‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Module 01-01 Mathematics Arithmetic Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS Table of contents ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS, METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS, FACTORS AND MULTIPLES, WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND CONVERSION FACTORS, RATIO AND PROPORTION, AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES, AREAS AND VOLUMES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS. 1. ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS:. 4.4 Numbers, numerals and digits. 12 Decimal notation. 1.3 Directed numbers: Positive and negative numbers... 1.4 Equalities.. 1.5 Inequalitie: 1.6 Basic operations. 1.6.1 Addition 1162 Subtraction 1.6.3 Muttipication 4.6.4 Division. 1.7 Arithmetical precedence.. 1.7.4 Brackets (or functions) 1.7.2 Mutipication and division. 32 2. METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION: 2.4 The decimal system. 2.2 Multiplication and division by 10, 10, 1000 and so o 2.3 Rounding off numbers. 2.3.1 Rounding up. 2.3.2 Rounding down 2.4 Method of muttiplication.. 35 2.5 Method of division . 3. FRACTIONS AND DECI 3.4 Definition of a fraction . 3.1.1 Proper fractions. 3.1.2 Improper fractions 3.1.3 Unty fractions 3.2 Basic characteristics of fractions... 1-1-2 Edition 06 - Revision 01 go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS a4 42 43 3.3 Reducing fractions... . 7 44 3.3.1 Prme numbers 45, 3.3.2 Prime factorization 45 3.3.3 Simplifying a fraction. 3.4 Comparing, adding and subtracting fractions. 3.4.1 Comparing fractions. 3.4.2 Adding fractions. 3.4.2 Subtracting fractions 3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractions... 3.5.1 Muttiplying fractions. 3.5.2 Dividing fractions. 3.6 Converting fractions into decimals... 3.6.1 Decimal fractions. 3.6.2 Fractions equivalent to a decimal fraction. 3.6.3 Other common fractions, 3.7 Converting decimals into fractions... sss 58 3.7.1 Exact decimals 3.7.2 Repeating decimals. 4, FACTORS AND MULTIPLES:.. 4.1 Factors. . 4.1.1 Trival factors, prime numbers, composite numbers. 65 4.1.2 Factors of a composite number. 4.1.3 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) (412 WAIN 0S etree earn 4.4.4 Trival multiples, 4.1.2 Properties 4.1.3 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) 5. WEIGHT, MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS: 5.1 The International System of Units SI. 5.1.1 Base Units 5.1.2 SI Derived Units 5.1.3 Other SI Quantties and Units. 5.1.4 SI prefix 1-01. 3 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 5.1.5 Sl conversion 5.1.8 Non SI Units accepted for use 5.1.7 Dimension of a quantity, 5.2 Other old systems of units - Conversion Factors... 5.2.1 Imperial system 5.2.2 United States customary units 5.2.3 Conversion between SI units and other systems. 6. RATIO AND PROPORTION:.. 4 Ratio . 6.2.1 Cross-product 6.2.1 Proportion solving 7. AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES: 7.2 Percentages. 7.2.4 Percentage of a number 95 7.22 Percentage of one number out of another one. 96 7.23 Determining one number expressed as a percentage of another one a7 7.2.4 Percent changes - Increase or decrease 98 8 1.2Area of a square 106 81.3 Area of a parallelogram. 108 8.1.4 Area of a trapezoid 108 81.5 Area of atriangle al 816 Area of acrole 114 8.1.7 Area of an ellipse 119 8.2 Volumes. 8.2.1 Volume of a rectanguiar sold (parallelepiped). 120 822 Volume of a cube. a2 8.23 Volume of a cylinder 123 82.3 Volume of a cone. 125 82.4 Volume of a pyramid 127 ano. 4 Edition 06 - Revision 01 4 | Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS 8.25 Volume of a sphere 130 8.26 Volume of atorus 9. SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS: 9.1 Squares and cubes. 9.4.1 Squares 9.4.2 Cubes 9.2 Square and cube roots. 9.2.1 Square roots, 9.2.2 Cube roots. ANNEX 1. Method for performing additions manually. ‘ANNEX 2. Method for performing subtractions manually. ‘ANNEX 3. Method for performing multiplications manual! ‘ANNEX 4, Method for performing divisions manually 1-1-5 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics ‘Arithmetic ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS, METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION, FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS, FACTORS AND MULTIPLES, WEIGHTS, MEASURES AND CONVERSION FACTORS, RATIO AND PROPORTION, AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES, AREAS AND VOLUMES, SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS. Arithmetic is the science of numbers. Numbers make it possible to count, to give values, and to compare quantities. 4. ARITHMETICAL TERMS AND SIGNS: 1.4 Numbers, numerals and digits Annumber is a concept of quantity. For example, the concept of 3, that is, number 3 may be represented by THREE 3 TRES Ml pia ‘Annumeral is a symbol that stands for a number. For example, 2 and 54 are numerals. A digit is a single symbol used to make numerals. For example, 1 and 7 are digts. 4.2 Decimal notation Numerals are written with digits. The word digit comes from the ancient Latin digita which means fingers. There are 10 digits forming the Western Arabic (gubari) digits: 1-0-6 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS 0123456789 The most common way to count is based on the decimal eystem (decem means ten in ancient Latin). In everyday life, we are used to writing numbers in.a 10 number system (aiso called decimal system or base 10, or denary). Let us have a closer look From the right tothe left, > The first dat corresponds to the units. If there are 10 units or more, the next digit represents the tens, ‘> Ifthere are 10 tens or more, the next diait represents the hundreds, there are 10 hundreds or more, the next digit represents the thousands, > Ando on You see that digits are arranged based on mutiples of ten. This is precisely why we call our everyday way of counting the decimal system. For example, 2504 denotes 4 units, O tens, 5 hundreds and 2 thousands. n our previous example, 2504 is a whole number. Its called an integer. But what happens if we want to evaluate a quantity with a number which is, not a whole? Usually quantities are not described by a whole number, but by a whole number plus or minus less than a unit. In order to express quantities that fall between two whole numbers, decimals are used. The word “decimals” comes from the ancient Latin Decimus which means ‘tenth > One tenth is one of the ten equal segments of a unit. In the decimal notation, tenths are placed on the right of the units, separated by a point called the decimal point, > One hundredth is one of the ten equal segments of a tenth. In the decimal notation, hundredths are placed to the right ofthe tenths, > One thousandth is one of the ten equal segments of a hundredth. In the decimal notation, thousands are placed to the right of the hundreds, > And so on, For example, 0.01 denotes one hundredth, that is, the tenth of one tenth 9578.9 denotes 9 thousands, 5 hundreds, 7 tens, 8 units and 9 tenths, that is, 9578 and nine t 430.05 denotes 1 hundred, 3 tens and 5 hundredths. 4/826 denotes 4 units, 5 tenths, 2 hundreaths and 6 thousandth. th of a unit. a-01- 7 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 ‘After the thousands are the ten-thousands, hundred-thousands, milions, ten-millions, hundred-millons, billions. ‘After the thousandths are the ten-thousandths, the hundred-thousandths, the milionths, the ten-milionths, the hundred-milionths, the billionths, There are other ways of writing numbers, that is, there exist other number systems or symbo's, but all notations are equivalent. A number wrtten in any base or with different symbols represents the same quantity. t-1- 8 Edition 06 - Revision 01 7. g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 4 5 449 | 451 4.52 ee 454 455 456 457 4.58 4.59 | 461 4.5 4.6 4519 4.521 4.522 4.523 4.524 4.525 4.526 4.527 4.528 4.529 4.531 4.52 t 4.53 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g ~~ aN‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS 1.3 Directed numbers: Positive and negative numbers. Numbers can be positive or negative, A negative number has one minus sign (-) in front of the digits For example, 13 is a positive number, whereas -4 is a negative one (oecause the digit 4 has a minus sign ~ in front oft). ‘When a number is negative, t means that itis smaller than zero, You can understand positive and negative numbers with a ruler: Positive numbers are on one side (Usually on the right side), while negative numbers are the other side (Usually on the left side). Zero is in between, Positive numbers are larger than zero. Negative numbers are smaller than zero. Zero is the only number which is positive and negative The further you go towards the positive side of the ruler, the larger are the numbers. The further you go towards the negative side of the ruler, the smaller are the numbers, Opposite numbers are at the same distance from zero, but on opposite sides of the ruler: If you take the oppostte of a number and take its opposite again, you see that you come back to the number. The opposite of an opposite number is this number: (-a) = Zero sre: numbers | Larger ae N10987654321912345678 90 Negative numbers Positive numbers Examples: 2 is postive. We use the mathematical symbol » (superior to) and write: 2 > 0 11 is negative We use the mathematical symbol < (inferior to) and write: —111< 0 1-01- 10 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 4 is larger than -9, We write: 4>-9 2 issmalier than 8 We write: 2< 8 2 is larger than -8. We write: -2>-8 =T ‘is opposite to 7 (and vice-versa, that is, 7 is opposite to ~7); 7and ~7 are opposite numbers. The oppostte of 5 is -5. The oppostte of the opposite of 5 is the opposite of -5, that is, 5. We can write: 1.4 Equalities An equality is a statement that two numbers are equal > a=b means a is equalto b Examples: 4-4 2) 542-7 3) 6=2x3 4) 7x2-3=11 1.5 Inequalities ‘An inequality is a statement that two numbers are not equal > a4 means a isnot equal to b > a>b means a is greater than b > a a> means a is greater than or equal to b > ab means a is less than or equal to b Examples: 1-0 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 n3<4 2)7>2 3) 94-2 4727 1.6 Basic operations In aithmetio, the four basic operations between numbers are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, More advanced operations can also be performed using functions: root function, power function, exponential function, ogarthmic function. > Addition combines numbers, the addends, to form a new number, the sum. Several additions performed together are also called a ‘summation. Example: 243-5 2 and 3 are the addends, 5 is the sum. > Geometrically addition can be understood with a ruler: = Onthe ruler, stating from zero, you measure the distance coresponding to addend a toward the positive side if @ is positive, or toward the negative side, if a is negative, = Then you go on measuring the distance corresponding to addend b,, toward the positive side if b is posttve, or toward the negative side if b is negative. Addition does not change the direction given by the addends. = You stop, and what you read on the ruleris the sum a+b For example, we want to perform 8+4, 8 is positive, you must count 8 to the positive side on the ruler, 4is positive, you then go on counting 4 to the positive side on the ruler. You get the sum 8+4=12 too. 2 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 RN 9 876543210123 45678 910112 For example, we want to perform (-5}+3 (5) is negative, you must count (-5) to the negative side on the ruler. 3 is positive, you then go on counting 3 to the positive side on the Tuler. You get the sum (-5)+3=-2 om: - << —> NNW 9876543210123 45678 910112 t 2 > General rules for adding numbers. With our previous geometrical examples, we can write down the general rules for addition: In order to add two addends of same sign, ' Add their value regardless of their sign, * Place their sign in front of the result. 1-01. 13 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of AeronauticsAeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA BIBI 1B? IBS 01 — Arithmetic level 4 82 03 Examples; a) What is the sum 4.231, or equivalent, (:42)+ (13.1) The addens ((4.2)and (13.1) have same sigh + We add their value regardless of their sign: 42+31=7.3 We place the sign ofthe addends in front ofthe resut:(4.2)+ (13.1) = +73 b) What is the sum ( 24) :( 19)? The addens (-2.4) and (19) have same sign ~ We add their value regardless of their sign: 24+19= 4.3 We place the sign of the addends in front of the result: (24) »(19)= 43 In order to add two addends of opposite sign, * Subtract their values regardless of their sign, * Take the sign of the addend with the larger value regardless of sign, and place it in front of the result. Note: The value of a number regardless of ts sign is called the absolute value, 7 isthe absolute value of numbers (+7) and (-7) for instance Examples: a) What is the sum 4.5++(-2.7) or equivalently, (+4.5)~(-2.7)? The addens (4.5) and (-2.7) have opposite sign We subtract their absolute value: 45-2.7 =1.8 (:435)is the addend with larger absolute value because 4.5 > 2.7 Wettake the sign of (+45) and place it in front ofthe resutt: (+45) (-27)=-1.8 b) What is the sum 3.44 (-5.5)? The addens (3.4) and (-5.) have opposite sign too. 4 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 We subtract their absolute values: 55-3.4=2.1 (-5.5) isthe addend with larger absolute value because 5.5 > 3.4 We take the sign of (-5.5) and place tt in front of the result: 3.44 (-55)=-2.1 > Properties: = Whatever numbers a and b arb=bra Exampl 844-448 Indeed, 8=4=12 and 448-12 (-2)13-34(-2) Indeed, (-2)+3=+1 and 3+(-2)=+1 ‘= Rearranging the parentheses in a summation (that is, several addtions), will not change the sum: (a+b)+e-a+(b+c)-a+b+e 10; 5+3-2=10 Examples: (6+3)+2=5+(8+2)=5+342 As (5+3}+2=8+2=10;5-(3+2) (6+3)+(-2) =54(8+(-2))=5+3+(-2) As (543) +(-2)=8+ (-2)= 6; 54 (3+(-2))=5+ (11)=8; 54+3+(-2)=8 a+0-O+a-a 1-01. 18 "Adding zero to any number gives the same number, Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 a2 ves 01- Mathematics 01 — Arithmetic os For example, 7+0-0+7=7 + Adding opposite numbers gives zero. a+(-a)=0 For example, ( 14): 14-0 2 Subtraction ‘Symbol: ~ Subtraction isthe opposite of addition. Subtraction gives the difference between two numbers, the minuend minus the subtrahend. Example: 3-2=1 3is the minuend, 2 isthe subtrahend, 1's the difference, It the minuend is larger than the subtrahend, the difference is positve Wa>b, then a—b>0 For example, 5=4 's postive, as the minuend 6 is larger than the subtrahend 4 5=4>0 because 5>4 Ifthe minuend is smaller than the subtranend, the difference is negative. Hac, then ab <0 For example, 2-6 is negative, as the minuend 2 is smaller than the subtrahend 5: 2-8 <0 because 2<6 If the minuend is equal to the subtrahend, the diference is zero tab, then a-b=0 1-01. 