



‫א‬
٢٠٨
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?   ?   ? ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬٥‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬(UPS)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
Power Point‫א‬ •
 
 K٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W١ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Power Diode‫א‬‫א‬ o
Thyristor‫ א‬o
BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
MOSFETE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
IGBT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 WPower Diodes‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J١F‫א‬KENF‫א‬‫א‬EPF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAnodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KECathodeF

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Si)‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K.(Breakdown voltage) VBR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬0.7V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.3V
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VBR‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(data sheet)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F
،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WThyristor‫ א‬٣ J١
semiconductors‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬General Electrics١٩٥٧
Silicon Controlled Rectifier ‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K(SCR)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KON state‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬
KGate (G)‫א‬‫א‬ Cathode (K)‫א‬‫א‬،Anode (A)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(SCR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬ J١

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
(GTO)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢

light activated SCR (LASER)‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(SCR)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١ J١ J٣ J١

KSilicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KON state‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Forward biased state‫א‬‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KReverse biased state‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J1‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
J2‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬
 ‫א‬J3
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Forward leakage current)‫א‬
 KEE٤ J١F‫א‬0A‫א‬F(Forward off state)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،J2‫א‬،VFB(Forward breakdown voltage)‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEE٤ J١F‫א‬ BC‫א‬F(On state)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،E٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬(on state)‫א‬(off state)
، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(Holding voltage) VH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K(Holding current)IH‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J3J1‫א‬‫א‬J2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J3J1
  ‫א‬‫א‬ (Reverse leakage current)‫א‬
‫א‬F
 KEE٤ J١F‫א‬0D
(Reverse VRB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬breakdown voltage)
 KEE٤ J١F‫א‬DE‫א‬F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F
 
 Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO) ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬GTO‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(UPS)‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K(SCR)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

(VAK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٥ J١F
(K) ‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F(G)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(VK)‫א‬(VA)
‫א‬‫א‬KKE‫א‬FIL‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
  EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬

 WTriac‫א‬٤ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬T2T1‫א‬T2‫א‬T1‫א‬ •
 KT1‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T1T2‫א‬T1‫א‬T2‫א‬ •
KT1‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 
‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
-١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J١F‫א‬
I
 
 
IG1>IG0
 
IG2>IG1 IG0=0
 
IH
-VB V  
O
VB
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬

 WMethods of triggering a thyristor‫א‬٥ J١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WThermal and light triggering‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K(LASCR)
 

 WHigh voltage triggering‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١


  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W dv triggering ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J١

dt
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ dv 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٢٠‫א‬
 

 WGate triggering‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J١

E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬
5010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

-١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 WThyristor protection‫א‬٦ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fast acting fuse‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
Snubber ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬circuit
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 Kheat sink‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 KBJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KMOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KIGBT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
EBipolar Junction Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE٩ J١F‫א‬p-n‫א‬
EBaseF‫א‬EEmitterF
E٩ J١F‫א‬pnpnpn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،ECollectorF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬pn‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBase-Emitter JunctionF‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬
EBase-Collector JunctionF‫א‬ J ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
KB ‫א‬،C،E‫א‬‫א‬،E٩ J١F
 npn  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F
 Kpnp‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬C (Collector) C
Metalized contacts ‫أ‬
 
‫א‬ J‫א‬
Oxide Base-Collector  
 ‫א‬ junction p
n 
Emitter ‫א‬
‫א‬Base B p B n 
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬Collector (Base)
n
 
p
‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ أﺳﺎس‬Substrate ‫א‬ J‫א‬
Base-Emitter  
junction
 
‫א‬E (Emitter)E
EF EF
K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩ J١F  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

C  
C
 
B B
 
pnp  
npn E E
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠ J١F  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KIB‫א‬VCB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬
E١١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE١١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ECutoff regionF
IC  
 
 
IB5
 
 
IB4
 
IB3  
IB2
IB1  
IB = 0.0  
0
VCE
 
(Cutoff region) ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧ J١
 Metal OxideSemiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
(MOSFET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬BJT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIGFET
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(1010Ω - 1015Ω)
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Substrate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ (n J ‫א‬Fp  J ‫א‬ (P J ‫א‬F n J‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Source)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(SiO2)‫א‬‫א‬(Drain)
.(Gate)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Gate) (Gate)  
G G
‫ א‬S D
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬S D
 ‫ א‬ 
(Source) (Drain)   (Source) (Drain)
 
(metal)
n+ n+ p+ p+  
 ‫א‬
 
 P J‫א‬‫א‬ (Silicon dioxide)  n J‫א‬‫א‬
 Ep-substrate) SiO2 En-substrate)  
 
EF E F
 
 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F
n J‫א‬ EF p J‫א‬ EF   
 
‫א‬‫א‬n J‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
n- channel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F

 
 MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬ •
Kn J‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F

 ‫א‬E١٤ J١FKVDSID‫א‬VGS
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ID‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
p J‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
ID, mA
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
ID, mA
(Ohmic region) (Saturation region)  
6.0
300 300
 
5.5  
250 250
200 200
5.0  
150 150 4.5  
4.0
100 100  
3.5
50 VT 50 30 VGS = 2 V
0
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 VGS, V 0 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 
VDS, V 
EF E F  
 n J‫א‬MOSFET‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Drain or Output characteristics) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬٣ J٧ J١
 (Insulated Gate Bipolarcharacteristic)
 (Transfer ‫א‬‫א‬EF
Transistor-IGBT)
 
‫א‬‫א‬ IGBTs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CM1000HA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1000A1400V
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K10V
-١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬G‫א‬‫א‬(E)‫א‬(C)
(E)‫א‬(C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(IC)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(VG)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬VCE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬VCE 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J١F‫א‬

-٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٨ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬ ١ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٧ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬ ٨ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٩ J١
‫؟‬‫ א‬١٠ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١١ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٢ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٣ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٤ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٥ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٦ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٧ J١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨ J١

 

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  

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬  •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
Power Point‫א‬ •
 
 K٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

  ١ J٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(R-L)(R)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KVm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 
  The Half-Wave Rectifier‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F
 K(load) ‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬ac voltage source)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(ideal diode)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢FKE٢ J٢F

- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 
 
Vi RL
 
 
 K‫א‬ J  
 
 
+
 
I Vo
+
Vi
RL 0
 
t0 t2
0 t1
t0 t1 t2  
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
+  
I=0A Vo
 
Vi
0 t0 t1 t2 RL 0 t0 t1  t2 t2
+
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Vo  
0 t0 t1 t2  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
K ‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٢)   

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(dc voltmeter)‫א‬
(peak value)‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J٢F،2π
‫א‬‫א‬(average value)‫א‬‫א‬Vm ‫א‬
 W‫א‬Vave
Vm
Vave = E١ J٢F
π
 
