‘DIANA H. WALL Section Editors RICHARD D. BARDGETT, VALERIE BEHAN-PELLETIER, JEFFREY E. HERRICK, T. HEFIN JONES, KARL RITZ, JOHAN SIX, DONALD R. STRONG, WIM H. VAN DER PUTTEN. Soil Ecology and : Ecosystem Services : EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Diana H. Wall Colorado State University, USA SECTION EDITORS Richard D, Bardgett Lancaster Universi, UK é Valeri Hletier ‘epee and Ag Fod Cena, Canada 4 Jeffrey E. Herrick USDA-ARS Jornal Experimental Range, USA T.Hefin Jones E Cardiff University, UK ‘ Karl Ritz Cranfield University, UK Br Johan Six 4 University of Calfornia, Davis. USA Donald R. Strong Universi of California, Davis USA G Wim H. van der Putten 5 Netherlands Institute of Ecology The Netherlands e OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Sc Eley at Ecogson Series Fin iin. td by Diana i a ‘Daniz Oxtora Lnverst Poss Pusch 21? by Unt Univesty Ps‘OUP CORRECTED FROOF = FINAL, 057272, SP CHAPTER 5.2 Agroforestry and Soil Health: Linking Trees, Soil Biota, and Ecosystem Services Edmundo Barrios, Gudeta W. Sileshi, Keith Shepherd, and Fergus Sinclai 5.2.1 Introduction ‘A significant end increasing. proportion of the Earths land area ie covered by crop and range lands. Agricultural landscapes hold large propor- tion ofthe world's biodiversity but the zelativacon- tobution of cach land mansgement type to conservation of biodiversity and the maintenance cof ecosystem service delivery is poorly understood (ackson ef al. 2008). Ecosystem services ean be cas siied into those associated with the provision of ‘goods eg food, fibers, and fresh water), those that ‘support end regulate ecosystem function (6, ci mate regulation, disease conerl soil formation, and rutrient cycling), and those cultural services that ‘are not associated with material benefits (eg, vere ‘ation, spiritual, and aesthetic value) (MEA 2005). “Agricultural coeyotema both require and generate feonystem services and may enhance or degrade ratural capital theough time depending on how ‘they are managed, Sol health i a key indicator of thestato of natural capital, ands considered here at an integrative property that reflects the capacity of sail to respond to agricultural management by ‘maintaining both the egricalturel production end ‘the provision of other ecosystem services (Kibble- ‘whit otal. 2008). ‘Soil organisrs contribute to wide range of eco- system services that are etsentil to the functioning cf natural ark muanaged ecosystems (Wall 2004). Evidence has shown that there is 2 strong link Dberawcen organisms shove- ard belowground (Wer Fre ing ee _— woah Spl nth cher cs Figure 5.22 Cenarion uthuors tse and ve ditiaoe te QuetirgSachareasth Arty Stn sect he ‘pe ces ees sce of hee cary. The zo gt rae sesh ane cf pree Tes ene whi 22 "ping ange fais: 3 rune is) nese ofthe car cr mp the wit ot arcs at (ge i Deva, Ie emalergphes ah ttn rh stow ts eesarrarngan ere pl alton eae rbton a uthwern ca detain An eperetal rl tay eed a tet 8 (deat to Fal et 2010) tigre 003 l= 122 age = 1036.(00? CORRECTED PROOF —FINAL,Os2412 SP] 318 SOIL ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM stavices Alley cropping in the Nigerian savanna-forest transition has reported about § and 7 ths"! year! of pruning biomass from Gtiriia spin ae Len coon lncocephals respectively (Kang ta. 1999) In the Colombian Andes, pruning biomass contibu- ions. from Indigofera consiricia and. Callandsa calethyrs planted fallows added about 9 t h year’ to soll as mulch following pruning, while ‘Tithonn diversilia contributed close to 15 that year" (Barrios & Cobo 2004), In eastern Zambia, @ Grier environment, Siloshi and Mafongoya (200653, 2007) recorded wide variations in prun- ing biomass contributions within the Lacuna genus (eg, L, palida, L.escuente, L.ellnsi and 1. diversiolia contributing &4,34,29, nd 22 that ‘yeer! respectively during. intercropping. with ralze) while