16 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 For example, 9-9 is zero, as the minuend 9 is equal to the subtrahend9 9-9-0 because 9-9 '% Geometrically, addition can be understood wth a ruler: = Onthe ruler, starting from zero, you measure the distance corresponding to minuend a toward the positive side if a is positive, or toward the negative side, if a is negative. "= Then you go on measuring the distance corresponding to subtrahend b, toward the negative side if b's positive, or toward the postive side if b is negative. ‘Subtraction reverses the direction given by the ‘subtrahend, = You stop, and what you read on the ruler is the difference a—b For example, we want to perform 7-4. The minuend 7 is positive, you must count 7 to the positive side on the ruler, The subtrahend 4 is positive, but as subtraction reverses the direction given by the subtrahend, you must go on counting 4 to the negative side. You get the difference 7-4=3 General rules for subtracting numbers. ‘With our previous geometrical examples, we can write down the general rules for addition: ‘Subtracting subtrahend b tominuend means the same as adding its opposite (~») to minuend a-b=a+( Using the general rules of addition with addends 2 and (-b), ' If 2 and (—b) have same sign, add their absolute values and place their sign in front of the result, * If a and (—b) have opposite sign, subtract their absolute values and place the sign of the addend with larger absolute value in front of the result. Examples: 2) What isthe difference 42~317 We write this difference as the sum 4.2+(~3 1) and apply the general rules of addition, The addens (:4.2)and (31) have opposite signs to. 18 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA M151 62 HBS 01 - Arithmetic Level 1 2 03 We subtract their absolute values: 42—31=1.1 ‘Addend (4.2) has larger absolute value (4.2) than addend (3.1) which has absolute value (3.1). We place the sign of the addend (:4.2)in front ofthe resutt: (<42)+(-3.4)= 94.1 Hence, we finally write: 42-3 1=+1.1 b) What is the difference 24-197 We write this diference as the sum (2.4) (19) and apply the general rules of addition The addens (-2.4) and (19) have same sign ~. We add their absolute values 24~19=43 ‘Addend (-2.4) has larger absolute value (2.4) than addend (19) which has absolute value (1.9) We place the sign of the addend (-24)in front of the resutt {-24)+(-19}= 43 Hence, we finally write: -24-19-- 4.3 > Propertie = ab isusually diferent from b-a a-beb-a The only case where a b= b~a iswhen For example, 9-41 4-9 = Rearranging the parentheses in a series of subtractions may change the difference. (a-b)-c2a-(b-c) Except if c= 0 Note: The symbol + means “is not equal to’ For example, 4-5)-3 =~ 4-(6-3)=4-2-2 3-4 1-01. 19 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 So that (4—5)-3 4-(5~3) "Subtracting subtrahend zero from a number gives the same number. a-0-a For example, 6-0=6 Alternatively, subtracting a number from minuend zero gives the opposite number. 0-b= For example, 0-6 = -6 = Subtracting same numbers gives zero, For example, 12-12=0 1.6.3 Multiplication > Symbol: < oF > Multiplication combines two numbers, the multiplicand and the multiplier into a single one, the product. ‘The multiplicand and the muttiplier are also called the factors. Example: 3x2=6 3 is the multiplicand, 2is the multiplier (3 and 2 are the factors) and 6 is the product. > Muttipcation is a “scaling” operation ‘= Multiplying a length by a number greater than 4 can be imagined as stretching that length. ‘= Multiplying by a number smaller than 1 can be thought of as shrinking the length, 1-01. 20 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic 01234 012345678 es X 0.5 = aoe 01234 012 > Multiplication with integers can also be understood as a repetition. For example, 24=2+2-2+2 > Geometrically, mutiplication can be represented in a plane composed of 2 areas: A postive area and a negative one. " Onthe horizontal line, starting trom zero, you measure the distance corresponding to multiplicand a positive, or toward the negative side, if 2 is negative, toward the positive side ita is = Onthe vertical line, starting from zero, you measure the distance corresponding to multiplier b, toward the positive side if b is positive, or toward the negative side if b is negative. ‘The product ax b represents the surface of the rectangle of sides a and b, counted positive if the rectangle is in the positive area, ‘or negative if the rectangle is in the negative area tao. 2 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 For example, we want to perform 4x23 Negative area (On the horizontal line we count 4 toward the positive side, (On the vertical line we count 2.3 toward the positive side, ‘We draw the rectangle. The surface of the rectangle is 9.2 Actually, we count 8 unit volume plus 120 hundredths of unit volume, that is, 8412-92 ‘As the rectangle is in the positive area, we get: 423-92 _ ce Positive area 1-01. 2 01- Mathematics 01 - arithmette rt Positive area a oo HE Ee eee Seeman + ° 1 2 3 4 4 2 -¢ 4 : Negative area Edition 06 - Revision 01 g RN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Forexample, we want to perform Negative area 4 Positive area 32x05 4 On the horizontal line we count 3.2 toward the negatve side, (On the vertical line we count 0.5 toward 3 the positive side, We draw the rectangle i The surface of the rectangle is 1.6 Actually, we count 160 hundredths of unit volume, that is, 1.6 unit volume 1 ‘As the rectangle is in the negative area, we get: 3205-18 2 +, 4 1 2 3 4 4 2 3 i Positive area q Negative area to. 23 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 For example, we want to perform Nogative area v Positive area “3.3x(-3.4) On the horizontal line we count 3.3 toward the negative side, On the vertical line we count 3.4 toward the negative side, We draw the rectangle. 2 The surface of the rectangle is 11.22 ‘Actually, we count 9 unit volume plus i 222 hundredths of unit volume, that is, 9+ 222=11.22 As the rectangle is inthe positive area, —.~ + we get: 9+2.22=11.22, that is: 4 =3.3x(-3.4)= 11.22 Positive area Negative area 1-01. 24 Edition 06 - Revision 01 Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 > General rules for multiplying numbers. With our previous geometrical examples, we can write down the general rules for multiplication: ‘= Multiplying two positive numbers gives a positive product. For example, 73-7 +7+7=21 ‘= Muttiplying a posttive and a negative numbers gives a negative product. Let's take an example: -5.6 is the opposite of 5x68. As 5x6=5+5+5-5+5+5 is positive, then ts opposite, 56, is negative. = Mutiolying two negative numbers gives a positive product, Let's take here again an example: 4x( 3) isthe opposite of 4( 3). As 4»( 3)=( 3)» ( 3)+( 8)» { 3) Is negative, then its ‘opposite, 4.( 3), is postive -— * + I + x i ‘Multiplying two like signs gives a positive sign, ‘two unlike signs gives a negative sign =X = = > Properties: = Whatever numbers a and b, axb=bxa Examples: Ox4 4x9 Indeed, 9x4 =36 and 4«9=36 1-01-25 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 = Rearranging the parentheses in a multiplication will not change the product, Examples: As (5%3)<2=15%2=30; 8x (3x 2)=8x6= 30; 5x3x2=30 = Multiplying 1 to any number gives the same number, For example, 7x1=1%7=7 ‘= Muttiptication is distributive over addition and subtraction: a%(b+e}= (axb)+ (axe) ax(b—c)=(axb)-(axe) Examples 2x (1+ 2)=(2x1)+(2x2)=2+ 426 3x(6-2)=(3x6)-(3x2)=18-12-6 ‘> Multiplication table: "This table gives you the product of a muttiplicand (from O to 10) by a muttiplier (from Oto 10), For example, if you want to calculate 6 x 8, cross the column of the 6 with the line of the 8, You read 48 in the table. = You must know this table by heart. 1-01. 2 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 1-01. 27 Edition 06 - Revision 01 RN BIN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 1.8.4 Division > Symbol: + or or / 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic Examples: 104; -1:2; 14; 2/8; 4 > Division js the reverse of multiplication. > Division combines two numbers, the dividend and the divisor into a single one, the quotient Example: 82-4 8 isthe dividend, 2 is the divisor and 4 is the quotient. The quotient mutiplied by the divisor always yields the dividend. > Division is a ‘partitioning’ operation. Ifa set of size a (dividend) is partitioned in b subsets (divisor) that are equal in sze, each set has size ¢ (quotient For example, it stick of length a (dividend) is partitioned in b segments (divisor) that are equal in size, each segment has size ¢ (quotient). Length Length MEE 2 sesros- B= a c Or, alternatively, i one set of size (dividend) is parttioned in subsets of size b (divisor), then there are © (quotient) subsets. For example, if one stick of length a (dividend) is parttioned in segments of length b (divisor). then there are ¢ (quotient) segments, 1 stick c segments em i -< 1-01. 28 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ < J Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 You see that the divisor may be a number, and then the quotient will be a quantity of the same kind as the dividend, ‘or the divisor may be a quantty of the same kind as the dividend; and then the quotient will be a number, > For positive numbers, ifthe dividend is larger than the divisor, the quotient is greater than one, otherwise itis less than one (a similar Tule applies for negative numbers). Foor positive numbers, 200, Wasp ltacb b>0 a a then c= 2. then c= 2 <4 en o= 5 yen =F For example, 423>1a8 423 3+B8<1as3<8 95 <1 a80.5<2 2 fl 028 ‘> General rules for dividing numbers. >1 as 1>0.25 = The reciprocal of divisor b is For example, The eprecaltveor 48025 Dividing by a divisor is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal. arbeax(1) \o} This point may seem trivial, bt & is very important, because when division is wniten as a produet, it obeys all the properties of mmuttiplication: 1-01. 29 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 = Dividing two postive numbers gives a positive quotient. For example, 27+3~9 Dividing a posttive and a negative numbers gives a negative quotient. For example, (-24) :8=—3; 49: (-7)=-7 * Dividing two negative numbers gives a positive quotient For example: -64 :(-8)-8 Dividing two like signs gives a positive sign, two unlike signs gives a negative sign i-i+ = + > Properties: = a+b is generally different from b+a The only case a: b=b-a iswhen a=b or a=-b atbeb+a For example, 8=4=2 but 4+8=0.5, sothat 8-448 = Rearranging the parentheses in 2 series of divisions may change the quotient: (a+b)eceas(bec)earb The only case where (2+ b)+-a+(b+e)-a+bec iswhen c= +1 or o=—1 1-01-30 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Examples: (9+3)s3=33-1 94(393)-901-9 Dividing any number by the divisor 1 gives the same number. For example, 13:1=13 = You cannot divide a number by zero. +0 is WRONG 1.7 Arithmetical precedence Numbers are often combined in a series of arithmetical operations. Arithmetic Precedence means the order in which operations must be carried out. 1) Brackets (or functions) 2) Multiplication and division As they appear left to right 3) Addition and subtraction ‘As they appear left to right 4.7.1 Brackets (or functions) > The contents of the bracket must be evaluated first, before performing any other operation Examples: t-o1- at Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 (342) 4=5x4=20 6+(2-4)=6 > When the expression within brackets itself contains brackets, we say that the brackets are nested. In such situations, the removal of brackets must progress from the innermost pair of brackets to the outermost pair. Examples: 2+[4-(2-3)]=24[4-(-Ay]=24 (4s 215-7 6+[-2+(-2+7)]=6+[-2+5]-8+3=2 > Sometimes you may find functions in an expression, For example, the function square” of a number gives the product of this number by tself: fqyq(3) = 3? = 33-9 Functions must be evaluated first, just like brackets. Examples; 219% =24(3x3)=219-11 3-(4-2)? <3.0(2)7=3-2x2=3-4= 1 4.7.2 Muttiplication and division > Multiplication and division must be done before addition and subtraction. Examples, 2xd-5-8-5-3 3.12+6=3-281 1-01. 32 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 2. METHODS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION: 2.4 The decimal system The decimal notation is based upon the decimal system, Reading from left to right, cach figure is ten time the value ofthe next one, Reading from right to left, each figure isthe tenth ofthe next one. For example, one thousand is ten times one hundred, which is ten time ten, which is ten time a unt, which is ten time a tenth, which is ten time one hundredth, which is ten time on thousandth The same way, one thousandth is the tenth of on hundredth, which is the tenth of one tenth, which isthe tenth of a unit, which is the tenth of a hundred, Which is the tenth oh a thousand. (Thousand | 4 Hundred Ten 4Unit Decimal ‘Tenth | 1 Hundredth | 4 thousandth point Numbers can be decomposed in multiples of 1000; 100; 10; 4; 0.1; 0.01; 0.001 and so.on (called powers of ten), according to the postion of the figure with regard to the decimal point. For example: 2456 = 2100+ 4% 100+5%10+ 6x1 302-3100 0x1042x1 0.57 = 0x1+5x0.1+7%0.01 12,.304= 410+ 2x143x0.1+ 00,014 40.001 2.2 Multiplication and division by 10, 10, 1000 and so on ‘What happens when you muttiply a number in decimal notation by 10, 100, 10007 Let's take some examples: to. 33 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | fg Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 3.4x10=34 2,0x10= 20.0 12.53 100= 125.3 22.0% 1000 = 22,000. ‘What happens when you divide a number i Let's take some examples 7.8:10=078 35679.8 = 10 = 3567.98 5347.0 100 =5.347 45,0 1000 =0.045 When a number, written in decimal notation, is multiplied by: 10 the decimal point is shifted 4 place to the right 100 ~> the decimal point is shifted 2 places to the right 1000 -> the decimal point is shifted 3 places to the right in decimal notation by 10, 100, 10007 When a number, written in decimal notation, is divided by: 10 the decimal point is moved 1 place to the left 100 -» the decimal point is moved 2 places to the left 1000 -> the decimal point is moved 3 places to the left 1-01. 34 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic 2.3 Roun 19 off numbers. Rounding off a decimal is a technique used to estimate or approximate values. Rounding is most commonly used to limit the amount of decimal places. Instead of having a long string of decimals places, or even one that goes on forever, we can approximate the value of the decimal to a specified decimal place. ‘We can round to any place, After rounding, the digit inthe place we are rounding will ether stay the same, referred to as rounding down, o increase by 4, referred to as rounding up. The question now becomes, when do we round up or down? 2.3.1 Rounding up ‘> Rounding up means that we increase the terminating digit by a value of 4 and drop off the digits to the right > Ifthe next place beyond where we are terminating the decimal is greater than or equal to five, we round up. Examples 7.78-7.8 tothe tenth place 1.505 ~1.51 tothe hundredth place 22.6897 = 22,6900 the thousands place 2.3.2 Rounding down > Rounding down means that we leave our last decimal place as it s given and discarding all digits to its right. > Ifthe number to the right of our terminating decimal place is four or less (4, 3, 2, 1,0), we round down: Examples 714-77 tothe tenth place 4,503 = 1.50 to the hundredth place 22.6892 - 22,6891o the thousandth place 2.4 Method of multiplication In ofder to multiply in the decimal system, 1) Make as ifthe multiplicand and multiplier were whole numbers, that is, disregard the decimal points. 1-01-36 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level a1 203 2) The number of decimal places in the product must be ‘equal to the total of decimal places in the multiplicand and the multiplier. Example: 3.21x2.9 ‘We do as ifthe multipicand and the multiplier were whole numbers. We will calculate 321 x 29: 321 x 29 7689 6420 93 0 9 The number of decima's in the product must be equal to the number of decimals in the multiplicand and in the multiplier’ The muttiplicand 3.21 has 2 digits after the decimal point and the multiplier 2.9 has 1 digit. So the number of digits after the decimal point in the product must be 3 3.21x2.9= 9.309 2.5 Method of division In order to divide in the decimal system, 4) Make the divisor a whole number. by multiplying t by @ Power of ten (10, 100, 1000...) 