Vm
 
Vave
Area  
0
2π
 
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢ J٢F 
 
 W١ J٢
 KVm=50 V‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
Vm 50
Vave = = = 15.9V
π 3.14

 
 Full-Wave RectifiersE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 
0V Vin ‫ﻤﻭﺤﺩ‬ Vout 0V
 

K E٣ J٢F   

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Vave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

2Vm
Vave = E٢ J٢F
π
‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬D1 , D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬D1 ,D2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3
 KE٤ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬D2,D1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D3 ,D4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D4,D3‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
+
I D1 Vo  
V D3
0 0  
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +  
RL Vo
D4
-  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 

 

I D1  
V Vo
D3
0 0  
t0 t1 t2 t0 t1 t2
D2 +  
RL Vo
D4
-  
+
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤ J٢ F   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (D3,D4 D1,D2 )‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

Vo = V2 − 2VB E٣ J٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VB = 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VB = 0.7VW
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
  Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with a resistive load
.R‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٥ J٢F‫א‬EtoF‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬EVoF‫א‬EtoF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EωtZπF'R'‫א‬
'R'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬t = to+2π‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬'vT' ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'io'‫א‬'vo'E‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎧0 , 0 < t < t0
⎪
V0 = ⎨Vm sin ωt , t 0 < t < π / ω E٤ J٢F
⎪0 , π / w < t < 2π / ω
⎩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬to0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬α ‫א‬‫א‬ωto‫א‬‫א‬to‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kγ‫א‬‫א‬πωto‫א‬

 
 K'R'‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬
        

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬
 WE٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=
V m
.(1 + cos α ) (٥-٢)
V o ( avg )
2π
K‫א‬‫א‬α،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

=
V 0 ( avg )
E٦ J٢F
I o ( avg )
R
 
 J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٠
α sin 2α
V = V m . (1 − + ) (٧-٢)
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I α sin 2α
I = m
. (1 − + ) E٨ J٢F
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E α F‫א‬‫א‬E α F‫א‬
 K‫א‬E α F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬(Vdo)‫א‬‫א‬
 WVdoE٥ J٢F‫א‬E α Z0F

V =Vm E٩ J٢F

do
π
‫א‬‫א‬Vo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬'P'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'pf'‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬'S'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P
PF = E١٠ J٢F
S
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PF = I R rms
E١١ J٢F
V s

 W٢ J٢
150 V‫א‬‫א‬
 W،30o'α'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10 Ω60 Hz
K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K'γ'‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K'PF'‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 'Vm'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
V m
= V s 2 = 150 2 = 212 V
 ‘Im’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

212
I =Vm = = 21.2 A
m
R 10
 ‘Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
212
V = V m .(1 + cos α ) = .(1 + cos 300 ) = 63 V
o ( avg )
2π 2π
 ‘Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
=
V o ( avg )
=
63
= 6 .3 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
 ‘Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

I α sin 2α 21.2 30 π sin 60o

QI o( rms ) = m
. (1 − + )= . 1− . + = 10.45 A
2 π 2π 2 π 180 2π
 'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
2
P L
= I rms
R = 10.452.10 = 1092 W
 'R''γ'‫א‬‫א‬  J
γ = 180 o − α = 180 o − 30 o = 150 o
'PF'‫א‬‫א‬  J
1 α sin 2α
Q PF = .(1 − + )
2 π 2π
1 30 π sin 60
∴ PF = .(1 − . + ) = 0.7 Lag.
2 π 180 2π

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers with an Inductive Load 'R-L'
‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
'vo'‫א‬'vs' ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬‘R-L’
 K'vT'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'io'‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 K'R-L'‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬KE٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
’α’ ‫א‬EF 'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'β'‫א‬‫א‬
180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Extinction angle)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K180o‫א‬'β'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'vT' ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kπ < ωt < β‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬α < ωt <β ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٣ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬'R'

 K

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٨ J٢F

V = V m .(cosα − cos β ) E١٢ J٢F

o ( avg )
2π
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

=
V o ( avg )
= V m .(cosα − cos β ) E١٣ J٢F
I o ( avg )
R 2πR
 W ‫א‬‫א‬' β'‫א‬‫א‬
α −β )
(
sin( β − α ) = sin(α − φ ).e tan φ

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬α
 K ⎛⎜⎜ Φ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ωL ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Φ
⎝ ⎝ R ⎠⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W'α'‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W'β'‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W'γ'‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢

Single Phase Full-Wave Controlled Rectifiers

 Resistive Load ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤ J٢

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
٤‫א‬‫א‬.‘R’ ‘Vs‘‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 K 'R'‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‘α’‫א‬T4‫א‬T1‫א‬KE١١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‘0 ≤ ωt ≤ π’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬T1,T4‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‘Vo’‫א‬T4‫א‬‘R’‫א‬‫א‬T1‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‘R’‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬E
T2,T3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α+ π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T3  ‫א‬ ‘R’‫א‬‫א‬ T2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 180oT2,T3 ‫א‬‫א‬T4,T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T2 ‫א‬T4 ‫א‬T1‫א‬
‘vAK’ ‫א‬‫א‬T3  ‫א‬
‘is’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‘io’‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬π‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

V = V m .(1 + cosα ) E١٤ J٢F

o ( avg )
π

- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
=
V o ( avg )
= V m .(1 + cosα ) E١٥ J٢F
I o ( avg )
R πR
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VsVm W

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
K 'R'

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٠ J٢F
α sin 2α
V = V m . (1 − + ) E١٦ J٢F
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I α sin 2α
I = m
. (1 − + ) E١٧ J٢F
o ( rms )
2 π 2π
 
 

- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٣ J٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K10 Ω  ‘R’‫א‬‫א‬60 Hz150V‫א‬
 W،30o‫א‬
K‘Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‘Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‘Im’‫א‬‫א‬  J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K'PF'‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

V = V m .(1 + cosα )
o ( avg )
π
150 2
∴V o ( avg ) = .(1 + cos 30o ) = 126  V
π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
=
V o ( avg )
=
126
= 12.6 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
150 2
I =Vm = = 21.2 A
m
R 10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
I α sin 2α 21.2 30 π sin 60o
I o( rms) = m
. (1 − + )= . 1− . + = 14.77 A
2 π 2π 2 π 180 2π
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 P L = I orms
2
R = 14.77 2.10 = 2182 W
‘Io(rms)’ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‘Is’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2

PF = I I
R R
orms
= orms

V I s orms V s

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

14.77.(10)
∴ PF = = 0.98 Lag.
150

 ‘R-L’‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
 K(R-L) 

 
 K 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  •
T1,T4 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 T2,T3‫א‬ ‫א‬ ωt = α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬ ωt = α + π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬K
‘vs’ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T1,T4
 ωt = π ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T1  ‫א‬
R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
vo‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vs‫א‬
 ‘β’‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬T1, T4 ‫א‬
‫א‬π < ωt <β  ‫א‬‫א‬‘vo’‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‘L’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

