ESSENC
CE - Interna
ational Jourrnal for Envvironmentaal Rehabilitaation and Conservation
n
Volume VI: No. 2 2015 [35
[ – 42] [ISS
SN 0975 - 62722]
[ww
ww.essence-jouurnal.com]

n Rights to
Human o Consumeed Water,, Environm
mental Prootection: Present
P an
nd
Future

Agarwall, Sangeeta; Pal, Sohan

n and Tyagi,, Rashmi

1 2015  Accepted: Novvember 28, 20015  Onlinee: December 31,

Received: September 13, 3 2015

Abstractt
The aim of the paperr is to interrogate a variety unbborn babies. In sum, anytime
a the natural
of arguuments abo out humann rights and a envvironment is seriously harmed,
h peoople that
environm mental susstainability. The teerm depend on thhat harmedd environment are
sustainabble human developm ment may be inevvitably harm
med as well. However; thhe effort
defined as the capacityc off all hum man to protect thee environmeent faces different
d
communiities, includ ding the mosst deprived, to challlenges likee the issuue of justiffiability,
meet their fun
ndamental needs for connflict betweeen developm mental effoorts and
accommoodation, drinking
d w
water, foood, envvironmental protection.
p T
This paper gives
g an
satisfactoory conditions of healthh and hygiene, overview of suuch challengges and sugggestions
participattion in deciision-makingg and cultuural for ensuring and prottecting susstainable
expressioon. The need for the protection of envvironment.
environm ment becom mes a neceessity. In fact f Keyywords: Human
H Rigghts | Hyggiene |
environm ment is a totality of human
h life; it Sustainable.
means thhat it is sourrces of foodd, clothing, and
a Intrroduction
shelter. When
W air is polluted byy toxic fum mes, Thee degradationn of environnment nameely land,
people who
w breathe those fumees are injurred, air and
a water has become a serious prooblem in
perhaps even killed d. When water
w becom mes manny areas of country. Thhe consequeences of
contaminnated, peoplle who drinnk that waater suchh degradatioon of enviroonment has resulted
may beccome sick, and a pregnannt women who w in ecological
e i
imbalance a over thee globe.
all
drink it may
m pass thee contaminannts on to theiir Theerefore, it has becom me imperaative to
For correespondence: judiiciously mannage and prootect the ecoology of
Departmeentment of Cheemistry, SSV College,
C Hapur envvironment27. Due to thiis purpose thet Safe
E-mail: saagarwal.chem
m@gmail.com
35 
 Agarwal et al. /Vol. VI [2] 2015/35 – 42 

Drinking Water Act charged the EPA with Nagar, near by Ganeshpura and near by
responsibility for developing drinking water, Ramgari respectively. All sample points were
regulations to protect the public health. In situated approximately equal distance from
1975, the EPA published the interim primary each other having different pollutional
drinking water regulations and the secondary condition. Various water samples were
regulations become effective from January 19, collected for analysis and sample points are
1981. The international standards were first referred as SP1 to SP4.
published by the world health organization26 S. Sampling
Location (Area) Description
(WHO) in 1958. In the present study water No. point
1 SP1 Near by Asoda SW
samples were collected from four different
Near by Jasroop
2 SP2 SW
locations of Chhoyya Nala of Hapur district. Nagar
Chhoyya Nala is the main drain of Hapur city 3 SP3 Near by Ganeshpura SW

which are carrying industrial and domestie 4 SP4 Near by Ramgari SW

waste water of city. Table 1: Sampling points of Chhoyya Nala

*SW-surface water
In developing countries 95% of the used water
is not subject to cleansing treatment before it's
released to surface waters. So we must look Physico-chemical Parameters and analysis
into all aspects of water uses to ensure the of trace metal
quality of water available for all the present Some of the physco-chemical characteristics
and future needs. Owing to population were analyzed in the field just after collection
explosion pressure, pollution of water and remaining parameters were estimated on
resources is increasing3. At least 30000 human laboratory of chemistry of department, SSV
deaths are caused daily by contaminated water S. Technique
Parameter Equipments
and poor sanitation16. More than 1.7 billion No. Used
people have no direct access to potable water, Evaporating -------------------------
1 TDS
filtrate -
this number is likely to double within the next UV-VIS
2 phosphate Instrumental Spectrophotometer,
25 years (ICMR, 1975).
SL-157, Elico
Methodology Liq. & Liq.
Oil and -------------------------
3 Extraction
Grease -
The bulk of the data used in this paper was method
Nephelometry CL-
derived from archival sources and content 4 Turbidity Instrumental
52D, Elico
analysis of different research findings in 5 Free CO2 Titrimetric
-------------------------
-
relation to environmental problems due to Total -------------------------
6 (MPN) Method
impacts of human production and consumption Coliform -
UV-VIS
activities in India. In this present study 7 Vanadium Instrumental Spectrophotometer,
sampling station is Chhoyya Nala (Hapur) SL-157, Elico
UV-VIS
which divided in to four sample points in 8 Mercury Instrumental Spectrophotometer,
sequence near by asoda, near by Jasroop SL-157, Elico