2) To compensate, multiply the dividend by the same power of ten. 3) Divide Example: 1.17 45 ‘We make the divisor 4.5 a whole number. We multiply by 10. In order to compensate, we also muttiply the dividend by 10. Then, we divide: eg aia 1-01. 36 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 The result is strictly exact, as there is not remainder. We stop and write: 1.17. 4: =26 Example: 32.1 :2.9 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic ‘We make the divisor 2.9 a whole number. We multiply t by 10, In order to compensate, we also muttiply the dividend by 10. Then, we aivide: 324 29 3 2 also 29 iaslgeen0) The result is not strictly exact, as there is a remainder We can go on dividing to get more digits after the decimal (Or we can stop and wrte the result: 32.1: 29= 14.1 correct to trst (tenth) decimal place. (Or we can include the remainder in the answer, so that itis an exact answer: Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder or, a-o1- (Dividend : Divisor) = Quotient + (Remainder : Divisor) 7 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘The remainder is equal to 0.026, So we wrte: 3.21 :2.9= 11.06 + (0.026: 29) 3. FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS: ‘Some numbers have infinite decimal places. For example, 19 = 3 = 6,333333333333 ‘Some other numbers have a finite but long string of decimal places. For example, 0,99999999990 It you perform several calculations with such numbers, you are sure that you will get errors. For example, if you type on a calculator 0. 98999999990 x 099999999990, you have great chance to get 0.99999999990 x 0.99999999990 = 1, which 's not true This is the reason why fractions are important: They make it possible to perform many calculations without any error. Then, when the calculations are Performed, the result can be expressed in decimal notation. 3.4 Definition of a fraction ‘A fraction (also called commen or vulgar fraction) is a number written as: or 2 iscalled the numerator, » iscalled the denominator. 1-01. 38 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 2 and b must be whole numbers. So, a fraction is nathing else than a division of whole numbers, ‘As. division, a fraction cannot have b = 0 ‘A fraction is a convenient way to represent parts and to make comparisons. The denominator represents the number of equal parts that a thing, that is, a quantity, an entity, a“unt' taken as reference is divided into. ‘The numerator represents the number of such parts that are taken. 3.1.1 Proper fractions > When the numerator is smaller than the denominator, the fraction is called a proper fraction. > A proper fraction is less than one (<1) Examples: ‘The denominator represents the & equal parts that a sphere is dvided into, 3 a ‘The numerator represents 3 such parts taken q ‘The denominator represents the 2 equal parts that a sphere is divided into, 2 ‘The numerator represents 1 such part taken. 1-01. 39 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic 2 The denominator represents the 5 equal parts that a sphere is divided into. 5 The numerator represents 2 such parts taken 3.4.2 Improper fractions > When the numerator is larger than the denominator, the fraction is called an Improper fraction, > An improper traction is greater than one (>1) > Every improper fraction can be expressed as a whole number and a proper fraction, Examples: ‘The denominator represents the 4 equal parts that a sonere is divided to, The numerator represents 5 such pars taken we seethat® (morone actions vio umber ps F (proper traction) ‘The denominator represents the 2 equal pars that a sphere is divided into, The numerator represents 3 such parts taken We see that 3 (improper fraction) is 1 (whole number) plus + oer ton 1-01-40 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g RN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 The denominator represents the 7 equal parts that a sphere is divided into, The numerator represents 12 such parts taken. We see that “2 (improper traction) is 1 (whole number plus 5 oer ton 3.4.3 Unity fractions > Ifthe numerator and denominator are identical, the fraction is equal to 1 Exampl ‘The denominator represents the 4 equal parts that a sphere is divided into, 4 4% The numerator represents 4 such parts taken, that is, awnole sphere. + The denominator represents the only 1 equal part that a sphere is dvided into: A part + represents the whole sphere ‘The numerator represents 1 such part taken, that is, the sphere. 3.2 Basie characteristics of fractions 3.2.4 Fractions with same positive denominator > Iftwo fractions have same positive denominator, the fraction with the largest numerator has the greatest value. eo. at Edition 06 - Revision 01 g RN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Ita > Equivalently, if the numerator of such a fraction increases, the value of the fraction increases. For example: a 2 Q Q & 8 é 6 6 és 6 6 Remark: if the denominator is negative, the characteristic is opposite, 3.2.2 Fractions with same positive numerator > ftwo fractions have same positive numerator, the fraction with the largest denominator has the smallest value elle Wta>b then > Equivalentiy, i the denominator of such a fraction increases, the value of the fraction decreases. For example: 1-01. 42 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ < J Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 1 1 i 2 3 a 5 . Remark if the numerator is negative, the characteristic is opposite. 3.2.3 Equivalent fractions > Some fractions seem ca but in fact they have the same value. For example, 2, 2 2 ana 2 look different, but have really the same value when we draw them 5 7 ; > Of course, in order to vertyitaliferent fractions are equivalent that i, have the same value, we can use a calculator 4.2.3 1.2.3 95333333 > Bute can also notice that two fractions are equivalent when you go from one to another by multiplying or dividing the numerator and the denominator by the same number. 42 9 318 a2 M938 3.2.4 are equivaler ot jewrite: 3-2-4 re equivalent to >. Werte: == ==> Ban 1-0 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ < J Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 > There is a general rule to check if two fractions are equivalent: Eo S means axd-oxb Exams; 32 peamuse 916-9218 228 secaue 2012 18096148 3.3 Reducing fractions, Reducing (or simpltying) fractions aims to put fractions in their simplest form. Fractions can be simplified when the numerator and denominator share one or several common factors. If both the numerator and denominator have common factors, then we can cancel these factors out, PS a cle For eral, what te edz acon ot 722 The anver seo sightonard Indeed, the numerator and the denominator share the common factor 1000, and you cannot find another common factor between 7 and 9 Therefore, 7000 7x 3005 _7 3000 3x 4000 5 aor. a4 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘Sometimes itis much harder to find the common factors shared by the numerator and the denominator, so we need a general method to reduce fractions, 3.3.1 Prime numbers > Aprime number is a number whose only factors are 1 and itself. > 1s excluded from the prime numbers > The prime numbers between 1 and 100 are: 3.3.2 Prime factorization > Any number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers. ‘> These are referred to as prime factors. Examples; 1) Let's express 5,480 in terms of prime numbers We try to divide 5,460 by the first prime number, 2. It works, we get: 5,460 = 2 x 2,730 We ty to divide 2,730 by 2 It works, we get: 5,460 = 2 x 1.365 ‘As 1,365 is an odd number, itis not divisible by 2 Wetry to divide 1,365 by the next prime number, 3. It works, we get: 1,365 = 3x 455 455 is not divisible by 3 another time. So we try to divide 455 by the next prime number, 5. It works, we get: 455 = 5 x91 91 is not divisible by 5 another time, So we ty to divide 91 by the next prime number, 7. it works, we get: 91 = 7x 13 As 13 is a prime number, we have fully expressed 5,460 in terms of prime numbers: 5,480 =2x2x3x5x7x13 2) What are the prime factors of 6,697 6,699 is not divisible by 2. 6.699 is divsible by 3. We get 6,699 = 3 x 2,233, 2,233 is not divisiole by 3. it's not divisible by 6. 2.233is divsible by 7. We get 2,233 = 7 x 319 aor. 45 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 01- Mathematics 319 is not divisible by 7. 319 is divisibie by 11. We get: 319= 11x29 29 is a prime number, we have fully exoressed 6,699 in terms ofits prime factors: 6,699 = 3x7x 11x29 3.3.3 Simplifying a fraction > In order to reduce a fraction Examples 198 1) Simplify 165 * Find the prime factorization of both the numerator and denominator. * Rewrite the fraction with the numerator and denominator expressed with their prime factorization, = Cancel out all prime factors the numerator and denominator have in common. "= Multiply the remaining prime factors in the numerator and denominator. ‘We first find the prime factorization of both the numerator and denominator: 198 =2«3x3x11 165 =3x5x11 We rewrite the fraction with the numerator and denominator exoressed with their prime factors: 198 _ 2x3x3x11 165 3x8x14 We cancel out all prime factors the numerator and denominator have in common: 198 2x8 «3x11 2x3 15 3x5x ‘We muttiply the remaining prime factors in the numerator and denominator: a0. 46 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | 01 Arlthmetic go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware ot - Mathematics Category GA wore? B89 ot antes tne oh a2 os 1988 15 780 2) Reduce Tea 780 = 22x3x5x13 2184 = 2x24 2x3x 713 780 _2x2n3x5x13 284 Dx QeDBx TAS 780 Bx bx BxSxI8 2184 2x 2x2 Bx Ix IS 730 5 2184 2x7 7805 2184 14 34 comparing adng an surat acons Inotropic, yo mine al ee ators ott ete ste pale dene 34 compatng actions > Inorder to compare fractions, you must convert them to equivalent fractions that have same positive denominator. 2 Theactonvah es mrt aesvae ‘> Fornaio compe and a Ewe ang 7-2 BEES ES The deromnaerot 5, haone meer 2 hath eomintr et 1-01. 47 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 tre donna ot hana fet 3 ante coon ‘As we want both ractions to have same denominator, we wll mutily the denominator (and also the numerator) ot by 2, and we wit denamat tnd ao te nae ot 5, by 3 5 8x3 18 gy 7_ 7x2 _14 RD 23 B18 8x2 36 16 14 5 Now, comparing their numerators, as 15 > 14, we deduce that >" that is, = 36° 2 3.4.2 Adding fractions > Inorder to add fractions, = Convert them to equivalent fractions that have same denominator, * Add the numerators of the equivalent fractions. * The denominator remains unchanged, a 5 ‘or example, ntto add 2 and + For example, we want to add = and 22 yi 4 2x7 10 2x5 The denominator of has one more factor 7 than the denominator of The denominator of “has one mere factor 5 than the denominator of tor. 48 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘As we want both actions to have same denominator, we will mul the denominator (and aso the numerator) ot by 7, and we sa run eaninzr ote runaren ot 2 by 5 447 7 yg 2 2x8 10 WO iOx7 70 14-745" 70 Both fractions have now the same denominator 70 710 Now, we canadthem: 2» 12 \We add the numerators of the equivalent rations and leave the denominator unchanged 7 ,10_ 7410 7°70" 70-70 2 170 Finally, we write; cr) 3.4.2 Subtracting fractions > In order to subtract fractions, = Convert them to equivalent fractions that have same denominator, * Subtract the numerators of the equivalent fractions, * The denominator remains unchanged, > For example, we want to subtract 7 7 2 3x5 MBG aL, 6 t-01- 49 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 tre donna st 7 hata met 5 ante cence 2 tre dmonnarst 2 tar onenet tan tanh oninzrat ‘As we want both fractions to have same denominator, we will mutiply the denominator (and also the numerator) of 2 by 5, and we will 7 multy the denominator (and aso the numerator of 2 by 3 7 7x8 gq 225 _ 10 1515x945 59,5" 45 Both fractions have now the same denominator 45 7 2.21 10 e966 We subtract the numerators of te equivalent fractions ad leave the denominator unchanged. 21 10. 21-10. 14 645" 5 a5 72 nally, we write; 2-2. 14 Finally, we write: == = 3.5 Multiplying and dividing fractions, Now, we can subtract them: 3.5.1 Multiplying fractions > Muttiplying fractions is very easy: Multiply the numerators together and mutiply the denominators together. > AMter mutipiying, you can simply the fraction, > Examples: 1-01-50 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 23.2824 9°2 9x2 18 We can simplify this fraction, as 2 BxT z ia Se 2.dxa 6 2,5 25 10 VST St a This fraction cannot be simplified, it is already reduced, ay 1,2 ,8-722x8_ 84 B54 3x4 84 ZxkxBx? 7 This fraction can be simplified as: 24 2»2Z<8 x7 _7 " 6 2x Zn dus 5 3.5.2 Dividing fractions > Dividing a traction by another one is the same as multiplying the fist fraction by the reciprocal ofthe second one > The reciprocal of atraction © is traction & When you take the reciprocal of a fraction, you “flip” it over. > Dividing fractions comes to a multiplication: To divide two fractions you invert the divisor and multiply. > After dividing, you can simply the fraction. a “> Remar The dso oft tacons may berepreseted by: 2, or, eqalerty by: 2 a a-01- 6 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g | Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 a Wecansingtynatacin og 22228 apd This fraction cant be simpifie, ti already reduced, 32,6 9.7.4 3x4 od rah Taas8 1 BA Aedes 7 132 Zxdx3x11 7 This fraction can be simplified, as: 3. Converting actions it decimals A traction 2 ot woitegem. ven sxpandeain dor nett ges number aed atonal amber Atetratvey, atonal number asunder can be exressed as ction 2 ovo integer For example, 4 + are rational numbers Rational numbers have a finite decimal expansion, or an infinite decimal expansion with, sooner or later. a recurring pattern of decimals, 1-01-52 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level 01 2 OS 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic = 0.5 has a finite decimal expansion, = 0.33333... has an infinite decimal expansion with the recurring decimal aigit 3 > Rational numbers with a finite decimal expansion have only one or several prime factors 2 and 5 in the denominator (when reduced to simplest terms). They can always be expressed as a decimal fraction, that is, a fraction with a power of ten (10, 100, 1000 ...) in the denominator. as ny 2h deo Ithas a finte decal expansion: 4-0 50 It'can be expressed as a decimal fraction a 0 > Rational numbers with an infinite decimal expansion and a recurring pattern of decimals have at least one prime factor different from 2.0r5 in the denominator (when reduced to simplest terms). They cannot be expressed as a decimal fraction, but they can still be expressed as a common fraction. 0.33333... is a rational number with an infinite decimal expansion and a recurring pattern of decimals (3) It cannot be expressed as a decimal fraction, but as a common fraction with at least one prime factor other Fi jan 2 and 6 in the denominator, 0.33333. = 3 Remark: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction of two integers are called irrational numbers. = 3.1415926...; 2 = 141421956... 0 = 2,71828183... are irrational numbers. They cannot be expressed as fractions. 3.6.1 Decimal fractions > A.difference between common and decimal fractions is that decimal fractions have a power of ten (10, 100, 1000, ...) as denominator. 