅ β = P ‫ و‬α + β = S N αβ ‫ و‬α + β ‫ب‬%"‫م ﺏ‬0
∆x
S = {( x, y )} y= x= x 2 − Sx + P = 0 G‫د ه‬%‫ ا‬R:‫ن ه‬0‫وﺕ‬
∆ ∆
: ∆ = 0 ‫ن‬%‫( إذا آ‬b x + y = S
3"‫ﺏ‬ ‫م‬0  S&‫ا‬ 3 %‫أرد‬ ‫إذا‬ (c
s = ∅ 3 %' 1 ( S ) S&‫ن ا‬A. y ∆ ≠ 0 ‫ ∆ أو‬x ≠ 0 ‫ن‬%‫*( إذا آ‬  x⋅ y = P
‫\ إى‬.%‫ ( ﺕ‬S ) S&‫ن ا‬A. ∆ y = 0 ‫ ∆ و‬x = 0 ‫ن‬%‫*( إذا آ‬ t 2 − St + P = 0 ‫د‬%‫ا‬
 x = x2  x ≡ x1
. ‫د‬%‫ا‬  ‫ أو‬ ‫ن‬A. 9"‫ ا‬%‫ ه‬x2 ‫ و‬x1 ‫ن‬%‫إذا آ‬
ax + by + c ‫ـــــــــرة‬-‫إ‬  y = x1  y = x2
3
S = {( x1 , x2 ) , ( x2 , x1 )}
‫ء‬%]A‫ﺏ‬ ‫م‬0 ax + by + c ‫رة‬%L‫إ‬ ‫دراﺱ‬ 3‫أ‬
( D ) : ax + by + c = 0 T ‫ا‬ :‫ﻡ&ﺡ‬
. ( P2 ) ‫و‬P ( 1 ) ‫ى‬0 G2H ‫ ( إ‬P ) ‫ى‬0 ‫ ا‬T‫ ( ی‬D ) T ‫ا‬ . ax + bx + c = 0 ‫د‬%‫ ا‬G9 β ‫ و‬α (1
2
 b
9 3H" %&A. ( P1 ) J ‫ت أي‬%7‫ا‬A‫ ﺏ‬y ‫و‬x %&^0 ‫إذا‬ α + β = − a
. ‫ﺏ‬%7 ‫رة‬%L‫إ‬  ‫ أن‬T9
αβ = c
9 3H" %&A. ( P2 ) J ‫ت أي‬%7‫ا‬A‫ ﺏ‬y ‫و‬x %&^0 ‫وإذا‬  a
y ‫و‬x ‫ض‬0 ‫رة‬%LY‫ ا‬R:‫ ه‬.‫ و‬.‫ﺏ‬%‫رة ا‬%LY‫ ا‬1 ‫رة‬%L‫إ‬ β ‫ و‬α 9 ‫ي‬0 "‫ب ی‬% %‫إذا أرد‬
θ ‫ت‬%7‫دة إا‬% :‫ ( _ﺥ‬P2 ) ‫ ( أو‬P1 ) J ‫ت‬%7‫ا‬A‫ﺏ‬ . αβ ‫ و‬α + β ‫ر‬%'U‫ول إ‬%"
. y = 0 ‫و‬x = 0 G‫ه‬ α + β 2 = (α + β ) − 2αβ (* :9V‫أ‬
2 2
α 3 + β 3 = (α + β ) (α 2 + β 2 + αβ )
= (α + β ) (α + β ) − 2αβ + αβ  (*
2
 
= (α + β ) (α + β ) − αβ 
2
 
α 2 + β 2 (α + β ) − 2αβ
2
1 1
. + = = (*
α2 β2 α 2β 2 (αβ )
2
‫ دراﺱ‬3‫ أ‬.%V‫د ار ا‬% G9 x2 ‫ و‬x1 (2