36 
 Agarwal et al. /Vol. VI [2] 2015/35 – 42
All values are in mg/L except Turbidity and Total Coliform
Table 2: Analytical technique and instruments used in
the analysis
College, Hapur. All techniques and methods
followed for collection, preservation and
analysis by adopting standard methods of
APHA.
Result and Discussion
In the present research study various physico-
chemical parameters such as turbidity, TDS,
phosphate, vanadium, Mercury, Total
Coliform, Oil and Grease and Free CO2 were
determined. It is concluded that the water
sample from various sample points, during the
monitoring period have been found to contain
all trace metals above permissible limits. This
study indicated that the Chhoyya Nala main
drain of Hapur city were not found good and
should not be used for irrigation without prior
treatment and it is recommended that water
analysis should be carried out from time to
time to monitor the rate and kind of
contamination.
Turbidity
Turbidity reflects the transparency in water.
Turbidity in water is the reduction in
transparency due to the presence of particulate
matter such as clay, slit and microscopic
organisms. As per BIS standered the desirable
and permissible limits are 5 and 10 NTU,
respectively. In all the samples of surface
water turbidity more than the maximum
permissible limit of BIS.
In 2013-14, during summer, turbidity for
surface water maximum 360.38 NTU at SP2
and minimum 180.54 NTU at SP1. During
winter, turbidity for surface water maximum
 
370.53 NTU at SP2 and minimum 122.73 NTU
at SP3.
Total Dissolved Solids
Total dissolved solids are a measure of total
inorganic substances dissolved in water. TDS
indicates the general nature of water quality.
According to the desirable limit standardized
by BIS standard, TDS is 500 mg/L and
permissible limit in the absence of alternate
source is 2000 mg/L. The TDS values at all
surface water sample points SP1, SP2, SP3 and
SP4 are exceeded the permissible limit
according to BIS. In all the sample points TDS
of surface water varied from 990 mg/L to 1240
mg/L.
In 2013-14, during summer, total dissolved
solids for surface water maximum 1230 mg/L
at SP1, SP3 and minimum 1020 mg/L at SP2.
During winter, total dissolved solids for
surface water maximum 1240 mg/L at SP1 and
minimum 1012 mg/L at SP4.
Phosphate
Mostly waters, especially waste water
phosphorus is present almost exclusively in the
form of phosphates. During the study, in
surface water Phosphate content was very high
in all the sample points i.e., SP1, SP2, SP3 and
SP4. Due to direct industrial effluent discharges
into Chhoyya Nala the phosphate value is
higher than permissible limit of BIS.
In 2013-14, during summer, phosphate for
surface water maximum 42.14 mg/L at SP3 and
minimum 30.11 mg/L at SP4. During winter,
phosphate for surface water maximum 42.87
mg/L at SP3 and minimum 32.77 mg/L at SP4.
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 Agarwal et al. /Vol. VI [2] 2015/35 – 42
Free CO2
Free CO2 concentration was noticed in surface
water. During the study in different year the
value of Free CO2 of surface water samples
were recorded from 4.16 mg/L to 6.26 mg/L.
Free CO2 is a good indicator of water
contamination. If free CO2 increases in water
bodies it indicates the contamination load.
During summer in 2013-14 Free CO2 for SP1,
SP2, SP3 and SP4 was 5.25 mg/L, 5.95 mg/L,
5.83 mg/L and 4.53 mg/L respectively, and in
winter Free CO2 for SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4 was
5.26 mg/L, 4.86 mg/L, 4.53 mg/L and 4.41
mg/L respectively.
Oil and Grease
During the study Oil and Grease was noticed in
surface water sample points SP1, SP2, SP3 and
SP4 of Chhoyya Nala. During the study in
different year the value of Oil and Grease of
surface water samples was recorded from
110.22 mg/L to 301.38 mg/L.
During summer in 2013-14 Oil and Grease for
SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4 was 150.77 mg/L,
230.22 mg/L, 301.38 mg/L and 270.21 mg/L
respectively, and in winter 2012-13 Oil and
Grease for SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4 was 181.41
mg/L, 257.28 mg/L, 120.61 mg/L and
300.85mg/L respectively. Result showed in
2013-14 during summer the maximum Oil and
Grease was 301.38 mg/L and during winter the
maximum Oil and Grease was 300.85 mg/L.
Total Coliforms
During the study of surface water samples,
Total Coliform was noticed in surface water
sample points from Chhoyya Nala i.e., SP1,
 