1-01-53 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 1 14 1320 ‘or example, ©, 14. 1220 are decimal fractions, For example, 5. 755° 7o00 faction > Decimal fractions are so called, because they are closely related to decimals and decimal notation: Sot steunt k=011 is onetenth 5 1, -001 sonehundeh sig 001 isonethoenh eames: aad, 025-3. asus 0426-4 sagt bee 1 4 1 1 0.0379 = Ox + Sua Txaaas +S a5aRG > Any decimal fraction can be converted to an exact decimal number, that is, a number with finite decimal places after the decimal point, > Inorder to convert a decimal fraction into a decimal number, Start from the numer 1-01-54 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 * Insert the decimal point and the decimal places into the numerator: ‘The number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point is equal to the number of zeros in the denominator. Examples: Ayame odes mb We start from the numerator: 4 We place the decimal places. There is one zero in the denominator; hence there is one decimal place to the right of the decimal point: feos 70 2) Convert 2 into a decimal number We start from the numerator: 23 We place the decimal places. There is one zero in the denominator; hence there is one decimal place to the right of the decimal point 23 028 2 22 _ 0,32 into decimal number: 3) Convert = into a decimal numbe We start from the numerator: 32 We place the decimal places. There are two zeros in the denominator, hence there are two decimal places to the right ofthe decimal point: 32 eosz 4) Convert into a decimal number. F000 tao. 55 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS We start from the numerator: 17 We place the decimal places. There are three zeros in the denominator; hence there are three decimal places to the right of the decimal point 7 a -0017 7000 Note in that case that we had to add a leading" zero 3.6.2 Fractions equivalent to a decimal fraction > Some fractions are equivalent to decimal fractions. rorevample, 12°55 1 22 Pe 2" 2x5 10" 5050x2100 > In order to check if a common fraction is equivalent to a decimal fraction, = Reduce the fraction (to its simplest form) * Verify if the denominator is made up of prime numbers 2 or 5 or both * If so, the fraction is equivalent to (and can be expressed as) a decimal fraction To express the reduced fraction as a decimal fraction, force the denominator to be ‘composed of pairs of (5 x 2) by multiplying both the numerator and the denominator one ‘or several times by 2 andlor 5, as needed. * If not, that is, if some other prime number is present, the fraction is not equivalent to (and cannot be expressed as) a decimal fraction, > Any fraction equivalent to a decimal fraction can be converted to an exact decimal number, that is, a number with finite decimal places after the decimal point. Examples: 9 1) Is {= equivalent to a decimal fraction? 1-01-56 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 We reduce the fraction: 2 - 2x33 2x5 5 ‘deni the te stone made tine nner 8 © teil a dsina tason Indeed, & 2382. 8 % 5 5x2 10 enl We conclude that == =F =0.6 2) 15 19 equivalenttoa decimal racton? We reduce the traction: 148. _ 7x47 Tag 340 2x5x5x 1 _2xBxS 50 ‘The denominator of the reduced fraction is made up of both prime numbers 2 and 5 119 eh 110 ocotlfin deck 112 qivalent to deomal ration indeeg, 18.7 Tg 72 tt HOS) TSS SHO WTO TW Wecorete tna 8. 14 914 340 700 627 3) ls 2 equivalent to a decimal fractior ) IS Ferg eoUivalentto a fraction? 627 _ 3x 14x19 _ 3x19 _ 57, Wereduoe ine faction: 75 ee. 1 SxSxS 1S 1-01. 57 Edition 06 - Revision 01 = 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘The denominator of the reduced fraction is made up of prime numbers 5 2% sneer cautet oa desma faion att _sct8__aetoeaiae a6 inees, S22 ST S18 settezze2 ass 88 ‘ We conclude that £27 458 _9 456 15 Tas 4)'8 2 equivalent to decimal action? 2 Bnd _ 2 HO Zxdx5x7 5 The denominator of the reduced fraction is made up of prime number § and prime number 3 We reduce the fraction: 2 oa As prime number 3 is present inthe denominator, = isnot equivalent toa decimal fraction ie ants eve hat te decimal ner asocated wih 2°, hasnt ein aes win coe ote areung desma pte ate decina port 3.6.3 Other common fractions ‘> Any fraction that is not a decimal fraction, or that s not equivalent to a decimal fraction cannot be converted to an exact decimal number, but to a number which has infinite decimal places after the decimal point. > Athought such a non-exact decimal will never terminate, sooner or later its digits will always recur. For example, 75, cannot be expressed as an exact rite decimal ration, but hasan infinite decimal expansion wit recuring decimals 1-01. 68 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 2 _ 013333203308 210 You see with this example that digt 3 is endless repeating. Other examples: 1 3 1 3 1 7 0.3333333333... (with 3 repeating) =0.1111111111... (with 1 repeating) (0909090908... (with 08 repeating) = 9.075923075023.. with 076929 repeating) > Inorder to convert a non decimal (or non equivalent decimal) fraction into a number in decimal notation you should: = Either round-off the number to @ decimal place, For example, 40.390 to the thousandths ‘= Either stop at some decimal place after at least two recurring sets of digits followed by thre vont Foremmpe, + <07ensT350 + terns resin ts wasn ner Fereamoe, 2 0008 3.7 Converting decimals into fractic ‘As fractions can be converted into decimal numbers, decimal numbers can be converted into fractions. ns. 1-01. 69 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS Numbers with finite decimal expansion after the decimal point are sometimes called exact decimals. They can aways be converted to a decimal fraction, that is, a fraction with a power of ten (10,100, 1000...) in the denominator. Numbers with an infinite decimal expansion and a recurring pattern of decimals can also be converted to fractions, though these are not decimal fractions. Numbers with an infinite decimal expansion and a non-recurring pattern of decimals are called irrational numbers and cannot be converted to a fraction 3.7.4 Exact decimals > An exact decimal has finite decimal places after the decimal point. For example, 0.125; 27.0801; 0.001; 0.4 are exact decimal numbers, > Inorder to convert an exact decimal number to a fraction, * Write down the decimal divided by 1, as a fraction, "= Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every number after the decimal point. * Simplify the fraction Examples; 0.125 0125x10%10%10 125 ee 40x10x10 7000 125 can be reduced: 12°, i seeeeeineee! 7000 4000” 2.2.2. BxBxB D228 We conclude: 0.125 + 27.0801 _ 27.0801x10%10% 10x10 _ 270801 7 tad 1 10x10x10x10 40000 1-01-60 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 270801 10000 We conclude: 27.0801 = 3) 0.001 9991 01- Mathematics cannot be reduced, as 270801 cannot be divided by 2 or by 5 270801 70000 0.001% 10%10x10_ 4 TOxt0x10 7000 We conclude: 0.001 = 1 7000 04 04x10 4 aoa on 770 Zx2 4 4 2 Gp canbe reduced: == FFE We conclude: 0.4 3.7.2 Repeating decimals > A repeating decimal has infinite decimal places after the decimal point with sooner or later a recurring pattern, For example, 0.33. > Converting a repeating decimal number to a fraction is quite tricky and comes to a subtraction. 0.011...; 0 19090.. ; 0 142857142857... are repeating decimal numbers, "= Muttiply the decimal number by a power of ten (10, 100, 1000 ...) so that the first pattern is on the left of the decimal point This will be the minuend, ' Muttiply the decimal number by a power of ten (10, 100, 1000 ...) so that the first patter is on the right of the decimal point. This wil be the subtrahend, * Write down the subtraction between the minuend and the subtrahend. ‘The recurring pattern is annulated, and the difference is a wnole number times the 1-01. 6t Edition 06 - Revision 01 | 01 Arlthmetic go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Value of the decimal number * Rewrite to get the fraction the decimal number has been converted to, * Simplify the fraction. Examples: 1) We want to convert 0.333333... toa fraction. ‘The pattern is digit 3 ‘We multiply 0.333333... by 10 so that the fist pattern is on the left of the decimal point: 100338333... = 3.333333... This will be the minuend, ‘We multiply 0.333333... by 1 (that is, we leave t unchanged) so that the first pattern is on the right of the decimal point: 4<0.383833..=0.3338333.. This will be the subtranend ‘We write down the subtraction between the minuend and the subtranend: 100338883, > 3 3339333 = 1x0,333333.,_ Eo 3333333, 9x0.333333,. > 3 ‘We rewrite to get the fraction the decimal number has been converted to.: 9 0.333333... 3, that is: 0.333333, We can simpity the fraction: 033933, 2 2)We want fo convert 0.011111... to a fraction. The pattem is digit 1 ‘We multiply 00111711... by 100 so that the first pattern is on the left of the decimal point: 100.0.0111414..=1.111111... This will be the minuend 1-01-62 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 We multiply 0.011111... by 10 so thatthe first pattern is on the right of the decimal point: 10.0.0191144..=0.111141... This will be the subtrahend, ‘We write down the subtraction between the minuend and the subtranend: 400 0.0111111 > 1 antttt = 1000111111 > - 0 aattt4 80x Q0111111 > 1 eto gilt facto cna inte hath converted: SO, O0NH11. <4 hate oot. The fraction is simplified 3) We want to convert 0.1908080... toa faction The pattem is 90 We multiply 0,1202080., by 1000 so thatthe frst patterns onthe left of the decimal point: 7000%0 1209080. = 190 202080, This will be the minuend, We multiply 0.180900... by 10 so thatthe fist pattern is onthe right ofthe decimal point: 10>-0,1909090... = 1.908080... Ths will be the subtrahend We write down the subtraction between the minuend and the subtrahend: 1000.0.1908080. > 190. 909090 = 10x0,1909000, > - _4_._ 909000 990;.0,1909090.. > = 189 We rewiteto get the fraction the decimal number has been converted to. 200.0.1909090..~ 189, thats: 0 1202090, 15 489 dx x24 ao Wie can simply the faction: So = 5 a aap tats to. 63 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics01- Mathematics ‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01 Arlthmetic Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 0.1909090., = 24 710 4) We want to convert 0142857142857... to a fraction. The pattem is 142857 ‘We multiply 0.142857142857... by 1000000 so that the frst pattern is on the left ofthe decimal point: 1000000 0.142857 142857... = 142857. 142857142857... This willbe the minuend, We multiply 0,142857142857... by 1 (that is, we leave it unchanged) so that the first pattern is on the right of the decimal point 4 0.142857142857... - 0.142867 142857142857... This willbe the subtrahend, ‘We write down the subtraction between the minuend and the subtrahend: 142857142857, 1000000 x 0,142857 142857, > fren = 10,142857142867. ae qo user zest 199999930 142857142857, > 742857 ‘We rewrite to get the fraction the decimal number has been converted to.: 999999. 0.142857 142857... ~ 142857 , that is 142857 01942857 142857. = Er 142867 Ax dx de 999089 Fu Fx dxTxM> We can simplify the fraction ovazesrsaesr.1 1-01. 6 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 4, FACTORS AND MULTIPLES: 4.4 Factors ‘A factor of a whole number is an integer which divides the number with no remainder. By extension, factors are sometimes simply called ‘divisors’ For example, 3is a factor of 6, as 8+3=2 @ isa factor of b means that n with nan integer Although factors can be positive or negative, only the positive ones are usually mentioned Awhole number has a finite number of factors. For instance, 6 has 8 factors 6; 3; 2; 1; 1; 2; 3/6 butonly the postive ones are usually mentioned: 1; 2; 3. 8 Examples: 41) The (positive) factors of 8 are 1,2; 4, 8 2) The (posttive) factors of 10 are 2; 5 3) The (positive) factors of 18 are 1. 2; 3 4) The (positive) factors of 48 are 1,2; 3 10 6.9 4;8;8, 12; 16, 24, 48 4.1 Trivial factors, prime numbers, composite numbers. > Given a whole number 2, ts trivial (postive) factors are 1 number a isett. For example, the trivial (postive) factors of 42 are 1 and 42 > Each prime number has only two factors which are trivial 1 and itself It is not divisible by any other number. For example, 37 is prime number. has only two (trivial) factor, 1 and 37 tao. 65 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 > Arnumber which has at least 3 factors (2 trivial factors, 1, tself. and another one) is a composite number, A composite number has factors in addition to 1 and itself. As a consequence, if any whole number greater than 1 is not a prime number, iis a composite number. For example, 4 is @ composite number, It has 3 factors: two are trivial, 1; 4 and another one is not, 2 4.1.2 Factors of a composite number ‘> Prime factorization means finding all the prime numbers that are factors of a number. A composite number can be writen as a Product of all of ts prime factors. For example, the prime factorization of 120 is 2x2x2x3x5 > All the (positive) factors of a number are 1, the elements of its prime factorization and all the possible products between these ‘elements. For example, the prime factorization of 120 is 22235. The elements of the prime factorization are: {2; 2; 2:35} All the factors of 120 are: 1 2 2x2=4 2x 22=6 2x2x2x3=24 — 2x2x2x3x5=120 3 23-6 2x2x3=12 242x2x5=40 5 2x5=10 2x2x5=20 2x2x3x5=60 3x5 =15 2x3 5=30 4.1.3 Greatest Common Factor (GCF) The Greatest Common Factor of two or more numbers is the largest number that can be divided into all of the numbers equally. For example, The foto of 12595209 ae fi: 2593 4: 8; 19}: The fais of 182.059 are fis 259; @: 054 ‘The GCD of 12 and 18 is 6 > To calculate the GCD of numbers, 1-01. 66 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 * Identify their common prime factors, * Multiply them together. > Forexample les calolate the GCD between 780 and 2184 70 = [3] x [3] «[Px 5 x mes = (20% (2% 2 « 3 «7 x We fin that the GOD of 780 and 2164 is: 2» 2x3»13 =156 156 is the largest factor common to 780 and 2184. > Application to fractions: When we reduce a fraction, we find the Greatest Common Factor of the denominator and the numerator. Then, ‘we divide both the numerator and the denominator by this number. West sity te tcton 72 by didn nave and drama yh OCF 780 _ 78/186 _ 5 2184 21847158 74 > Remark: The Greatest Common Divisoris also sometimes referred to as highest common factor (HCF), or greatest common divisor (Gc) 4.2 Multiples ‘A mmuttiple of a number is the product ofthis number by an integer. For example, 50.50 isa multiple of 10.10, as 10.105 ~ 50,50. 50.50 is the product of 10.10 by the integer 5 The integer can be negative, so -50.50 is also a multiple of 10.10, as 10.10.{-5)= 50.50 b is amultiple of ¢ means that b=nxa with n_an integer called multiplier or 1-01. 