Acree angustisina, G. sep, Senna samen ond C.ealothyrses contributed 33,29, 22, and 1.4 tha’ year respectively ‘The contribution of agroforestry trees to soil nutrients through biomass editions end ther t= "zation by ivercropped plan's has been reviewed! by Palm (1995). One important highisht fom that review is that while the nutrient concentration of pruning additions of some egroforesry tress su fictent for mast nutrients © meet erop demands, ‘thow is a genarl exception for phosphorus, Pub- lished values indicete that leguminous teesin alley ‘zopping systems can contributo as much 36 358 ky siren (Nha, 28 kg phosphorus (Pha, 252 kg potassium (K) ha" 14 kg calcium (Ca) he", and 6) ‘kg magnesium (Mg) har (Pel 1995). Considerable intros in planted fallows wsing T. avers has been gonorated boceuse offs particular ably to accumulate nutrients, including Pin its biomes (Gama eal 2000) Slash and mulch management of Tdiversfolia in the Coloenbian Andes eocumulated Lp to.7 kg N fa, 85 kg Pha, 926 kg K ha, 293 ig Co ha and 1276 kg Mg ha! alter 27 months (Garros & Cobo 2008 5.23 Agroforestry systems increase abundance of soil biota ‘Agroforestry tmes have the potential to promote ‘positive changes in the ebundance, diversity, and function of sol organisms through therr impact on oil as habitat for sol biota. There are few adios of ‘ree—soi biota interactions in agroforesty systems, and most 2groforesry studioe reported in the litera. ture focus on changes in the ebundence of soil mac~ rofauna with Imited consideration of changes in diversity and functice. For instance, studies in slash and muleh agroforesiry praciest in Honduras showed that total soil macrofauno densities were 152% (dry season) and 80% (wer Season) higher than fn the natural foros! (Pauli tal 2011). These figuras are about five times greater than those found in the highlands of Central Honduras (271 individuals sav?) Grichaen & MSweeney 1999, close to twice the dencity of Theron grandfieran, Hoc got aes (peach palm) and Bertileia excels (Brazil nul) ‘agroforestry (1059 individals mr), and compara- De to density values reported for caffe, Scizoe- in emwzonicir agrosoresty (2084 incividuals 1m") and coffes, Hevssbralence (rubber) agrofer- estry (2122 individuals "for the western Brazil fan Amazon (Bserot ef al. 2002). Dilerences in cbundance of sil organisms can be even greater ‘when contrasting the impact of agroforestry sys tems to tha! of eoatinucus cropping without tas able 52.0, ‘Agroforestry aystems consistently generated aub- santa snereases in the mean abundance of al sll organisms studied compared to the continuous cropping control (Table 521). The response ratio (Ri), the ratio oF the mean value of the agroforestry practice to that of the control (continuous cropping) (Hedges ofa. 1998), as usod to synthesize and ‘compare different soil bita in sils under agrofor- ‘etry and continuous caltvation without tees. While agroforestry systems constantly generated subscantial increases in the mean abundance of oil ‘organisms studied, some groups of organisms showed greater response than others, For example, milipedes and centipedes with KK near she ‘appeared to benefit most from tres, followed by fearthwoons, ants, and mites with RR near thee, springlals and boelles with RR near two, Termites ‘and pazasticnematodes with RR near one appeared to be largely unafecd. While these results high lighte general pattem of tees promoting an increase ‘in benefiia! soil organisms, the Kmited number of studies and sol organises sgecats caution vith generalizations regarding other soil organisms. Fur- thes the paucity of studies which rlate increases in(OUP CORRECTED PROOF — FINAL, 0724012, SPL] [AGROFORESTRY AND SOK HEAT LINKS TREES SOW BIOTA AND ECOSYSTEM sewVICES 319 Table 5.21. Conpaien fra cents nik per! ln ita in coe ender aoe nd conta can thot en witha alte pre as Agrotoresey 50 