. x 1 ⋅ x 2 ‫ و‬x 1 + x 2 ‫ب‬%"‫م ﺏ‬0 x2 ‫ و‬x1 ‫رة‬%L‫إ‬
.%‫ﺥ ﺱ‬X‫ وا‬0 x2 ‫ و‬x1 ‫ن أ اد‬A. x1 x2 〈0 ‫ن‬%‫*( إذا آ‬
G‫رة وه‬%LY‫ ا‬12 %' x2 ‫ و‬x1 ‫ن‬A. x1 x2 〉 0 ‫ن‬%‫*( إذا آ‬
. x1 + x2 ‫رة‬%L‫إ‬
45‫( اــــت ا‬III
:1627 I ‫ادت ﻡ ا
ر‬ 1
Z b ‫ أو‬a ‫( أ ادی‬1) ax + by + c = 0 ‫د‬%‫ ا‬
‫ أو‬a ≠ 0 ‫ن‬%‫ إذا آ‬y B‫ ﺏ‬x " (1) ‫د‬%‫ ا‬3 3‫ أ‬.‫&م‬
a ≠ 0 ‫ن‬%‫ إذا آ‬$V . b ≠ 0 ‫ن‬%‫ إذا آ‬x B‫ﺏ‬ y "
 −by − c   −by − c
S =  , y  / y ∈ »  ‫ إذن‬x = N
 a   a
‫ا ب ا‬
l
B
.
(3
(I
α
A
o (C )
R
R 1
B
M (1
O . )* B, A

( o, i , j )
. % /8 9 6 :5 (*
 "% α (*
 AOB
C -1 1 A

U
 O
.1 o
, ; +8 S  AB  " ! l
 A (1, 0 ) , B ( 0,1) , C ( −1, 0 )
1
S = α R2 l =αR 

AM 

" ! α . U M (a
2
( α ) α rad  AOM
 "% $ ! (*

π 0 ! " #$$ % & ' ( II . )* + "% ,( "% α $ '( ! (*
π
:)% (1 : (b
2
1 M 1+ + x

AOC
"% +

AOB
b M 0 ≤ x ≤ π 2π R = 2π .1 = 2π + ( -
2π
π x
1+ U = π + *$
-1 1A 2
0 a x 
AM  " !
 π  AOC
 "% . π 
AC  " ! *$
   
. = xrad
AOM π
 AOC



"% *$ 
AB 
 
" !
.( b M !<( a 2
π
sin x  AOB



"% *$ 
AB 
 
" ! π rad
 π
x≠ 
tan x = sin x = b cos x = a 2
 2 cos x .π
2
:"* (2
(a
(c
:1+ S , R, Q, P, N , M u / 0(
cos x + sin x = 1 (*
2 2
= 2π
AOQ 3 =π
AOP 3 =π
AON 3 =π
AOM
π 1 3 3 4 6
x≠ ! 1 + tan 2 x = (* π π
2 cos 2 x π . =
AOS
5
3 =
AOR
3
2 6 4
π sin x 2π π
x≠ ! tan x = (* 3π 3 3 π
2 cos x 1
4 4 π
5π 2
0 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 −1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1 (b 6 6
0 ≤ x ≤ π ! sin x ≥ 0 (∗ (c π 0
1 1
−
π 2 2
cos x ≥ 0 =< 0≤ x≤ . (2
2 *$ (∗ %4 5 " 6( + 7
π
cos x ≥ 0 =< ≤ x ≤π *$ (∗ x
=
y
=
z
180 200 π :
2
cos x
tan x (∗
. 5 " x 1+
π (d . " y
x
0 2 π . " z
cosx + 0 − :
x ο
0 π π . 200 gra,180 , π rad 8 "%
x
sinx 0 + 0 0 2 π
+ tanx + −
+
π −x x %& & ' ( !
% (3
.& #/ Sinus
+ (b
π
A >> ( ABC )
2 cos (π − x ) = − cos x (a
. + ; R π −x
x sin (π − x ) = sin x (b
π
B C
AB AC BC
0
tan (π − x ) = − tan x (c
= = = 2R
SinC SinB Sin
A
π
−x x %& & ' ( !
% (4
2
π 
π cos  − x  = sin x (a
2 π
−x
2 
2
x π 
π sin  − x  = cos x (b
0
0 2 
π  1
tan  − x  = (c
2  tan x
+, ' ( (5
x
π π π π 2π 3π 5π
π
0
6 4 3 2 3 4 6
3 2 1 −1 − 2 − 3
cos x 1 0 −1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 3 2 1
sin x 0 1 0
×
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
tan x 0 1 3 − 3 −1 − 0
3 3
π
2
2π 1 3 π
3 3
3π 2 2
π
4 2 4
5π 1 π
6 2 6
2 2
π 2 2 0
-1 3 1 0 1 3 1
2 2 2 2
-
.& #/
% (6
B < -% >> ( ABC ) (a
C
AB
Cos
A=
BC AC
A Â Tan
A= BC
Sin
B
AB A=
AC
‫اوال اد‬
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0# U ‫( ا‬I
. I L.
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(1
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. I L. 3QP,
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f ( x) =
. I L. OP 3QP,
f A& T ( x, y ) < 0 @ "# (∗ Q( x) :
(2
. I L. 9I f A& T ( x, y ) = 0 @ "# (∗ ( )* +% . Q ( x) ≠ 0 ! "# $%& "# & f ( x)
. I L. 3QP,
:
W! "# I -V L. & f " #$% (3 D f = R − { ( -./ } , Q( x) = 0
'() f ( x ) = P ( x ) :
(3
< [89 , I Y ZQ