67 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 [eoeticient If @ isnot zero, this is equivalent to saying that number 2 can divide its multiple b without remainder. ‘When number 2 is a whole number, 2 is called a factor or a divisor ofits muttiple b. b is divisible by 3 For example, 3x5 =15 3 and 5 are both factors (or divisors) of 15 16 is amuttiple of both 3 and 5 ‘A number has an infinity of multiples. Examples: 4) The mutiples of 2 are --, -20, -18, -18, -14, -12, -10, -8 2) The multiples of 3 are --, -30, -27, -24, 21, -18, —15, =12, 3) The multiples of 10 are --, ~100, -90, -80, -705 4) The multiples of 12 are #20, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 6, -3, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 1 120, 108-96, -84, -72, -60, -48, -36, -24, -12, 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 4.1.4 Trivial multiples > 0 isatrivial multiple of everything, as whatever number a, ax 0-0 > Whatever number a, 2 is. trivial multiple of tselt, as ax1=a 441.2 Properties > If and b are mutiples of number c, then a+b and a—b are also muttiples of ¢ Indeed, if 2 and b are muttiples of number c, 2c and b- mxe with n and m integers Then a+b =nxe+mxo=(n-+m)xo=kxe where k= (n +m) is an integer, And a—b =nc-mxe=(n—m)xc=qx¢ where g =(n-m) is an integer. For example, 36 and 24 are muttiples of 6. Then 36+ 24 = 60 and 36-24 = 12 are also muttiples of 6 1-01-68 Edition 06 - Revision 01 = ~, J Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 a2 > > as Ia isa multiple of number c, then b= kxa with k an integer, is also multiples of ¢ Indeed, if 2 isa multiple of number ¢, = nc with n an integer. Then b=kxa=kxnxc=qxc where q=kxn isan integer, For example, 12 is a multiple of 6. Then 212 24 is also a multiple of 6 3 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of a set of numbers is the smallest number that can be divided by each number of the set. It is the smallest positive integer that is @ multiple of each number of the set For example, let's consider the set of numbers 12 and 18 The muttiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, 96, 108, 120 The multiples of 18 are: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144 ‘We find that the Lowest Common Multiple of 12 and 18 is 36 In order to find the LOM of a set of number, = Write each number as a prime factorization, “= For each type of prime factor, select the largest group of factors amongst all the prime factorizations, '= Multiply the selected groups of factors. For example, let's calculate the LOM of 125 and 60 126 2 xB 3 x 60 wy 2)x 3 xo For each type of prime factor, we select the largest group amongst all the prime factorzations. We then select: 22, 3x3, 5 and 7 ‘We muttiply the selected groups and get the LOM: (2. 2)(3» 8)«(5)«(7)= 1260 Application to fractions: The process of converting fractions so that they have same denominator is achieved by finding the lowest ‘common multiple (LCM) of all the denominators. 1-01. 69 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Forte we can convene actos 42 and 2! ny date Lo ot al eden LOMKT26£0)=1209, ten A A710 _ 470 yg 313021054 726 1260 1260 “" 60 “1260 1260 > Remark: The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) is also known as the Least Common Multiple, Smallest Common Multiple or when Nang tao, coved Connon Govan 1-01- 70 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 5. WEIGHT, MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS: ‘The world-wide used system of units in science, technology and aviation today is the system called after the French Systéme Intemational d’unités (International System of Units), SI 5.4 The International System of Units SI 5.1.4 Base Units 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic > The international System of Units (Si) is based upon seven base units: Length Meter m ‘Mass. Kilogram ka Time Second s Electric Current ‘Ampere A ‘Temperature Kelvin K ‘Amount of matter Mole Mol Luminous Intensity | Candela cd 5.1.2 SI Derived Units. > Derived Units are formed starting from Base Units. Derived Units have their own denomination, For example, the untt of frequency is the Hertz > However, a Derived Unt can always be expressed in terms of Base Units. For instance, the Hertz corresponds to a reciprocal second, So the frequency can be expressed in Hertz, or equivalertly, ins" > Symbols for units formed from other units by division are indicated by means of a solidus (oblique stroke, /), or negative exponents For instance, the Pascal (Pa) is a Newton per square meter (Nim or N.m”) a-o1- n Edition 06 - Revision 01 | fg Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Frequency Hertz He s 1s ‘Angle Radian rad dimensionless im Solid Angle ‘Steradian sr dimensionless mlm Force, weight Newton N kgms? korn Pressure, stress Pascal Pa kg Nim? Energy, work, heat | Joule J kg mis? Nm=CV=Ws Power Watt w kg mis? Js=VA Quantity of electricity | Coulomb c AS As Voltage Volt Vv kgm A WIA= JIC Electric resistance | Ohm a kgs A WA Electric capacitance | Farad F kgs cn Electric conductance | Siemens s kg SA 10 = AN ‘Magnetic flux Weber Ww kg mis? at JA Magnetic field strength | Tesla T kas? A Visi’ = Whim? = Ni(Am) Inductance Henry H kgs A VsiA = WbIA ‘Temperature in Gelsius | Degree Celsius *e K K Luminous flux Lumen im ed oder Mluminance Lux ci cdi Ini Radioactivity Beoquerel Bq = is too. 72 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 5.1.3 Other SI Quantities and Units > Other Quantities or Units have no particular name, but are expressed in terms of a combination of Base and/or Derived Unit. For example, a momentum 's expressed in Newton seconds (N.s) > Here again, these quantities can be fully exoressed in terms of Base Units. For instance, the momentum can also be expressed in Meter kilogram per second (m-kg's"). A Newton second is equivalent to a Meter kilogram per second, NAME IN SI BASE UNITS ‘Area ‘Square meter Volume Cube meter m mm Speed Meter per second mis ms" Volumetric flow Cube meter per second | mis mst ‘Acceleration eter per econ me ms? ‘Angular velocity Radian per second rads € ‘Momentum, impulse | Newton second Ns mkos Torgue,momentof — | Newton meter second | N'm= irad kg Wavenumber Reciprocal meter m™ Linear density Kilogram per meter kgm" Surfacic density Kiggram per square kam? Volumic density Kilogram per cube meter | kg/m? kg.m® ‘Action Joule second ds m kgs Molar energy Joule per mole Jmol mi? kgs" mol 1-01. 73 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ J Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Energy density Joule percube meter | Jim? mgs? Surface tension Newton per meter Nim = Jim? kos? Heat flux density Watt per square meter | Wim? Thermal conductivity | watt per meter kelvin | Wiim:K) Kinetic viscosity Sauare meter per mils Dynamic viscosity | Pascal second Pas =N-sim? Electric displacement | Coulomb persquare | yma field meter Electric charge density | Coulomb percube meter | Cim? Electric current density | Ampere per square Nm? meter Conductivity Siemens per meter Sim Permittivity Farad pet meter Fim Permeability Henry per meter Him Electric field strength | Vot per meter vim Magnetic field strength | Ampere per meter ‘Alm Resistivity (Ohm meter am Luminance Candela per sauare | cain? ed-m 1-01. 7% Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 5.1.4 SI prefix > A prefix name attaches directly to the name of a unit, and a prefix symbol attaches directly to the symbol for a unit. ‘> Prefixes are often employed to denote decimal multiples and submuttiples of the unit, as shown in the table below: MULTIPLES symbol | Name Value | Symbol | Name ¢ Deci- 10! da Deca- c Cen- 40? h Hecto- m Mili 10° k Kilo- “ Micro. 10° Mw Mega A Nane- 10° s Giga- Pp Pico- 102 T Tera- t Femto- | 10% P Peta. a ‘Ato: 10 E Era z Zepto.) 10% Zz Zetta. y yoo | 10% Y Yotta- Examples: 1) om= 107m =0.0%m 2) tmg = 10"$kg= 0.009 3) 2us =2«10"*s ~ 0.000028 4) Sn ‘0000000058 5) tnPA = 10Pa = 100Pa 6) 3kK 300k 1-01. 75 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 7) TMV ~ 710° = 7o00000V 8) 8G/= 8 10°J = 80000000005 5 SI conversion ‘Aunit can be raised to a power. For example, square meter m? means mm The grouping formed by a prefix symbol attached to a unit symbol consttutes a new inseparable symbol (forming a multiple or ‘submuttiple of the unit concerned) which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be combined wth other unit ‘symbols to form compound unit symbols. ‘When a grouping formed by a prefix symbol is raised to a power, the power applies tothe whole grouping, that's is, both to the prefix and to the unit. For example, square centimeter om? means (em)? = emxem, and not em»! 4 square centimeters means: 4em? = 4 (em.cm) ‘When you are asked to convert a unit which is raised to a power, to another unit, "= Place the unit to be converted into brackets raised to the power. * Express the unit into brackets in term of the other unit, = Develop. Examples: 1) Convert tom? into m? tem? = 1x (om)? (10-2 = 410-4? = 10-4? 2) Convert 2us° into s 2ys* = 2x (us)? = 2 (10°85)? =2.10""s 3) Convert km? into m? ‘km? = 5x (km)? = 5% (102m)? = 8 10%m? = 5000000m? 1-01. 76 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of AeronauticsAeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA M151 62 HBS 01 — Arithmetic level 4 82 03 4) Convert 12hPA? into PA? J2HPA? = 12» (HPA)? = 12x (102Pa)? = 12x 104Pa? = 120000Pa” 5) Convert 1g km?.s"? into kg m?.s-? ‘g.km? s-? = 1 (g)tkm)? (6)? = 1% (10-*kg)(10°m)2.s°? = 14 10°°kgx 108m? s-? = 1 10"* 108g m2 s 6) Convert 0.5km? into im? 0.5km? = 0.5 (km)? = 0.5x(10%m)? = 0.5 (10% 10%m)? = 0.5% (10% = 20% (C)x (my? = 20. (C)x(10.10"'m)-® = 20. {C)x (10m) 20x Cx 10° dm? = 20% 10°°Cdm-9 = 2 10am? = 210d? '8) Convert 78Kg/m® into. gldam® T@Kgim® = 78Kg.m-* = 78x (Kg) x (m)* = 78x(10* x g)(10-" x 10m) = 78x (10% xg) (107 x damy* 78% 108 gx 10-9 dam’ 9=78:10° xg 10%dam® ~ 78x 10% damy?=7'8» 10" g dam’? ~ 7.8% 10" gldam? Og m2 s? 1-0-7 Edition 06 - Revision 01 Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA BIBI 1B? IBS 01 — Arithmetic level 4 82 03 5.1.6 Non SI Units accepted for use > Certain units that are not pat ofthe Si are used so widely that they are accepted for use VALUE IN SI UNITS Time Minute min ‘tmmin = 608 Time Hour ‘= 60min = 3600s Time Day 4 d= 24n= 864008 Plane angle Degree 7 4° = (w/180) rad Plane angle Minute c (soy (fr ft0800) rad Plane angle Second . 4" = (1160)'= (x /648000) ‘Area Hectare ha Volume Liter Lore Mass Ton Tort Dimensionless Decibel eB Logaritnmio ratio ‘bar = 01MPa = 100kPa Pressure Bar bar ote tae ‘Temperature Degree Celsius *c 10> 1K- 273.15 Energy Electron-vot ev 1602 176 487. 10° J Remark: Celsius temperature (7(C)) is defined in terms of thermodynamic temperature (T(°K}) by the equation TeC)=T1K)—To where Ty ~273.15K by definition 1-01. 78 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic ‘This implies that the numerical value of a given temperature interval or temperature difference whose value is expressed in the unit degree Celsius (°C) is equal to the numerical value of the same interval or difference when its value is expressed in the unit kelvin (K), that is AT(’C) = aT(K) ‘Thus temperature intervals or temperature differences may be expressed in ether the degree Celsius or the kelvin using the same ‘numerical value. 5.4.7 Dimension of a quantity > Any Si derived quantity Q can be expressed in terms of the SI base units /ength ()), mass (m), time (t), electric current () thermodynamic temperature (T) , amount of substance (n), and luminous intensity (Iv) The dimension of Q is: dim Q= LEMP TP CNEL Where L, MT, 8, N, and J are the dimensions ofthe SI base quantities length, mass, time, electric curent, thermodynamic temperaiure, amount of substance, and luminous infensty, respectively The exponents a, 8, y, . . are called “dimensional exponents.” > The SI derived unit of Q is m°-kg® s' .A°-K* mol ed’, which is obtained by replacing the dimensions of the SI base quantities in the dimension of Q with the symbo's for the corresponding base units, Examples; 41) Velocity: It is 2 measure of how fast a distance is changing, so we can think of tas the change in distance over time: holy bok The dimensions of velocity are then: dim(v) = LT~* The SI Unts of velocity are then m.s~ 2) Acceleration: Acceleration is a measure of how fast velocity is changing, so we can think of tas the change in veloctty over time: Yomv Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 As the dimensions of veloctty are dim(v)~ LT", we deduce the dimensions of acceleration: dim(a) = dim(v)T"=LT "Tt, that is dim(a) =? ‘The SI Units of acceleration are then m, 3) Force: A force F is an entity hat when applied toa mass M causes itto accelerate with acceleration a. Newton's Second Law of motion states that: FaMxa ‘As the dimensions of acceleration are dim(a)~LT~*, we deduce the dimensions of force: dim(F) ~ Mx dim(a) , that is: dim(F) = MLT? The SI Unts of force are then kg.m s"? In derived SI Units, the force 's expressed in Newton (N) which Is equivalent to kg.m s"? 4) The kinetic energy of a particle is given by eel &-4 pin taveoatsahendy 4 Then its knetic energy can be expressed as: E, The dimension of this kinetic energy is dim(E,) = MI? Hence, the SI units of E, is the kgm? s*? In derived SI Units, the energy is expressed in Joule (J) which is equivalent to kg.m? s '5) Would the following law: & = mo" be correct? (where E is an energy, m is amass, c is a velocty) ‘The dimensions of energy are: dim(E) = ML°T-?, The dimensions of mass by velocity to the fourth are: dim(me*) = Mx (dim(c))* = Mo<(LT-")* = Micl4T-4 = MAT -* So, dim(E) + dim(me) 1-01. 80 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA BIBI 1B? IBS ‘o4 = Aartnmette lever Ot a2 Os Dimensional analysis shows that the law & = mot is not correct 5.2 Other old systems of units - Conversion Factors 5.2.4 Imperial system > This old system was into official use across the Brish Empire, Here are some unts that you may meet VALUE IN SI UNITS (CONVERSION FACTOR) Length Inch in Tin = 0.0264 Length Foot t t= 12in= 0.3048m Length Yard ya tyd= a= 0.9144m Length Mile mi ‘mi = 1.608844. 10'm aa ‘fl oz (imp) = Volume Imperial uid ounce | fz (imp) 2a pt (imo Volume Imperial pint pt (imp) 5,6826195 10'm* 19a (imp) = Volume Imperial gallon ga (imp) 1454608, 10"%'m? Mass Ounce @ ‘oz = 0,02834952k9 Mass Pound ib ‘ib = 0.45269237K9 to at Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 5.2.2 United States customary units > This system, also called American units, was used in the USA, Here are some units that you may meet VALUE IN SI UNITS (CONVERSION FACTOR) Length Inch in ‘in = 0.0254m Length Foot t a= 12 = 09144m Length Yard yd yd = ait= 09144m Length Mile mi ‘mi = 1.809844 10°m ‘fl oz (US)= Volume US fluid ounce floz (US) 2a95eoaatm? ‘Apt (US) = Volume US pint pt (US) 4731765.10"'m" 19a (US) = Vol lume US gallon ga (US) 3.785412.10°m? Mass Ounce oz ‘oz = 0.02834952kg Mass Pound ib ‘Ib = 0.45359237kg 5.2.3 Conversion between SI units and other systems. > Inorder to convert a quantity from Imperial or US customary unit to SI unit, you must multiply the quantty by the conversion factor. Examples: 1) Convert 22 in into om ‘in =0.0264m (see table) and 1m = 10%om (see sections 5.1.4 and 51.5). 1-01-62 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | fg Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Therefore, 22 in = 220.0254. 10%em=22 «2,54 = 55.88em 2) Convert 7 Ib into kg 1 Ib = 0.45359237kg So, 7 Ib = 7 «0.45359237kg=3.17514659kg > Inorder to convert a quantity from SI unit to Imperial or US customary unit, you must divide the quantity by the conversion factor, Examples; 1) Convert 12¢ into ga(US) 1 ga(US)= 9.785412. 