T2, T3 ‫א‬ E١٣ J٢F

 ‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ωt = π + α‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬T2 ‫א‬‘Vs’ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ωt = π + β‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‘ωL’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F،E١٣ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬
‘is’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬180o
‘β’‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬360o
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π + α
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬
 K 'R-L'
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F

V = V m .(cosα − cos β ) E١٨ J٢F

o ( avg )
π
 Vo(avg)/R I o ( avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F
 W‫א‬
2
V = .V m cos α E١٩ J٢F
o ( avg )
π
 Vo(avg)/R I o ( avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬

I = V m .(cosα − cos β ) E٢٠ J٢F

o ( avg )
πR
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
2
= . cosα E٢١ J٢F
I o ( avg )
πR V m
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 90o 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬180o 90o 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬(rectifier)
K‫א‬

 W١٣ J٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 60 Hz120V
 W،30o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.10 Ω ‫א‬‘ωL >> R’‫א‬
K’Vo(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'Io(avg)’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‘Im’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‘IoTh’‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'PL'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‘PF’‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬
 ‘Vm’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
V m
= V s 2 = 120 2 = 170 V
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
2 2
V = .V m cosα = .170. cos 30o = 94 V
o ( avg )
π π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
=
V o ( avg )
=
94
= 9 .6 A
I o ( avg )
R 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

W‫א‬
I m
= I o ( avg )
= 9 .4 A

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
I orms
= I o ( avg )
= 9 .4 A

‫א‬‫א‬‘180o’  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 9.4
I = I o ( avg )
= = 4.7 A
oTh
2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
2
P L
= I orms
R = 9.42.10 = 883.3 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
94
PF = I I
R R
orms
= orms
= = 0.78 Lag.
V I s orms V s
120

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0.6366 Vm‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٢
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
a‫א‬5π/6π/6‫א‬Da‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
b‫א‬Db‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬c‫א‬Dc‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬KE2π/3F120‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 3
V = V (٢٢ J٢F
dc 2π m
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٢

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦ J٢FK ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  D1D2 , D2D3 , D3D4, D4D5, D5D6,D6D1

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
3 3
V = Vm (٢٣ J٢F
dc π

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬

 Three phase controlled rectifiers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬١ J٦ J٢
Three - phase half – wave controlled rectifier connected with a resistive load (R )
R‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬io‫א‬vo‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ α < 30 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 30 o ≤ α ≤ 150 o ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬١ J١ J٦ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
. α < 30 o ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ زاوﻳﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎل واﻗﻌﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺪى‬α ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬120°E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
ωt ‫א‬Th2 ‫א‬ωt1 ‫א‬Th1
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ωt = 240o + ωt1‫א‬Th3= 120o + ωt1
‫א‬  Th1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E١٨ J٢F α ≤ ωt ≤ α + 120 o ‫א‬‫א‬
 α + 120 o ≤ ωt ≤ α + 240 o ‫א‬‫א‬Th2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬ α + 240 o ≤ ωt ≤ α + 360 o Th3‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬(ωt = 0) A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ωt ' )  ωt = 30°

120o‫א‬Th2‫א‬αTh1‫א‬EF
‫א‬ 120o‫א‬Th3‫א‬Th1‫א‬
120o‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Th2
E١٨ J٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
io‫א‬(iA, iB, iC) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vo‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α ‫א‬Th1 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K360o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬120o
‫א‬ α = 0 ‫א‬ Th1  E١٩ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ωt ' )  ωt = 30° ‫א‬
 (vAN) A ‫א‬ 30° ≤ ωt ≤ 150° ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Th1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Th3 Th2‫א‬‫א‬ vAN‫א‬ R‫א‬‫א‬
 Th2 ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ωt = 150o‫א‬‫א‬ 150° ≤ ωt ≤ 270° ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬120o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Th2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(vBN)B
‫א‬‫א‬    vBN ‫א‬  R ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ Th3 Th1
‫א‬  ωt = 270o‫א‬‫א‬ 270° ≤ ωt ≤ 390° ‫א‬‫א‬ Th3 ‫א‬
Th3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(vCN)C‫א‬‫א‬
vCN‫א‬ R‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ Th2 Th1‫א‬‫א‬
ωt ‫א‬‫א‬Th1‫א‬360o‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K= 390o

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬  io‫א‬ vo‫א‬E١٨ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F Th1 ‫א‬ (α < 30°) 30° ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   EvB‫א‬  ‫א‬F Th2     ‫א‬   EvA
  120o   EvC‫א‬  ‫א‬F Th3      120o 
  io ‫א‬ vo‫א‬ Th2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢FE١٨ J٢F io ،vo
.α =0° ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  α < 30°‫א‬‫א‬
 I o (avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vo(avg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٢F‫א‬
 K α < 30 o ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٢F‫א‬
 Kα= 0‫א‬
 
3 3
Vo ( avg ) = Vm cos α = 0.827 Vm cos α E٢٤ J٢F
2π
Vo ( avg ) 3 3 V
I o ( avg ) = = Vm cos α = 0.827 m cos α E٢٥ J٢F
R 2πR R
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
 ITh(avg) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٨ J٢FVTh(m)‫א‬
I o ( avg )
I Th ( avg ) = E٢٦ J٢F
3
VTh ( m ) = 3 Vm = VL ( m ) E٢٧ J٢F
 K(line voltage)‫א‬ VL (m) 
 
 W٥ J٢
208 V ‫א‬‫א‬
'α' ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10 Ω‫א‬60 Hz(VL)
 W،20o
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'ITh (m)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'ITh (avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'vTh (m)'‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬
VL 208
V phase = = =120 V
  3 3
V m = 2 V phase = 2 *120 = 170 V

  I m = Vm = 170 =17 A  J

R 10
Vo ( avg ) = 0.827 Vm cos α = 0.827 * 170 * cos 20 o =132 V  J
Vo ( avg ) 132
  I o( avg ) = = = 13.2 A   J
R 10
  I Th ( m) = I m =17 A   J
I o ( avg ) 13.2
  I Th ( avg ) = = = 4.4 A  J
3 3
  VTh ( m) = 3 Vm = VL ( m ) = 2 V L = 208 2 = 294V  J
 
