EPIGRAPHICA RIVISTA ITALIANA DI EPIGRAFIA XLVI, 12 1984LOCI CONSTITUTIONUM FLxARUM 1. The present paper — whose ttle has been botrowed fom chapter in Th, Momsen's Swnimrium constitatiunt vetronsdatarum, CIL, IIT, p. 2034 — deals with the Romans oie of the pices on the Capitol where the originals (1) of the silitry diplomats were exited. Te as been generally assumed tha, except forthe easier bronzes (by her very nate, Fides p.Rof CIL, XVI, 1 and 2 bad to watrnt the validity ofthe! wo Lges andthe flfiment of the privilege accorded by them) (2), the ehoice was simply foratous oe depended ‘on demands of's practical onde, vz. the aia offre walls in the neighbourhood of the ermple of Fath (3). A rir, sac view would’ nor scem probable, even if the symbolic! band ‘Of XVI, TE with the aeder Fidelis covered af forming no precedente forthe farther history ofthe lot consitutionu fsa am, 4 ypotesis implying (20 say the least) a sharp casura in the early development ef these documents. I always da eros To project the practical reasoning of modern time nto a Aistant epoch. As for public architecture, the ancients certainly tuoi ee oe oetended the Fok upon it more symbolically than we do upon our ‘wn; to ce one example only, the solarium August gives vs — thanks 19 Fd, Buchner’s fascinating discoveries (4) — ni presive illustration’ of the imperial propaganda uniting. the themes of gods, sar ad dynasty with a uelitarian structed ‘sn area meaningful poltaly. Analogous propaganda a eset ‘cal can be observed ofcourse in the complex architecture and topography of the Capitol; dese bring ws aouer to our subject, bot lection and, eequend, dhe character of the syboisn involved 5}. Notwithstanding the narrowness of the Cepialine one employed fr the leslaive tabulae aenese inthe ft ce fury, ts abundance of eloquent monument left oany pessbiities for the messages conveyed by. purporefl sting — and the post§S transers of the originals to the labuarinm, and, subse {quently the Palatine show ue that i was the sspporer el, not ite vicinity to the ander Foe, that counted inthe whole mater Ba the best introduction tothe problem of ur foc sto avate the televant parts of the deepen ef recogritunn formula as readin the preserved sera (6); 8 opening wth the stereouyped fr tabula ooner guae fia evf Romae ix Capitol io should fe understood of ours (7): psc th pa centers ints 3 a BS ge His cl Ba Rat Shh a kt SE cerS ee TG Rectan na ‘peter. Ses Se rages blind Se Cy 38 Ge Me ts tee ag pe eh al S22 ce eee eer tym Copia Ae, Jay CLOKT UES rhe hay cee cease Ee eben of ed ee ds Ra aly Tyla SBI mur aes sue e210) Aw (211 beta ei ia ‘les pea ome te hoe tae a alfa) gm pole Sreureites Eoroeate pareve eS, ree ipe pptae e eh eet pager. elles ta tng tne oe BPEE SARS aeRV122 18, for 15 Am Gm lat} po em Ra Bia See Shao eRe Rut tien Gem lt) Fl Aim 2902 hay Gam on) al Cc Vin 3 tan 9 fe Bet; nam Gp i de Bo SR) ek Geom anes 2VIR RG RTO. Age stro Sr on te Sa Ke eee Bars SH Sesame 2, A rapid glance at dhe materia collected bere suffices to erablith the sporadic revivals of the idea, undedying the choice of the aeder Fidei for the leges of XVI, L. tht the do- ‘eument and it arcitectoral support may be related in s manner Which could be labled jurdico-adminsteative, After the eat 50's, dating which that relationship appears more jurdial than ‘dministeative (the divine competence of Fider PR. suggests an Emphasis on the fist part of the composite notion jst em ployed), it recurs ia A.D. 54, 83 and 88, when It was more af tn ainstatve chan juridel natire: no doubt, the aedes Opis Figaee on the diptomata asthe building of the searum mal tore (11) and the tabulrian public asthe laity of the real orginal ofthe military las andthe scompanying papers (12). Temay be aimed that the wording of XVI" 36 (A.D. 80) refecs « (momentary) return to the Fides of the Caodina plomata analogous t0 the Ops doublet of XVI, 3 and 29 (AD, 54,83). This is probable but the inexpliit formula adits no cciainty: the pott can presuppore « symbolica (13) as wel {5 purely topographical (14) connection of the mat with the temple of Fath: In psineiple, our thesis of the purpoell selection of the loci eases the problem of which elements, in Complex formulae, actully determined the meaning ofthe given Toons. As 0 that question, some general rematks will be made at once, The minor elements, cited