10"%m* (see table) 10° So tm? eee 37e5a72 1 ° 5 92(US), thats: A —_—— (US)=264.172037 gat US) 3785412.1 Ce ea Now, 4m =10°¢ (see sections 5.1.4 and 5.1.5), 264172037 Therefore, 10°/ = 264.172037 ga(US). From which we deduce: 1 = ga(US)=0,2641720379a(US) ‘As we want to convert 12/, we get: 12¢=12»0 264172037ga(US), that is: 12¢ =3 17008444ga(US) 2) Convert 100km.h- into mph (miles per hour, mi.h~*). Then convert it in miles per second ‘tmi=1.609344km So, km = mi=0.621371192m) Teo0344 ‘Therefore, 100kn/h ~ 100 0.621371192mith, that is: 100m/h ~ 62.1371492mith 62,1371192mi _62.1371192mi ‘One hour is 3600s, so: 10okm/h = 62.1371182mih = S2787T SET tat tookenyn = 82:1371192mi_ Coke = $2187 182M _ 9.0+72603100mIs to 03 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 6, RATIO AND PROPORTION: Ratio and proportion are relations that link together two or more "quantities" of the same type. 6.4 Ratio A ratio is a comparison between two quantities of the same kind. ‘A ratio isa dimensionless quotient For example, a ratio can link together numbers, speeds, accelerations, volumes, areas, that's, units of identical dimensions. The ratio between quantity a and quantty b, thats, a to b, is usually expressed as a:b The numbers @ and b are sometimes called terms with 2 being the antecedent and » being the consequent. For example, in a circle, an inscribed angle 4 is exactly half the corresponding central angle 6. The ratio between these angles is: 4:5 =1:2, or equivalenty, angle 6 to angle 4 has ratio 6 4-2-1, thats the central angle & is twice the inscribed angle & o> o> 1 1-01. e Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘A ratio is a way to compare the weight, the size, the value... of two quantities: MMII | een! be b a:b=5:2 For example, its commonly stated that the weight ratio of water to cement used in concrete is 1:4 This means that the weight of water used is the fourth of the weight of cement, Equivalently, one can express the weight ratio of cement to water used in conorete. Itis the oppostte, 4:1 This means equivalent that the weight of cement used is four times the weight of cement, ‘The use of ratios is very common in aeronauties. Here are some examples’ > Aspect ratio (wing) AR ‘The aspect ratio is defined as the square of the wingspan b to the area S of the wing platform. ‘The square of the wingspan b is a square length. Its dimensions are (L’), ‘The area S of the wing patform is an area. Its dimensions are also [L’] A= :s- 2 Ss 1-01. 8s Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 Compression ratio The compression ratio of an engine is defined as the ratio of cylinder displacement when the piston is atthe bottom of ts stroke compared with the displacement when tis at the top. For example, ifthe volume of the cylinder at the bottom ofits stroke is 300 cm’ and at the top becomes 600m’, the ratio is 300.60, that is, 5 1. Teeth ratio of a drive gear to a driven gear The ratio of a drive gear to a driven gear is defined by the number of teeth of the drive gear to the number of teeth of the driven gear. The ratio of teeth is the inverse of the ratio of revolutions, For example, the ratio of a drive gear with 30 teeth to a driven gear with 90 teeth is 30:90, that is, 1:3. This means that for every one tooth of the drive gear, there a 3 teeth on the driven gear. Since the drive gear has one thifd as many teeth as the driven gear, the drive gear must complete 3 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. The result is a revolution ration of 3:1, which is the opposite ofthe teeth ratio. 6.1.1 Ratios expressed as fractions > If quantities 2 and b are integers, a ratio can be expressed as a fraction. (a:b)= > Such ratios can be reduced to their simplest form lke fractions, 1-01. 86 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 Examples: 1) What ratio has 20 to 5? 20 is fourtimes 5, so the ratio is 20:5 or, equivalertly, the ratio is 4-1 ‘As 20 and 5 are integers, we can express this ratio as a fraction 2010 5 20:5-2 AF A gy B 7 2) What ratio has 132kmih to 24kr/n? ‘As 132 and 12 are integers, we can express this ratio as a fraction: 2182 2x 2uButt_tt_, ‘a2kmh to 12k 132.24 = 2 ZAZA E AT Tagg 3) What ratio has 78m’ to 182m°? [As 78 and 132 are integers, we can express this ratio as a fraction: ° 2 18 2x3xIF 3 Tam to 182m? is 78:182= Fo = FEE 3 3:7 4) What ratio has 114N to 190N? As 114 and 190 are integers, we can express this ratio as a fraction M4 23x95 3 TAN to TOON fs 114.1005 525 FOIE 3 5 The ratio of numbers can be expressed as a fraction f these numbers are rational Examples: 1) What ratio has 10.2 to 3.47 10.2 and 3.4 are rational numbers. We can express this ratio as a fraction: 10.2t034is402:3.4- 102%10 _ 102 _ 2x3x _3_5.4 34x10 34 x 7 2} What ratio has 40.8N m to 87. 12N.m? 40,8 and 57.12 are rational numbers. We can express ths ratio asa fraction 408x100 _ 4800 _ 2x 2x2x2uBxSx Ml _§ BrA2x100 BTID aZu In dx dato 7 t-01- 97 40.8N.m to 57.12N.m is 40.8:57.12 5:7 Edition 06 - Revision 01 = 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic 6.1.2 Rates > The relationship between quantities of different kinds, e.g. distance per time, is called a rate, For example, an aircraft travels 2000Km in 3 hours. its velocity is the rate between the distance travelled and the time spent 2000km 00, kona v 13h Note that the units (Km and h) are written as part ofthe rate. 6.2 Proportions A proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal The proportion expressing the equality of the ratios (ab) and (od) is wrtten: (a:b) = (6:4) of ele alo 2, b, ¢ and d are called the terms of the proportion, a and d are called the extremes and b and c are called the means. Forexample 35 isa proportion. In geometry, you may know the intercept theorem (Thales' theorem) which gives proportions between the ratios of lines segments that are created two intersecting lines are intercepted by a pair of parallels. 1-01. a8 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 (Of course, proportions can be extended to equality of rates, rather than ratios, 6.2.1 Cross-product > When one of the four numbers in a proportion is unknown, cross products may be used to find the unknown number. > Suppose numbers a, b, ¢ are known and we want to solve the following proportion for unknown x eu Dag By multiplying both sides of the equation by the product of the denominators, we get bx2 6 Which can be simplified: aio ee BRB eee xa-ob This procedure is called cross-product 1-01. a9 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 > Cross-product in a proportion consist of putting the product of the means at one side of the equality, and the product of the extremes at the other side. ave Pe axX=bxe 6.2.1 Proportion solving > After performing cross-product, by dividing both sides of the equation by the coefficient of x (if itis not zero), we get the value of x. This is called proportion solving, aio xed ob eb Bo fox.a-c.poX hf 8 5-2? Box earl a Examples: 1) An engine has a reduction gear ratio between the crankshaft and the propeller of 3:2. The engine is turning 1500 rpm (rotation per minute). What is the speed of the propeller? Let's call x the speed of the propeller. Wehave 3g 500 3 = 1500.2 = XA 15002 ., 3000 _ 4900 rpm 2 x a 3 3 2) The teeth ratio between a drive gear and a driven gear is 3:1 ‘The speed of the drive gear is 600rpm. What is the speed of the driven gear? ‘The teeth ratio is the inverse of the revolution ratio. So the revolution ratio is 1:3. Let's call x the speed of the driven gear. We have: 1-01. 90 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 320-4 600:3-93- 1800 pm 3) Weight shifting: When weight is shifted from one location to another one on an airplane, the center of gravity og moves by a distance ots The proportion is Weight shifted _ cg Totalweight Distance weight s shifted ‘An aliplane weights 10000kg, The pilots asks for luggage weighting 500kg to be shifted 10 meters aft. What distance has the center of gravity moved aft? We have: 500__ acg » = 300-10 3B F000 7 4p 77 900° 10 = dog: 10000 = <> = nog = + = Aca The ct evy tease hs moved iy thi Sono 4) An aircraft travels 300Km in 30mn, How many minutes wilt take to travel 1000Km? Let's call_x the minutes it will take to travel 1000Km, Then, x(mn)__ 30 (mn) 5 509-30 2301000 FOOD 7 SO apy 2 300-= 301000 = x = PEEP > x= 100 Ui wil take 100mn, t-01- ot Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 7. AVERAGES AND PERCENTAGES: 7.1 Averages = The average of a set of values is the middle value. The average is also called the arithmetic mean. = The average is the sum of the values divided by the number of values. An average is a single value that is meant to typify a list of values. IF n values are given each value denoted by a, where (12... the average (witten @ of ) isthe sum ofthe a's divided by +3) Here is an example with n=3 values a, = 4, ay=2 and a, =6 | ee! Al (a; + a2 + as) a 3 Ll | ee! =1(4+2+6) a a 2 Leer eet ee = t x12 Dn | 4 a a2 as = Note thatthe average not less than the minimum value, nor greater than the maximum one, itis in between, 1-01-92 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g =< Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Examples: (1474747) =1528=7 4 Ifa the numbers in the list are the same, then this number should be used as average. 4) What is the average of -4, 2 and 1? 1-01. 93 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g RN I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level at a203 7.2 Percentages “Percent” comes from the ancient Latin per centum which means “for each 100” ‘Thus, 100% means 100 for each 100, which is all 100% of 37 is 37. ‘50% is another way of saying half, because 50% means 50 for each 100, which is half, 50% of 24 is 12. ‘A percent names how many for each 100, 15% means 15 for each 100, Any percentage is really just a fraction with 100 as denominator, mF Examples: 1) 50% is just: 50% = 52, which can be reduced: SoM =O = 3 2) 25%= 22-4 a 10%- 4) 100% = PE -1 Any percentage can be expressed as a number P %=p+100 1-01. 94 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Examples: 2 pro? 1) 12% 1% = = 2) 3% = Fay = 003 123 3) 123% = 25 1.23 y 700 =to42 4) ~1042% = SE = 10.42 7.2.1 Percentage of a number > In order to find the percentage of the number, mutiply the number by the percentage. Note can the number can also be a percentage, ‘as any percentage is a number. > In order to do so, transform the percent into the corresponding fraction and perform the calculations: p (7%) =axP- ax (pi) =ax zB. 12 Forinstance, 300% 12% = 300 1>— ‘or instance, ao Examples: oh 1702 AAT XO.2% = 1H 5 3) -23x5%= 23x77 1-01. 95 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category 0A matter Bes o1manenmetis tow Gt a2 oe 729 56 x(-Th)= 86x22 = 2% _ 39 4 m= 100 100 2 5) What is 5% of 20%? 5 20 1 5% 20%= 72. 20 9 05.02-001- 1-1 2 100 100 ° a 100, % 6) Whats 32% of 547 32, 54 325404 32, A 0.50, 054-0172 7.22 Percentage of one number out of another one. > Inorder to find the percentage p one number a is of another number b, you must divide the first number by the second and multiply the quotient by 100 Given numbers a and b, what is p if number a is p% of number b? ap a oo 2B pa 3et b 100 ary 0 Examples: 1) What percentage of 34 is 17? pqt7/34) = (F100) - (3100) 2)What percentage of 12 is 1207 (120 12000) (e100 (FP? 000% 3) What percentage is 0.125 out of 0.57 1-01. 96 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 (0.125, 125° (0.128/08) =( 2425..400 js (BE) -a5% (aE ) os 4) What percentage of 7 is -77 atr/7. (2 7.2.3 Determining one number expressed as a percentage of another one. > Inorder to find what is one number a when itis expressed as a percentage p% of another number b, you must write the proportion: Given number a and percentage p, what is number b if a is p% of b? a a eo 2 U 6 Exampl 1) 13 is 5% of number b. What is 6? v= 18243-20018 -280 2) 42's 400% of number b. What is b? 3) 0.5 is 10% of number b. What is b? 100 b= TF x05= 1005-5 4) 600km/h is 60% of the maximum speed of an aircraft. What is the maximum speed? 100. Vix = oy 600 = 1000kr/h 1-01. 97 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic 7.24 Percent changes - Increase or decrease > Ifa number a, increases by p%, then it becomes, = 84 ax P% ara 100 Examples: 1) What is 10 inoreased by 100%7 ay=10 p% = 100% ay = 10+ 10%100% 100 =10+ 10.00 700 ‘An increase of 100% in a quantity means that the final amount is 200% of the intial amount (100% of intial + 100% of increase = 200% of inital); in other words, the quantty has doubled. 2) What is 11 increased by 800%? a= p% = 800% 1-01. 98 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 a = 144 11800% 800 eared Metcoy 1488 99 ‘An increase of 800% means the final amount is © times the original (100% + 800% = 900% = 9 mes as large), 3) What is 18 increased by 0.5%? a= 18 p%=05% ay = 18+ 180.5% os = 18+ 18x55 18+0.09 =1808 4) What is 0.2 increased by 25%? a= 02 p% = 25% a =0.2+0.2x25% 25 02-027 =02+0.05 205 > Ifanumber a, decreases by p%, then it becomes: 1-01-99 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Examples 1) What is 100 decreased by 60%? ay =100 p% = 60% ay = 100-100 60% 60 = 100-100. 22, 100-1000 = 100-60 40 ‘A decrease of 60% means the final amount is 40% of the original (100% ~ 60% = 40%) 2) What is 45 decreased by 100%? a= 45 p% = 100% a, = 45~45%100% 100 15-45 x 00 “ 100 5-45 A decrease of 100% means the final amount is zero (100% ~ 100% = 0%). 3) What is 25 decreased by 20%? a= 25 4-01-10 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 p% = 20% a = 25-25%20% 20 = 25-28% 20 25. 5-5 0 4) What is 0.1 decreased by 3%? aj=0.4 p% =3% 1-014 3%, 3 40% oe 100 1-003 =0097 > ‘fa number a, becomes number a, the change is: Expressed as a percentage, the percent change is: It the change is positive, number a, has increased, Itthe change is negative, number a, has decreased 4-01. 401 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Examples: 1) What js the change from 100 to 2007 a= 100 a = 200 200-100 100 1 Expressed as a percentage, p% ~ (1x 100)% - 100% Itis postive, a =100 has increased by 100% 2) What is tre change from 40 t0 207 44-40 a=20 0 _20 “a =-05 Expressed as a percentage, p% = (-0.5% 100)% = ~60% Itis negative, ay = 40 has decreased by 50%, '3) What is the change from 10 to -307 a=10 1-01. 102 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 Expressed as a percentage, p% = 400% 100)% Itis negative, a= 10 has decreased by 400% 44) What is the change from -0.10 to -0.127 a=-0.10 _70.42+0.10 “00 _ 0.02 010 =02 Expressed as a percentage, p% = (0.2 100}% = 20% It's postive, a, ~ -0.10 has increased by 20%, 1-01. 103 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 8. AREAS AND VOLUMES: A length is a one dimension object. In dimensional analysis, a length is written [L] ‘The unt of length in $1 is meter m. For example, the circumference of a circle of radius r is a are numbers, and the radius r is a length. 2xaxF (the distance around the circle). You see that the dimensions are [L], because 2 and. ‘An area is a two dimension object. The unt of area in SI are mxm= For example, the area of acircle is A= xr?. You see that its dimensions are [L’], because the radius of the circle r has dimension [L], so the square of, the radius has dimensions (L'], ‘An volume is a three dimension object. The unts of volume in SI are mxmxm= m° Fer ample te volun fa phasis V =o, Youre nes ae [hea etter has Amen sot cae of the radius has dimensions [L 8.4 Areas ‘An area is the amount of surface of an object, ‘The unit of surface in SI is square meter m’. 