 ‫א‬٢ J١ J٦ J٢
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٢٠ J٢F   . 30° ≤ α ≤ 150° ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ زاوﻳﺔ اﻹﺷﻌﺎل واﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺪى‬α ‫א‬ ‫א‬
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W ‫א‬‫א‬     E٢٠ J٢F     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 30° ≤ α ≤ 150° ‫א‬ α ‫א‬ Th1 ‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ωt ' = 150 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬VAN‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Vo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Vo‫א‬ 30° ≤ α ≤ 150° 
 180° ≤ ωt ≤ α + 150°  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  Th1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (150 o ≤ ωt ' ≤ α + 120 o )
Th2‫א‬‫א‬ Th3 Th2Th1‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  Th2  ‫א‬  (ωt ' = α + 120 o )  ωt = α + 150 o  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
VBN ‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬ Th2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Th3  Th2
‫א‬‫א‬ (α + 120 o ≤ ωt ' ≤ 270 o ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Th2Th1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 270 o ≤ ωt ' ≤ α + 240 o
 Th3  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Th3
  ‫א‬  Th3  ‫א‬  (ωt ' = α + 240 o )  ωt = α + 270 o  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
VCN ‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬ Th3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Th1  Th2
‫א‬   (α + 240 o ≤ ωt ' ≤ 270 o )  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
Th1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 390 o ≤ ωt ' ≤ α + 360 o ‫א‬


   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬        Th3   Th2 
 KTh1
‫א‬    α ‫א‬ ‫א‬    Vo، io     
‫א‬ I o ( avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vo(avg)‫א‬‫א‬
 W (30° ≤ α ≤ 150°) 
3Vm
Vo ( avg ) = [1 + cos(α + 30°)]= 0.477 Vm [1 + cos(α + 30°)] E٢٨ J٢F
2π
Vo ( avg ) 0.477 Vm
I o ( avg ) = = [1 + cos(α + 30°)] E٢٩ J٢F
R R
 
 150° ≤ α ≤ 180° ‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٢F‫א‬
 K 30° ≤ α ≤ 150° ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٢
Three - phase full– wave bridge - controlled rectifier connected with a resistive load (R)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢FK  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 ‫א‬Th5Th3Th1‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Th6Th4Th2‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬K360o60o
‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(vL)‫א‬
KvBC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Th2Th3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I o ( avg ) ‫א‬‫א‬ Vo ( avg )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kα‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬60o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VCN,VAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F‫א‬
WE٢٢ J٢F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ α=0° ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬120°0°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Th1‫א‬
1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VAN ‫א‬
‫א‬Th3 ‫א‬ 240° 120°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A
Th5‫א‬360°  240°‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C1‫א‬‫א‬
 KVCNVBNVAN‫א‬‫א‬v1N
 
v12 ‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﺮج‬ 2 ‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ 1 ‫ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
AB B A 60 ‫ إﻟﻰ‬0o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
o

AC C A 120o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬60o ‫ﻣﻦ‬

BC C B 180o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬120o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
BA A B 240o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬180o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
CA A C 300o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬240o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
CB B C 360o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬300o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
AB B A 420o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬360o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
 E١ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Th4‫א‬2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A2‫א‬Th4‫א‬300°180°‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Th6 ‫א‬ (60o) ‫ أو‬420° ‫ ﺣﺘ ﻰ‬300° ‫א‬‫א‬
Th2‫א‬180o60o‫א‬‫א‬ B2‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

(v2N) 2‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬C2  ‫א‬‫א‬
K v1N − v2 N (v12) vo ‫א‬ KVCNVBN VAN ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬fr‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kf‫א‬
‫א‬
120o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K240o
‫א‬ ‫א‬Th6, Th5, Th4, Th3, Th2, Th1‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٢F‫א‬
Kα = 0o

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 0o‫א‬‫א‬(vTh1 = vA1)Th1 ‫א‬
120o   ‫א‬
 120o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Th1 ‫א‬vA1
240o
vA1 360o240o‫א‬‫א‬B1‫א‬vA1 = vAB
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬KC1‫א‬= vAC
K

vTh2 vTh6 vTh4 vTh5 vTh3 vTh1 ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬

CB 0 AB CA BA 0 60o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬0o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
0 BC AC CA BA 0 120o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬60o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
0 BC AC CB 0 AB 180o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬120o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
CA BA 0 CB 0 AB 240o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬180o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
CA BA 0 0 BC AC 300o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬240o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
CB 0 AB 0 BC Ac 360o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬300o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
 E٢ J٢F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  vTh1 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٢٣ J٢F ‫א‬ 
‫א‬(VL(m))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F(α =0o)‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬
120o0o‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٢٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬iCiBiA‫א‬
⎧i A = i1 − i4
⎪
⎨i B = i3 − i6 E٣٠ J٢F
⎪i = i − i
⎩C 5 2

- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

th

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬vTh1‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
Kα = 0o‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٢F‫א‬
 Kα = 0o
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬        0 o ≤ α ≤ 60 o

 K 60 o < α ≤120 o

       ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W 0 o ≤ α ≤ 60 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 3
Vo ( avg ) = Vm cos α = 1.654Vm cos α E٣١ J٢F
π
Vo ( avg ) 3 3 V
I o ( avg ) = = Vm cos α =1.654 m cos α E٣٢ J٢F
R πR R
.(Vphase (m))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 60 o < α ≤ 120 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 3
Vo ( avg ) = Vm [1 + cos(α + 60 o )] = 1.654 Vm [1 + cos(α + 60 o )] E٣٣ J٢F
π
Vo ( avg ) Vm
I o ( avg ) = = 1.654 [1 + cos(α + 60 o )] E٣٤ J٢F
R R
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٦ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K10 Ω
 ‫א‬60 Hz(VL)208 V
 W،20oZ'α'‫א‬
 K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'ITh (m)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'ITh (avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K'vTh (m)'‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬
 α = 20 o  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  0 o ≤ α ≤ 60 o ‫א‬‫א‬
V L ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294.15V
VL 208
  V phase = = =120 V
3 3
V m = 2 V phase = 2 *120 = 170V
VL ( m ) 294.15
  Im = = = 29.419 A   J
R 10
Vo ( avg ) = 1.654 Vm cos α =1.654 * 170 * cos 20 o = 264 V  J
Vo ( avg ) 264
  I o( avg ) = = = 26.4 A   J
R 10
  I Th ( m ) = I m = 29.419 A   J
I o ( avg ) 26.4
  I Th ( avg ) = = = 8.8 A   J
3 3
  VTh ( m) = 3 Vm = VL ( m ) = 2 VL = 208 2 = 294.15V   J
 
 
 
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ UPS‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬β ‫א‬‫א‬α ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬Vs
 Wβ‫א‬‫א‬α
Vm sin α = E
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
α = sin - 1
V
m
‫א‬β‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Vs‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
β=π- α
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
v − E V sin ωt − E
i = s = m for α< ωt< β
L R R

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬iL ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
I
dc
=
1
2πR
(
2V cosα + 2 Eα − πE
m
)
 
 

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‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬EF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٨ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
  
10V  
RL Vo  
Vi 0 47Ω
 
-10V  
()  
 