without proper names at Sime susan, coun hve bem ean sou our, there fs always pouty of « misleading abbrevision Of the note (cf. XVI, 8). So che mara of XVI, 20, 26 and Soll may be neglected, lice the piina of RMD, 2 and XVI, 22 or the columns of XVI, 31, we ae eft with the duo orc (XV, 20), the oedes Fidel p.R. (XVL, 26), the fensplam Diet August + (the statue of) Mieraa CVT, 36K}, the abual dlearum (RMD, 2; XVI 22) and the shrine of luppiter reas (RVI, 31). OF the formule with two elements bearing proper aes, Some ate likely to have conveyed double message, thu tually complementary. That scams to be the case with the com. Diaaions of the ara gents Tulize withthe sgnum Liber paris (XVI, 10813, ad the sepa Dot Augut with (the statue of) lneras (13) aftr AD. (88.90; tor interpretation of these indications elisa. upon the tanspaentanslogy of Dee sa 9059 = XVI, App. 12 (ace ins)” On the other hand atleast one formula of the same sewers, the port ander ovis OM. in basi O. Maret Regt pr. (XVI, 3}, cites one element in the symbolcal function (the bas) the cir iv an obvisly SEB i olf XV, 2, 18 9,2, fats fitoposraphical; that the reference to the aedes LOM. serves fae as'a nothing mote chan # goide (ef the references to the Tbidae, poginae ete 00, thie bronae and elirwhere) may be Canc fromthe fact that the Capitaine Love's temple igures ino other ies of the foregoing list. Finally, cere is 0 series Of double formal, mentioning the aed Fide, the er gents Talae or the gear milare{sedes Opis) topes: with cf rent bases and fronaca (XVI, 24,326; «Germ», 1978, p. 462), ‘hich are dfiule to clasly as having «ingle or 8 dosble ‘eterminative clement the mining of Files, Ops ot {fe Tal ray not awe been forgotten bere, che min thing SS che bases and trophies This fs revealed by simple indi Tins like Ligues of XVI, 198 and corroborated by the analyses to fallow; the obeertions already made on che post-88 fate of the oxginals ate eoneordant, without » doubt ‘The three eiflees spoken of atthe beginning of the above paragraph indicate atonal aspects of the propaganda implicit the intentional selection of the Zoi. Not unexpectedly, these ‘pees pertain to slgious themes, and those bering on impe ial politics at that. That Fides and. Ops belong, vith thet temples, to the cl sphere i evident; almost che same may Fe claimed ofthe tabulate, formerly situated nthe temp Scturn More important, te aedes Opis 2 the laity of the cranium miitare — the tressary consisted In AD. 6 — pro- ‘ides link with the founder of the Principat. The complex ‘Sapacty of Divs Angusts — the fist. prineps, the reformer ‘the Army (16) and the deified represenative of the eigaing Tnonaich ~~ explains the adoption of the maras pot templar Dis gatas the sole supporter of the tabuse afer AD. (88.)90. Anslogous allusions are detecble Behind the option for the oregon Lalla (17) in AD. 68-71 aad fr the Cato eum Mogeun of Alexandria ad Aegypeam in a diplomaike ocument under Domitian (18). Furthermore, she essentially se Sgn Sarat Ae ape So dal ad wih Avene’ coo is uma cough CI, Ve 22 deeds Ra Sg A al, «Chi Tyg, De dl oer ats Ki, 42 Seed ele nk pn SS, ear anew Ves an ‘dential cumulative symbols (19), of the niet, the exercitus Romanus (with its topical victories) and the dynastic cults ‘occurred. in interesting iratons. Te is no suspic that the Uribunal of the Fhvian Cacrarershoald appear under Dowitian, XVI, 82, Even the reference to Minera starbe on the dio imate Inter than A.D. (85.)90 obviously had a wile point in the sense insisted upon here: nat only a goddess, Minerva wat Domiian’s malty pattoness (20) and his mest ofa special kind (21). Tam inclined assume a comparable iden in the fase of Tepper Aftcus (A.D. 76, 85), This African’ dvi, nigmatic 0 far (22), seems t0 be the interpretatio Romana ofthe Ammon of Si) Vespaian's protector i the vite year SF 69 (23). As such, the African Jove most have been dain [uished by sont maria connotations ination o the dynastion- religions ones (24) “A canfication of the dynastic themes of the loci conti tionaim fran lad us 4 the ett history of Rome; in ther “ree, thee historic reminiscences have soting steric, as phe Gene Mag (PM 82, fom ome einen Se a6 mi. lV Samay cig ee dm pt emt ar bes Wap aT, GEM. Reb i tine we Ari ea a a Ghats ins 1) and 16) The Petar zai Aleendl bn th os Fee EPtSrr Pen; te Vie Ant, 23) ore Meta