Foundation engineers are often challenged by the existence of soft compressible soils at the construction site. Figure 11.46 shows a soil profile with a silty sand (y= ISKN/m; Yu = 17 KN/m*) underlain by high-plasticity clay (1, 17 KN/m) and a peat layer (744, = 16 KN/m’), followed by dense sand. To expe- dite consolidation and minimize future settlement, an additional 2-m-thick fill material, compacted to a unit weight of 19 kN/m’, will be placed on top of the silty sand layer. The plan area of the fill is 10 m X 10 m. The fill load will be left in place for 2 years, after which construction will begin with the fill becom- ing part of the permanent foundation. Undisturbed samples collected from the clay and organic layers had the following properties: —_—_—_SSSS—S—SCSC—<—‘iR Layer & & — elem/se) oF Clay 0.36 0.03 0.003 Ml Peat 6.6 0263, 0.025 59 15 Enimate the total consolidation settlement under the action ofthe fll load. Consiser hath the clay and pest layers tobe normally coneolidatec. bb Estimate the time for 99% primary consolidation in each layer Are the layers singly or doubly drained? Explain «Estimate the secondary compression in each layer. 4. What willbe the total settlement after 2 years? ‘= Determine the effective stress at point A threz months after the application of the fled ett tN Abt ddd 2fr Silty sand es Figure 11.46Stop of 24 @ Consider the clay layer: Calculate the settlement of day layer due to one dimensicnal consolidation using the formula: s fia 282) co Tee: Here, C, is the compression index, Aq is theincrease in effective stress, gis theeffective overburden pressure, ‘and His height of the day layer. Step2 of 24 Calculate he value of m L MR Substitute 10m for Land 8. 10 m0 Calculate the value of m Calculate the beering canacty of day using the formula: q=7H Substitute 19kN/m? for 7 ard 2m for H. q=19%2 =38kNim'Step3 “Tabulate the values of increase in eflectve stress m 1 | de! a4 fs fos [ss os [304 ae fs fae [se (0506 | 2502 ale fs fae [ss 044g | 1706 Step4: (Calculate the average incresse in effective stress using the values cbtained in table (1) 17.06 30.444 23.02 6 Ao’ 39.54 6 23.25 KNim* (Calculate the efective overburden pressure using the formule of, = DAS+ 2417 +4184 Le 16—7<9.81 =30+34472+16-68.67 =83.33KN/m?Step 5 of 24 Calculate the settement of clay layer dus to one dimensional consolidation, Suesttute 0,36 10°C. 4 m fA 5,9 for & » 60.76KN/m* f° G%, .8Fd 23.25kN/m* for Ao” Sete Sl (28) +% % 0364 (sores 8) eH 60.76 = 0.096m Step 6 024 Consider the peat layer Calculate the settlement of peat layerdue to ene dimensional consolidation using the formula: Here, His height of the pest layer Step7 of 22 Caleulate the value oF Calculate the bearing capacty of clay using the formula: a=yH Substitute 19kNim? fer 7 ard 2m for H.Steps of 24 “Tabuate the values of increasein effective stess : 7 I 2 (m) (m) ale (5 |e |x ‘04eg | 1706 a fe [5 |e [x 03ee [1674 a fio [5 [eo |x ‘0336 [3276 Step9 of 24 (Galeulate the average increase in effectve stress using the values obtained in table (2). 