5V  
RL Vo
Vi 0 47Ω  
-5V  
EF  
 
E٢٦ J٢F
 
‫א‬'is'‫א‬'io'‫א‬'vo'‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 :‫א‬
K'60°'‫א‬  J
K'60°'‫א‬  J

220V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
 :'60°'‫א‬‫א‬K50 Ω60Hz
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬  J

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬K60Hz220V‫א‬‫א‬
 WK'60°'‫א‬‫א‬20 Ω‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
208 V ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢
 ‫א‬K10 Ω‫א‬60 Hz(VL)
 W،30o'α'‫א‬‫א‬
 K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
 ‫א‬K10 Ω‫א‬60 Hz(VL)208 V ‫א‬
 W،60o'α'‫א‬‫א‬
 K'Im'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Vo(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K'Io(avg)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10012‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٢F٨ J٢
 W‫א‬2:1‫א‬120‫א‬٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
Power Point‫א‬ •
 
 K٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

W١ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

WON-OFF Control‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K(contactors)
N‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 T N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(T-N)‫א‬
 W
 KNT J
 KTN J
 K‫א‬‫א‬T , N J

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫( ﻣﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻟﺤﺎآﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد‬٢-٣) ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬T , N‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
maximum load power
N = Pm ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
P= (١ J٣)
T ⎝T⎠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Pm ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬

 
Vs2
Pm = = Vs Is (٢ J٣)
R
 
‫א‬TN‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬N٢٠ZT١٠٠ZPm‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
TN ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
P = Pm ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟ = Vs Is ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎝T⎠ ⎝T⎠

= Is2 R ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎝T⎠
= I 2rms R
N
∴ Iorms = Is ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ (٣ J٣)
⎝T⎠
N
∴ Vorms = Vs ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ (٤ J٣)
⎝T⎠
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I
 ‫א‬R
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬Vs
 ‫א‬Is
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Iorms
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vorms

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KNT 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(φ)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
P = Pm ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟ = (Vs Is cos φ ) ⎜⎜ N ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(٥ J٣)
⎝T⎠ ⎝T⎠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 WE١ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10
‫א‬K7525‫א‬‫א‬60127
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬  J
 

- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
T=25+75=100 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
N 25
Vorms = Vs ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = 127 * = 63 .5 volt
⎝T⎠ 100
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Vorms 63.5
Iorms = = = 6.35 Amp .
R 10
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
2
Po = I orms R = (6.35) 2 Χ 10 = 403.225 watt
‫א‬  J
N 25
PF = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = = 0.25 = 0.5 (lag)
⎝T⎠ 100
 ‫א‬ J
V 127 2
Im = m = = 17.96 Amp.
R 10
 
 W(phase control)‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T2T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 KVs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬T2D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T1D1
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

T2 T1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
(Single phase controller with inductive load)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

T1

T2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ١٨٠φ‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬T1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬T1‫א‬K ‫א‬T1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬T2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬αHπ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 φ‫א‬‫א‬α‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 πHφ‫א‬T2‫א‬πHφα‫א‬T1‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2πHφ
 KE٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(switched-capacitors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .α‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
Thyristor-controlled inductors ( TCIs) ١ J٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٩ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ (α=90° ,α=120° ,α=135°)   ‫א‬ iL ‫א‬‫א‬vs

.90°≤ α ≤ 180° ‫ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‬180°  90° ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Lagging PF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬90°< α ≤ 180
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Thyristor-Switched Capacitors (TSCs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Leading PF 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 W٦ J٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬20٦ J٣
‫א‬mn ‫א‬‫א‬60220 ‫א‬
 W6‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  n m‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ٩W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
Power Point‫א‬ •
 
 K٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W١ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬'Inverters'
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKIGBT‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬'Voltage Source Inverter(VSI)'
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬'Current Source Inverter(CSI)' K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (induction motors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K(synchronous motors)
KEinduction heatingF‫א‬‫א‬ o
- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

KEaircraft power suppliesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

KEuninterruptible power supplies UPSF‫א‬‫א‬ o
KE high-voltage DC transmissionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 KEstandby power suppliesF‫א‬‫א‬ o

EbatteriesF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEsolar cellsF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠٢٢٠٦٠٥٠٢٢٠
٦٠ ٢٠٨L١٢٠٥٠٣٨٠L٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٠٠٢٠٠L١١٥

The Basics of Inverter‫א‬٣ J٤


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S2‫א‬S1
S1‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬S2،S1
E F S2‫א‬‫א‬
Vs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S2‫א‬S1‫א‬K S2،S1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S1‫א‬S2‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬'T'‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬'fo'‫א‬
1
f = Hz E١ J٤F
o T

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S2, S1‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K S2،S1 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬   
‫א‬ 'filter'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K'PWM'
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٤

 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter (VSI)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
٢  'Vs' ‫א‬  S2 ,S1  
‫א‬     K        ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬KKK

  Case of a Resistive Load R‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٤ J٤

E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬ S2 ,S1 ‫א‬‫א‬
0 ‫א‬‫א‬S2‫א‬S1‫א‬R
 ‫א‬   'Vs'     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ≤ t ≤ T/2
S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ S1‫א‬ S2‫א‬ i1‫א‬‫א‬
t = T/2‫א‬‫א‬S1‫א‬T/2 ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬i2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬'-Vs'‫א‬‫א‬
 i2‫א‬‫א‬ S2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  R  ‫א‬   E٤ J٤F ‫א‬   i1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 1/T‫א‬‫א‬ f
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

Case of an Inductive load‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٤ J٤

io‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬    Vo ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬     E٤ J٤F ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Vo‫א‬ 0 ≤ t ≤ T/2‫א‬‫א‬
io‫א‬KD1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0 ≤ t ≤ t1‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K VS ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t1 ≤ t ≤ T/2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   S1 ‫א‬    t = T/2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VS
 D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t=t2‫א‬‫א‬KT/2 ≤ t ≤ t2  ‫א‬
‫א‬ S2‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    t2 ≤ t ≤ T ‫א‬
E٥ J٤F‫א‬KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K S2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     K ‫א‬   ‫א‬     io ‫א‬  
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

E٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Ki2 ,i1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬io‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ≤ t ≤ T/2‫א‬‫א‬
 KT/2 ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V =Vo s
E٢ J٤F
 WV1(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٣ J٤F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W
∞
4VS
V O 1 ( rms ) = ∑
n = 1 , 3 , 5 , ..... nπ
sin n ω t E٣ J٤F

 rad/s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ω‫א‬‫א‬ n

 Wn = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4V s
V = = 0 .9 V s E٤ J٤F
1( rms )
π 2
 W١ J٤
2.4 Ω 'R'E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK24 V'Vs'
 K'Vo(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'V1(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'Po'‫א‬ EF
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
WE٢ J٤F‫א‬
V o ( rms )
=V s = 24 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