C f X I L.
f (a 0# 1 +% P ( x) ≥ 0 ! "# $%& "# & f ( x)
\ 3 ] >3 D f = P ( x) ≥ 0 ( 23& 456 7) , P( x)

[89 , I -V Y ^B,
C f X I L. 3QP,
f (b . ‫( دا زوﺝ دا د‬II
\ 3 ] >3 < ) : ;%89 D f 89 +% f (1
G ZB K3%9> < H C f X I L. 9I f (c . f (− x) =>* +% ? − x ∈ D f , D f < x
. I -V Y )3& . 3@B f A& f (− x) = f ( x) @ "# (∗
L. 3QP,
[ 5,9] [1,3] < )! L.
f , #!* . & f A& f (− x) = − f ( x) @ "# (∗
. 4RS9 -@ L > -@ Y _ `a. [ 3,5] . & 5 3@B 5
5 : < E (a C/D
 x n ‫زوﺝ‬n
−x = x (− x) =  n n
(b
− x ‫دي‬n
G H>, )I 9 C f F8,( ! "# $%& "# f (2
. J3

f ( x) = ax + b ! (4 ) H>, )I 9 C f F8,( ! "# $%& "#
f (3
R L.
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R L.
f A& a > 0 ! "# (b
R L. 9I f A& a = 0 ! "# (c
. 3%9> f F8, (d

! (5
. 3@B f < 9 (a
. ‫( ﺕ!ات دا أو رﺕ دا‬III
. –I L. 3QP,
f A& I L.
f W! "# (∗ N3* I < y x M9 I - L. f ! (1
. –I L.
f A& I L. 3QP,
f W! "# (∗ . f ( y ) f ( x) % x < y
. & f < 9 (b . I L.
f A& f ( x) ≤ f ( y ) @ "# (∗
. –I L.
f A& I L.
f W! "# (∗ . I L. OP
f A& f ( x) < f ( y ) @ "# (∗
. –I L. 3QP,
f A& I L. 3QP,
f W! "# (∗ . I L. 3QP,
f A& f ( x) ≥ f ( y ) @ "# (∗
. − I = [ −b, − a ] A& I = [ a, b ] ! "# (c . I L. OP 3QP,
f A& f ( x) > f ( y ) @ "# (∗
. I L. 9I f A& f ( x) = f ( y ) @ "# (∗
. ‫رف دا‬# (IV
I < y x M9 I - L. f ! (2
: \H b x0 Y QP 3P )H%
f : \H : : "# (1
f ( x) − f ( y )
Q% 3% d_
x0 L. Z9c I - Y f ( x) ≤ f ( x0 ) T ( x, y ) = RS9 - =>* +% x ≠ y N3*
x− y
. f ( x0 )
γ  X = x −α γ : \H b x0 Y 3P )H%
f : \H : : "# (2
Y= mHQ
( "#  kl ? y − β =
X Y = y − β x −α 3% d_
x0 L. Z9c I - Y f ( x) ≥ f ( x0 )
. Ω(α , β ) k (Ω, i , j ) K. Y

. f ( x0 )
. +,- . / 0 123 04!$ (5 Y f ( x) ≤ α : \H b f . QP 3P α : \H (a (3
. A(0, f (0)) O%, J3
e k C f kn%
(a . f ( x0 ) = α N3* I < x0 < N8H I -
( )* +% )3& e k C f F8,( kn%