8.1.1 Area of a rectangle > A rectangle is a foursided figure with "Opposite sides of equal length and parallel, "Right angles (90° angles) t-o1- 104 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 ‘The area of a rectangle of wiath W and length L is A=Web. > Note: The perimeter (distance around) of a rectangle is: Examples: 1) What is the area of a rectangle of width W = 1.5m and length L = 2m? A=WxL=15x2=3m? 2) What is in square meters (m?) the area of a rectangle of wiath W = 100m and length L = 230m ? A=W xL = 10x23 = 2300m? ‘tom? = tom x “om=10-%m x 10° So A= 2300m? = 230:10*m? A=0.023m? =10-'m? 13) What is the area of a rectangle of width W = 12om and length L = 0.5m? 1-01- 105 Edition 06 - Revision 01 ei J Ball Sslamand institute of AeronauticsAeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA BIBI 1B? IBS of — arithmetic level 4 82 03 In order to calculate the area, we must express the width and the length into the same units. For instance, L=0.5m W =12em = 0.12m Then we can calculate the area: A=WxL=0.12%05 =0,06m? 4) Arectangle has width W 7m and length L = 2m. What's its area What is its perimeter? The areais A=WsL =7%2= 14m? The perimeters p= 2(W 1 L)=2»(7 1 2)=2«9=18m 8.1.2 Area of a square ‘A square is a four-sided figure with: All sides of equal length and parallel, = Right angles (90° angles) _ AA square is particular rectangle which has alts sides equal The area of a square of width W and length Lis: tor. 108 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Azaxa > Note: The perimeter (distance around) of a square is: praca Examples: 41) What is the area of a square of side a~ 3m? Azaxa=3x3=9m? 2) What is in square centimeters (om?) the area of a square of side @ = 0.5m? Asaxa=05x05=0.25m? ‘tm? = tm: tm=10%om 102m = 108m? So A=0.25m? = 0.25-10*em? = 25000m” 3) What is the perimeter of a square of side a= 5m? p=4x5=20m 4) What are the perimeter and the area of a square of side 2a? Same question for a square of side 37 a) Square of side 2a Perimeter: p= 4(2a) = 8a. The perimeter is twice (2) the perimeter of a square of side a ‘Area A= (2a) (2a) = by Square of side 3a Perimeter: p= 4(3a) = 12a. The perimeter is three times (x3) the perimeter of a square of side @ ja?. The area is four times (27) the area of a square of side a 1-01. 107 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 Area: A-(3a)x(3a)~9a?. The area is nine times (x37) the area of a square of side @ 8.1.3 Area of a parallelogram A parallelogram is a four-sided figure with: = Opposite sides parallel and of equal length ‘The area of a parallelogram of height H and length Lis: A=HxL The area of a parallelogram of height H and length L corresponds to the area of a rectangle of height H and length L 1-01- 108 Edition 06 - Revision 01 ei J Ball Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS ‘Arithmetic a Ww L L Examples: Level O01 2 3 1) What is the area of a parallelogram of height = 4m and length L =| A= HL = 4x05 = 2m? 2) What is the area of a parallelogram of height H=1’mm and length L = 10cm 7 H=1tmm=t.tem Az Hab = 141084 tom? 8.1.4 Area of a trapezoid ‘A trapezoid is a four-sided figure with: = One pair of parallel sides 1-01. 109 Falla << Revision 01 Bin Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA #81 e182 B53 ‘arithmetic tee OF w2 os br ‘The area of a trapezoid of height H, base b, and base b, is. Mb, +b,)xH ‘The area of a trapezoid of height H, base b, and base 6, is half the area of a parallelogram of height H and base (b, +b) ‘ be “ br + by be t-01- 110 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = SIN q Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 The area of a parallelogram of height H and base (5) +.) iS Ap, = (by +B,)xH, so the aera of the trapezoid of bases b, and b's 1 1 Am Agr = Fl, bo) Exampl 1) What is the area of a trapezoid of height H=30em and of bases b,~10em and by = 20cm? 1 os .H- 190+ 20).30 22 ase? 2 2) What is the area in square meters of a trapezoid of height H = 80cm and bases b, = 35cm and by = 5Som? 1 A= 30+ By)xH 4,96455).00- 4.60.80 8000? ‘tem? = tom x tom=10-2m:10-2m = 104m? ‘A= 26000m? = 3600. 104m? A= 0.36? 8.1.5 Area of a triangle A triangle’ a three-sided figure The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180" > Triangles are classified by ther sides. + An equiatera triangle has al three sides of equal length (and all angles equal to 60"), + An isosceles triangle has 2 sides of equal length, * A soalene triangle has sides of different length > Triangles are also classified by their angles * An acute triangle has allthree angles less than 90°, + A right tiangle has one right angle (20°), teo- Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 = An obtuse triangle has one angle greater than 90°. A, eo Equilateral ‘Acute ' The area of atriangle of base B and height His: 1-01- 01- Mathematics 01 - arithmette Isosceles Scalene Right Obtuse 12 Edition 06 - Revision 01 —.% g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 ym ‘The area of a triangle of height H and base B is half the area of a parallelogram of height H and base 8 Mm mA B B B 1) What is the area of a triangle of height H = 25cm and base 8 22m? Exampl = A(exH)=4(25%22)- 276em? A= 3 (BH) = (25x22) = 275m 2) What is the area of a right sosceles triangle of base 8 = 20cm? AA sosceles triangle has bath sides equal As the triangle is right, ts base is equal the height A= 4 (ax8)=4(2020)= 200m" 1-01-13 Edition 06 - Revision 01 cst J Ball Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 ‘A circle is a closed figure such that: = Every point on the circle is at equal distance from the center of the circle. The diameter is the distance across the cifcle (through the center). The radius is the distance from the center to the edge of the circle. The radius 's twice the diameter > The area of acitcie of radius ris: ax? Where « = 31415926 > Note: The perimeter (circumference) of a circle is: axe > Generalisation + Anatcis any part ofthe circle citcumference. Itthe are is described by radius rand angle 6 (in radian), its length is: exr 1-01. 114 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 circle is described by radius rand angle = 2x (in radian), The circumference is: s =r =2ar s + A sector's @ region bounded by two radi and an are between the rach The area of a sectors given by @ 2 A.cirle ta sector of angle @= 2x (in radian), the sutace'is: A= Sx? 2 Aaa 1-01-16 Edition 06 - Revision 01 = 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA 151 M82 BBS of — arithmetic level 4 82 03 P Examples: 1) What are the area and the circumference of a circle of radius r = 200m? Take x= 3.14 Area. A= x1? =3.14x20%20 = 12560m? Circumference: p= 2m 1 =2%3.14x20=125 60m 2) What are the area and the circumference of acitcle of radius r =3m 7 Take x= 3.14 Areal A= x1? =3.14x3%3 = 28.26m? Circumference: p =2mxr = 2x3.14x3 =18 84m '3) What isthe area ofa sector of radius r = 25cm and angle @ = 5rad" Take «= 3.14 4) What isthe length of an are of radius r = 30cm and angle # = Srad” Take «= 3.14 1-01. 116 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 21429 em $= 0x1 =2%30= 3 Remar: The radian is the angle measure which must be used to calculate areas and volumes. ‘An angle of 360° (one revolution, that is, the angle of a circle of radius r), corresponds to an angle of 2x in radians, 360° = 2 rad You may sometimes find angle measures in degrees. In orderto transform them in radians, you must use a proportion: Grad Oe Examples 41) What is 6 = 45° in radians? ered 2n 2n O 1d 28 sg tad= Fo e360 °°” 365 2a gg Oem 314 orad= 2%, 45 =908 7.34 9785 120 ‘0 360°? 36K 4 P 2)What is 0 = 20° in radians? rad 2 | =~ 360 2x orad~ 2. 3) What is 0 - = rad in degrees? rad Qe e360 or 1-01-17 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 360, 7 _ 360 _ 45 28 16 6=120° on2t - 3 o> Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA B11 B2 BIBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 p 360 2a ood brad 2% 0° 360 8.1.7 Area of an ellipse ‘An ellipse is a closed figure which results from the intersection of a cone by a plane, —\ > The area of an ellipse of major axis a (larger semi-axis) and minor axis b (smaller semi-axis) is: Azaxaxb Where # = 3.415926, > Note: The perimeter (citcumtference) of an p=nx(a+b) Exampl 1) What are the area and the perimeter of an ellipse of major axis a= Som and minor axis b= 4m? Take x= 3.14 1-01-19 Edition 06 - Revision 01 ei J Ball Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 An axax 3.14% 5x 4 = 62.8cm? p= mx(a+b)=3.14x (5+ 4) =3.14x9=28.26em (2) What are the area and the perimeter of an ellipse of major axis @ and minor axis b= a? As axaxb=axaxa= xa. Itis the area of a circle of radius a p= x(avb)= x(a a)= x (2a)=2na. Itis the circumference of a circle of radius a Indeed, an ellipse with major and minor axis equal is a circle. 8.2Volumes Avvolume is the amount of space within an object ‘The unit of volume in SI is cube meter m’. 8.2.1 Volume of a rectangular solid (parallelepiped) > A rectangular solid is a three dimensional object composed of six rectangle shaped sides, > The volume of a rectangular solid of width a, length ¢ and height bis: 1-01- 120 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Vaaxbxe > Note: The surface (of allthe rectangles) of a rectangular solid is: S~2(axb)+2x(bxe)+2x(exa) Examples 1) What are the volume and the surface of a rectangular solid of width a =Som , length b= 24em and height c = 10cm? Vsaxbxo=5x24%10=12000m* S=2x(axb)+ 2x(bxo)4+ 2x (oxa) = 2x (5x 24)+ 2x (24y10)+ 2x (105) 240 + 480 + 100 = 820em? 2) What is in cube meters the volume of a rectangular solid of width a ~ 95cm. length b= 150em and height ¢ ~ 80cm? V =axbx¢=95150%80 = 1140000em? ‘As fom? = fom tom. tom = 102m>10 2mx102m=10 *m, V =1140000em? = 1140000-10-8m® =1.14m? 8.2.2 Volume of a cube ‘A cube is a three dimensional object composed of six square shaped sides. It is a particular rectangular solid which has its length, wath and height equal 1-01. 121 Edition 06 - Revision 01 =~ g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 > The volume of a cube of side ais: Vaaxaxa =a ‘> Note: The surface (of allthe squares) of a cube is S=8x(axa) =8xa? Examples: 1) What are the volume and the surface of a cube of side a =7om 7 V=axaxa= = adem? $= 6x(axa) =8xa? = 6x7? =284em? 2) What are the volume and the surface of a cube of side 2a? 1-01. 122 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g RN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 V =(2a)x(2a)x(2a) =(2a)° = 2°a° = 8a°. Itis eight times the volume of a cube of side a S =8x(2a)? = 6x2? xa? "Aa? It's four times the surface of a cube of side a 8.2.3 Volume of a cylinder ‘A cylinder is a three dimensional object composed of two parallel and face-to-face circles and an envelope linking together the edges of the circles ‘The diameter of the circles (which is twice the radius) is sometimes called the bore of the cylinder. 1-01. 128 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 > The volume of a cylinder of radius rand height H is 4 Vent In fact, the volume of a cylinder is the product of the base (A circle of area » xr?) by the height H 1-01. 126 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g RN Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 > Note: The surface of a cylinder is the surface of the two circles plus the surface of the envelope (height H by the length of the circle circumference 2x1) S=2x(a1?) Hx ar) =2ar(r+H) Examples 1) What are the volume and the surface of a cylinder of radius r = 100m and height H =Scm? Take #=3.14 V = mr? x H =3,14 10? x5 = 15700m* = 2x (ar?) + Hx(2ar) = 2ar(r+ H)= 23-14% 10x(10+5) = 942om? en ( 2) What are the volume and the surface of a cylinder of radius r = 7em and height H = 20m’ Take V = mr? =3,14x7? x2 = 307. 720m? S= 2x (ar?) Hx (Qar)=2ar(r +H) = 23.14 Tx(7 +2) = 395 64em? ( 3) A cylinder has radius = 2m? ? Take 15m. What must be its he\ght H, so that its volume is vanxPxHo er 5m, therefore, Vv 2 oe a) wer 314x0F 3 Volume of a cone ‘A (tight circular) cone is a three dimensional object composed of a circle as base and of an envelope that starts on the edge of the circle and gradually tapers to a point A-01- 125 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS oi see imP” heres f The vhine ta coe ered rand hig i so In fact, the volume of @ cone is one third of the product of the base (A circle of area xr?) by the height H seat etx cna Sear? + arr? +H? Examples: 1) What are the volume and the surface of a cone of radius r = 20cm and height H = 150m? Take #=3.14 Vo denn onda tecz0bets e080? Sa arts red A? = 3.14% 20? + 3.14 20% 208 + 15? = 28260m? aya thevlue ard este a cone la r= Hom ad it = av? Tae w= 44 tn Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Veen ada tect 1048 8? Se ar? rx APP eH? =3.14 142 £3 114s 14 = F = 1347, 080216? 3) What must be the height H of a cone of radius a ~ 10cm so that thas the same volume as a cube of side a = 100m ? Volume of the cone: Veon 4 2 dawxa?xH perxe Volume of the cube: Vase = 2° We want Veons hn vce Lenasts t= By dividing this expression bth sides by a, we get 1 3a dicaxH=a, thatis H= 32 3 . * 3a_ 3x10 H-% = 9.55em, 344 8.2.4 Volume of a pyramid ‘A pyramid is a three dimensional object composed of a polygon as base and of an envelope that starts on the edge of the base and gradually tapers to a point ‘> The volume of a pyramid of base surface S and height His: In fact, the volume ofa pyramid is one third of the product of the base by the height t-o1- 427 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 > The base surface S depends on the nature of the base polygon. 1-01. 128 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 For example, ifthe base is a square of side a, the volume of the pyramid is, 4 VedesxH 3 1 =p (axa) Examples: 1) Considering a pyramid composed of a triangular base and three other triangular faces, 3 4 ‘What is the volume of this pyramide, if a = 1Sem and ifthe height is H = 86m? 13 42 3452 ° Ae Bat cH = 29315? 8 © 259.80m" er? aot 259,Bor 2) Considering a pyramid composed of a square base and four other triangular faces. The base has edge length a. ‘The base is an equilateral triangle of edge length a, ts surface is: B= 1 Va gxSxH= am E 1-01. 129 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 ‘What is the volume of this pyramide, if a= Sem and ifthe height is H = 120m? 1 Va JeSab = Saati = $9? x12= 32dom? 3 8.2.5 Volume of a sphere > A sphere is a three dimensional object which is formed by the revolution of a circle around an axis, > The volume of a sphere of radius ris: vedcenr > Note: The surface of a sphere is. S= 4x ar? examples 1) A sphere has radius r= cm What are its volume and surface? Take x= 3.14 1-01. 130 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 - arithmette Level O01 2 3 Vou V=Sanut r from the center of the circle ‘A torus is then defined by two radii: The radius ris called the minor radius and the radius R is called the major radius. -01- 181 Edition 06 - Revision 04 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category DA M151 62 HBS of Arthmette Level 1 2 03 is > The volume of a torus of minor radius r and major radius R is Va 2xa? xr? eR > Note: The surface of a torus is SH dxatarxR Examples: 4) Atorus has minor radius r= 3om and major radius R= 12cm. What are its volume and surface? Take x =3.14 Volume: V = 2 x21? R= 23.14? 22 12= 212.6736em? Surface: $= 4x a? rcR= hx 3.14? x3x12 = 141978240m? 2) Atorus has minor radius r =m and major radius R= 2m. What are its volume and surface? Take x= 3.14 too. 192 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = I Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS ‘Arithmetic Level O01 2 3 Volume: V = 2x a? x1? «R= 23.14? x? 2-39 4384m> Surface: S = 4x x? rx R= 4x3.14? x12 = 78 8768m? 1-01. 