SP2, SP3 and SP4. The Total Coliform are the
indicators of water contamination.
During summer in 2013-14 total coliform for
SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4 was 190 MPN, 790
MPN, 160 MPN and 605 MPN respectively
and in winter 2013-14 total coliform for SP1,
SP2, SP3 and SP4 was 410 MPN, 682 MPN,
380 MPN and 502 MPN respectively. Result
showed in 2012-13 during summer the
maximum total coliform limit was 790 MPN
and during winter the maximum total coliform
was 682 MPN.
Vanadium
Vanadium is a potential hazardous pollutant
and most of the toxic effect of vanadium are
carcinogenic in nature, irritant to respiratory
organs and eyes, lung damages, nervous
disorders, rorethroat, Wilson’s disease.
Vanadium is reported to affect plant life as it
gets accumulated in the leaves and roots and
decrease the productivity of plants. The major
sources of vanadium are glass, ceramics and
steal industries. During the study of ground
water and surface water in 2013-14 the
concentration of vanadium was not detected.
Mercury
Mercury concentration was noticed in surface
water ranged 0.10 mg/L to 0.81 mg/L.
according to BIS standard the desirable limit
of Mercury content is 0.001 mg/L beyond this,
the water become toxic.
During summer in 2013-14 Hg for SP1, SP2,
SP3 and SP4 was 0.22 mg/L, 0.20 mg/L, 0.19
mg/L and 0.20 mg/L respectively, and in
winter 2012-13 Hg for SP1, SP2, SP3 and SP4
was 0.10 mg/L, 0.21 mg/L, 0.22 mg/L and 0.22
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 Agarwal et al. /Vol. VI [2] 2015/35 – 42 

mg/L respectively. Result showed in 2013-14  There should be some restrictions on all
during summer the maximum Hg was 0.22 industries not to dispose off their solid or
mg/L and during winter the maximum Hg was liquid waste directly into the sewage.
0.22 mg/L.  The heavy load of industrial waste tends to
S.No. Parameters
Range in SW BIS make the lands barren. Specific lands for the
(SP1-SP4) standard
122.73 –
disposal of these wastes should be
1 Turbidity (mg/L) 1
370.53 compulsory.
2 TDS (mg/L) 1012 – 1240 500
3 Phosphate (mg/L) 30.11 – 42.87 Nil  It is suggested that, except few parameters
4 Free CO2 (mg/L) 4.41 – 5.95 Nil most of the parameters are within the
Oil and Grease 120.61–
5 Nil permissible limits of BIS standards but could
(mg/L) 301.38
Total Coliform exceed any time. So careless disposal of the
6 190 – 790 Nil
(MPN/100 mL)
7 Vanadium (mg/L) ND 0.20 water should be discouraged and there is a
8 Mercury (mg/L) 0.10 – 0.22 0.001 need for each industry to install a waste
ND : Not Detected
Table 4: Comparison of surface water quality treatment plant with a view to treat wastes
at studied area with drinking water before being discharged into the sewage.
 Develop a workable model for treatment of
Conclusion and Suggestions both effluent and emissions starting from
It is beyond doubt that after the Independence source up to the final approach.
of India, number of laws enacted by legislature  Programme like safe water Project should be
but the State has failed to discharge its started by municipality so that local people
responsibility. Lack of implementation of will be aware about the pollution and
environmental protection laws is the main safeguard the quality of water.
reason for non-implementation of the principle  As not only government but every citizen
of Sustainable Development. Number of also could play an important role in abating
Environmental protection laws have been contamination in ground water and surface
passed by legislature according to the water. So the problem of contamination
Constitutional demand but in reality the required closely coordinated series of
principles are just on papers2. Lack of legislative, administrative and technical
incorporation of Sustainable Development in measures.
India is one of the reasons for deterioration of  It is very necessary to control water
the environmental status in India10. contamination, if not, then in future we will
From this study, it may be concluded that the not have a drop of pure fresh water. So that
pollution in surface water has been increased. As people may understand the value of ground
a result of these investigations the following water and surface water
tentative suggestion may be offered to safeguard  Public awareness programmes about the
the quality of environment, ground water and pollution should be launched with strong
surface water of the Hapur city. emphasis on the effects of pollution on
39 
 Agarwal et al. /Vol. VI [2] 2015/35 – 42
personal and community health. Periodically
industrial pollution information must be
published by environmental public
organizations.
 Utilizing audio and video media, hording,
workshops, seminars and presentations by
the experts for informing the common people
about contaminated water diseases so that
they take precaution to save themselves from
these diseases.
 The government has to ensure that all new
and existing industries have adequate sites
facilities for treatment and removal of toxic
material from the contaminated water or
effluents.
 Water and sewerage pipelines should not be
in close vicinity to prevent cross
contamination and there should be no
leakage within the distribution system and no
mixing of drinking and sewerage water.
 More treatment plants are needed, which
should be located at shorter distances from
the consumer’s end, and water treatment
plants should be run by experts and well
trained persons.
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