=
V o ( rms )
=
24
= 10 A
I o ( rms )
R 2.4
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   EF
WE٣ J٤F
V 1( rms )
= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 24 = 21.6 V
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬ EF
2 2

= 24
=
V o ( rms )
= 240 W
P o
R 2 .4

Single Phase Voltage Source ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٤

 Bridge Inverter

 R‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤ J٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٦ J٤F ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬ ٤    ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S3, S2  ‫א‬    S4, S1 ‫א‬        
K‫א‬S4, S1‫א‬S3, S2‫א‬
K'T/2' ‫א‬ ‫א‬      S3, S2 ‫א‬  S4, S1 ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  S4, S1 ‫א‬   W ‫א‬‫א‬    K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ≤ t ≤ T/2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S3,S2‫א‬‫א‬
'Vo'‫א‬S4, S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  S4, S1  ‫א‬     K 'Vs' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    KT/2 ≤ t ≤ T ‫א‬  ‫א‬   S3, S2 ‫א‬
 S3, S2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K'-Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KVs‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 Kfo = 1/T'T'‫א‬‫א‬'fo'‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٤F‫א‬
 

WVo(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WV1(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
E٤ J٤FE٣ J٤Fn = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٢ J٤
2.4 Ω  'R'   E٦ J٤F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 WK48 V'Vs'
 K'Vo(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
K'Io(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'V1(rms)'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 K'Po'‫א‬ EF
 W‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?E١ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 W

V o ( rms )
=V s = 48 V
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF

=
V o ( rms )
=
48
= 20 A
I o ( rms )
R 2.4
E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
W
V 1( rms )
= 0.9V s = 0.9 * 48 = 43.2 V
 ‫א‬ EF
2 2

= 48
=
V o ( rms )
= 960 W
P o
R 2 .4
 

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤ J٤

'R-L'‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
io‫א‬ 'Vo'‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬K 'R-L' 'R'‫א‬
D4, D3, D2, D1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S4, S3, S2, S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 'is'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬   'vo' ‫א‬   ‫א‬ E٩ J٤F  ‫א‬ 'io' ‫א‬  
t1 0 ≤ t ≤ t1 ‫א‬‫א‬ S4, S1  K‫א‬
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K
Kt = T/2‫א‬‫א‬ t = t1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ≤ t ≤ t1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K 'Vs' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  D4, D1 ‫א‬‫א‬
t1 ≤ t ≤ T/2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S4, S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   'Vo' ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬    K 0 ≤ t ≤ T/2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  'Vs' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 t = t1‫א‬‫א‬ 'io'‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kt = T/2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t = T/2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S4, S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
'Vs'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  D3, D2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KT/2≤ t ≤ t2‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KVo = - Vs
 t = t2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  'io' ‫א‬    ‫א‬    
T/2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S2, S3 ‫א‬K
'io'‫א‬ K‫א‬ ≤ t ≤ t2
‫א‬‫א‬S2, S3 ‫א‬t2 ≤ t ≤ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S2, S3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬    'Vs' ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬'Imin'‫א‬KVo = - Vs‫א‬
‫א‬t=3⋅T/2, t=T/2‫א‬‫א‬'Imax'‫א‬t=T, t=0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Imin
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE١ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎧VS VS − t / τ T
⎪⎪ R + ( I min − R ) e 0≤t ≤
2
iO = ⎨ E٤ J٤F
⎪− V S + ( I + V S ) e − ( t − 2 ) / τ T
T

⎪⎩ R max ≤ t ≤T
R 2
 
 KL/R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wτ  W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WImin
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WImax
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
I min
= − I max E٥ J٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V ⎡1 − e −T / 2τ ⎤
I max = − I min = ⎢
s
⎥ E٦ J٤F
R ⎣1 + e −T / 2τ ⎦

 W٣ J٤
‫א‬  'R-L'   E٨ J٤F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K100 V'Vs'L = 25 mH‫א‬R= 10 Ω
 W‫א‬‫א‬،60 Hz‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
T= = = 0.0167 s
f 60
o
L 0.025
τ= = = 0.0025 s
R 10
- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

T 0.0167
∴ = = 6.67
2τ 2 * 0.0025
 WE٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
100 ⎡1 − e −6.67 ⎤
I max = − I min = 10 . ⎢⎣1 + e −6.67 ⎥⎦ = 9.31 A

WE٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

100 ⎛ 100 ⎞ − t / 0.0025 1

io (t ) = + ⎜ − 9.31 − ⎟e =10 −19.31e − t / 0.0025 0≤t ≤
10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 120
  0.0167
100 ⎛ 100 ⎞ − ( t − 1 1
io (t ) = −
) / 0.0025
+ ⎜ 9.31 + ⎟e 2
= −10 + 19.31e − ( t − 0.00835) / 0.0025 ≤t ≤
10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ 120 60
 

 Inverter Voltage Control Techniques ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‘PWM’‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 Pulse-Width Modulation PWM‫א‬١ J٥ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KSingle Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K١
KMultiple Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K٢
 KSinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬١ J١ J٥ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S2, S1‫א‬
‫א‬KE٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAcAr
‫א‬F
δ‫א‬AcAr‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬AcArK180o‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‘Modulation Index’
M= Ar
E٦ J٤F
Ac

 W‫א‬‘Vo’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
δ
V =V E٧ J٤F
o s
π
 W
 K‫א‬WM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVs
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAr
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAc
.‫א‬ :δ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

S2, S1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢ J١ J٥ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fo‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬Kfc‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
f m f
P= c
=
f
, m = c
E٨ J٤F
2f 0
2 f
f o

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WP
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfc
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wfo
 K‫א‬Wmf
M K‘M’ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Vs‫א‬١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬π/P
 W
δP
V =V E٩ J٤F
o s
π
Vo
Ac
Ar
2π
0 ωt
π
1/fc

vo

δ
Vs
2π
0 ωt
π
-Vs
αm

π+αm

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬٣ J١ J٥ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S2, S1‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Kfcfo‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‘M’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬K‘Vo’‫א‬
K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 V o = V s ∑ δ m
P

m =1 π

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WP
 Km‫א‬‫א‬: δm
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WVs

 Current Source Inverter CSI‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣ J٤F‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬S2, S1‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬

- ١٠٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬

 Three-phase VSI Inverter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J٤
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ F       ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬120°‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K180°

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬

 120°‫א‬٢ J٧ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F
  K120°        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
S5)  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(S2, S4, S6)‫א‬‫א‬ (S1, S3,
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ C ,B ,A ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 60°‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬120°‫א‬‫א‬vCAvBCvAB‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (short circuit)   ‫א‬   
‫א‬ (S4,S 1)  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S4 ‫א‬‫א‬ S1 ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬60°
vCN  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    KS2, S5   S6, S3  
 KY ‫א‬     ‫א‬    60° ‫א‬ ,vBN,vAN
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥ J٤F

