Ex. 10.5: Carbon disulphide is used to extract iodine from its saturated aqueous solution. ‘The distribution of iodine between carbon disulphide and wator at equilibrium may be ‘expressed as " grams iodino/litre of carbon disulphide Kay = Steams iodinelire of water = 8882 (i) Calculate the concentration of iodine in the aqueous phase when 1 litre of a saturated ‘aqueous solution at 299 K (20°C) containing 0.3 grams of iodine por 1 litre of water is stirred ‘with 50 ml of carbon disulphide, Gi) Repeat for two ideal extractions using 25 ml of solvent each time. Solution : Basis: 1 litre of saturated solution. It contains 0.3 g iodine. grams iodineitre of CS: _ ge grams iodine/litre water Let x be grams iodine/itre of water at equilibrium grams iodinellitre of CS, = 5882x = 588.2% Material balance of iodine in ag. phase : ‘= iodine in C32 + iodine in water phase Ey 0.3 = 5962x> 5555 +x ~9041x xs Case I: 03 = Concentration of iodine in aqueous solution for second stage. x, = 0.191 gf oar = 27 (i) #38 x; = 0.001268 g/lA solution contains a valuable material M in water. M is recovered from the solution using solvent S. 1F9 kg of S is used per kg solution, and the distribution equilibrium X/Z ~ 3, where X= kg M/ kg water and Z~ kg M/ kg 'S. What will remain in the solution ater extraction using (a) single batch equilibrium stage and (b) two successive batch equilibrium stages using fiesh solvent for each step? Answer: Basis: 10kg food Extract Solvent The M/9kg S kes —Y —> —xr+ Solution Extractor Ratfinate S kg (Mater) 3 kg M/ ky water Distributive Equilibrium: AS sd: % remaining in the solution affer solvent extraction Solution + solvent From distributive equilibrium: 3 ke M+ 1 kg Water from raffinate +1 kg water from extract~ 5 ky feed (Lo) 5 ky (water + M) +9 kg solvent = 14 ky mixture (Lo) ‘Mass of raffinate~ I kg Water +3 ky M> 4k raffinate (L1) Mass of extract = 9 kg $ + T ky M= 10 kg extract (V1) Fraction of M in extract: | kg / 10 kg~ 0.1 ( Yal) Fraction of M in raffinate: 3 kg /4 ky = 0.75 (Xal) Mass fraction of solute M in feed = required (Xao) From the formula K=ya=Ly [Ly [Xa - 1 1 [xr SOL = Akg (Mt water) [ 14ky /4kg ( Xa0/ 0.75) 1] 0.75 10ke(M#S) Xal = 82.14% ( fraction of M in the feed) Fraction remaining in the solution= 0,8214..75 ors = 14% fraction remaining in the feed.In der to erat asic ac ram dt aquaussotion wth isapropyeter, the two ims phases are pase courtercurent throug packed column 3 in rh and TS mn dametr ‘ele found that, FO kgnas of he pure ene wee to entra 025 alas of 40 ge can aks yas, then the ther hace leaves the column wth aoncentaton of 10 percent acd by mas. atu: (s)he urbe of vr trance nis sen teas phe and (o] me overal earactoncoeticen based onthe ratte phase Solution Cross-sectional atea of packing = (1/)0.075° = 0.0044 m? volume of packing = (0.0044 x 3) = 0.0133 m°, ‘The concentration of acid in the extract = 1.0 per cent or 0.01 kuvky. mass of acid transferred 10 the ether = 0,08(0.01 — 0) = 0.005 kg/m’s on (0.005 x 0.0044) = 0.000022 kes. Acid in the aqueous feed = (0.25 x 0.04) = 0.01 kin’ s. Thus: acid in raffinate = (V.01 ~ 0.005) = 0.005 kg/m? s concentration of acid in the ralfinate = (0.005/0.25) = 0.02 kg/kg oF 2.0 per cent AL the top of the column: Gs ‘Thus: acy 040 ky/kg tnd Cj, = (0.040 x 0.3) = O.012kyky (0.012 ~ 0.010) = 0.002 kesh At tte bottona ofthe column: Cp, = 0.20 keke and CZ, = (0.020 x 03) Thus: AC, = (0.006 ~ 0) = 0.006 keke 1006 kelke and the logarithmic mean driving force is: (XC )n = (0.006 — 0,002), 1n(0.005/0.002) = 0.0036 kyiky. Kea = mass transferred /|volume of packing x (AC in] 1.000022, (0.0133 x 0.0036) 461 kgim'sckgikg) From equation 13.25 the beight of an overall transfor unit, Hog = Ly) Kea = (0.25/0.451) = 054m and: the number of overall t G/0.54) = 5.53 fer units8-9: The diseibution quilbriam for A between an extract solvent Sanda raffiaat solvent B is given by Y=20x where Y= mass of A per unit mass of S, X= mass of A per unit mass of B. The extract and rafinte solvents are completely immiscible in each other at all concenirations of A. From these dia, calculate the amount of ertract solvent needed per 100 kg solution containing 30 % A in B if 95 % of A is 10 be removed for exh ofthe following arrangements: (a) single-stage contact (b) three stage batch contact, one third ofthe solvent wil be used in exch cootact. Calculate amount of A ‘extracted in each contact, (©) three-stage countercurrent operation (2) By solute (A ) balance over asingle stage, BX, + SYs = BX, + SY; since fresh extract solvent is free of solute A, Y= 0 ‘Basis 100 kg of solution of in B (raffinae solvent) Xy = 3070= 042857 98 % recovery, A in extract = 095(30)= 28.5 kg final rafinate = 30-28 S = 1.5 X, = 15/70 0.02143 Y, = 2X, = 20.02143) = 0042857 (by equilibrium ) ‘Then $= By0,1052639 = 7010.1052639 = 665 kg, (b)_ When the extract and raffinate solvent amounts are same in each contact and K is ‘constant, the following relationship applies x=(ste)"%0 tens csesn=3, B=70, K= 2, Xj= 3070 =0.42857, and X= X= 18/70 0.001487 ‘substituting in the previous equation relating n, X. and Xo, 3 B= (2s) ~ SPH -0.05 « Bas = 0.05)!9 ~ asses from which, S= 60 ky in each stage. ‘Tota solvert in three stages = 60 x 3 = 180 kg.Amount of A removed in fist contact: If x, is amount removed in frst contact, X = (30-x,)70Y, = x60 ‘By equilibrium relationship, Y, =2.X, Therefore, x60 = 2160- x70] solvingforx,, x= Taig = 1895 kg inasimitarmamer, x= PS -098 4g andy MAREE H=25 ag (©) Three-stage countercurrent operation ‘An overall solute balance gives S¥au + BX SY, + BX, y * $94 F ‘where B = raffinate solvent, § = extract solvent Y= solute in extract, mass A/unit mass of extract solvent X-= solute in raffnate solvent, mass A/unit mass of rafinae solvent ‘The above equation represents the operating line and isa straight line ‘Since the amount of solvent isnot known, the final solute concentration in extract is not known. “Therefore atria solution is required . Assume a value for the B/S ratio. The problem can be solved graphically more easily, Plot the equilibrium curve, on XY diagram and locate ‘he points X, and X, on it Draw from point X, an operating line with an assumed slope and step off the stages. Ifthe number of stages does not match 3 exactly, readjustment is necessary. This is done in Figure 8-5 Figure 8-5. Solution of problem 8-3c.‘Slope of the operating line for thre stages is 0.889 ‘Therefore, amount of solvent for 3 stage countercurent operation is s= hy -tllp= 106 285/08.5 +78.74)x 100 = 26. 61%