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Things You Need To Know in Surgical Dept1 PDF
Things You Need To Know in Surgical Dept1 PDF
In paeds patient – usually use ½NSD5% IV Actrapid 10unit
GKS2012/9r Page 1 Together in Delivering Excellence (T.I.D.E.)
2. Acid Base balance & Oxygen therapy (iv) Oxygen dissociation curve 3. Pain management
(i) ABG interpretation (i) Effect of pain
Norms Hypoventilation
pH 7.35‐7.45 Secretion retention
pO2 80‐100 mmHg Mental unrest
pCO2 35‐45 mmHg
HCO3 22‐26 (ii) WHO pain medication ladder
*To convert mmHg to kPa divide 7.5 Pain score 0‐3 4‐6 7‐10
Mild Moderate Severe
(ii) If pH>7.45 T PCM 1g QID T PCM 1g QID S/C Morphine 5‐
+ 10mg 4hrly
pCO2 < 35 HCO3 >26 Cap Tramadol ±
50mg QID T PCM/Cap
Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Alkalosis
Tramadol
Hyperventilation ‐profuse vomiting **Uncontrolled – to refer to APS for PCA or epidural etc
‐stroke ‐hypoK
‐SAH ‐burn
‐meningitis Left side of curve ‐ pH T DPG (2,3 dephosphoglycerate) Other options:
‐anxiety Right side of curve ‐ pH T DPG (2,3 dephosphoglycerate) T Arcoxia (Etoricoxibe) 90/120mg OD
‐hyperthermia T Ponstan (Mefenemic acid) 500mg TDS
p50 – point where saturation of Hb reaches 50% (at pO2=26.6)
‐PE IV/IM Voltaren (Diclofenac Na) 75mg TDS
‐salicylates poisoning *for head injury – T PCM and T Arcoxia
ICU point (PaO2, SaO2) = (60mmHg, 91%) = lowest acceptable
paO2 in ICU patient because further drop beyond this point *for rib injury – s/c morphine
lead to drastic drop in SaO2
(iii) If pH<7.35 4. Operative care
Mixed venous point at SaO2 = 75%
pCO2 > 45 HCO3 <22
(i) Preoperative care
Respiratory Metabolic Acidosis (v) Indication for intubation Clinical assessment, investigation and preparation
Acidosis NAGMA HAGMA To deliver positive pressure ventilation Get informed consent
Respiratory ‐RTA Increase in organic Airway protection from aspiration Hx taking – previous surgery, choice of anaesthesia,
failure ‐Diarrhoea acid production complication of previous operation
‐Addison ds ‐lactoacidosis‐shock, During surgical procedures involving neck and
Underlying comorbid, smoking, alcoholic,
‐Pancreatic fistula sepsis,hypoxia head in non‐supine position
heart/respi/kidney diseases
‐NH4 ingestion ‐uric acid Neuromuscular paresis Current medication – to withhold aspirin/warfarin
‐Drug‐acetazolaminde ‐ketone‐DM, alcohol
Procedures increases intracranial pressure Physical examination – short neck (difficult intubate),
‐drug – metformin,
metanol Profound disturbance n consciousness obese, CVS‐Respi status
*anion gap = [ Na + K ]– [ Cl + HCO3 ] Severe pulmonary and multi‐systemic injury Vital signs, sugar control, body weight/height
FBC/Coag/RP/LFT/RBS/CXR/ECG
Correction of coagulation disorder, electrolyte
imbalance, sugar level, blood pressure
Prophylactic antibiotics
Anaesthetic team pre‐op assessment
GKS2012/9r Page 2 Together in Delivering Excellence (T.I.D.E.)
Choice of prophylactic antibiotics 5. Primary and Secondary Survey Life threatening in Trauma
Operation Preferred antibiotics (i) Primary survey – ABC resuscitation
IV Cefuroxime 1.5g + Chest
Lap or open cholecystectomy Airway Trachea expan Breathing Mx
IV Metronidazole 500mg sion
ERCP If patient gag/talk/cough airway patent BP low
Hernia repair with mesh Cervical collar for all head injury Tension
Deviate venou
Thoraco‐
IV Cefuroxime 1.5g pneumo‐ centesis then
Laparoscopic repair Sx of airway obstruction: stridor, hoarseness of voice thorax
away s return
chest tube
IVC
Breast surgery Look for FB in the throat
Pain
Perform suction and check gag reflex Flail chest Central parado
lung
scare to
Analgesia and
contusion oxygen
Preferred antibiotic in our dept – IV Cefobid (Cefoperazone) If gag , nasopharyngeal (not for basal skull xical breath
Open 3 sided flap +
2g + Flagyl (Metronidazole) 500mg fracture)/oropharyngeal tube or intubation
pneumo‐ Central chest tube ±
Breathing thorax PEEP
Look for chest expansion – symmetry? Heart
(ii) Post‐operative care (complications) Pneumo/haemothorax?