li sng ae, en Se EMGEEN nae pie tat 3, i oedense by the ‘estrone (25) apd, among her thing Neronlanexeryance reed by Cassa Dio U0, 17,5)."The wor over the Gonna, Germaicus hive, Do- tian led the troace German in AD. 86 (XVI, 324). Hn Cty Matos ot ath ane Seo (AD~63), presumably witha double pont: © emphasis the oy andthe ety of the inperor'sges (26) and to eal thr olde meri ofthe ast prominet ofthe tree Mare the wine ofthe sple apna 222 B.C, who passed for he ‘ery engodmens of the Koman oir apt (27). en the feo XVI 2 and 24 aay be Interpret wo sina effec Tin. ete del ofthe fac emplped under Vspaxon snd tu 24th fine of hoe employed et Tin — ba the om. Frcnrer ate highly atsave — tere emerge an histor ics tthe Fyn scion of AD. 79. Tt cold eon, ester, renattable menage on tbe level of try afar Roms and Vespasan were grat goto, Noma and Tio the promoters of pen (28) "a any event this lst van Eile contrat Pao Aegusae is Sponsh inscription (Des 0,259). Gr te monuments deal with nthe immediatly presting tet the nope German nd to.a degre the att Cando to Mareloam prod cs othe meson of whole eis be lors meaning sich wil be fined by a single werd ison the Ligres of XVI, 158 (AD. 80) abo constaed 2 op evidently (29). Th eter tensaram (A.D. 60,84) 2 SoS ee Soe Erte ciara MiGs RaMORT ER ao Gat a EEE ren a rei the pomp ens, a tumplle ceremony (30); the ‘Mampi isl ale to hough thewcbes meaoned on XVI, SCA, 74) Ot). A con nmin tay, bu eed not, Be dswuned forthe tribune ofthe de (32) and of the Pian Gietres (33) (V1, 22, 28; RMD, 2). ly, the buts Set Regis pastors (AD. 64), the most upetan f all he ine to rece an explain long the bes ned i the presen ick, ‘wil lave also belonged to the domin of the belice Site The bars Donuts the (contractor of the apne LEGA. which, ite son, connor News advertising his ‘Selon yo Wat of he fore forthe tough We of He solder (33) 3. The theme of Nero's concern for the military virtues ofthe iavents enjoyed rest popularity a te tine of Domitios ovale’ campaigns aptnet Parthia (36); $0 Q. Marcus Rex’ og SEN tae at ea i ecb a a ech iat es ea Ea ewe ae FS ep a in ecm ‘tilt ete nat TA Gar, Pow is be PHS Fo ret ae or oi ice rt lata ia ee oe Sn sr QHD (lo Ne ut ee abass seems to have alluded to matters topical jose aronnd A.D. (64 This instance, consequendy asc the question othe degree to which the propapinda expressed. through the. mem of fur loci was adapted to the necesies of the moment and of the diploma’s military contest. Tt may be leaned froth the cor responding clause of XVI, App, 12, already quoted, chat the focus could point tothe very unit to which the constitution per ‘uins (37). Ths any examination ofthe tpielty of our mon ‘ments must tne ito acount the troops (ship) concerned with thas fighting secures A comparison withthe ther media, tht ofthe tmpril coins in the fist place, will prowe helpful It {Ss state at once that, far from being vaguely repetitive, the propaganda dese with Bere betrays is aathos" Keen interest In topieal subjects ap centred om the meta of the salieri voleed. Naturally, all sis had ss Himiations depending om the documentary gente and he architecture of the Caitlin ats. ‘Av co the former point, ur working hypothesis will be thatthe diplomats tended to follow important expeditions; de parti pants thereia mast have obiane the blk af the ars distributed Ione yea ors, but a minor pesceatage of the privileges went to the amert whose records were ofa less martial nature (38) Accordingly, our dscusion inthe segue wll bear on two facet of the probiem: che general topicality ofthe events presumably Meatear ar ton? Reena 05 9 tpt new hy area aris ent abe mcs Sema eee ing eg fe Ho op ce 11a, ere ee aS ae Secrecy iyrents ou Se hand i a ‘ai em, lee vec es Vows a ei ‘Mion deputy uantens nt dei Be Catan Magu eg ce aes abate i RO MT Delt! an Nea te rics Pest te Vesti ay ee as pt 7 underlying the choice of focus, and the posible roe of the be- teilarie ofthe piven constitution in those evens. The working Inypothesis just formulated would presuppose the combination ‘of both clones hin the majority of the foc diplomat, the fesults ofthe following analy are prohuive enough in that espe: To begin with the item which ocepies the most conspicuous place incur is, the ara gents Tale (XVI, 7-17, 19). What ‘vas the point af Gaba's and Vespusian’s insistence upon the Angustan