‫رﺟ ﺎء ﻟﻜ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪم ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤ ﺬآﺮات اﻟ ﺪﻋﺎء ﻻﺑ ﻨﻲ أﻳﻤ ﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺸ ﻔﺎء ﻣ ﻦ آ ﻞ داء‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁــﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻴﺭ \ ‪35‬‬
‫‪Ts = short span of slab / 35‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﻋﻦ ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Dead load‬‬ ‫‪= own weight of slab + cover‬‬
‫‪= tS * 2.5 + 0.15 …. Assume tS = 12 cm‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﱏ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ = ‪200‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪ ،2‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ‪400‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪ ،2‬ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺎﺕ ‪500‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ‪ 1000‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪.2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Live load‬‬ ‫‪= 300 kg./m .‬‬

‫‪Total load = 2.5*0.12 + 0.15 + 0.30 = 0.75 t/m2.‬‬

‫ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺘﺒﻌ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻁﺔ )ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﻥ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪m1 * Lx‬‬
‫=‪R‬‬
‫‪m * Ly‬‬
‫‪Where :‬‬
‫‪R : Rectangularity Ratio.‬‬
‫‪m1 and m could be 0.87 or 0.76‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪(m and/or m1) = 0.87‬‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﲢﺎﻫﲔ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪(m and/or m1) = 0.76‬‬

‫‪Lx and Ly are the slab dimensions in X and Y directions.‬‬

‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ، R‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ < ‪ 2‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ، 2 >R‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﳓﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ 300‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪ ، 2‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪α = 0.50 R − 0.15‬‬

‫‪0.35‬‬
‫‪And‬‬ ‫=‪β‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ α‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ‪ β ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻰ < ‪ 300‬ﻛﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻡ‪ ، 2‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ، Grashoff‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‪α‬‬ ‫‪And‬‬ ‫=‪β‬‬
‫‪R +1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪R +1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﺋﻂ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪.Marcus‬‬

‫‪Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
R 1.0 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.0
α 0.395 0.473 0.543 0.606 0.660 0.705 0.745 0.778 0.806 0.830 0.849
β 0.395 0.323 0.262 0.212 0.172 0.140 0.113 0.093 0.077 0.63 0.055

‫ ﻭﺣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬1 ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ‬، ‫ﻭﺑﻌـﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺭ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
.‫ﻛﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬

Design of R.C. sections:

εc Fc
Cs
d`

Cc
z

Yct
d

T
εs b Fs / n

Notations:

b Breadth of the rectangular section

t Total depth of the cross section
d Theoretical depth of cross section, from the center of
tension steel to the outside fiber of the compression zone.
d` Distance from compression steel to the outside fiber of the
compression zone.
z Distance from the Neutral Axis to the outside fiber of the
compression zone.
YCT Arm of resisting moment of internal force = distance
between the compression and tension internal forces.
AS Cross sectional area of tension steel
AS` Cross sectional area of compression steel

Notations, Cont.

M External moment acting on the section

CC Compression force on concrete
CS Compression force on compression steel
C = CS + CC = Total compression force on the section

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 2
T Tensile force on tension steel
ЄC Strain of outside fibers of concrete
ЄS Strain of tension steel
FC Maximum compressive stress of concrete in compression
FS Tensile stress of steel in tension
FS` Compressive stress of steel in compression
n ES
Modular ratio = , where E is the modulus of elasticity
EC
ζ z
(zeta) =
d
β d`
(beta) =
d
r FS
=
FC
µ Ratio of tension steel reinforcement in the cross section
AS
=
b.d
µ` Ratio of compression steel reinforcement in the cross
A
section = S `
b.d

Assumptions:
‫ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬،‫ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﺥ ﺷﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ -1
.‫ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ‬،‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺎﹰ‬
‫( ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ‬Strain) ‫ ﲟﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬.‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃـﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻈـﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﻌﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ -2
.‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