] (∗ (b Y f ( x) ≥ α : \H b f . 3P α : \H (b
. f ( x0 ) = α N3* I < x0 < N8H I -
kn%9 $% A& … x2، x1 -.o d_ W! "# f ( x) = 0
. … B ( x2 , 0) b A( x1 , 0) ) 0 L. f 4RS
-@ ! "# (4
e k C f kn%
$% )3&: f ( x) = 0 ( -./ (∗ x0 Y f . QP 3P α A&
. x1 Y f . 3P β
. )3&
) 0 L. f F8, ! "# (5
. 5323 04!$ (6
x0 Y f . QP 3P α A&
( )* +% C g C f F8,( kn%
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kn%9 $% A& … x2، x1 -.o d_ W! "# f ( x) = g ( x)
. … B ( x2 , f ( x2 )) b A( x1 , f ( x1 )) . ‫( اوال اﺝ‬V
C g k C f kn%
$% )3&: f ( x) = g ( x) ( -./ (∗ x 0 (a ≠ 0) f ( x) = ax 2 (1
. 5323- 673 08 (7 f f 4RS
-@ A& a > 0 ! "# (a
0
0# 1 +% C g C f \3,8, . p>, kq U (a de K. ( ): T1: f.0 C f
. L. ] T@ d %
J3
e
f ( x) − g ( x)
. C g r& @ C f A& f ( x) − g ( x) ≥ 0 ! "# (∗ f 4RS
-@ A& a < 0 ! "# (b
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. )g1 ] T@ d %
J3
e
45V 7 f ( x) ≤ g ( x) 8@9( -./ (b
a
C g W7 C f 23& D f = R* (a ≠ 0) f ( x) = (2
x
( E ) : f ( x) = m !- ( (8 f 4RS
-@ A& a > 0 ! "# (a
(∆) : y = m K3%9>( C f kn%
$% )3&: ( E ) ( -./ K. ( ): d! 5_ C f
. C f !;)<% g ( x) = f ( x) 123 9!:%" (9 . K. ( Ze d%
g ( x) = f ( x) A& )3& e r& C f X f ( x) ≥ 0 ! "# f 4RS
-@ A& a < 0 ! "# (b
. C f k ;HO, C g "# K. ( ): d! 5_ C f
A& )3& e W7 C f X f ( x) ≤ 0 ! "# . K. ( Ze d%
.)3& G H> C f )Is C g "# g ( x) = − f ( x) (a ≠ 0) f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c (3
h@ )Is )3& e r& @( C f h@ < C g ^9 f ( x) J9 _. C f - Q9j ] C f hi# )@: <
. )3& G H>, )3& e W7 @( C f X y = f ( x) < %.O, ? f ( x) = a( x − α )2 + β ) 0L.
. C f !;)<% g ( x) = f ( x ) 123 9!:%" (10 X = x −α
 kl ? y − β = a( x − α )2 X y = a( x − α )2 + β
 Y = y − β
3@B g "# g (− x) = f ( − x ) = f ( x ) = g ( x) ,
Ω (α , β ) k (Ω, i , j ) K. Y Y = aX 2 mHQ
( "#

: x ∈ [ 0, +∞[ ) , . J3
G H>, )I 9 ,8, ^9
ax + b
x =x f ( x) = (4
cx + d
. C f k ;HO, C g T, g ( x) = f ( x) "# f ( x) J9 _. C f Q9j ] C f hi# )@: <
G H>, T.Is [ 0, +∞[ Y @( C f h@ < C g ^9 X y = f ( x) < ;.O, ? f ( x) = β +
γ
) 0 L.
x −α
. J3