macrofaune tanwrns sea feels ns Cenipdes a toes u Temes sor a nt Clontele a0 es 0.7 Sei microfauna Nonpsascc ena wn esas nent 25 Moncop PR _‘Reforencae 1s 31 Oangetels 935: Ton ata 197, 2600 Sach fone 2 ete 2010 Daeriet 1893 Sk 8 tgs 2088 ange 1933 Sch 8 ofocoe 2060 Damper 199% Ssh ange 20842 Dogo 199% Sich Mabngo 2080 seed 1993 Sst afogcye 2063 os a 0s ss 6 jays 030 ‘ayer. 1338 vast m5 1 Kengerat 1539 Keger 1 1800 "The spe he a a he ear va of the ayn, pare wat fh cot peter copy. sis WDB RR ‘aati kth no drecion and rat cf canes in sci bia cbuncane res vot ava finance M= 1. age tes va lta ha lef wb ger tha uy ve vera ftes dort‘. sbundance with diversity and functional attributes limits inferences about possible functional benefits that the tes may promote. ‘Studica by Sileski and Mafongoya (2007) found that sol biota responded ciferently to the applica ‘bon of erganic resources OF aiforent quaby While carthwoms and beciles were move abundant ander legumes producing fast decomposing “high-quality” biomass, milipedes predominated under legumes proclucing. slow decomposing “low-quality” bio- mass, and spiders and contipeden were not inf ‘ence by biomass quality. Stadles by Barros et 2 (005) comparsd coppiced planted fallows which showed tha earthworm abundance beneath | cor ‘Srila was fivo times that of the alee beneath T.diversflia. Aldough both species had very similar plant tissue qualities the latter generate the greatest iomam end received the greaost rution’ inputs. "These results suggest that while plant tissue quality mastures provide a good prodiction of mutsiont release pattems, there could be additonal factors inflaoneing changes in the abundance of eo iota Fuster, the imited aumber of studies considering soll boua/plant issue qually imeracios, particu lasiy in the tropics, has limited the developement of predictive understanding, Nevertheless, the notion that the funchonal characterises of dominant pints sather than diversity, may bea key driver of soll bio- ‘versity and function (Hooper eal 2008), suggests ‘considerable opportunities to optimize toe/seil iowa teractions in agroforestry systems. 5.2.4 Soil biological processes and soil-based ecosystem services “The relationships borween the sot! bioogiealcom- munity the bologeal processes they generat, end the provision of ecosystem goods and services in220 Sct coLecy AND costsrem serves ; Tirol day rs — [geo eran Tea Rae aga og fsentees | orate acios| Soiiceintnne_—[potelae a Ghetto "hee — a oh Senna ec ee Tedogea eae ng : meee } febergnteet | Eonenoaee Soicbact deiner ecias[Nenagrieri Sor rere Wigs elie ia 3Selieede SOM die nae onyeion Ta hesiacmianed ant ing tcgaiin peer seg __T nln |r pa Sonor Se — soa nec pepsin van Figure 5.23 Ceri laver nape bots a bra, nly nde proces snd resent ba ecten pods nde (Apes om tonnes 2008) agricultural sols have been recently synthesized (ig 523). Soil organisms can be grouped into four fune- tional assemblage: (Kibblewhite et el. 2008) 1) decornposers, 2) nutrient transformers, 3) ecosys- tem engineers, nd 4) biocontrollers, each composed of several functional groups. Punctional attributes ofthese assemblages can be similarly grouped into four aggregated ecosystem functions that include carbon (C) transformations, mutrent cycling, soil structure maintenance, and population regulation, “The decomposition of organic matter, whvere organic Cinliter and other organic inputs are tansiormed through the consecutive fragmentation end enzy- rmaricactivity of diversesuitof decompaser organ jsme, recults inthe release of CO, and the synthesis ‘of soll orgenic matter SOM) (Barres 2007). While strongly linkea to decomposition, the cyeling of nuttients is largely mediated by soil microorgar ‘gms whose activity levels are regulated by food ‘ecb interactions within the soil community (Susilo a 2008), The maintenance of soi structreisfos- tered by the combined