symbol? Obviously, che eemplum bistrican of the ‘option had the gute preise meaning of opposiin to the notion ‘of Easter dspotiem represented by Mark Antony, Neto and Vielis in a sequence of Civil Wars (39), Thence the pro rminent role played by the slogans concerning. Augustus and Li bertat at the bepinings of Galb's and. Vespsin’s reigns, on coins and elsewhere (40). Vespasian's as of 7071 with the legend ddsertor iberatis publioe — emphatic and mated by the wnosaladserion i ilustatve of sich propaganda (4) Tn our opinion, the reference tthe rig Liber! par os XVI, 10F- and 13, connoting Liberian again (42), sould be scribed to the same repertory of poltal ideas © AD. 70-71 ‘The signun recalls the addition of the ad Miner alter (88-) 90, which alan modifier, and a a topical value to, the mean ing of the main focus. Ht ay be thatthe statue of Liber was rected by the Flaviaa hinsel in 69-70, to underline the sim olism of che are gents Tulse: characteristic, i 6 not men fone fa ADD. 68, though atleast XVI, 9 eles tothe lus von Beiter eh Reka te Wasim re hae tet Pt as SiS: Ee ee iron: mati ew ae ST re ore Pe tne aedextran ofthe ar ike XVI, 10% "An interesting historical reminiscence helps 0 give we a beter understanding of the whole set of XVI, 717 (19). These ‘Uplomate were dinvibuted wo sailors or exsiloes (legions) te contibution to the suceree of Gaba and Vespasan in the Civ War har already boon postulated for the qualifying fren of der grants (43). Several deals in the tots ofthese dlocuments — Sotbly their formulation and the choice of the Sgnatovies (44) — demonstrate that it was pata question of ‘utomatie sues; this is especially clear for XVT, 12-6, where the unexpected (gud mileverant) sub Sex. Lucio Basso mat thes an Unexpesied gui tum, cnr Bassas pracfctus dharany ‘asia era, ct cum maitbns subs ad Vespasinar deft sub 2 militaverant (43), Consonant wih such a feature of XVI, 11-17 19) the legend Victore Nels of Vespasan’s early cin slko eclbrites the clsrari’s dap of micary viewos and loyalty (46) and — though «related reverseype — under Ties the propagins link of Vspasan to Divus Augustus (47 So the Flavin revived in 70:71 an Aogustan type (48) repr ting the vieory of Actum asa tumph of freedom andthe ‘West oer slavery and the East (49). What i striking ere is the fact that, conographicly, de Augustan model of Vespasinn’s denrit commenting pon the events Of AD. 69 (and ince, ca i Dai es 3 SEAT ie Meera acer ee eon raear enn. TEREST seein at of 31-30 BC.) takes Alexander the Great a Octavian’ pre den in the steal coli between the two pats of the Mi tereay world (30). Now, XVI, 16 ompletsr the ghole facture in quoting, among th ecens spatrs, Aland Biagnos Maelo, 4), fury we have 1 del hee wih ‘cae clove tothe sacral witness now frm many sit dems (31). From the point of vew of conemporny He ing or Alexander Mags Mscedo prfecy conform With ‘Beitllenisc mol of x axel vcore nd tht rons snder Augisur andthe fie Flan repeeivey. Ine com ttoversy an the state af the diplomats "ob state goats tr automatc recompense for log mltry steels xa ple tend to favour the former acroative (32). The sane may Er sid of the complementary cearovery concring the sen toi sk (whether sel Yves, witnng primally the Bet la situ ofthe benetcany, or sinply conte of the cost ness ofthe dpiclon's wording?” (53) Alesander te Great sro not compat of the sepient of XVI, 16 (Bose Tarbell 7 probaly 4 Corian or Sedan) (38) nor a protospe ti the sailor (contre and strc commiitanes bing the pected ander for he sigafores of te om arta Kind te Teal eter cold of coune be found song here tops pat ‘Shating in the gen expedition) The Kings capacity offre ete sold be deived fem ft rle ofan ep bitin Of the Fini in heir stole pst the Vien. According, q Fae “Guaynaboto the ance’ bi, the heroes promactot — expecially tose ‘tho hal pretoialy von similar Bros (58) — ised to fight Side by side with their descendant (56). So there was an Additional point in choosing Alexander the Great for Balls tests: as Basll'spropagnator, the King seemed fll competent to warrant the stlors courage shown during the Belle Vitel. ‘Bnulopoos resning is dcerable behind Gerpanics’ peal to Drusis che Eder in AD. 16 (Tue, nm I, 8); i ight to be ased or Dotan’ sppel to Germanic, dealt with teow (XVI, 326). The jure, historia and reiious ex uowios propved in she foregoing lines