जजजज : 15 May 1864 जजजज जजजजजजजज जज जजजजजजज जजज जजजजज जजजज

जजजजजजजजजजजज : जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजजज जज जजजजजजजजजज जजजजज जज

जजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजजजज (Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi) जज जजजज
जजज जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजजजज जज जज जजजजजजजजजज जजजजजज जजजज जज
जजजजजजज जजज जज जजजज जजजजजज जजजजजज जजजजजजजज जजजज जज जजजज जज जज जज
जजजजजजज, जजजजजज, जजजजज, जजजजजजजज जज जजजजज जजजज जज जजज जजजजजज ज
जजजजजज जज जजजजजजज जजजजज जज जजजजज जजजजज ' जजजजजजज ' जज जजजजजज
जजजजज जजजजज
जजजजजज जजजजजज
जजजजजजजजज: जजजजजजजजजजज, जजजजज जजजज, जजजज
जजजजजज: जज जज जज जजजज जजजजज जज जजजजजजज जजज जजजज जजजज-जजजजजजजजज
जजज जजजजजजजज जजजज
जजजजजज: जजजजजजज जज जजजजजजजज जजजज जजजजजज जज जजजजजज जजजजज,
जजजजजजजजज, जजजज जजजजज, जजजजजज, जजजजज जजजजजजज, जजजजजजजजज जजजज
जजजजजज: जजजजजजजजजजज, जजजजजज जजजजजज, जजजजज-जजजज, जजजजजजजजजजज,
जजजजजजज जज जजजजजजजजज, जजजजजजज जजजजजजज जजजज
जजजजजजज: जजजजजजज जजजजज जजजजजजजज
जजजज: 21 जजजजजजज, 1938

जजजजजज जजजजजजजजज जज जजजज 1603 जज जजजज जजजजजजजज जजज जजजज

जजजज जजजज जज जजज जजजजजजज जज ज जज जजजजज जजजज जजजज जज जजजजज
जजजज जजज
जजजजजज जज जजजज जजजजजज जजज जजज जजजज जज जजजजजजजजज जजजजजज
जजजजज जजज जजजजजज जजज जजजज जज जजजज जज जजजज जजजजजजजज ज
जजजजजजज जज जजजजज जजजजजज जजजजज जज:
जजज जजजजजजजज जजजजज जजज जजजजजजज जजजज
जजजजजज जज जजजज जजजजज जजज जजजजजजजज
जजज जजजज जज जज जजजजज-जजजज जजजजजज जजजज जजजजजज जजजज जजज
जजजज जज जजजजज जजज जजजज जजजज जजजज जज जज जज जजज जज जजजज जज
जजजज जजजजजज जज जज जजज-जजज जज जज जजज जजजजज जजजज जजजज जजज
जजजजजज जजज जजज जजजज जजजज जजजजजज जज, जजजजज जजजज जज जजज
जजजज जज जजजजज जजजज जजज ज जजज जजजजजज जज जज जजजजज जजजज जजज
जजजजज जजजजजजजज जजजजजजजजजज जजजज जजजज जजजजजज जजजज जज जजज
जजजजजजजज:
जजजज जजजज जजजज जजजज जजज, जजजज जजजजज जजज जजजज
जजज जजज जज जज जजजजजजजज, जजज जजज जजजजजज
जज जजजज जज जजजज जज जजजजज जजजज जजजजज जजजजज जज जजजज जज
जजजजज-जजज जज जजजजज जजजज जजजज जजजज जजज-जजज जजजजजजज जजजज
 जज जजजजजज जज जजजजज जजजजजज जज जजजज जजजजजजजज जजज जज
जजजजजजजज जजजजजज जज जज जज जजजज जजजज जज जजज जजज जज जजजजज
जजजज जज जज जजजजजजज जजजज जज जजज जजजजज जजजजजज जजजजज जजजज
जज जजजजज जजज जजजज जजजजज-जजजज जजजज जजज, जजजज जजजजजज
जजजजजजजज जज जज जज जजजजज 1664 जजज जजजज जजजज जजजज जजजजजज जज
जजज

The discovery of irrational numbers is usually attributed to Pythagoras, more

specifically to the Pythagorean Hippasus of Metapontum, who produced a (most
likely geometrical) proof of the irrationality of the square root of 2. The story goes
that Hippasus discovered irrational numbers when trying to represent the square
root of 2 as a fraction (proof below). However Pythagoras believed in the
absoluteness of numbers, and could not accept the existence of irrational numbers.
He could not disprove their existence through logic, but his beliefs would not accept
the existence of irrational numbers and so he sentenced Hippasus to death by
drowning.

number which cannot be written in the simple fraction is known as irrational number or the number which is not
rational is irrational number.