action of plant roots and eoil longanisms known es “soll ecosystem engineers” that continscealy modify the sel by forming "bio logical” aggregates, pores and chenels thus ete ing sol physic properties and creating ricrohabitts for other soil organisms (ix ct a 262). The biological contol of pest and diseases {alos place trough te scion ofa wade range of sci orgerisms tat regulate the populations of soi tome diseases and pets largely through compet- fon, predation, and parasitism (Susilo ol. 2004) “Thece aggregated eersysiem fonctons participate sn more than one snl based dalvory proses. One crseveral soiliasel delivery processes in turn are needed for the provision of ecoeystem goods and services in agricultural landscapes This framework {s sed to examine sishased ecptystom services in agroforestry systems. 5.25 Tree-soil biota interactions foster the provision of soil-based ecosystem services Trees and sll biota ineract in a numberof positive ‘ways through facilitation and synergies Facilitation 4s simply understood as diverse benefits providedAGROFORESTRY ANG SOX HEAT LINKING TREE, SL BIOTA, AND ECOSWSTEN SERVICES 321 ‘by one epecis to other species (e.g what trees pro- ‘yale to sol organisms and crop plants). Synergies fceur when interacting species pexform beter {together than individually eg. symbiosis between nitrogen fixing bacteria andl Jogsminows toes). The ‘enhancement of agricultural production has been the focus of attention far many decades; however, ‘agricultural sustainability concerns have increas Imply shifted attention to ecosystem services respon- sible for life support (.e. C transformations and iutrient cycling) ind regulation of ecosystem proce «coos (Le ol strcture maintenance and biologics] population regulation) (Swift etal. 2004 Barrios 2007). This section highlights tree- 108 th sed [00 pos (Back pias) ‘Ground menrrement and solamplesre es os fourm plo tin 1000 a pets Figure 524 fats he meng kere Ua ne Ae Ss mtn Sven (apes by Tarcursarvagen) The richness and consistency ofthe data sos pro- viele unprecedented opportunities for exploving tree-soll Interactions at different scales. For exam= De, collection of ata on soil microbial anc faunal diversity is being piloted using DNA sequencing (eg. Flerer& Jackson 2006; Wu eta. 2008), The sll bicdvorsity data can then be slated to other data ‘collected at the different scales, such as vil chesni- ‘aland physical proportios, coil exceion status, veg ‘elation characteristics, woody biomass density, land frm, climate et, ‘The population based sampling frame permite starsical distributions of key sil bod verity indi= ‘alors to be esiabichod, and these can be used to develop nomns conditined on factors such as el- smate zone, topography, land cover classification, historic land coves, geology, landscape positon, and staticorslowly changing soil variables. Comparison of indicator values against norms con be used as a stataial basis for developing indicaors of degra- dation. This represents a major advance since ‘ti curenly dificult to interpret sol biodiversity deta {in terms of sol functional capacity. Furthermore, risk factors atvocited wrth biodiversity loss could be quantitatively established and verified trough monitoring changes in prevalence of degradation cover time (ic incidence), The survelance approach has potential to greatly increase the efficiency of research in ferme of knowledge gained por wit research investinent. For example the combination of probability sampling, co-located measurements, and use of standardized protocols enebles charac- terization of whole populations and the mete-analy- sis of results at cifferent scales. This contrasts with(“uF CORRECTED PROOF = FINAL. cS4m2, Sei] 525 SOIL ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM seRVices patie atten Poon Savant) Selected _Solexed ‘Sail —> Ecosistom Processes Serves Figure £25 