do net of couse, fale cut the possty thi, ithe want ofa living signatory, ‘Alesander the Great was incloded among Bases fever ith & fomewhat humourous touch, However the lple‘which made posible and led to, that prssmably humourous solution Te: Iain probative for ou interpretation of the propaganda offered By the cone and diplomat ro the inital yes ofthe Vespa me rege And. we should ot overlook in this, connection, the amiistratve tier which scm To have exited among the fersonnd responsible forthe production of dplomate, the slr tion of the foc! consteatinam fixarum andthe design of the Imperial coi type (37) 4, The results of cur analysis of XVI, 717(19) encourage ts to seach forthe echoes of miltarytopcalites in the other loch too. To avoid bitrates, we shall concentrate upon the diplomats whos loci are openly "victorious and whose issue fhnes independent siqas ofa special grant (38). SEEN Bittle te this Pe 1 ie mt Oa te gn! ane fact Sg aI ee (Cine Bene em A tee see trate ects Sete Lite al ie Ce Hace et al SORA ee pas Bhs aR Sl pl fxs nt oe A, 1 BPE, XVI, 5 and «Germ, », 1978, p, 462, obviously Belong t9 this group. The years of ALD, 64 and 65 saw the production of rumerous coins celebrating Newo's Parthian victories (39); we fave altady red wo explain the current interest of the bor ‘Maret Regi in that respect (XVI, 4). "The dynastic and mata tantnotations ofthe Batt Clara Marcella may aso ae fanned topical toh: the pica virus sevived in Dowitus {Carbo (60). On the other hand, he units Usted oa the dio ‘mata XVI, 5 and « Geren», 1978, p. 462 indicate that the fo wntiitons rewarded Une very soles who had taken pat In the Armenian expedition; the suture ofthe wines enalogues jn 63, perhaps Jn 64 too, endorses this conclusion (61). The Poin aire rom ee Baier Grae nes ee eee eres fee = cieeaom ¢ Lee fe ed Jarre Ant arbor ho ar Tales eat eh eae ott Ba fc, {Be uel? Scbosec rameies aemeitrannn Cie cir te re i Nw teh Scr? BH GSM, . os zm, xT Oe, » 5Hcase of XVI, 4 map have been similar. 1s sees bensertne — {riumplelie symbol — would suggest connection with the Senate's dose of A.D. 58, which ordered athe estion of sn arcus in honour of the victor. Armenia (62). Miltary fvents and she building works. (63) of the following. yeu ‘maintained the copicalty of the theme as shown eg. by the coinage fom the Roman and the Cappadocian mints (64 The tno of XVI 4 have recently been assumed — nothing more than a canectie — to have belonged to Domitin Core’ sae coboresque ex Uprica (63). ‘duo ercar of AD. 74 point, agin, to 2 scomph ike ccetsion. We shocld atibate the occurrence on XVT, 20 to Gin, Pinarius Cornelis Clemens" sucess In the contemporary actions in Upper Gers, which won hima the onzamen trio Dphalia (66). Tha distinction isl sulfied co give the locus fone topical symbolism. Risking a bold hypothesis, more could bbe deduced, The phasing of the corresponding formula of XVI 20 implies the juxtaposition of two atches, possibly connected ibsough thei histovizal context (67). A pit of the JulioClaw san areut dedicated 10 some German victories would. be a plausible guess — regarding all the indications discussed in the present paper. If their Inston was on the Capitol the pot hhumous ches of Germnicor and Drosis the Younger woud sppenrattstive candidates, Boemse of their ant: German con- rotations (68) and their jstapostin, both real and symbol se Ee AIRE Bay op fs J te fag eo ae es ec ta ak a He ee cee eae Se pe ps ties eee a, Wee, sk AS te cate nt et cenit aad oe Te). dae ie Pc the opie Gan VL 21) ae cal (69). Now, the daysdate of the constitution of XVI, 20, ‘May 21s, ae close enough tothe birthday of Germanicus (May 24th) to allow the engravers of the vabulae 0 complete thelr ‘work in time for a etlebration commemorating, virtually, the revenge of the Varian disaster (70). Getmanicis’ bday, it is well known, preserved its popularity — at last within mil tary cites long into the third centory (71). If out proposal proves careet, the apically of the duo arcus not only Becomes {very mutked one} Italo acquires an intresting ew feet, ff 2 caleadrie gype (72). The actu murus between the two cutee could be attebuted to the needs of the moment, ike SR ies la, SA, eo pan be eb oe Sa a oh feet se ee See ie eee Roele el aes pe SR Sa Se ee a PREG LL Gels Res ° Spe eree “Binet, The rman sper my, Ln 18 28, whee Be ae