17.06 + 4%14,74% 12.76 ao! 6 _8878 “6 =148kNim? Step10 0124 Calculate the settlement of cay layer due to one cirmensicnal consolidation, Subsitute 6 6 forC,, 2m forH, $9 for e, , 83.33kNim? for @! ,and 23, 25kN/ (SiH) 1+59 83.33 136m Galeulate the tetal consolidation settlement using the formule: +S, Substitute 0.096m for S.m 2nd 0.136m 5, 096 + 0.136 232m Ss. Hence, the total consolidation settlement s (0.232)Step 11 cf 24 2 Calculate the time for 99 & primary consolidation using the formula: ere, the maximum drainage path J, .thetime factors 7, , andthe coefficient of conscldation iso, Suostiute 200m for H, » 1.781 for T, .8n4 0,003 Fc, _(200)°1.781 t vrs 0.003 =23,746,666s Convert time from sto days. day 86,4005 99 you = 23,746,666 5% =275 days Hence, the time for 99 % primary consolidation for clay is [275 days] Step 120f 24 Calculate the time for 95 % primary consolidation using the formula: (Hs) Tn ‘o-po Here the maximum drainage path is H, the time factoris Ty, ,and the coeffcient of consolidation is ¢, Substitute 200m for My » 1.781%" Tyy 20d 0,025" ¢, _ (200)*1.781 me 0005 = 2,849,600 Convert Hine fom = te eaye = 2,849,605 4 by me 86,4008 = 33days Hence, the time for 99% erimary consoldation for neat is [37days]Step 13 of 24 3 ‘Compute the secondary compression in clay using the forula: Sey = GH we : Hare, the secondary compression indexie C! the initaltimeis 4, , and the fraltimeis ¢, (Calculate the change of void rato using the formule: a) +Ao" ony Ch 2222) Substitute 0,36 for C., $.9 for eg » 60. 76KNim* for a", end 23,25KNim* er Ao’ 60.76 + 23.25 Achinay = 0.36 log) 22784 23.25) ne e( 076 ) = 036%0.1407 = 0.0506 Step 14 of 24 (Compute the void rats of the day. « Ae, Substitute 1,1 for e, ad 0.0506 Aen, 10.0506 049 Primary compression index using the formula: “, The, Substitute 0,93 for C, and1.049 fer e, 0.03 141.049 = 0.0146Step 15 of 24 Substitute 0.0146 for C",, 4m for H,365days for 1, , 2nd 275 days for f, in equation 5, o- “0146x4ng( 2355) 275 =0.0146x1.695 =0.0247m Hence, the secondary compression in clay is [0.0247 ml Step16 of 24 ‘Comaute the secondary compression in clay using the forrula: \-« Calculate the change of void ratio using the formula: S, meer 2 sco) Supsttute 6,6 f°C,, 5,9 ‘OF & . 83.33kNim? F % .2°d 14,8kN/m* for Ao! epinay ~6.60e( = 6.6%0.071 = 0.468, 93.33.4148 333 Stept7 of22 Compute the void ratioof the peat layer: ~ Aor Subsitute $9 for ¢, ad fo" Mesinuy 90.468 432 Primary comoression index using the formula: C Subsitute 0.263 for C, and 5432 for e, _ 0.263 © 145.432 = 0.0408Stop18.of 24 ‘Substitute 0.0408 for C1, 2m for H, 365 days for 4, , and 33days for 4, in equation (2) 5p 2by( 225) 33 = 0,04058x2.689 =0.109m Hence, the secondary compression in clayis [0.1 09m Step 19 of 24 3 Calculate the total settlement using the formula: S= 5.4 Sect * Sep Substitute 0.232 for $, 0.0247 for, 4, and 0.109 fOr S, sau S=0.232-+0.0247 +0.109 =0.365m Hence, the total settlement after 2 years is ‘Step 20 of 24 2 CCaleulste the time facter in three months using the formula: ce Here, the time is the coefficient of consolidation is C,,, the maximum drainage pathis H, Substitute 30 days for ¢ 0,003 for C, ,and 200m for Hy 0.003 %3%30% 243600 200° 23,328 40,000 0.5832Stop21 of 26 Calculate the decree of consoldtion. (Calculate the ratio of Substitute 2m for H., and 3 mforz, ) eorreszonding tothe Step 22 of 24 Compute the remaining excess pore water pressure at point 4 using the formula: (1-U.)u, Substitute 23.25kN/m? for u, and 0,85 ‘or U, (1-088)23.25 = 0.15x23.25 4875 KNim* Step 23 of 24 Calculate the increase in effective stress after 3 months. Ao=u,-u, Substtute 3.4875 kN/m? fer 1, and 23.25 kNi Ao = 23.25 -3.4875 19,76 kN/m?Step 24 of 24 Calculate the effective sess forthe soil profi. 21542017 43x 18-(243)981 =30+34+54-49.05 =68.95kKN/m? Calculate the fa effective stess after 3 months using the formule o,=0+8o ‘Substitute 68.95kN/m’ for of 2919.76KNim" fr Aor 7, = 68.95 +19.76 =88.71kN/m’ Hence, the final affective stess after 3 months i [88.71