1.1) RES TRE SRW / UGS Lesson 7 SEU /UGEU - ~ RK TEDEDEY BS THESE / URL BS TEPEDEW VGb\-form ~te+ aA ~esd *GA } ts ) [OCIS B/W AV indicates that [~ is obligatory or definitely necessary. It is the same as [~#1T#URzS we] : ® co# ish ehikee< cae oe. This medicine must be taken twice a day. @ Vk- MAR Ce Clk) EEA. The reporthas to be in Japanese. (2) [~& ¢ CSM d%W J indicates that [~] is not necessary. It is a politer expression than [~%¢-CBWUTH : @ Ravkoone, Behe copEbers Once your temperature has gone down, its all right not to take the medicine. ® Ewe a6 ceMEWELA. The composition does not have to be very long. [~#inige5%— (must be done regardless of whether the performer of the action wants to or not) | : EKER ENTE D EEA. [~% ¢ Cw (no need to perform the action) J: LR THVUTT. (or [Ate Ha] Lesson 17) . (2) (PRL Se/~eer [OFS VEC TIE + VECSe [bE] Vaeltnignial — vee [Otel] In informal conversation, [% ¢-ClEWIF Vs] can become [ & (1) [~7807 is attached to a noun to indicate alimit, @ Faneonreiaa 1) Lesson) © Siitotiiu“heuoes. @ tharstidiiznes. (2) Averb or an adjective can precede [---7£17 |, creating a predicate: ® MELTHZO? A RERATHOKUTH. What are you doing? I'm just reading a book. @ BAI? bx oc RRR ORT. Are youill? No, Im just feeling a little poorly. (3) [+472 Cueva] indicates that it is only necessary to perform the specified action ([--4' c & J) and nothing else: © Wlbawestacctm?- comickiied< circovacs. How do apply? Alou have to do is to write your name on this piece of paper. 3. |+-#& (sentence-final particle) v OA *@A) plain form *N —# } plain form + Pe (4) [2978 | is used when posing a question that does not demand an answer: O A:BRSAOBE HOT EY hiahiaonDe. Iwonder what I should get Dad for his birthday? B:¥—¥-1kL3 de. How about a pullover, I wonder? (2) Using [--%ev-#-% J for an invitation or request has a softening effect, making the invitation or request less direct: @ A Whaneche he acta, BEbuolsknbolesen patted Uc4. (1) |~@Ade We're all going to see the cherry blossoms tomorrow, and I wondered whether you might not like to come with us. Bi Becta. wectia, The cherry blossoms, ch? That would be nice. @ arshectcom' he Sika e—Launseoevacie, Foc cauvbe LT have to get all of these materials copied by three o'clock, and I wondered whether you might not be able to help me. B: Ww. Noproblem. N+ BAD [~Z Aw indicates that the speaker disparages [~ , attaching little importance to it Itis like [%'] butis used in conversation: OD br Lobeamanwehesncs KSvr. MFELATT. Please don't go showing my pictures to everyone. I'm no good at painting. (2) [BAT] v WA plainform | + @AT mA N 1) PK HACC Y) also indicates that the speaker disparages X and attaches little im- portance to it. It too is ike [% L'| butis used in conversation: D dELORATARIMER WCC RE. MATERA TTS Please don't go showing my pictures to everyone. I'm no good at painting. (2) [XACT] is also used to express criticism of X or display surprise concerning it. It is used in conversation: @ HA, Rks ve ws hi oikiiard otk You had a phone call from someone called Oe yesterday. iat OD MD ERAL, bilo But I don't know anyone called Oe!@ Beas he tities ck wonert, fy SEATED Thad no idea that our teacher had been killed in an accident and has been dead for three years! @® Bia“ cBcaneATc, WoC DLELT. Iwas amazed when I passed the test at my first attempt! ® LIHKAMHABIHAD EOBAT. HID EATLIE Thad no idea that Mr. Miller was so good at singing! [AT is used after a verb or adjective, as in@,@, and ®. [%A#J cannot be used in this case. (1) [+ (&) #% (emotional causative) Vi. (emotion verb) + (&) #3 In addition to being used to express making someone else do something, the causative form [~ (%) #2] is also used to describe evoking an emotion. In this case, the verb used is an intransitive verb that indicates emotion, such as [ ik <, 5.6044, HELE or I J (cry, be surprised, enjoy, be startled, etc.), and the person in whom the emotion is provoked is indicated by [J : ® Bot, “B eikpenc eas, I sometimes hit my younger brother and made him cry. ® FAC MEMO, Hes (Sez surprised my mother by scoring 100 points in the test. 9 (Re) [~ (%) 2% (causative) | : PH nis Ae RBS TY He ee (or [ask %0 BBM Leson 48) (2)[~ (€) #5nS + ~ENS (passive of emotional causative) Vit(8) BONS ‘The emotional causative can also be used in the passive: © fmm ce ES cahred, tomy seen. L was disappointed when I never won anything in the lottery, no matter how many times I bought tickets. ® FesmboriCasite lt Moston. The composition the child wrote was excellent; I was impressed.‘This usage indicates that the emotion (of surprise, sadness, disappointment, admiration, etc.) is strongly evoked. bee FH (8) 2% (causative) | : aie wii 8 Ae RBA TH He ata T (eo [AAO BAAR) Lesson 48) [= (5) 2% (passive) J : 7: LIE CHD BNE Lhe (or [abo wABMT Lesson37) f= () #518 (causativepassive) |: KAW EE cies 82 Nk Le (or [akon RIAL) Lestons) | plain form WA + BS GA | plain form N J FX #6 YJ is used to recommend or ask about Y when the listener is thinking of doing Xoor isin a state of X. X can be a noun, verb or adjective. [J is appended to the plain form, but when X ends in a % A or a noun, the form 7 A/noun +75 is used ® xyavetvrvacta RI DY Te NT RROROWTH bo (= [Ato BAAR) Lesson 35) OQ DAVERI BO. HOWMBCK( CHVLVBOIHS Lo I's wine you're buying, that offlicence has some that are good and cheap. TB Lcosetians, svHRcAuke dite (TRV EEA. If you're going to make a chair by yourself, you have to start by choosing e some good wood as a material. @ Batives, co# thor vvcts. If you've got a headache, you should take some of this medicine, you know. © REBAo nr cee ene, eokeowvrn. If I'm going to get some advice about going on a postgraduate course, I wonder which professor I should talk to?es B< ~TSn (1) [VT < #J is used when you instruct or request something indirectly. When speaking directly, the form [~t < © fits crates ate (7B C LCC HAY) LAVELLE. Mr. Tanaka said to his mother, “Please wake me up at seven o'clock.” sHihscwaiectcht ave LAD ‘What did Mr. Tanaka say to his mother? THRE LTC MEBUVE Lite He asked her to wake him up at seven o'clock. vo] is used: (2) Note that | VC < #1] is mainly used by men when asking someone junior to do something and sounds a little rough: Md @ BRB A, coRWese-L oR Department Manager: Tanaka, go and copy these materials, please. a