hnegasiesppoxhto det hep of ol Syl ait dae aes 2007) citing approaches in which stadios typically do not semple « known population of soll spatial units fan results can raely be combined to provide mul= Aiscle insights or generalizable conchwions. Sur- valllance can provide a practical, evidence-based spproach for considering ll biodiversity and other land health indicators wien planning and evaluat ing and management interventions. “There is potential fr land users to participate in centrally coordinated land health surveillance sys- tems, and in doing so increase the quality of the information they are able to accece, Land users ‘could make simple georeferenced observations on land quality using. standardized protocol and sab mit this data dough mobile phone technology to centralized daraboees, Ways to avoid sampling bias would have to be found, bt thera may be apparti= sity for researchers to direct sampling ofcrss © locally recognized degradation hot spots by using, adaptive sampling schemes. Systeme whereby com” munities take soil samples from pre-defined geore!- eronced locations may also be possible, Furthor, land users could utilize the same technology to tap int information systems that provide highiy loce- tion-specifc information on land and climatic cor ditions and access interpretod results from their sbservations, Local observations could be used to improve recommendations through Bayesian ‘updating (Peal 1988) of prior information suppliod from regicral environmental databases, returning tho improved ortimate to tho user. 5.2.6.2 Integrating local knowledge about soil health ‘The mereasing tention patd to bal knowledge in cont your is roogniton that the knowiedge of ‘people who have dosely interacted with their envi- fonment fora long time can eer many insights bout the sustainable management of natural esoures (Baris eal, 2006). Participatory research approaches that encourage the inegmtian of acl snd scinbific knowledge could be useful to roduce the uncertainty of planta biota interaction stud tos at the landscape scale hy adding rlevanco and legitimacy fo the proces. Barros (2007) proposed 4a approach ta integrate local knowledge forthe ‘detiaton of soll bcta “hotspot” in the land scape that ee presumably responsible fr a lange repertiono! te provi of seibasea ecnystem Zervices. In short, Isl knowledge about native plants as indicators of sail health Is consstetly ‘considered a kay source of nvoration for land use decsiorsnaking acess farming communities of Latin America and Atrcs (Boris oo. 2005). The presence uf native plans indicating healthy sols Sion arc asst farmer to make Gecsions dur ing establishment of now agricultural pl, Sin Inn, saris 2007) propose to use lee indicator tres to deny healthy sila where “hotpots” of sei biological ivy ave ely o be concentrated g.525). “These “ho! spot” include the shizoophere, bio: genie sruceares (Le. sil aggrgates), sol C poolsAGROFORESTRY AND SO HEATH. LINKING TRES, SOIL ICTA AND ECOSPSTEM SeACES 327 (Le light fraction SOM), and organic damitus (4 liter), where key functional assemblages can be studied to focus on soll biological processes that ‘underpin the provision of soilbased ecosystem services. Given the eificully of studying soll biota tthe landscape scale, greater knowledge about indicator plant-soll biota interactions combined ‘ith spatial informstion obtained. from remote sensing about indicator plants, could guide infer ‘ences about the role of sil biota anc function inthe provision of soilbasod ecoeystem services. The ‘general consensus that sal iclogieal processes are rot randomly distributed but largely aggrogated ‘near C substrates, and that greater knowledge about tree-soll biota interactions have great potential to improve understanding of te impacts of sol biota 2 larger scalns, ave consistent with this approach (Werle eto 2004) 5.2.7 Conclusions and