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E١ J٤F   ‫א‬  
 S5  S4 ‫א‬  S4  S3 ‫א‬   S3  S2 ‫א‬  S2  S1 ‫א‬ 
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKS1S6 S5‫א‬
  ‫א‬   vCN ,vBN,vAN ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E١٦ J٤F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

⎧v AB = v AN − v BN
⎪
⎨v BC = v BN − vCN E١٠ J٤F
⎪v = v − v
⎩ CA CN AN

vCN vBN vAN S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬

0 -E/2 + E/2 ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ 60o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬0o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-E/2 0 + E/2 ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ 120o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬60o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-E/2 + E/2 0 ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 180o ‫إﻟﻰ‬120o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
0 + E/2 -E/2 ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 240o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬180o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
+ E/2 0 -E/2 ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 300o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬240o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
+ E/2 -E/2 0 ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 360o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬300o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
 E١ J٤F
 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R-L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 K
E
Vph(rms) = E١١ J٤F
6
E
V L ( rms ) = E١٢ J٤F
2
E
I O ( rms ) = E١٣ J٤F
6R

VL(rms)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vph(rms)‫א‬‫א‬  E

‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     Io(rms) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E
I switch ( rms ) = E١٤ J٤F
2 3R
E2
PO = E١٥ J٤F
2R

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W Vswitch(reverse) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
Vswitch ( reverse) = E E١٦ J٤F
 

 

- ١٠٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K120°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬
 W٤ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬500 V‫א‬
W120o‫א‬K10 Ω‫א‬Y
 K I oph(rms ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K I switch ( rms ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K Po ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬
E 500
  I oph ( rms ) = = = 20.41 A  J
R 6 10 6
  I switch ( rms ) = E = 500 = 14.43 A  J
2 3 R 20 3
2
500 2
  PO = E = =12.5 kW  J
2R 2 *10

 180°‫א‬٣ J٧ J٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
F S2 ‫ و‬S3 ‫ و‬S1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S3S2‫א‬60oE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬(2- 3- 4)S4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K60o
5-6-1 4-5-6 3-4-5 2-3-4 1-2-3W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

180oE٢ J٤FKKK6-1-2
 K‫א‬‫א‬

S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ 60o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬0o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ 120o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬60o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ 180o ‫إﻟﻰ‬120o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 240o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬180o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 300o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬240o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮل‬ 360o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬300o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
 E٢ J٤F
KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  E60o ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (vph)     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢٠ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K180o‫א‬‫א‬

vCA vBC vAB vCN vBN vAN ‫اﻟﻔﺘﺮة‬

0 -E +E +E/3 -2E/3 +E/3 60o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬0o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-E 0 +E -E/3 -E/3 +2E/3 120o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬60o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
-E +E 0 -2E/3 +E/3 +E/3 180o ‫إﻟﻰ‬120o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
0 +E -E -E/3 +2E/3 -E/3 240o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬180o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
+E 0 -E +E/3 +E/3 -2E/3 300o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬240o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
+E -E 0 +2E/3 -E/3 -E/3 360o ‫ إﻟﻰ‬300o ‫ﻣﻦ‬
 E٣ J٤F
 E٢١ J٤F‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  .120°‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 (60°F‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E٣ J٤F ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
   KE١٠ J٤F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (VL) ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K120°‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
K180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K180o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2E 2
PO = E١٦ J٤F
3R

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R
.120°‫א‬‫א‬1.33 180°‫א‬
Io(rms) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Iswitch(rms)   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
E
 I switch ( rms ) =  E١٧ J٤F  
3R

I O ( rms ) = 2 I switch ( rms ) E١٨ J٤F

 WVswitch(reverse)‫א‬
Vswitch ( rms ) = E E١٩ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬Vph (rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WVL(rms)‫א‬
2
V ph ( rms ) = E E٢٠ J٤F
3
2E
V L ( rms ) = E٢١ J٤F
3
 
 WE٥ J٤F
 10Ω ‫א‬ 
K 180° ‫א‬  ‫א‬  440V     ‫א‬   .Y
 W
 KPo ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KIS‫א‬  J

 KVph(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KVL(rms)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
2 E 2 2 E 2 2 (440) 2
 PO = = = = 12907 W  J
3R 3R 2 *10

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     J
 :Po‫א‬‫א‬PS‫א‬‫א‬
∴ Po = PS = E I S
  Po 12907 
∴ IS = = = 29.33 A
E 440
2 2
  V ph ( rms ) = E= * 440 = 207.4V  J
3 3
  VL ( rms ) = 3 V ph ( rms ) = 207.4 3 = 359.26V  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤
  Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ (UPSs)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E‫א‬
KE٢٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٢٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 KUPS‫א‬E٢٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٩ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ SPWM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W١٠ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬١ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬٤ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
220V‫א‬ ١١ J٤
WK20Ω
'Vo'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫أ‬
'V1'‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-‫ب‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -‫ج‬
 K
 ‫א‬E١٢ J٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣ J٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ 400 V ‫א‬ ١٤ J٤

‫א‬K20 Ω‫א‬ Y‫א‬
W120o
 K I oph ( rms ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K I switch(rms ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K Po ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ 400 V  ‫א‬ ١٥ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬ 20 Ω‫א‬ ∆ ‫א‬
 K120o‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    20Ω  ‫א‬     ١٦ J٤
180°‫א‬‫א‬ 220V ‫א‬ .Y 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 20Ω ‫א‬   ١٧ J٤
‫א‬K180°‫א‬‫א‬ 220V ‫א‬ . ∆
K‫א‬‫א‬
K(UPSs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٨ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ١٩ J٤
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J٤
 

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(converter)‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫• א‬
Power Point‫א‬ •
 
 K٢ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ١ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬    KEF  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬       E١ J٥F  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 B A‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    230kV  J 69kV   ‫א‬   A ‫א‬
KA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ 
‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KB‫א‬
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2
 K‫א‬ 12 ‫א‬ -Y, Y-Y ∆
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  B ‫א‬ ‫א‬ A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬        E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  F
‫א‬‫א‬ Ld‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬
 
Twelve-pulse rectifiers‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Y − ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ∆ − Y  Y − ∆ 
 KY-Y  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   30o  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   30o  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        K30o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬30o‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
6
Vo ( avg ) = Vm ( L − L ) cos α E١ J٥F
π
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W15o‫א‬
Vom = 2 Vm ( L − L ) cos15 o =1.932 Vm ( L − L ) E٢ J٥F
  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Vm ( L− L ) 
K0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  E٢ J٥F     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y-Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻹﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل زﻣﻦ دورى آﺎﻣﻞ‬.30° Y − ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  12 ‫ وﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺮددات اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻘﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺑﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﻜﻠﻰ‬.12 ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺮدد ﺗﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 12‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
 K α = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
E٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      KE٤ J٥F     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 90°
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬     E‫א‬ 
‫א‬ Vo(avg)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  (0<α<90°) 90°  0  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  Vo(avg) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J٥F‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ (90°<α<180°) 180° 90°
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬ 150°‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vo(avg)‫א‬‫א‬
3
Voavg = Vm ( L − L ) cos α E٣ J٥F
π
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬
 