ata ah Saat im Fase Sam purl SA 7 oe Ay BE Ee Se ree ri a EAR OAS eth clea as Pie Rien faves ees eee ae alee Sa kes Ge erica a ee Hi at Cie eesngs bthe saucy of Libs and Minerva spoken of sbove. All his fits Invwith the unit and witnes Tir of V1, 20, hich reveal thei men's ments in Clemens? German ware 7378 (73) ‘One mote probative element will be ce The findapow of diplomat, when dlerent trom the rospnts pase of ein ronal service (74), tend to fle the reins partion tron in tant expeditner bell (73). XVI, 20 inert, Inti sp fps, Sion Poon ue with its beneficiary's ovgo, But the practerian fragment of the late 13 (RMD, 1), foun at Auge, ba aeady been connected (H Lieb) vith the ‘Clemens prey on secount of ete smurable provenanr (76). H. ‘Libs convincing combintion Spor cur ble hat Clemens’ datincion wes flloved by Species of mary diplomat (7) “The nex items of intrest here ate XVI, 25, the foi of which seem totter t the Flivan sxc, tly opel ith sores of 7. Inthe wdc a we denn the renders stesion tthe possible lay pet of Wesparon's ienfcaton with Remand Thu’ wie Noe More important, thie pect aco, ery pbb, wilh the ‘Gramatnces of he two pant. Disgrsng with bith the ipa’ orgo (Trove andthe province of bis eet (Ge nana faesor), the itregular” finds of XVI, 25, Wlesbe dea (78), somgets an Upper German underaking shared by Some’ datschments fom the neighbonting ownees (79). An ee a Bat sid By "Mann a “ne Do Tt 0K 3 So mone Sia ane Ee action conpected with the Agi Decumates appears likely — and dns the advantage of giving the Romulus anion prize value: the extensions of the populi Roman fine link Vespasian to the founder of Rome (80). By coatast, the peaceful Numa colours 2 constitution which — i has already been surmised (81) — ‘marks the beginning of a new reign (a dovaioum like grat) rot the end ofa svecefl war, Numa, an alter ego of Tito the contertor Pacis (Desi, 259), aires even more meat ing when the formulation itelt of he diploma is examined XVI, 24 obviously opens the sexes of constitutions belosging to Type TT inthe Aifoly-Manncassibation, constitutions ‘hid ic our opinion, group together the soldiers with greater (at matot) ad lesser (qu meitaseran) resis of fighting nature (82). No doubt, the fresh inclusion of the Ine tended to reduce somewhat the marti connotations of the diploma ‘luae andl consequently demanded Tocus ‘which sounded te ther peaceful Tasty, thete was a topical point inthe choice of the fro sea Germanic foe XVI, 32f, The allusion tothe temporary Wictoris of Domitian, another Germanics, is evident: n 83 and 86, « the acs coin.ypes, not vey significant in this (Dom tins) reign until now, sbow a prem and varied efflorescence, ‘nd nea and claborste concentration on the German viet ries» (83). But it ir the historical shading of that propaganda which matters here. A type with » composite wophy on the reverse, popular during these two yeas, deliberately intates CInuos aur and donated in honour of Neto Drusis werloed De Germanis (84). Given the close connection eer lem he Me canes — 4 na rT ls is aad ne Howat all cee tf fe ee naa fo te i a 2letwoen the Rhenish exploits of Germanicus and those of his father and forerunner (Geemanics too), the reprodetion of Brass’ trophy unos Claudius and Germanic nder Domitian Inst bave produced virtually the same effects of propagindist der (83); furthermore, Claudius commemorative eons ine UWbly contibut to the inteligity of the message imparted though the locas of XVI, 326, which presumably bad an ante ‘dentin the do arcus of XVi, 20. The record of the benef Saree of XVI, 33.—~ perhaps iso of XVI, 32 — correlates ‘vith the selection of the topses for the supporter of the cor Fesponding tabulae. Again, the find spot of the diploma ise vealing. Tt has been unearthed, quite surprisingly, deep ie Bor. barico— nat fat from Napoes (Cluj) in the ftwre province of Daca. Among tentative explnatons of this anomalous prove ance of the bronme (86), she only. plausible iy 19 assume is ‘cients pariiption in the Danobian wars of Domitian, t- futher will the other velltions from Syria and Alvica (87) Expuued, mortally wounded of killed in seton, the soldier was busied spd Decor at bis diploma to, satunlly. The rele renee tothe fropoce German shows thatthe aes Was received fa the Danube notin Tada, snd earned thasks 10 the North tr campaigns, otto along service beside