Cardiac
Central ‐ ‐ cannot
Pericardio‐
tamponade centesis
POD – fever Prevention expand
>38.5C Flail chest – paradoxical breathing
1 Wind Atelectasis Incentive spirometry, chest
Recheck ETT, CXR Short history – AMPLE
physiotherapy, ambulate
Tension pneumothorax
3 Water UTI/Pneumonia Early off CBD, prop up patient, “Allergy Medication PMHx Last meal
sit patient on chair, hand Thoracocentesis – if pneumothorax chest tube
washing on handling, RT insertion Event surrounding injury”
insert, oral/trachy toileting Oxygen therapy
(iii) Fluid resuscitation
(i) increased capillary permeability leads to IV fluid in excess of maintenance is given to all patient with
loss of intravascular protein and fluid into burn >20% body surface area using Parkland formula for
interstitial compartment reducing the occurrence of burn‐induced shock
(ii) peripheral and organ vasoconstriction Choice of solution = Ringer lactate/HM (crystalloid)
caused by TNF myocardial contractility
systemic hypotension and organ
Parkland Formula = 4 BW BSA % .
hypoperfusion *First half to be given in first 8hrs after injury
*Second half to be given in next 16hrs after injury
Respi – bronchoconstriction ALI st
*Colloid should not be used in 1 24hrs post burn because it
Metabolic – BMR 3, catabolism may lead to severe pulmonary complication (ARDS) due to
Immune – down‐regulating excessive capillary leakage
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10. Blood and blood product FFP – to replace clotting factor Peritoneal sign
(i) ABO and Rhesus group In case of warfarin overdose, DIVC, liver disease, Tenderness on palpation
Percussion tenderness
a. Universal donor for FBC – O negative TTP Voluntary guearding
b. Universal donor for FFP – AB Involuntary guarding
Rigidity
Cryoprecipitate – to replace fibrinogen, vWF, and
Rebound tenderness
1 unit PC expected to increase 2‐4% other clotting factors
Haematocrite Inspection – surgical scar, distention
HAS 4.5% or 20% Palpation – tenderness, hernia, motion tenderness, CVAP
(costovertebral angle pain)
Hb 3 = Hct Temporarily for patient with
Auscultation – bowel sounds and bruises
hypoproteinaemia (liver ds/nephrotic) with Percussion – liver and spleen size
(ii) Type of cross matching fluid overload
Replace in abdominal tapping
Peritonism – motionless, often with knee flex
GSH (Group‐Screen‐Hold)
Patient’s blood type is determined, 1 DIVC regime = 2 platelet, 4 cryoprecipitate, 6 (ii) Indication of surgical referral
blood is screened for antibody FFP Rupture of organ
Peritonitis
Type and cross from the sample can
Colic
be ordered if needed later (iv) Rate of transfusion Obstruction of bowel etc
1 pint packed cell usually transfused over 4 hrs
(iii) Management
GXM (Group‐cross‐match) with IV frusemide 30mg in between transfusion ABC resuscitation
Patient’s blood sent to blood bank and Treat shock
cross match for specific donor unit for (v) Transfusion complication Antibiotic
IV fluid resuscitation
possible blood transfusion Early Late
Analgesics
(Within 24 hrs) (>24hrs)
Keep NBM
Acute haemolytic reaction Infection (Hep Blood Ix: FBC, RP, LFT, CRP, Amylase, ABG,
(iii) Type of blood product and indication
Anaphylaxis B/C/HIV/protozoa UFEME, Blood C+S
Packed cell – 1 unit = 350‐450cc Bacterial contamination /prion) US/CT to look for free fluid
Indicated at acute blood loss Febrile reaction Iron overload AXR/ECG
Consent
Hb <10 for patient with h/o CAD/COPD Allergic reaction Post transfusion
Healthy symptomatic patient with Hb < 8 Fluid overload purpura
Transfusion related acute lung
(iv) Pain relief
1 unit PC expected to increase 1‐1.5g of Hb Non opioid – PCM, ibuprofen, diclofenac, aspirin
injury
(musculoskeletal pain, renal, biliary colic)
Platelet – indicated if <20 Contraindication: peptic ulcer, floating disorder
11. Acute abdomen
1 unit should increase >20
(i) Definition Opioid – Morphine, dimorphine, pethidine, tramadol
Platelet count before surgery have to be >50 Acute severe abdominal pain that causes patient to seek for Contraindication: not used in traumatic head injury or hepatic
medical attention failure
GKS2012/9r Page 7 Together in Delivering Excellence (T.I.D.E.)