183 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 9. SQUARES, CUBES, SQUARE AND CUBE ROOTS: 9.4 Squares and cubes ‘Squares and cubes are powers, 9.4.1 Squares > The square of a number is this number multiplied by tselt, axa > The reason why we say a number is "squared” is because a square of side @ has an area of axa= a? > Sign. When using squared numbers, you should take care of brackets: )? = axa is positive =(axa) is negative 9.1.2 Cubes The cube of a number is this number muttiplied by itself and multiplied another time by itself > The reason why we say a number is “cubed” is because a cube of side 2 has a volume of axaxa=a* ' Sign. When using cubed numbers, you should take care of brackets: (a)* = ax axa has the same sign as @ (a (ax axa) has the oppostte sign of a a-o1- 134 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 2 ~-(2x22)~-8 <0 is negative, whereas a~2 is postive (2) =(-2)x(-2){-2) =-8 <0 is negative, just like a = 9.2 Square and cube roots 9.2.4 Square roots > The square root of a positive number is the value which, when multiplied by itself produces the number. The square root is indicated by YA, or simply by VA The square roxttapostve nurber A wine name reste over ‘> Anegative number has no square root. Indeed, when you muttiply a square root by itself, the result is necessarily positive. VA with A<0 is WRONG > The square roct a of postive number A is the positive number satisfying A =a? If A=a?, then A=(-a)° as well, So the square root of a positive number has two values, differing only in sign. The positive square root of a positive number is called the principal square root. By convention, unless specified, the square root of a positive number is taken as the principal square root, It is positive, The (principal) square root of Aza? is JA with YA20 Alternatively, all the numbers x , which, when squared, give another positive number A. 1-01-1368 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 x Are the two roots of A (the principal one and the other one): VA and x= Indeed (+VA)«(+VA)=+(JA}* =A and (-VA)«(-VA)=+(VA) =A Examples: Find the (principal) square roots of the following numbers x na Vi= 48-2 because 242-28 = 4 2) V0 TBD = 1002 =10 because 10.1010? 100 3) 86 36 = 36? = 6 because 6x6= 4) (48 =T because 77 = Examples: Which numbers multiplied by themselves gives 1)25 ‘The two numbers are plus or minus the square root of 2. VB =+5 and J =-5 Indeed, /25 x J25 = 5x5 = 25 and (-V25)x(-V25) 284 The two numbers are plus of minus the square root of 81 1-01. 136 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 VBi--9 and VF Indeed, \BixVBt 3) 144 The two numbers are pls or minus the square root of 144, 144 = 442 and 144 = -12 Indeed, 144 x \T44 = 1212 4) 16 -16 is negative A number muitipied by itself is postive. No number multiplied by itself can give a product equal to -16 9 1.904 and (-VB) (-VF)~(-9)x(-9 81 144 and (—J144) (144) = (12) (12) =144 9.2.2 Cube roots > Aube root ofa number A is that value which, when mitiolied by tse twice, produces the number > The cube root is indicated by JA > Acqua ffte A etic mateo tne pov axa “sees a-YA-a' > A positive number has one cube root, which is positive. A negative number has one cube root, which is negative. For example, YB = 2, as 2«2x2=8 t-01- 437 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 Pa] > Examples 2, a8 (-2)x(-2)x(-2) 1) {77000 - 10008 - -10 because 101010. 10° - 1000 2) HBT = (-27)8 =-3 because (-3)x(-3)«(-3)=( 3) Y64 = 643 = +4 because 4.4.4 = 4° 64 4) 375 = (-15)8 = 5 because (-5)x(-5)x(-5)=(-5) =-75 1-01. 138 01- Mathematics ‘Arithmetic Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level 01 2 OS 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic ANNEX 1. Method for performing additions manually. This method makes it possible to manually add positive addends. 41) Write each number in columns. Decimal numbers must be correctly lined up using the decimal point as a vertical reference. 2) Add the digits ofthe first column to the right. If you get a one digit sum, place the digit in the lower cell. If you get a two digit sum, place the right digt in the lower cell and left digit as carryover to be transferred to the next column, | 3) Repeat the same operation in the next column, and so on. ‘As an example, we want to perform the following addition: 161.432+1903.99 ‘Write each number in columns. Decimal numbers must be correctly lined up using the decimal point as a vertical reference. 7Ts [7 a~s [2 + peo 3 Begin by adding the digi in the frst column tothe right. The sum is 2. Simply piace 2. a resuitin the lower cell Tpe~i7y- 4 [3 + Pepe pots pets z Then add the digits n the next column, The sum is 3+9=12. tts a2 dit answer Place the right dig 2in the lower cell and 1 as carryover. ae 473 [2 Ts tos ste L2T2 tor. 139 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 In the next column, the sum is (1)+4#9=14. It's a 2 digit answer. Place the right digit 4 in the lower cell and 1 as carryover. OF Se De Tis tots. tstes 4,2 [2 In the next column, the sum is: (1}+1+3=5. It isa 1 digit answer. Place the digit 5 in the lower cell. ) a) 1 [ei 4[3]2 + fife Pots Tet s 3]. [4t2{2 In the next column, the sum is: 6+0=6. It isa 1 digit answer. Simply place the digit 6 in the lower cell (1) a) t[TetTit-T4t3at2 +[i[TsyoT3y.fsts 6 [5 a2 72 In the next column, the sum |s: 1+9=10, It is a 2 digit answer. Place the right digit 0 in the lower cell and 1 as carryover. (1) a) TTeTif-y4 ]3y2 tie fost. tets ofets|[.[4[2 {2 In the last column, the sum is. (1)+1=2. Itis a 1 digit answer. Simply place the digit 2 in the lower cell a) ee) ee) [ TT 61 4 9 We then have the sum’ 161,432+1903 99-2085 322 Of course, you should be able to perform summation manually without drawing the columns. a « oy 1-01-40 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 1 6 4 4 3 2 49 0 3 99 70 8 5 422 Notes: "ifthe addends are both negative, you can use the method with their absolute values, and then place a negative sign in front of the resut. For example, if you want to manually add (~35,99) -(-23.093), use the method to calculate 35,99. 23.093 and place a minus sign — in front ofthe resut, as (-5.99) (23,083) -(36.99+ 23.093) + Ifyou want to add addends of opposte sign, you should refer to the method for performing subtractions manually, inthe next section Actually, adding two addends of opposite sign comes to a subtraction, For example, ‘The addition 82.4 » (-28.51) is equivalent to the subtraction 82.4—28.51 ‘The addition (-54.1) + 22.607 is equivalent to the subtraction 22,607 54.1 1-01. 14d Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS ANNEX 2, Method for performing subtractions manually. This method makes it possible to manually subtract positive numbers. The uend must be larger than the subtrahend. 4) Write each number in columns, Decimal numbers must be correctly lined up using the decimal point as a vertical reference. 2) Subtract the digits of the frst column to the right. Ifyou get a postive result place the digtn the lower cell Ifyou cannot get a positive result, borrow 10 from the next higher order column of the minuend (and hence take away 1 In that column). Subtract the numbers in the column and place the digit inthe lower cell. 3) Repeat the same operation in the next column, and so on. As an example, we want to perform the following subtraction: 1024.464-123.092 \Wrte each number in columns. Decimal numbers must be correctly lined Up using the decimal point as a vertical reference. (4PoT2tay pape ya _o Tyee ors 2 Begin by subtracting the digits in the frst column to the right. The difference is 4-2=2 Its postive. Simply place 2 as a resuitin the lower cell TPo]T2]4]- a - +t2t3st. pols {2 Zz ] from the next higher order column of the minuend 01 142 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level a1 203 01- Mathematics 01 — Arithmetic - T1273 ots [2 712 Inthe next column, the difference is (¢-1 Simply place 3 as a resutt in the lower cell T[oT2 [4 a [oe] 4 - Tp2t3 ots {2 = 372 Inthe next column, the difference is 4-3-1. Its postive. Simply place 1 as a resuttin the lower cell TTo [274 a [we] 4 - +p2}s if. yots te = [rps tre Inthe next column, the diference is 2-2-0. Itis postive. Simply place 0 as a result the lower cel T[o Ta ]4 a [ws] 4 - ots [2 = 37 [2 Inthe next column, the diference is not postive, as 0- the next higher order column of the minuend 274 a [wel 4 - 213 ots [2 ee a>? 2 ‘Subtract the numbers in the column and place the digit in the lower cell. You get (10*0) 44 [avo [2 [4 a [os | 4 - 1 [273 ots [2 = stots 37 [2 Finally, inthe last column, the difference is (1-1)-0=0-0=0. Its posttve, Simply place O as a resut in the lower cell. [4a Joo [ 2 [4 a [we] 4 -fofi{[2 fs ote {2 =ToTs tots 37 [2 We then have the difference: 1024.484-123,092-901.372 tor. 14s Edition 06 - Revision 01 go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics01- Mathematics ‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01 Arlthmetic Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 Of course, you should be able to perform summation manually without drawing the columns. 41 100 20 4. 4414 oot 23 oo 2 0307 372 Notes ‘ifthe minuend is smaller than the subtrahend, you can use the method by reversing the difference and placing a negative sign in front of the final resut. For example, it you want to manually subtract 26 234-38 102, use the method to calculate 38 102-26 234 and take the opposite as final result Indeed, 26.234 38.102~ (38.102. 26.234) = if you want to subtract numbers of opposite sign, you should refer to the method for performing additions manualy, in the previous ‘section. Actually, subtracting two numbers of opposite sign comes to an addition, For example, ‘The difference 82.4. (-28.51) is equivalent to the addition 82.4) 28.51 ‘The difference 54.1 (22.607) is the opposite of the addition 54 1+ 22.607 1-01. 146 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS ANNEX 3. Method for performing multiplications manually. ‘This method makes it possible to manually mutiply positive numbers. 41) Write the mutiplicand and the muttplier in columns. Line up the numbers on the right. There is no need to align the decimal points. Wnen performing calculations, do as if there were no decimal point, 2) Multiply each digit in the multiplicand (starting from the right) by the first digit in the multiplier. Dont forget to transfer the earryovers, if needed, | When this operation is finished, you get your first partial product. | + tthe multiplier nas a second digit, repeat the same operation and write your result below your frst partial product. Dont forget to write a0 in the first column, as you naw are multiplying forthe tens. = Ifthe multiplier has a third digit, repeat the same operation and write your result below your second partial product. Dont forget to write a 0 in the first column and a0 in the second one, as you now are mutipiying for the hundreds. = And so on. 3) Add all your partial products. 4) Place the decimal point in the answer by starting at the right and moving the point the number of places equal to the ‘sum of the decimal places in both numbers multiplied. ‘As an example, we want to perform the following muttipication: 138.12*7.9 ‘Write each number in columns. We line up the numbers on the right T[3y7s[-171]2 We multiply each digit in the muttiplicand (starting from the right) by the first digtin the multipier 9x2=18, Woe 8 in the lower cell and transfer 4 as caryover. T[TsTs~.1tT2] x re a | Tao 15 Edition 06 - Revision 01 go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 We go on multiplying each digit in the muttiplicand by the first digit 9in the muttiplier. Tepe pets ‘i rs Play. Tee x 7 9 Pi alole Tete x robs 7 7 3 9 8 Tsp as x 7 9 s[ale]o[e Tete " 3 rtotalelele 1-01-46 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 We repeat the same operation with the second digit of the muttiplier and write our resut below the frst partial product. We write a Oin the first column, as you now are mutiplying for the tens. 1-01 7 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS We now add the first and the second partial products, r}2}4a]3jofe + gle|7i[sla4lo ThofTs tts Ts Te Finally we place the decimal point in the answer by starting at the right and maving the point the number of places equal to the sum of the decimal places in both numbers multipled. 138.22 has 2 decimal places and 7.9 has 1 decimal piace. We must therefore have 3 decimal places in the resutt 138.22 x7.9 = 1091.938 feo. 148 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 Hint: Use estimating to help you check the placement of the decimal point. You could round 138.22 to 140 and 7.9 to 8 Itis easy to multiply 140 x 8 so you know your answer should be close to 8 x 100 + 8 x 40 = 800 +320 =1120, that is, close to 1000. Remarc You can drop the tring zer in a decimal number. For example, 776.00 ithe same ae 778.9, Ths f because the. 90" par of the number is the same as t-01- 149 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level 01 2 OS ANNEX 4. Method for performing divisions manually. ‘This method makes tt possible to manually divide positive numbers. 1) Place the dividend on the lef, the divisor on the right, and the quotient will go under the divisor 2) Ifthe divisor is not a whole number: = Move the decimal point in the isor all the way to the right ((o make it a whole number) | + Move the decimal point in the dividend the same number of places. | 3)bi "Start atthe left hand side of the dividend. Find a group of digits that you can divide by the divisor. Guess a mutiple of the divisor which can fit into i. Write the multiple in the “quotient cell” and the multiple by the divisor must be written under this group of digits and subtracted to i You get the remainder. ide, Place the remaining digits of the dividend on the right ofthe remainder. 4) Repeat until: "The procedure stops by itself (At the end the remainder you find is zero) You decide to stop the procedure as division is accurate enough (your result has enough decimals}. ‘As an example, we want to perform the following division: 147 +3.2 We place the dividend on the left, the divisor on the right, and the quotient will go under the divisor. 14 °7 3 2 The divisor is not a whole number. We move the decimal point in the divisor all the way to the right to make it a whole number, and we move the decimal point in the dividend the same number of places (here, we then need to add a zero to the dividend), ea) 7a 0 sEet2| tor. 150 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware Category A BI MB? HBS Level O01 2 3 01- Mathematics 01 Arlthmetic ‘We start at the left hand side of the dividend. We must find a group of digits that can be divided by the divisor. Obviously 32 cannot fit into 1, nor into 14, but into 147, yes. 32 fits 4 times info 147?We write the muttiple 4 in the “quotient cell” and the multiple by the divisor, that is, 4 x 32 = 128 must be written Under this group of digits and subtracted to it We get the remainder: 19, We place the remaining digits of the dividend on the tight of the remainder: We repeat the procedure 4 1 1 1 4 2 7 4 2 1 Ifwe want to go on, we must place a zero next to the remainder 30 and a decimal point atthe right of the divisor: 1 4 1-01- 70 8 3 7 0 8 9 0 7 0 8 s 0 6 0 30 7 0 8 @ 0 6 0 3.0 7 0 8 a 0 6 0 3.0 zem 1 181 3.2 45 3.2 45 Edition 06 - Revision 01 | go Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 ‘We want to continue, so we place a zero next to the remainder 12: 0 3.2 ° 0 0 8 1 14 - 42 7 1 Now we want to stop, so we can write 147 +3.2~ 4593 The symbol ~ means “roughly equal to’, as there is a small error in the equalty, ‘What is this error? It s the remainder which does not appear in the equality. We can also write: 147 + 3.2= 45.9 correct to the 1 decimal place. In order to get a strict equality, we can finally write the result as: Dividend = Quotient x Divisor + Remainder or, (Dividend : Divisor) = Quotient + (Remainder : Divisor) ‘The dividend is 147, the quotient is 3.2 and the divisor is 0.024 tae evapo) aelea t-o1- 152 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g 7. Sslamand institute of Aeronautics‘AeroGATES: PART 66 courseware 01- Mathematics Category A BI MB? HBS 01 Arlthmetic Level O01 2 3 a) siecle Therefore, we write: 447 = 45,933.2+0.024 whichis equivalent to (147 +3.2) = 45.93+(0.024+ 3.2) Remarc Ifwe had gone on making calculations, we would have found that the procedure stops next step as the remainder is zero. We would have found that: 147 + 3.2 = 45 9375 1-01. 185 Edition 06 - Revision 01 g = Sslamand institute of Aeronautics