the Jordan, Domiin's Srfare against the Dulane was intermingled with chat against the Danubian Germans, 0 that te dropaes Germavici ited vel the were facto the carly B6 serving in western Dacia ner in the sme year (88). As fo XVI. 32, iu sallow: ay have ttansported the t1ogpe from he South and the East ro the Ba Kens ike eg. the clic! of XVI, 56 (AD. 107), whose grouping with dhe cutie of Mauretania Cacsarensis ‘on that BO 18) Cr eg Tae, Ame, I, 8,1 The qton say be pod vate No ba oe aes a Te wanna diploma seem to tllec thelr efons of the same type, mde fm the ocsson of the Tejanic ware agin: Deecel, wars ‘hich as rallish distant sesilaones (89). Tv tha cae, che Tous of XV, 32 would fully scord with what the beneicaes ofthe consittion scully dil before obtaining their pies, foe earer examples show that the tansmatine teapore of sl chez tended tobe equated with the patpation of these soldiers inthe war expedition to fallow, she equation naturally pertains 10 che respective "qualifying evens” necessary fr the aulaies tnd sailors to become aere nin (90). But we must nt forget the alternative thatthe ‘Geran victory” as» slogan of the mo- trent was applied toa minority of dipfomte whore recipients Thad nothing to do withthe Rheno-Danutlan fronts ust a. for instance, Domitian intesed itary pay than to his Chattan triumph (91) but extended the new spendin tothe etic cxeries Romanus, epardess of the given unit's share in the succes of $3. A happy epigraphic nd could belp us 19 tel Whether the iropace Germanic! of XVI, 33 meant petse reference 10 he record of the Egyptian slr inthe mds ‘or only reproduced theme of more general propaganda 5. The hisory of the fc} comsizutionum ixarum throws some light on the evolution of miliary diplomats ar a whole, ‘sc rell on the Baie nature ofthat category of document. Fist, the changes of the lot tl AD. (88-190 show, indirectly, that the production of the difomaza was not a routine mater depen ding on the predictable dates, ocestons and quantities of the tabulae sencae This conclusion follows, primarily, from oat ‘analysis of the propagundst valve of the fer, but diverse obser ‘ations concerning out material coroborate it. A. reform into ‘docng the grant of are to all the cment fom all the oui, Fetes. would have others led tothe erection of suitable big supporter — analogout to the muras post fempuom Dish August» wall prewmably built by Domitian (92) — much Repeal aerate Fae romano Mane Cree vo, HRA een he Aa ag © MNTcles than A.D. (88:)90, probably fom the very beginning of the socalled standard Uplomate under Claudius. Besides, there were inthe Claudiowvian period certain topographical turns to the Jot previously used, a practice which does pot ‘ein 10 have been fegulated by any conceivable demand of a vultarian order. Thus, XVI, 26 (A-D. 80) notes a maras post eden Fidei pR., a temple which otherwise docs ot gore in ‘cur formate after XVI, 16 Tt there stood free wall behind the aedes Fide, why did it romain unoved sill AD. 80? OF the to possible answers to that question, both accord with the ‘deductions proposed in the prewent aries either the Toc! of XVI, Sif became more atative for propagandist purposes 0 ‘hae the tomple of Faith ands viii lost thie stration for ‘hile, or — the alternative which seems more convincing — the minus of XVI, 26 was constructed a late a8 80 (93), at ‘moment when the gees Fide’ symbol became roped for sme feaion, The eave of the calumna...quuc ext secundum Tovis ‘Alc appestssinlar (XVI, 31, AD. 85). The return to the Tuppivr Aicus through the erection of a columve neat that Jove's basis would be compatible withthe military story of the eventful year of 83 (94). And the cleat (vo far) oeus cnc of she luppter Afrcos (XVI, 21, A.D. 76) abo lsteates the aonalitarancharscter ofthe changes of out lc fori ehto- nological divides the two virally idea formula tlerting to the tribunal deorum (AD. 75, 78). The panels may be Imulipied ef. the return vo the aeder Opis In 83 or to the ‘hensrium getus in 84), and-will probably be mulled by the fnure discoveries, Second, we re inclined to medily the hypothesis (which i corollary to she sumption of the peace eri in the seletion of the Zot) thatthe tabula acneue were displayed on their porters for # namber of years before being removed to make way forthe originale citing the new recipients (93), Sich a practice prohably prevailed during the post(88-)90 pe- Fld (96); befte that it seems inconceivable. The focur with Shap es Baa Sei 5, Sa fi tala was something ote than a jiially meet com Shatin: it do served tn a propepaait devie. This & well ilsented by Vespa’ mesmure tlated by. Suton inhi ‘scion of the Flavun restoration ofthe Capital tear ‘uc tabla rs mila, quae sil conlagaveran,restitue. 