εC z
= ….. for the elastic stage ………. (1)
εS d − z

Stress
and = const. = E
Strain

FS FC
= ES and = EC
εS εC

(1) ‫ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ЄS ، ЄC ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 3
 ‫‪FC‬‬
‫‪EC‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪FC E S‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪or‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪FS‬‬ ‫‪d−z‬‬ ‫‪FS EC d − z‬‬
‫‪ES‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫= ‪n. C‬‬ ‫)‪………. (2‬‬
‫‪FS d − z‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (2‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪N.A‬‬
‫‪FS‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫= ‪FC‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪………. (3‬‬
‫‪n d−z‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ T‬ﻫﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪ ، T = FS . AS ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪(3‬‬
‫‪d−z‬‬ ‫‪d−z‬‬
‫‪T = n.FC .‬‬ ‫‪. AS‬‬ ‫‪or T = FC .‬‬ ‫) ‪.(n. AS‬‬ ‫)‪………. (4‬‬
‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ‪ AS‬ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ‪ n.AS‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪FS‬‬
‫‪z=ζ.d‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫‪=r‬‬
‫‪FC‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪ζ.d‬‬ ‫‪ζ‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪r d-ζ.d 1-ζ‬‬
‫‪n(1-ζ) = ζ.r‬‬ ‫‪n – n.ζ = ζ.r‬‬ ‫)‪n = ζ(n + r‬‬

‫‪n‬‬
‫=‪ζ‬‬ ‫)‪………. (5‬‬
‫‪n+r‬‬

‫‪1- Case 1‬‬

‫‪Rectangular section with tension steel only:‬‬
‫‪Given :‬‬ ‫‪M, b, d, and AS.‬‬
‫‪Required :‬‬ ‫‪FS, and FC.‬‬

‫ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﳘﺎ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺘﲔ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﹰﺎ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Transformed Section method‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﶈﻮﻝ‬

‫‪Internal Forces method‬‬ ‫‪ -2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪1-‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪Transformed section method‬‬

‫‪Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺇﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ‪‬ﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪Fc‬‬
‫`‪d‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫‪Yct‬‬
‫‪d‬‬

‫‪t‬‬

‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪n.As‬‬
‫‪Fs‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺣﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Equivalent area of concrete = n.AS‬‬

‫= )‪The virtual area of the section (as if the section was made of one material‬‬
‫‪= b.t + n.AS.‬‬

‫ﻭﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳝﺮ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺛﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ، z‬ﰒ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺴﺎﻭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪:‬‬

‫‪Σ M of areas about the N.A = 0.0‬‬

‫)‪b.z (z/2) = n.AS (d-z‬‬

‫‪(b/2) z2 + (n.AS) z – n.AS d = 0.0‬‬

‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ )‪ ،(z‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪− b ± b 2 − 4ac‬‬
‫=‪x‬‬
‫‪2a‬‬

‫‪n. AS‬‬ ‫‪n 2 . AS2 + 2.b.n. AS .d‬‬

‫‪z=−‬‬ ‫‪±‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b2‬‬

‫‪n. AS‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪n 2 . AS2 ⎛ 2.b.d‬‬

‫‪z=−‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪.⎜1 +‬‬ ‫⎟‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫⎝⎜ ‪b 2‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪n. AS‬‬

‫‪Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
 n. AS n. AS 2.b.d
z=− + . 1+
b b n. AS

n. AS ⎛ 2.b.d ⎞
z= .⎜⎜ − 1 + 1 + ⎟
⎟ ………. (1-1)
b ⎝ n. AS ⎠

(AS / b.d) = µ ، z = ζ.d ‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬،‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬

n.µ .b.d ⎛ 2 ⎞
ζ.d = .⎜⎜ − 1 + 1 + ⎟
⎟
b ⎝ n.µ ⎠

⎛ 2 ⎞
ζ = n.µ .d .⎜⎜ − 1 + 1 + ⎟
⎟ ………. (1-2)
⎝ n.µ ⎠

. ‫ﻭﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺧﺬ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻓﺊ‬