‫اــت ا ــ
دـــــ‬
‫‪ E (a (10‬و ‪F‬‬

‫‪ O3‬ا?"‪$‬ى ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (I‬اـــــــــــــ
آــــــ‬
‫) ‪h (E ∩ F ) = h (E ) ∩ h (F‬‬ ‫‪ (A‬ﺕ‪!"#‬‬
‫‪ (b‬إذا آ
‪86 M ∈ E ∩ F H‬ن ) ‪h (M ) ∈ h (E ) ∩ h (F‬‬ ‫ ‪
Ω‬و ‪ k‬د م ‪M ' .‬‬
‫‪(11‬اآ ی‪ 12 A6‬ا وا‪$‬ازي ی ‪:‬‬ ‫اآ اي آ ‪ Ω‬و
"! ‪ k‬ه‪ $‬ا!‪#‬‬
‫‪$0‬رة " ? ی ه? " ?ن ان‬ ‫اي
ﺏـ ) ‪ h (Ω, k‬واي یﺏ(‬
‫و ‪$0‬رة " ? ‪$‬ازی ه? " ?ن ‪$‬ازین ‪.‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫آ*
‪ ( P ) M‬ﺏ ' ‪ M‬ﺏ‪+‬‬
‫‪ (12‬ا‪ *+‬ا
آ ‪.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫" ‪. ΩM ' = k ΩM‬‬
‫
‪N‬ض أن ا?"‪$‬ى "‪$‬ب إ‪. (O , i , j ) L2 1‬‬ ‫‪ (B‬ا
( ا''&ة‬
‫‪
- (a‬ل‪ h : 1‬ﺕآ آ )‪ Ω(1, 2‬و
"! ‪. k = 2‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪$‬ن ا ن ' ‪ M‬و ' ‪$0 N‬رﺕ ا ‪ M‬و ‪ 12 N‬ا‪$‬ا‬
‫ أ‪ *3‬ﺕی ا>‪ T‬ا‪ P!
h 2 22‬ی‪: 2‬‬ ‫ﺏآ ‪ h‬إذا و‪ ( 6‬إذا و‪ 3‬د ‪ k ≠ 1‬ﺏ‪+‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫ ) ‪ M ( x , y‬و )' ‪ M ( x ', y‬ﺏ‪ h ( M ) = M ' +‬و
‪$‬م‬ ‫‪. M ' N ' = k MN‬‬
‫ﺏ"ب ' ‪ x‬و ' ‪ y‬ﺏ‪ x I‬و ‪. y‬‬ ‫‪ (C‬ﺥ
(ــــ
ت‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫ی ' ‪ h (M ) = M‬ی ‪ΩM ' = 2ΩM‬‬ ‫ ‪ .‬‬‫ ‪ h‬ﺕآ آ ‪ Ω‬و
"! ‪k‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ h (M ) = M ' (1‬ﺕ‪ΩM ' = k ΩM 76‬‬
‫وی )‪ ΩM '(x '− 1, y '− 2‬و )‪2ΩM (2x − 2, 2 y − 4‬‬
‫‪ (2‬إذا آن ' ‪ h (M ) = M‬و ' ‪h (N ) = N‬‬
‫‪86‬ن‬
‫‪ x ' = 2x − 1‬‬ ‫‪ x '− 1 = 2x − 2‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ی ‬ ‫إذن‬ ‫‪M ' N ' = k MN‬‬
‫‪y ' = 2y − 2‬‬ ‫‪ y '− 2 = 2 y − 4‬‬
‫‪$
) h (Ω) = Ω‬ل إن ‪0 Ω‬ة ﺏآ ‪( h‬‬ ‫‪(a (3‬‬
‫‪ x ' = 2x − 1‬‬
‫‪h: ‬‬ ‫إذن ا>‪ T‬ا‪ 22‬ـ ‪ h‬ه ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ h (M ) = M‬ﺕ‪M = Ω 76‬‬ ‫‪(b‬‬
‫‪y ' = 2y − 2‬‬
‫) ها ی أن ‪ Ω‬ه ا ا‪$‬ة ا>ة ﺏآ ‪( h‬‬
‫ﺡ‪ : /‬إذا أرد
ﺕی ‪$0‬رة
‪ A‬ﺏـ ‪$
h‬ض ‪ x‬و ‪ y‬ﺏ‪8‬ا‪V‬ت‬
‫‪ (4‬إذا آن ' ‪86 h ( M ) = M‬ن ‪ Ω‬و ‪ M‬و ' ‪. ? " M‬‬
‫‪ A‬و
>* ‪ 12‬إا‪V‬ت ) ‪. h ( A‬‬
‫‪
- (b‬ل ‪. 2‬‬
‫اآ ی‪ 12 A6‬ا?‪ @3‬ی ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(a (5‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫'‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪86‬ن '‪@3 G‬‬ ‫}) ‪{( A,α ), ( B, β‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪@3 G‬‬
