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01 Binomial Theorem PDF
01 Binomial Theorem PDF
Binomial Theorem
BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR POSITIVE INTEGRAL INDEX
Synopsis:
1. f x and a are real numbers, then for all n ∈ N ,
( x + a ) n = n Co x n a o + n C1 x n −1a1 + n C2 x n − 2 a 2 + ....
+.... + n Cr x n − r a r + ... + n Cn −1 x1a n −1 + n Cn x o a n i.e
n
Formula: ( x + a ) n = ∑ n Cr x n − r a r .
r =0
Synopsis:
n
If n is an even natural number, then in the binomial expansion of ( x + a ) n , + 1 th
2
n +1 n+3
Formula: If is odd natural number , then th and th are the middle terms
2 2
3. GREATEST TERM
Synopsis:
Let Tr+1 and Tr be(r+1)th and rth terms respectively in the expansion of (x+a)n. Then, Tr +1 = n Cr x n − r a r and
Tr = nCr-1 xn-r+1 ar-1.
Tr +1 n
Cr x n − r a r n! (r − 1)!(n − r + 1)! a n − r +1 a
∴ =n n − r +1 r −1
= × . = .
Tr Cr −1 x a (n − r )!r ! n! x r x
n +1
CASE1 When is an integer
x
1+
a
n +1
Let = m. Then, from (i), we have
x
1+
a
∴ T2 > T1, T3 > T2, T4 > T3, ……, Tm>Tm-1 [From (ii)]
and, Tm+2 < Tm+1, Tm+3 < Tm+2, …Tn+1 < Tn [From (iv)]
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⇒ T1 < T2 < ….<Tm-1 < Tm=Tm+1 > Tm+2 > …> Tn
This shows that mth and (m+1)th terms are greatest terms.
n +1
Case II: When is not an integer.
x
1+
a
n +1
Let m be the integral part of . Then, from (i), we have
x
1+
a
⇒ T1 < T2 < T3 < .... < Tm < Tm +1 > Tm + 2 > Tm +3... > Tn +1
4. MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
n
Using binomial theorem, we have x + a ) n = ∑ n Cr x n − r a r , n ∈ N
r =0
n
n!
= ∑ (n − r )!r ! x
r =0
n−r
ar
n! s r
= ∑
r + s =n r !s !
x a , where s=n-r.
n!
( x1 + x2 + .... + xk ) n = ∑
r1 + r2 +....+ rk = n r1 !r2 !....rk !
x1r1 x2r2 ....xkrk
n!
x1r1 x2r2 x3r3 ....xkrk
r1 !r2 !r3 !.....rk !
The number of terms in the above expansion is equal to the number of non-negative integral solution of the
equation.
r1+r2+…..+rk = n, because each solution of this equation gives a term in the above
n + k −1
expansion. The number of such solutions is Ck −1 .
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5. PARTICULAR CASES
n! r s t
(i) ( x + y + z ) n = ∑
r + s + t = n r ! s !t !
x y z
n + 3−1
The above expansion has C3−1 = n + 2 C2 terms.
n!
(ii) ( x + y + z + u )n = ∑
p+q+r + s=n p! q! r ! s!
x p yq zr us
n + 4 −1
There are C4−1 = n +3 C3 terms in the above expansion.
n!
REMARK The greatest coefficient in the expansion of ( x1 + x2 + .... + xm ) n is m−r
, where q and
(q !) [(q + 1)!]r
r are the quotient and remainder respectively when n is divided by m.
PROPERTY I In the expansion of (1+x)n the coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and the
end are equal.
PROPERTY II The sum of the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1+x)n is 2n.
n
i.e, Co + C1 + C2 + ... + Cn = 2n or, ∑
r =0
n
Cr = 2 n .