The ‘pi’ is the example of irrational number. ππ = 3.1415926535897……….. So, it cannot be expressed in the form of
a rational .

The number π is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its
diameter and is approximately equal to 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π"
since the mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi" (/paɪ/).

"π" redirects here. For the Greek letter, see Pi (letter). For other uses, see Pi (disambiguation).

The number π is a mathematical constant, the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter,
commonly approximated as 3.14159. It has been represented by the Greek letter "π" since the mid-
18th century, though it is also sometimes spelled out as "pi" (/paɪ/).

Being an irrational number, π cannot be expressed exactly as a fraction (equivalently, its decimal
representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern). Still, fractions such
as 22/7 and other rational numbers are commonly used toapproximate π. The digits appear to be
randomly distributed; however, to date, no proof of this has been discovered. Also, π is
atranscendental number – a number that is not the root of any non-
zero polynomial having rational coefficients. This transcendence ofπ implies that it is impossible to
solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge.

Ancient civilizations needed the value of π to be computed accurately for practical reasons. It was
calculated to seven digits, using geometrical techniques, in Chinese mathematics and to about five
in Indian mathematics in the 5th century CE. The historically first exact formula for π, based
on infinite series, was not available until a millennium later, when in the 14th century the Madhava–
Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics.[1][2] In the 20th and 21st centuries,
mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that, when combined with
increasing computational power, extended the decimal representation of π to, as of 2015, over 13.3
trillion (1013) digits.[3] Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits
of π[discuss], and many substantially fewer, so the primary motivation for these computations is the
human desire to break records.[4][5] However, the extensive calculations involved have been used to
test supercomputers and high-precision multiplication algorithms.
 Because its definition relates to the
circle, π is found in many formulae
in trigonometry and geometry,
especially those concerning circles,
ellipses or spheres. It is also found in
formulae used in other branches of

science such as cosmology, number
theory,statistics, fractals, thermodynami
 cs, mechanics and electromagnetism.
The ubiquity of π makes it one of the
most widely known mathematical
constants both inside and outside the
scientific community: Several books
devoted to it have been published, the

number is celebrated on Pi Day and
record-setting calculations of the digits
of π often result in news headlines.


Attempts to memorize the value
of π with increasing precision have led
to records of over 70,000 digits.

#1. Commutative properties

The commutative property of addition says that we can add numbers in any order. The
commutative property of multiplication is very similar. It says that we can multiply numbers
in any order we want without changing the result.

addition
5a + 4 = 4 + 5a

multiplication
3 x 8 x 5b = 5b x 3 x 8

#2. Associative properties

Both addition and multiplication can actually be done with two numbers at a time. So if
there are more numbers in the expression, how do we decide which two to "associate"
first? The associative property of addition tells us that we can group numbers in a sum in
any way we want and still get the same answer. The associative property of multiplication
tells us that we can group numbers in a product in any way we want and still get the same
answer.

addition
(4x + 2x) + 7x = 4x + (2x + 7x)
 multiplication
2x2(3y) = 3y(2x2)

#3. Distributive property

The distributive property comes into play when an expression involves both addition and
multiplication. A longer name for it is, "the distributive property of multiplication over
addition." It tells us that if a term is multiplied by terms in parenthesis, we need to
"distribute" the multiplication over all the terms inside.

2x(5 + y) = 10x + 2xy

Even though order of operations says that you must add the terms inside the parenthesis first, the distributive
property allows you to simplify the expression by multiplying every term inside the parenthesis by the multiplier.
This simplifies the expression.

#4. Density property

The density property tells us that we can always find another real number that lies between
any two real numbers. For example, between 5.61 and 5.62, there is 5.611, 5.612, 5.613
and so forth.

Between 5.612 and 5.613, there is 5.6121, 5.6122 ... and an endless list of other numbers!

#5. Identity property

The identity property for addition tells us that zero added to any number is the number
itself. Zero is called the "additive identity." The identity property for multiplication tells us
that the number 1 multiplied times any number gives the number itself. The number 1 is
called the "multiplicative identity."

Addition
5y + 0 = 5y

Multiplication
2c × 1 = 2c

In 1706 a little-known mathematics teacher named William Jones first used a symbol to
represent the platonic concept of pi, an ideal that in numerical terms can be
approached, but never reached.
 William Jones, mathematician from Wales, 1740

The history of the constant ratio of the circumference to the diameter of any circle is as
old as man's desire to measure; whereas the symbol for this ratio known today as π (pi)
dates from the early 18th century. Before this the ratio had been awkwardly referred to
in medieval Latin as: quantitas in quam cum multiflicetur diameter, proveniet
circumferencia (the quantity which, when the diameter is multiplied by it, yields the
circumference).