‫‪f : ‬‬ ‫
! ا!‪ f #‬اي ‪ T0‬ا‪ 22‬ه ‪:‬‬
‫‪ y ' = 3y − 4‬‬ ‫}) ‪{( A ',α ), ( B ', β‬‬
‫‪x ' = x‬‬ ‫‪(b‬اآ ی‪ 12 A6‬ا?>‪ C‬ی ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ أ‪ *3‬ﺕی ‪ +!
f !W‬ا ( ا>ة ﺏ* ا‪?X‬‬
‫‪y ' = y‬‬ ‫]' ‪[ A ' B‬‬ ‫‪86‬ن '‪@3 I‬‬ ‫] ‪[ AB‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪C> I‬‬
‫‪x = −1‬‬ ‫‪ 3x + 2 = x‬‬ ‫‪(c‬اآ ی‪ * 12 A6‬اﺱ ‪ DE‬ی ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬إذن ‪ f‬ﺕ !*
‪0‬ة وة‬ ‫‪ ‬ی ‬ ‫ی ‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪y =2‬‬ ‫‪3 y − 4 = y‬‬ ‫إذا آن ‪86 AB = αCD‬ن ' ‪A ' B ' = αC ' D‬‬
‫ه )‪. Ω( −1, 2‬‬ ‫‪(d‬اآ ی‪ 12 A6‬اﺱ ‪ (
3‬ی ‪:‬‬
‫‪ M (x , y ) YZ
LV‬و )' ‪ M (x ', y‬ﺏ‪h (M ) = M ' +‬‬ ‫إذا آ
‪ H‬ا ( ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬و ‪86 ? " C‬ن ‪$0‬ره '‪ A‬و '‪ B‬و '‪. ? " C‬‬
‫‬ ‫‪ x ' = 3x + 2‬‬
‫اآ ‪ I‬ی‪ 12 A6‬ا?"‪ 6‬ی ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(6‬‬
‫‪ . ‬وی )‪ ΩM '( x + 1, y '− 2‬ی ‬ ‫ی إذن‬ ‫إذا آن ' ‪ h (A ) = A‬و ' ‪86 h (B ) = B‬ن ‪A ' B ' = k AB‬‬
‫‪ y ' = 3y − 4‬‬ ‫∧‬ ‫∧‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫)‪ ΩM '(3x + 2 + 1,3 y − 4 − 2‬ی )‪ΩM '(3x + 3,3 y − 6‬‬ ‫‪ (7‬اآ ی‪K * A6‬س اوای ا‪D‬ﺱ ی ' ‪BAC = B ' A 'C‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫وی )‪ 3ΩM (3x + 3,3 y − 6‬إذن ‪ΩM ' = 3ΩM‬‬ ‫‪$0(a (8‬رة ا ] ‪ [ AB‬ﺏآ ‪ h‬ه ا ]' ‪[ A ' B‬‬
‫وﺏ ‪ f‬ﺕآ آ )‪ Ω( −1, 2‬و
"! ‪. k = 3‬‬ ‫‪$0(b‬رة ا?" ‪ ( AB) L‬ﺏآ ‪h‬‬
‫ه ا?" ‪. ( A ' B ') L‬‬
‫‪ 4# (13‬ا‪
23‬ت ‪.‬‬ ‫‪$0 (c‬رة " ‪ ( D ) L‬ه‪ ( D ') L " $‬ی‪$‬ازي ) ‪. ( D‬‬
‫‪
(a‬د آ ﺕآ ‪ A
+!
Ω ?"
. h‬و ‪B‬‬ ‫‪ (d‬أ‪ *3‬ﺕی ‪$0‬رة " ‪ ( D ) L‬ﺏـ ‪ h‬ی‪ N‬ﺕی ‪$0‬رة
‬
‫و‪$0‬رﺕه? '‪ A‬و '‪ . B‬ی ' ‪ h ( A ) = A‬إذن ‪ Ω‬و ‪ A‬و'‪? " A‬‬
‫‪ A‬و ‪ ( D ) B‬وﺱ‪$‬ن )' ‪ h ( D ) = ( A ' B‬أو ﺕی ‪$0‬رة
‬
‫و )' ‪ . Ω ∈ ( AA‬وی ' ‪ h ( B ) = B‬إذن ‪ Ω‬و ‪ B‬و '‪B‬‬
‫واة ‪ A‬وﺱ‪$‬ن ) ‪ h ( D‬ه‪ $‬ا?" ‪ L‬ا?ر ' ‪ A‬وا?‪$‬ازي ‪L "?2‬‬
‫" ? و
)' ‪ Ω ∈ ( BB‬وﺏ ‪ Ω‬ه
ﺕ ‪ ( AA ') PW‬و‬
‫) ‪( h (A ) = A ' ) . (D‬‬
‫)' ‪(BB‬‬
‫‪ (e‬إذا آن ) ‪ ? " ( D‬را ‪86 Ω‬ن ) ‪. h ( D ) = ( D‬‬
‫)
‪$‬ل إن ) ‪ 0 ( D‬إ‪. ( ?3‬‬
‫‪$0 (9‬رة اا‪O‬ة ) ‪ C (O , r‬ﺏآ ‪ h‬ه اا‪O‬ة ) ‪. C '(O ', k r‬‬
‫‪. O ' = h (O ) P‬‬
‫‪ (III‬ازاﺡــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫‪ (b‬أ‪ *3‬ﺕی