PROPERTY III The sum of the coefficients of the odd terms in the expansion of (1+x)n is equal to the sum
of the coefficients of the even terms and each is equal to 2n-1.
i.e, Co+C2+C4+….=C1+C3+C5+……=2n-1.
n n n − 1 n−2
n
Cr = . n −1Cr −1 = . . Cr − 2 and so on.
r r r −1
n
1 3r 7 r 15r
2. Find the sum of the series : ∑ ( −1) r n
C r r + 2r
+ 3r
+ 4 r + ....upto m terms
r =0 2 2 2 2 \
n
1 3r 7 r 15r
3. Find the sum of the series ∑ ( −1) r n
C r r + 2r
+ 3r
+ 4 r + .... + to ∞
r =0 2 2 2 2
m
4. If k and n be positive integers and sk =1k + …+ nk, then show that ∑
r =1
m +1
Cr sr = (n + 1) m +1 − (n + 1)
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n n n n − 1 k − 2 n n − 2
5. Prove that : 2k − 2k −1 + 2
0 k 1 k − 1 2 k − 2
n n − k n n n
+…..+ +(-1)k-1 +.... + (−1) = , where = Ck
k 0 k k
6 In the expansion of the binomial expression (x+a)15, if the eleventh term is the geometric mean of the
eighth and twelfth terms, which term in the expansion is the greatest.
7. Prove that the greatest term in the expansion of (1+x)2n has also the greatest coefficient, then
n n +1
x ∈ , .
n +1 n
1+ x 1+ 2x 1 + 3x 1 + nx
8. 1− C1 + C −
2 2
C + .... +(−1) n
3 3
C =0
n n
1 + nx (1 + nx) (1 + nx) (1 + nx)
9. If nCo, nC1, nC1, nC2, …..,nCn denote the binomial coefficients in the expansion of (1+x)n and p+q=1,
then prove that
n n
(i) ∑ r nCr p r q n−r = np
r =0
(ii) ∑r
r =0
2 n
Cr p r q n − r = n 2 p 2 + npq
n
3r + 2
10. Evaluate
r =0
∑r
+ 6 r 3
2
+ 11r + 6
n
Cr , Where n
C0 , nC1 ,.....n Cn are the binomial coefficients in the
expansion of (1+x)n.
(32)
(32)
11. When 32 is divided by 7, prove that the remainder is 4.
12. A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen at random. The set A is reconstructed by
replacing the elements of P. A subset Q is again chosen at random. Find the number of ways selecting
P and Q so that.
(i) P and Q are disjoint sets. (ii) P ∩ Q contains just one element
(iv) Q is a subset of P
(v) P ∩ Q = φ
(viii) P ∪ Q = A (ix) P = Q
PASSAGE – 1
Let Tr and Tr+1 be rth and (r+1)th terms respectively in the expansion of bionomial
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n n n-r+1 r-1
(x+a) . Then Tr = Cr-1 x a and Tr+1 = nCr xn-r ar
Tr +1 n − r + 1 a
∴ =
Tr r x
n − r +1 a n +1 x
Now, Tr+1 > , = , < Tr According as >, =, < 1, i.e. according as − 1 >, =, < , i.e.
r x r a
n +1
according as r <, =, > .
x
+1
a
n +1
So, if is an integer, say p, then Tr+1 > Tr if r < p otherwise Tr+1 ≤ Tr
x
+1
a
So, Tp = Tp+1 (numerically) and these are greater than any other term in the expansion.
n +1
Next, if is a non-integer, suppose m be its integral part then Tr+1 < Tr if r ≤ m and
x
+1
a
So, Tm+1 is the numerically greatest term among the terms of the expansion.
Again we can also write that kth term is numerically greatest if Tk > Tk+1 and Tk-1.
2. Magnitude wise the greatest term in the expansion of (3, -2x)9 when x=1 is
10
a) 2< x < 3 b) 3 < x < c) 4 < x < 5 d) None of these
3
4. If n is even positive integer, then the condition that the numerically greatest term in the expansion of
(1+x)n may have the greatest coefficient also is
n n+2 n +1 n
a) <| x |< b) <| x |<
n+2 n n n +1
n n+4
c) <| x |< d) None of these
n+4 n
5. The interval in which x must lies so that the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1-x)21 has
the greatest coefficient is, (x > 0).
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5 6 5 6 4 5 4 5
a) , b) , c) , d) ,
6 5 6 5 5 4 5 4
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