 
 K α =150 o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F‫א‬
 WE١ J٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

      E٤ J٥F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 3000V ‫ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬120° ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K4160V  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ R=2Ω  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬) ωL >> R (
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  W‫א‬
Vm ( L − L ) = 2VL − L = 4160 2 = 5883.13V  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
Vo ( avg ) = Vm ( L − L ) cos α
π
3
= 5883.13 cos120 o  
π
= − 2809 V
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V0 avg +Vdc
I o ( avg ) =
  R  
− 2809 + 3000
= = 95.5 A
2
‫א‬   120°  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pac = − I o ( avg ) Vo ( avg )
= −(95.5)(−2809)  
= 268.3KW
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  PR = I 2 o ( rms ) R = I 2 o ( avg ) R = (95.5) 2 2 = 18.2 KW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Pdc = I o ( avg )Vdc = (95.5)(3000) = 286.5KW
  Pdc = Pac + PR 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

DC power transmission ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60HZ50HZ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
io‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    EE٦ J٥F ‫א‬F     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

    Vo2,Vo1  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬ 90°0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .180° ‫ إﻟﻰ‬90°‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
E2F 2 ‫א‬E1F 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EE٦ J٥F‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
Vo1 + Vo 2
IO = (٤-٥)
R
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3
Vo1 = Vm1( L − L ) cos α E٥ J٥F
π
3
Vo 2 = Vm 2( L − L ) cos α E٦ J٥F
π
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
P1 = Vo1 I o E٧ J٥F
P2 = Vo 2 I o E٨ J٥F

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬         
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  E٨ J٥F     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ + Vdc  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      (bipolar) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ − Vdc
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F‫א‬
 
 WE٢ J٥F
E٦ J٥F‫א‬230 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 100 MW
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KVo2 = 200 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KIo‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KPloss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
  2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 WE٨ J٥F‫א‬E٤ J٥F
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Vm ( L − L ) = 2 Vrms ( L − L ) = 230 2 = 325.27 kV

P2 = I o Vo 2 = − 100 MW
 K1‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬E٥ J٥F α = 0  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٦ J٥F
3 3
V o max = Vm ( L − L ) = 325.27 = 310.6 KV
π π
 
  (310.6 kV ) V0 max     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬ ‫א‬ Vo 2 = − 200 kV  2  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬K1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W2‫א‬
  
3
Vo 2 = Vm ( L − L ) cos α 2 = − 200 KV
π
∴− 200 KV = Vo max cos α 2
− 200 = 310.6 cos α 2
200
∴α 2 = cos (− ) = 130 o
310.6
 W I o ‫א‬‫א‬
P2 = Vo 2 I o
P2 100 MW
∴I o = = = 500 A
Vo 2 200 KV
 W‫א‬‫א‬
3
Vo1 = Vm ( L − L ) cos α 1 = Vo max cos α 1
π
Vo1
∴α 1 = cos −1( )
Vo max
QVo max = 310.6 KV , Vo1 = − Vo 2 + I o R = 200 Kv + 500(10) V = 205 KV
205
∴α 1 = cos ( ) = 48.7 o
310.6
  500 A  I o ‫א‬‫א‬EF J
 W Ploss ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Ploss = I orms
2
R = I o2 R = 500 2 *10 = 2.5 MW
∴P1 = P2 + Ploss = 200 + + 2.5 = 202.5 MW
 K2‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P1 
 
 The field excitation of synchronous generator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
(brushes)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(brushless)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K K(AVR) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (emf)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬
 W٦ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬-Y, Y-Y ∆ ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٥ J٥
 K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bipolar)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨ J٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
E٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩ J٥
‫ وﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬150° ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K4160V‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R=1Ω‫א‬‫א‬ 3000V

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ) ωL >> R (‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦ J٥F‫א‬220 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 120 MW‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬
 KKVo2 = 220 kV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KIo‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KPloss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

(1) Ashfaq Ahmed : “Power Electronics for Technology”, Prentice-Hall,

1999.

(2) M. H. Rashid: “Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and

Applications”, Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993.

(3) David A. Bradley: “Power Electronics”, Second Edition, Nelson

Thornes, 1995.

(4) Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland, and William P. Robbins: “Power

Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design”, Second Edition,
John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢ ١ J١
 ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
 ٤ ‫ א‬٣ J١
 ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١
 ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١ J١ J٣ J١
  ٩ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٣ J١
  ١٠ ‫א‬٤ J١
 ١٢ ‫א‬٥ J١
 ١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J١
 ١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J١
 ١٤ ‫א‬٦ J١
 ١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١
١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J١
 ١٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧ J١
 ١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧ J١
 ٢١ ٨ J١

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٤ ١ J٢
 ٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
 ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 ٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
 ٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
 ٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
 ٣٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢
 ٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٢
 ٣٥ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤ J٢
 ٣٩ ‘R-L’‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤ J٢
 ٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
 ٤٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٢
 ٤٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٢
 ٤٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢
 ٤٦ ‫א‬١ J٦ J٢
 ١ J١ J٦ J٢
 ٤٧ ‫א‬
 ٢ J١ J٦ J٢
 ٥١ ‫א‬
 ٥٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٢
 ٦١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٢
 ٦٣ ٨ J٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦ ١ J٣
 ٦٦ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
 ٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
 ٦٧ ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣
 ٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣
 ٧٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣
 ٧٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ٧٥ ١ J٥ J٣

 ٧٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٣
  ٧٨ ٦ J٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٠ ١ J٤
 ٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
 ٨١ ‫א‬٣ J٤
 ٨٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
  ٨٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٤
 ٨٤  ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٤ J٤
 ٨٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٤ J٤
 ٨٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J٤
 ٨٨ R‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٤ J٤
 ٩١ 'R-L'‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤ J٤
 ٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
 ٩٦ ‫א‬١ J٥ J٤
 ٩٦ ‫א‬١ J١ J٥ J٤
 ٩٧ ‫א‬٢ J١ J٥ J٤
 ٩٨ ‫א‬٣ J١ J٥ J٤
 ٩٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٤
 ١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J٤
 ١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J٤
 ١٠١ 120°‫א‬٢ J٧ J٤
 ١٠٥ 180°‫א‬٣ J٧ J٤
 ١١١   E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J٤
 ١١٣ ‫א‬٩ J٤
  ٢٠٨ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ١١٤ K١٠ J٤
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٧ K١ J٥
١١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
 ١٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
١٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
 ١٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
 ١٢٩ ٦ J٥
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