" ﺕآ ‪ k ?"
h‬و هك إ
ن ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (A‬ﺕ‪. !"#‬‬ ‫*(
!‪ +‬ا?آ ‪ Ω‬و
‪ A‬و‪$0‬رﺕ‪. A' D‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪u‬‬ ‫ ‪ . DE u‬ا‪f‬زا ا ‪ u DDE‬ه‬ ‫ی ' ‪ h ( A ) = A‬إذن ‪ ، ΩA ' = k ΩA‬و
‪$‬م ﺏ"ب ' ‪ ΩA‬ﺏ‪I‬‬
‫' ‪M‬‬ ‫ا!‪ #‬اي
ﺏـ ‪ t u‬واي یﺏ(‬ ‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪ ΩA ' = α ΩA ]^ E
ΩA‬و
"_ أن ‪ k = α‬أو
? إ‪ 1‬ا س‬
‫آ*
‪ (P ) M‬ﺏ ' ‪M‬‬ ‫' ‪ΩA‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫= ‪. k‬‬ ‫ا‪!E‬ي ‪ ΩA ' = k ΩM‬ی ‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪MM ' = u " +‬‬ ‫‪ΩM‬‬
‫‪ (B‬ا
( ا''&ة‬ ‫*(
!‪ A
+‬و ‪ B‬و‪$0‬رﺕه? '‪ A‬و '‪. B‬ی‬
‫ﺕ‪$‬ن ا ن ' ‪ M‬و ' ‪$0 N‬رﺕ ا ‪ M‬و ‪ 12 N‬ا‪$‬ا‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪ A ' B ' = k AB‬و
!‪ `N
P‬ای ا"ﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪f‬زا ‪ t u‬إذا و‪ ( 6‬إذا آن ‪. M ' N ' = MN‬‬
‫‪ (c‬إذا أرد
أن
! أن ' ‪ I +!
[ A ' B '] C> I‬و ‪ A‬و ‪B‬‬
‫‪ (C‬ﺥ
(ــــ
ت‬
‫‪ P?3‬ا‪0a‬ت ا? ‪ 2‬ﺏآ ﺕ! ‪ 0 1‬ﺏ"! ‪g‬زا ‪ ،‬ا )‪(1‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ h ( A ) = A ' +‬و ' ‪ h ( B ) = B‬و ' ‪ h ( I ) = I‬و
" ?* ا‪0a‬‬
‫و )‪ (2‬و )‪ (3‬و)‪ (4‬و )‪ (6‬و )‪ (8cde‬و )‪ (9‬و )‪ (12‬و )‪ (13abd‬وی ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ . (5b‬ی ‪ [ AB ] C> I‬إذن ' ‪. [ A ' B '] C> I‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ا‪f‬زا ﺕ‪ 12 A6‬ا?"‪. 6‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫‪ !
(d‬أن ‪ Ω‬و ‪ I‬و ‪ ? " J‬ی‪ N‬أن
! أن‬
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‫) ‪. t u ( D ) = ( D‬‬
‫‪
(e‬د ‪$0‬رة
‪ M‬هك ة ‪W‬ق ﺏ‪: D‬‬
‫‪$0 (9‬رة اا‪O‬ة ) ‪ C (O , r‬ﺏ‪f‬زا ‪ t u‬ه اا‪O‬ة ) ‪. C '(O ', r‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫*(
" ?* ا ی‪ΩM ' = k ΩM C‬‬
‫‪. O ' = t u (O ) P‬‬
‫*( إذا آن ‪. (5b) *? "
[ AB ] K C> M‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫ﺡ‪/‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫*( إذا آ
‪. (5c) *? "
AM = α AB H‬‬
‫‪ t u ( M ) = M ' (a‬ﺕ‪. MM ' = u 76‬‬
‫*( إذا آ
‪ M H‬ﺕ ‪. (10) *? "
O3 PW‬‬
‫‪ (b‬إذا آن ' ‪ t u ( M ) = M‬و ' ‪86 t u ( N ) = N‬ن‬
‫‬ ‫‬ ‫) ی ‪ M ∈ E ∩ F‬إذن ) ‪( h ( M ) ∈ h ( E ) ∩ h ( F‬‬
‫‪. M ' N ' = MN‬‬ ‫*( إذا آ