2
b.z 3 ⎛z⎞
+ b.z.⎜ ⎟ + n. AS .(d − z )
2
IX =
12 ⎝2⎠

FC = M .
z
and FS = M .
(d − z ) ………. (1-3)
Ix IX

3- Internal forces method

Internal moment = external applied moment

.T ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ‬

C.YCT = M

but the force = (stress * area)

C = ∫ FC .dA
C = ∫ FC .b.dy (‫)ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
C = b.∫ FC .dy = b . area of stress diagram
the compression force ( C ) = width of the section * area of stress diagram

C = (0.5 FC.z) . b
M = (0.5 FC.z) . b . YCT and YCT = d – z/3

2M
FC =
(
bz d − z
3
) ………. (1-4)

substituting for z with ζ.d

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 6
 2.M 2 M
FC = =
(
b.ζ.d d − ζ. d
3
) .
ζ.⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟ b.d
3⎠
2

⎝
2
putting = C1
ζ.⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3⎠
M
FC = C1 . 2 ………. (1-5)
b.d

2
where C1 =
ζ.η

taking the moment about the line of action of compression force:

T . YCT = M

(
AS .FS d − z
3
)= M
M
FS =
(
AS d − z
3
) ………. (1-6)

Putting AS = µ . b . d & z=ζ.d

M M
FS = = C2 . 2 ………. (1-7)
µ.b.d 2 ⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟ b.d
⎝ 3 ⎠

1
Where C2 = & η = 1− ζ
3
µ.⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3⎠
1
then C2 =
µ.η

2- Case (2)
Given : M, b, d, AS & AS`
required : FS , FC

Σ Moment of areas about the N.A = 0.0

b 2
.z + n. AS ` ( z − d `) = n. AS .(d − z )
2

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 7
b 2
.z + n.( AS ` + AS ).z − n.( AS .d + AS ` .d `) = 0.0
2

z ‫ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰱ‬

− n( AS ` + AS ) ⎛ n.( AS ` + AS ) ⎞
2
2.n
z= + ⎜ ⎟ + ( AS .d + AS `.d `) ………. (2-1)
b ⎝ b ⎠ b

z=ζ.d , AS = µ.b.d , AS` = µ`.b.d

α = µ`/µ , β = d`/d

− nb.d (µ `+ µ ) ⎛ n.b.d (µ `+ µ ) ⎞
2

ζ.d =
b
+ ⎜
b
⎟ +
2n
b
(
µ .b.d 2 + µ `.b.d .d ` )
⎝ ⎠

ζ.d = − n.d .µ .(1 + α ) + n 2 .d 2 .µ 2 (1 + α ) + 2.n.µ .d 2 (1 + α .β )

2

2⎛ 2(1 + α .β ) ⎞
ζ.d = − n.d .µ (1 + α ). n 2 .d 2 .µ 2 (1 + α ) ⎜⎜1 + ⎟
⎟
⎝ n.µ .(1 + α )
2
⎠

⎛ ⎛ 2(1 + α .β ) ⎞ ⎞⎟
ζ = n.µ (1 + α ).⎜ − 1 + ⎜1 +
⎜ n.µ .(1 + α )2
⎟
⎟⎟ ………. (2-2)
⎜
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
.z ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬ζ ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
Fc

Stresses in concrete and steel:

d`

Cs
Z/3

C = CS + CC
C
Σ M about tension steel = 0.0
Z - d`
Z

2/3 Z

⎛ z⎞
M = C C ⎜ d − ⎟ + C S (d − d `)
⎝ 3⎠

1 ⎛ z⎞
M = .FC .z.b⎜ d − ⎟ + AS` .FS` (d − d `) ………. (2-3)
2 ⎝ 3⎠

FC z
but =
FS`
z − d`
n

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 8
FS` =
(
n.FC . z − d ` ) or FS` =
n.FC .(ζ.d − β .d )
z ζ.d

n.FC .(ζ − β )
FS` = ………. (2-4)
ζ
(3-2) ‫( ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬4-2) ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬FS` ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
1 ⎛ z⎞
(n.F z − d `
M = .FC .z.b⎜ d − ⎟ + AS` d − d ` . C ) ( )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ z