recommendations ‘Agroforestry systems have the potential facilitate ‘the transition to multifunctional agriculture that succesfully addresses the challenge of optimizing crop productivity while maintaining the provision lof other ecosystem services In onder to realize this potential, however, there is considerable need for freater understanding of how to optimize tree-scil biota interactions hat improve agrosersystem fan on and soil health, ‘The promotion of agroforestry systems inchud: ing multiple tres species (e.g. multststa agrofor otty systems) has been highlighted here a2 e strategy to enhance the sustained provisien of sfl- ‘based. ecosystem services. Combining trees and crops that ean coexist while generating sufficient organic inputs of different quality is sen as a way to preserve soll cover and increase the diversity and persistence of active sol biota. Theres anced to further study theimpect of patil acengemen's and management that minimize competition and favors complementarites and facilitative interse- tions among trees and associated crops in terms of biomass production, nutrient and water use off ciency, end how these in turn influence the ebun~ dance, diversity, and activity of key soil biota ‘Tiee-soilbiote interactions both respond and inf ‘enceccosystem properties, and so, a greater under standing ofthe feedbacks involved i necessary to link experimental results at smaller scales with those at large scales Aproforesty practices eanbrace manageable levels of complexity tat ‘would help edeas fundamental questions about the role of interacting above: and belonground biowiversty in increasing functional resilience to disturbance or climete change. The se of grec ents of physical factors and agricultural inten cation 9 the basis of landscape experiment design would be helpful to gain greater under ‘Sanding of tee-oil biota interactions ander dif ferentdisuibancereginesard how they ifuence agroecoeystem funtion ard the provision of eco system services. Abeterundeestanding of tre-aclbiots interac ‘ens nould provide opportunities Io design ay tems that maximize complementarts, fatto, al eynrgis that result i the eustsined provision of ecosystem services. Major challenges tthe meas turwmont of ecosystem services and the intrprets tion of datainclude the particulary limited naraber of published quantitative fl stad, the diversity of applied methods, the difficulty in sampling and ‘dentieation of some taxa the spatial bases c- sted by some sampling methods, and the different spend and temporal scales at which ecosystem services ace deliezed. The focus proposed by Kib- blewhite el (208) on for aggregate ecoeystem functions andhey fursioral groups x assemblages constites a praca approach to aces tho ci fealty of studying alls biodiversity as part so Death evaluation. The application of common smethodologies for sampling snd characterising ot Biota (Morena tal. 2006) ay allow greater compe- rebility among studies in agroforestry systems. Pare thermore, the strategic use of molecular ‘col, analysis of slebleisotopes and spectroscopic tech- ‘igus willincrease the abit 0 ientfy an char- tcterize “hotpots" of biological activity and fecitate the study of linkages between hey sil biota and ecceyser Rantions at efferent temporel and spatial sales. "The Land Health Surveillance approach sted in the ABSIS projet, provides « robust experiment sramewor to systematically analyze and intgrata information at differen spatial end temporal scales,30m SOW ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM SoRVICES and ths provide a comprehensive evaluation of hhow changes in tree density and diversity influ fences soil health in agricultural landscapes. Research efforts ate alsa needed for the dovsiop- ment of leeal soil health monitoring syatema that fnform land users about their land's capacity to provide ecosystem services (Barrios 2007). The ‘empowerment of loca communities, and agricul- tural research and extension institutions, #9 con- duct local monitoring can generate valuable information. Such dats, combined with new approaches for the economic valuation of exosys- tem serviees, may be used during negotiations for peyments of ecosystem services that remard good ‘management practices and thus become a farther incentive mechanism for sustainable land manage- ‘ment and development. Acknowledgements ‘Wo are grateful to Richard Coe for satetical advice References ‘Aitjuygbe, CO, Tan. Ge Adeoye, GO. (1988) Feten= ‘lof wondyfllowe i rotrtion of sll microatho- ods ine dograded tropical soi. Agrtreiny Sens wen, [ASIS.Afpcan Soi Infomation System. (Online) Np // werationilne (acesnd 4 Rbrey 201), Ballansyre, Py Mara, A, de Poses, ENC 2010) nome= ian and Communion Tecwnologes Opportunites ‘w Mebilse Agricul Science for Development. Cy Sco 50 568-8 ‘Baroe, EQ) Sol bine, amy eric ae en prodectnity. Eee Eemaraar6h 260 $5. aos E, Buresh Fe, deSprent J (1996) Organic "ee 90 partie sae and density facons fom maize and legume cepping systems. Sal Bley & Bechet ny 28 185-68 [arros,By Baresh, Ty fe Spee 1. (1996) Nike mineialiaton in densty Facons of sll erganke tier fam exaae and legume eioppingepseme, Sl Bikagy & Bichorisry 2 10/12): 1050-6. Barrios E Kivesian,F, Buresy Rd Sprent (1997) ght faction sol organic mater and avaiable lbogen folowing tres and maize. So Sc Sere f Ameria Jer 613) 826-31, Baris, E, Kineign F, Bera, BJ, Spent Hy & Coe, 1 (198) Relating preseason sol eeogen maize vied fn bee logumeaize rotations. Soil Scene Socty of ‘Arr Joma 26) 604-3. ‘arrioE, Caba, |G. 204) Plant gent biomass pro= ction and. muint accumulation by alsh/malch esrolorey systems in pie hlsdes of Col Agra Syston wt: BSS. Rare, J, Ban IDA, ol CE allow nan ‘agement for sil ferly recovery in epieal Andean ‘agroecosystems In Colombia. Agra, Ezpapions ‘an Emomonre 1129-82. Berg F, Dal, Haba Met (206) Indators ‘kell quality: A South South developenent of a meth ‘koe ude fr linking local and tec] now lege, Gendrma 35. 248-5, Boros, E, Pashanas, 8, Constanin, R, & Lavelle, (202) Bets of land-uteayten onthe sl aco fauna in western Brain Amazonia Bilogy eed Fert fy ef 58 35 336-47 Und TL, Seapo, SS, Abas, FAC, Sie, GW (GOI leapt of Glia spt nerccpping om 2 cxpane mate finctions ina alae based ppg 3y2- tem. Aqiaiire, Eemyptera and Exoburin” 136 vd ‘Burosh Ry, Tin, (1998) Sei improvemont by resin tub Sahatan Abten, Agrfrary Stee 3851-76. (Casto, A. River, M, Perea, 0, ef al 2008) Quesure fps! slash and mulch agroforestry system improves rep water productivity in hillside ogrocconyetems cf the oub-huatd opie Ins. Hupheeys, RS, Dayok (eds) nemssing de pouty &sutainatiny of red crpping sens of aor suai formers, pp. #27 Prosodioge of the CCIAR challenge program en waice (ead ford nlernatirel workshop oa mined cupping systems. CGTAR Challenge Progam on Wate: & Food, Hataam Se Lanka (Cobo, JC. Baris, E, Kase, Dy &e Thoms, RJ. (2002) ‘Nikope eral len end cop npn feat rife applied loves of green marie species on + Gopal volomicest sl. Dlogy ord Fatty of Sls 360: srs Danger JM. (1995) Chacctrsation of eal tna camaro. Ins MLR, Rao, & RY. Shee: Roper? om charatristoa of experimets fel KARL for, Magigu, Rew p. 31-07. [CRAR.Nai Davidson, B.A, de Abrea Si, 1D, Carvalho, CR, a (20D) An incegrated greenhouse gas axcesment of an shemaive to slashaetbum agscaluse in easton ‘Amazon. ltl Change Blog 1 98-1007. Ensen, MeSweney (1999) Finescale analysis of bol quality for vatous land ues and andor cen tea onda Amos ural of Aleve Agree renew,/AOROTORESTAY ARO SOL HEALTH: LINKING TREE, SOX BIOTA, AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES 329 Flee N & Jachon, RB. (206) The diversity ane Bloge- ‘graphy ofsel Bacterial communi Frvcng of he [National Acony of Seen of Ute Sao Arr fea 109: 66-31 Tonte, SJ, Barls/E, & 