‪ H‬ی ا>‪ T‬ا‪. D2? "
22‬‬
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ﺙ‪ 6‬ا'ـــــري‬
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ﺙ‪ 6‬ا'"آـــ&ي‬
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‫ ‪
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‫ه‪ $‬ا!‪ #‬اي
ﺏـ ) ∆ ( ‪ S‬واي یﺏ(‬ ‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫ه‪ $‬ا!‪ #‬اي
ﺏـ ‪ S Ω‬واي یﺏ(‬
‫' ‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫آ*
‪ ( P ) M‬ﺏ ' ‪ M‬ﺏ‪+‬‬ ‫آ*
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‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)∆( واﺱ( ا ]' ‪[ MM‬‬ ‫ی‪$‬ن‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫" ‪ ΩM ' = −ΩM‬ی ‪. [ MM '] C> Ω‬‬
‫‪ (B‬ﺥ
(ــــ
ت‬ ‫‪ (B‬ا
( ا''&ة‬
‫‪ P?3‬ا‪0a‬ت ا? ‪ 2‬ﺏآ ﺕ! ‪ 0 1‬ﺏ"! ‪ *V?2‬ا?‪$‬ري ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪$‬ن ا ن ' ‪ M‬و ' ‪$0 N‬رﺕ ا ‪ M‬و ‪ 12 N‬ا‪$‬ا‬
‫ا )‪ (1‬و )‪ (2‬و )‪ (3‬و)‪ (4‬و ‪ (6) (5‬و )‪ (8e‬و )‪ (9‬و )‪ (13abd‬وی ‪:‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‬
‫ﺏ?‪ *V‬آي ‪ S Ω‬إذا و‪ ( 6‬إذا آن ‪. M ' N ' = − MN‬‬
‫‪ (6‬ا?‪ *V‬ا?‪$‬ري ی‪ 12 A6‬ا?"‪. 6‬‬
‫*( إذا آن ) ∆ ( ⊥ ) ‪86 ( D‬ن ) ‪. t ( ∆ ) ( D ) = ( D‬‬ ‫‪(8e‬‬ ‫‪ (C‬ﺥ
(ــــ
ت‬
‫‪ P?3‬ا‪0a‬ت ا? ‪ 2‬ﺏآ ﺕ! ‪ 0 1‬ﺏ"! ‪ *V?2‬ا?آي ‪P‬‬
‫*( إذا آن ) ∆(‪86 ( D ) //‬ن ) ‪. t ( ∆ ) ( D ) //(D‬‬ ‫ﺕ ‪$‬ﺏ‪ k c‬ﺏـ ‪ ، -1‬ا )‪ (6‬و )‪ + (9‬ﺕ>!@ ‪.‬‬
‫‪$0 (9‬رة اا‪O‬ة ) ‪ C (O , r‬ﺏ?‪ *V‬ا?‪$‬ري ) ∆ ( ‪ S‬ه اا‪O‬ة‬ ‫‪ (6‬ا?‪ *V‬ا?آي ی‪ 12 A6‬ا?"‪ 6‬ی ‪.‬‬
‫إذا آن ' ‪ h (A ) = A‬و ' ‪86 h (B ) = B‬ن ‪A ' B ' = AB‬‬
‫‪. O ' = S ( ∆ ) (O ) P‬‬ ‫) ‪. C '(O ', r‬‬
‫‪$0‬رة اا‪O‬ة ) ‪ C (O , r‬ﺏ?‪ *V‬ا?آي ‪ S Ω‬ه اا‪O‬ة‬ ‫‪(9‬‬
‫ﺡ‪/‬‬
‫‪. O ' = S Ω (O ) P‬‬ ‫) ‪. C '(O ', r‬‬
‫‪ S ( ∆ ) ( M ) = M ' (a‬ﺕ‪ ( ∆) 76‬واﺱ( ا ]' ‪. [ MM‬‬
‫ﺡ‪/‬‬
‫‪ (b‬إذا آن ‪ S ( ∆ ) (M ) = M‬ﺕ‪M ∈ (∆) 76‬‬ ‫‪ S Ω (M ) = M ' (a‬ﺕ‪. [ MM '] C> Ω 76‬‬
‫ا?" ‪
0 ( ∆ ) L‬ﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫إذا آن ' ‪ S Ω (M ) = M‬و ' ‪86 S Ω ( N ) = N‬ن‬ ‫‪(b‬‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪. M ' N ' = − MN‬‬

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‫‪ ‬ﺑﺴﻢ‪ ‬ﺍﷲ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

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