M
FC = ………. (2-5)
` z − d`
b.z ⎛
2 ⎝
z⎞
⎜ d − ⎟ + n. AS .
3⎠ z
d −d` ( )

z=ζ.d , AS = µ.b.d , AS` = µ`.b.d ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ‬

α = µ`/µ , β = d`/d

M
FC =
b.ζ.d ⎛ ζ.d ⎞ ζ.d − d `
⎜d − ⎟ + n.µ .b.d .
`
(d − β .d )
2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ζ.d

M
FC =
1 ⎛ ζ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞
.ζ⎜1 − ⎟.b.d 2 + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β ).b.d 2
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠

M 1
FC = . ………. (2-6)
2
b.d 1 ⎛ ζ ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞
.ζ ⎜1 − ⎟ + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠

M
FC = C1 . ………. (2-7)
b.d 2

1
where : C1 = ………. (2-8)
1 ⎛ ζ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞
.ζ ⎜1 − ⎟ + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠
.FC ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬،‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

.(4-2) ‫( ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬7-2) ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬FC ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

n.(ζ − β ) M
FS` = .C1 . 2 ………. (2-9)
ζ b.d

to find FS

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 9
 FC z
= (z = ζ.d)
FS d−z
n

n.(1 − ζ )
FS = .FC ………. (2-10)
ζ
(10-2) ‫( ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬6-2) ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬FC ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

M 1 n(1 − ζ )
FS = . .
2
b.d 1 ⎛ ζ ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞ ζ
.ζ⎜1 − ⎟ + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠

M n(1 − ζ )
FS = .
2
b.d 1 2 ⎛ ζ ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞
.ζ ⎜1 − ⎟ + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠

M
FS = C 2 . ………. (2-11)
b.d 2

where:

n(1 − ζ )
C2 = ………. (2-12)
1 2⎛ ζ ⎞ ⎛ζ-β ⎞
.ζ ⎜1 − ⎟ + n.α .µ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟.(1 − β )
2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ζ ⎠

Case 3
Design of Rectangular section with tension steel only:

3-1 Free design (the depth is unlimited)

Given : M, b, FC, and FS

Required : d, and AS

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 10
 Fc

C
d`

Yct
d

t
T
b Fs / n

: ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ‬

FC z
= ………. (3-1)
FS d−z
n

Σ of moment about tension steel

C.YCT = M

1 ⎛ z⎞
.FC .z.b.⎜ d − ⎟ = M ………. (3-2)
2 ⎝ 3⎠

n FS
and from equation 3-1 z= .d and =r
FS FC
n+
FC

n
z= .d
n+r
(3-2) ‫ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬z ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
1 n ⎛ 1 n ⎞ n
.FC .b. .d .⎜ d − ⎟=M and =ζ
2 n+r ⎝ 3 n+r⎠ n+r

1 ⎛ ζ⎞
.FC .b.ζ.d 2 .⎜1 − ⎟ = M
2 ⎝ 3⎠

2 M 2
d= . putting = K1
FC .ζ.⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟ b FC .ζ.⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 11
 M
d = K1 . ………. (3-3)
b

(Balanced Depth) ‫ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﻤﻖ ﺍﻹﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬،‫( ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ‬3-3) ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﺭﻗـﻢ‬
.FS ، FC ‫ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬K1 ‫ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬

Σ M about C = 0.0

M = T . YCT

⎛ z⎞
M = AS .FS .⎜ d − ⎟ z = ζ.d
⎝ 3⎠

M
AS = 1− ζ =η
3
FS .d .⎛⎜1 − ζ ⎞⎟
⎝ 3⎠

M
AS = η.FS = K 2
η.FS .d

M
AS = ………. (3-4)
K 2 .d

3-2 Fixed design (the depth is given)

3-2-1 The given depth > the balanced depth

Fc

C
d`

Yct
d

T
b Fs / n
Given : M, b, d, FC, and FS
Required : AS

‫( ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬Balanced Depth) ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻰ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬
.AS ‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﻞ‬FS ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ‬، ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ‬

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 12
 ‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪K1‬‬ ‫”‪so we can know “K1‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪1- from the curves between “K1” on Y-Axis, and “FC” on X-Axis we can get FC.‬‬
‫‪2- from knowing “FC” we can determine if it is allowable or not (in this case of design FC‬‬
‫‪must be < FC all.).‬‬
‫‪4-‬‬ ‫‪from the curves between FC, and K2, we can find K2.‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪-5‬‬ ‫= ‪AS‬‬
‫‪K 2 .d‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﻄـﻰ ﺃﻗـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ )‪ (Balanced Depth‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪ FC‬ﻭﺃﻗﺼﻰ ‪ FS‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﺢ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫= ‪K1‬‬ ‫”‪so we can know “K1‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪from the maximum allowable FC on X-Axis, and the value of K1 on Y-Axis, draw two‬‬
‫‪horizontal and vertical lines respectively, and the two lines will intersect on a curve with‬‬
‫‪the maximum FS of certain “α”, so we can get K2.‬‬
‫‪Design of T-Sections‬‬

‫‪effective width of T-Sec‬‬ ‫=‬

‫‪or‬‬ ‫=‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄـﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ T‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ‪ FC‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ‪ ، B‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈـﺮﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻨـﺼﺮ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﱏ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( T‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ‬
‫)ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺮﺓ (‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ ﰱ ﺍﻹﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ )ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻹﳓﻨﺎﺀ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻃﺔ (‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﻀﻌﻒ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪ ( T‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺻﻐﲑ )ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ(‬

‫]‪FC (all.) [in case of T-Sec.] = 0.5 ~ 0.75 of FC (all.) [in case of R-Sec.‬‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ FC‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬
Examples:
For the plan shown in the following figure, find the loads on all beams knowing
that:

1- Slab thickness = 12.0 cm

2- Weight of cover = 150.0 kg/m2
3- Live load = 200.0 kg/m2
4- Wall height = 3.0 m
5- Depth of all beams = 60.0 cm
6- Breadth of beams ab, cde = 12.0 cm
7- Breadth of the remaining beams = 25.0 cm

And the draw the absolute shearing force and bending moment of the main beam
(fbd), and design the critical sections, the draw to scale 1:20 the details of reinforcement of
a longitudinal section of the beam (fbd).

3.00
°
60

60
°

A B
4.00 2.00 2.00

a c
1 1
5.00

5.00

2 f b d 2
5.00

5.00

3 e 3

6.00 2.00

A B

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 14
Absolute bending moment of a continues beam

3.0 t

3.0 t/m 3.0 t/m

2.0 t/m

16.33
10.55 13.0 9.99
8.26 3.77
2.5 2.99
-3.74 -1.45 -4.23 -2.17 -4.01
-12.74 -8.0
-10.45 -10.23
-15.67

21.41 20.9
16.45 17.48

-0.3 -1.8
-8.27 -9.28 -9.63
-19.22

16.67 15.91 13.9

7.04 9.89
2.89 3.91 3.4

-4.96 -1.83 -4.11 -4.09 -2.59

-10.09 -7.1
-13.96 -15.33 -16.09

23.75 20.25 20.54 23.82

-2.12 -0.73 -6.47

-4.63
-18.38 -18.2

-23.75 -23.82

8.27 9.63
19.22

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg. 15