It is widely believed that the great Swiss-born mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-83)
introduced the symbol π into common use. In fact it was first used in print in its modern
sense in 1706 a year before Euler's birth by a self-taught mathematics teacher William
Jones (1675-1749) in his second book Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos, or A New
Introduction to the Mathematics based on his teaching notes.

Before the appearance of the symbol π, approximations such as 22/7 and 355/113 had
also been used to express the ratio, which may have given the impression that it was a
rational number. Though he did not prove it, Jones believed that π was an irrational
number: an infinite, non-repeating sequence of digits that could never totally be
expressed in numerical form. In Synopsis he wrote: '... the exact proportion between the
diameter and the circumference can never be expressed in numbers...'. Consequently,
a symbol was required to represent an ideal that can be approached but never reached.
For this Jones recognised that only a pure platonic symbol would suffice.

The symbol π had been used in the previous century in a significantly different way by
the rector and mathematician, William Oughtred (c. 1575-1 660), in his book Clavis
Mathematicae (first published in 1631). Oughtred used π to represent the circumference
of a given circle, so that his π varied according to the circle's diameter, rather than
representing the constant we know today. The circumference of a circle was known in
those days as the 'periphery', hence the Greek equivalent 'π' of our letter 'π'. Jones's
use of π was an important philosophical step which Oughtred had failed to make even
though he had introduced other mathematical symbols, such as :: for proportion and 'x'
as the symbol for multiplication.

On Oughtred's death in 1660 some books and papers from his fine mathematical library
were acquired by the mathematician John Collins (1625-83), from whom they would
eventually pass to Jones.

The irrationality of π was not proved until 1761 by Johann Lambert (172877), then in
1882 Ferdinand Lindemann (1852-1939) proved that π was a non-algebraic irrational
number, a transcendental number (one which is not a solution of an algebraic equation,
of any degree, with rational coefficients). The discovery that there are two types of
irrational numbers, however, does not detract from Jones's achievement in recognising
that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter could not be expressed as a rational
number.
- See more at: http://www.historytoday.com/patricia-rothman/william-jones-and-his-
circle-man-who-invented-pi#sthash.2j0gTXoS.dpuf

ocated at the banks of the Beas River,Kullu valley is home to the picturesque towns
of Kullu and Manali. Due to their close proximity, they are often considered as a single
destination. The valley is known for its amazing hills and the various temples and sight-
seeing locations attract a huge number of visitors each year. The Kullu valley is surrounded
by deodar and pine forests and is located between the lower and the greater Himalayan
ranges as well as the inner Himalayan ranges of the Pir Panjal. Kullu-manali is one of the
topmost tourist places in Himachal Pradesh and is frequented by huge crowds of tourists
and pilgrims. Here’s the list of the best places you must visit in Kullu-Manali.

1. Rohtang Pass

Image credit – Abdul Razzak, CC BY 2.0

The high mountain pass of Rohtang lies at an altitude of 3,978 meters above sea level and
located in the eastern hills of the Pir Panjal Range. The pass lies at a picturesque location
with the rivers Beas and Chenab that lies to the southern and northern side of Rohtang
Pass. Rohtang Pass is famous for its picturesque views of the valley and various hidden
waterfalls. Rohtang Pass is a must visit on your trip Kullu-Manali.

2. Hadimba Temple
Situated atop a hillock the Hidimba Devi Temple is surrounded by thick deodar forests
and was built in 1553. The temple is dedicated to the Rakshasa Hidimba who was also the
wife of the Pandava Bhima. The temple structure is built in a distinctive architectural style
that somewhat crosses Indian architecture with the one employed in the Buddhist
monasteries. The structure is made primarily of wood and 70 meters from the temple also
lays the temple dedicated to Ghatotkacha, the son of Bhima and Hidimba and a hero of the
Mahabharatha war.

3. Vashist Hot Water Springs

The place lies at a distance of 4-5 kilometers from Manali and is situated across the Beas
River. The village of Vashist is famous for its sulphurous Hot Water Springs and is a
popular attraction among tourist and pilgrims. The springs can also be enjoyed in privacy at
the Turkish-styles bath houses which are available here. The village is also famous for its
stone temples which are dedicated to a local saint Vashishta.

Sultanpur Palace
Sultanpur Palace was formerly called as the Rupi Palace and is newly built on the
remnants of the older which was damaged in an earthquake. The palace houses various wall
paintings and its marvelous blend of Pahari style architecture and colonial style. The palace
is the residence of the erstwhile
Beas River is often described as the Heart of Kullu valley and is known for its various
camping spots and water sports. The river also marks the eastern border of Alexander the
Great’s empire in 326 BC. The flow of the river is very fast and is not fit for swimming, but
is the perfect for Rafting. The shores of the Beas are famous picnic spots and the best place
to relax during the evenings.