0 stacey" Undue inetigairesemplontas, ntramentn Inport pulcberinao ae eetstiximam.cofect, guo.ontne. Sonturpaene ob evendo Urbis sentar comm, plied fiat footers we pring ctmane conceit (Vern. 8) ‘Though Sactnivs dove ot spcy hat the orale of he rltary cottons ere restored so, hi is amot self dnt, c dee from the numbers involved (ii mili) and the ian ten ole Gey ang: the costly ad pinstaingreengrving ofthe tbula Under espe Sinn woul ave soon with the practice jst mentioned Af he ates had en aid aly a the it ety. And, ‘et aly the forme listed here do oot give ny argument Ia ‘Bvour ofthe srumprion ofthe patio removals ofthe pre (88:0 orignal On the contrary, the dart laces of XVI, 25°(AD. 85), inva lnuann Opis ie tests thatthe dnb wails of the temple were il covered by eonsetons ike XV1, 5 (AD. 5) "Third, th nin stages int istry of dhe lc are atu ‘ne in mote than one ropa, The evstion fom the seder Tile! pit to the errton mile (ardet Opis) cs AD. 34 and tthe ‘visor monuments ia AD. 60 at the Its fo be explained; to oor thing, by a certain’ change the onnsption of the diplome mitre. In previo. paper, we fie ted fo show at vars indistios reveal tthe di ‘ome stil to somos, mas ealy, sigur eatin, os £38 impyng some oa cmmpeasation rather than an era srenm cits, which could be pradced in ss expensive ope OF), The avai mitre of XVI, 3. supe There postive fous sour the compéntion in mot} eam reste Seema cma ee ls oT Rota ce le i See oy EST RR Sg 0 ta a he me ing So aProbably, the sere act received together with thei diptycha some special pacman any case, the aeraivm miitore a the Toons of the oigtals of che consitucioner emerts date mn mize the attraction of the conjecture (98) shat the ecpens themselves ad 0 pay for theit aera Generally taken, both the specs of the transition just mentioned —"eo the aera Iitare aod tothe paces associated with victorious batter ‘would be difcue to interpret without cnvibaging the exe Forde, moval and materia, aspects af the pretgion, which seems 0 have born denied to. number of the repent’ co. ment esiaps, the cerium militares. Toca synbiing the mentioned praca aides that eclsivencs ofthe ae init cil, for — under Augustus atleast — the miliary ttemury ms have been reserved fr the legions, the pate tians and the wbanician (99). Ifthe same sate of ae sto beasumel forthe ClauioMlavian epoch, the betas of the dipfomata among the aesaries and the sailors should be regarded sn privileges people whose (comparatively igh) prac ‘mie itis unlike those of thet commiltones, fell‘ the Srvartum onitre, not on snother chet te cinietion woud feared, of course, to the eitetion of cer regulating the Satas of oth he tiny ante apres to tone he sere inst equated with he citien soldiers). But there ithe SMteroative possibilty thatthe ans and clases were placed inthe fll competence of the aria metre at alte date, Possibly around ADD. 34 (100), which would lead topicalsy fo the locas of XVI, 3 asl, the fis! placing of the bronze tables on the wall Ichind the templam Dit August is oserative of the process of edua! ctalardizaon and inflaton of diplomate, An ane ogous change ocured under Vespaian, when the “prvi _nstories of diplomota were replace by ‘goverment ones, Both the changes show thatthe distribution of diplomat, iniialy an ‘xcegconal event, tended to became sytemetic. the problem is wheter the theory ofthe dplome asa non-tomatic (miniy BBE AB Si ne a ‘ic gee wi ce pa fe ae oh sistem) ast — a theory which fre gprs in tbe Analyses developed ia the present article amet forthe ain cyst 890 pd, To or mind. el Despite all the sigs of the difoma becoming es and less 4 rare pve, the second century evidence still sens to favour, dinsinay, the view propounded by A. v. Domaszewshi and defended by myself (OTT, Though raters are Tes let with regard tothe (and eacly four) century materi hee i 50 fat no prof that it was ever an iralcriminan reward intend forall the emer from a class of troop of the exerci, Ro oa Ah eal