3, | (2010) Earthworm sl f= tiky and aggmgateassoiated sol organ: mater lyme in tha Quacongul aprofereyspetre Coe oma 5 320-8 ‘Gile, KE. 20D.) Neogene in repeat roping ss fens Gnd En) CAB Intemational Publshig, Viaingtord Hradge, LN, Carevtch, J» Cur, PS. (198) The meta- ‘analyis of sesporoe ration in experimental ecology relay 804 1150-6, Hooper DU, Chapin, FS, He), a a (2005) iste of bidiversity on ecaoyatom Ranconing 8 consensus of current knowledge Ealogla!) Moncpraphs 750 338 Jaen, L, Bate, Ky Patel, U, de Posing C. QD6) {sprODIVERSITY: Aa cone ender biter In mapper of seinaie sroconyiors, DIVERSTTAS RepontNo 4, Pars Jama, 8. Fal. CA. Bares, RJ. et (200) Thonn tomlin as 2 gran manave lo 9 feet imoroxe ‘pant in westem Kenya: a reviews Agrfrety Stent 48:201-2. Kang 8. Akinifs, PK, & Peyse: JL (1098) et of agrofersty weedy epcies en eather activity and physleecheniel propertin of worn casts. Dolo ed Feriyef Sols 80): 193-8, ang. BT. Caveness FE, Tan. G, & Kolawoe, G0. 1998) Lang-torm ally cropping with our pecs onan [Alfeol in southwest Nigeia—efest om exop pelos ance soll chealeel properties and nematode popule- ‘ion. Nureu Cyelng in Agate 5165-55, -ibblowhite, IG, Rit, K & Si MJ- 008) Sod heh sm agicltural sytane. Php Treweton of fe Roval Sect B Bll Scie 959: 685-701, “Lands. Online) ht /landset gic nasx gv laccessed ‘a Fetranty 20). Lin, RB. QD Therole of egroorety a maducing water leas though sod evaporation and crop uonapton it coffee agroeconystems. Agricul and Fores Meter! ay 150510418, Maus, W, AkinnifeiF, Jansen, B, te Oonema, (2007) Long-term imps of gnci- size infreop ping system on ben sequestetien is southern Malawi asvicdtur, Eanysies and Exvirnment 1 197-8, Marta, C, Hie, H, Garcia. M.VB, Ree], Frater, de Hanogath, 2008) Micelinate mn aproiorestey yen ental Amazonia des canopy csure mat {er 10 soll organisms? Agrfiretry Syions 8 ison ileum Fecoystom Ascent (MEA) (05) Eye tera Janes Wel Bing Sues land Pee, Waal ington, DC. Moss. [Onling| hip://modisgsfenasa gov/ (sceend WFabrary 20:). Morse, FMS. Fusing, 2, de Bignell, DE. @008) A Handed of Tops! Sal Rios: Saexing 28 charter 2a of ei gon aco Exrheen, London. (Oetle, EC. & Dela, HW (200) Safeguarding produc ‘on-—Ioses in sor cops and the oe of cop prt tion. Cop Potton 23. 275-85. Palm. CA. (195) Contribution of agrooresty tans to utrent raquiromonts of itecropped plans Agreir cary Splems 30-2) 105-24 Palm, CA, Gactengo, CN, Delve, R., Cadich, G, & Cer KE. (2001) Organic inp for so ety an ageron!in tropel agroeccystemo: Applicaton of an organic eoure databace, Agriculture, Ecwyeens and Brora! 89:27-42. ‘aul. N. Obertur T. arros.#, Conse AJ- (2010) rescalespatial an teporal variation m eatoeoms surface esting ectvity in agroforestry Bld, esters Berdaras Peli 8 127-9, Paull N. Barrios, E. Conacher. Obert 7. (21) ‘Soil macrofizna in agicltaral landeeape donuts Dy the Quesungual Savard: Muleh Agrofcesty Sy ez, western Honduras. Applied Si Exony 4115-32 eas 0988) Probie Rasim gen Sys. Margin Kamann PablishersSan Mato, CA, Fis, 5, Bazsica, E, Rao, EM, & Singh, BAR (2001) ‘Changes In so organle mater and phosphors fac- ‘ions under plane flows and erop ration sytem fon a Colembian velearieath ri. Pat and Sol 291: 212. ilig, Mic 004) Adtscular mycoshine ad eet ‘ecosystem processes, Eloy Liters 7740-24. Rowe, 8C, Hata. K. Gilet KB, van Noordwijk. Me (Cade, G (1998) Tong the efey nt role of hedge tow a ect by IN plecomen! at erent ol depthe Agroirety Stora 43: 8193. Sanchex, 7, Ahamed, 8, Care F a. 205) Digital sil map ofthe worl, Sic 35-680-1 Smgngs, N., Hower, CD, & Danwo, SKA. (1990) Ausoscementof the gore’: varbilty for Ny, ation between rd within provenances of Levers le ‘aphasand Aci ad stated by °N labeling toh- ‘sepee Han nd Sa 120 168-78 Suaginga, N, Darwo, SKA, Zepot,B, & Bowen, GD. (09) Pieid validation of Lneaspecitic vacation in phosphionus use eflcensy and mitegin featon by