DESIGN GUIDELINES AASHTO INTERIM STRUCTURAL PAVEMENT DESIGN PROCEDURE ADOPTED FOR ALL SEASON COUNTY ROADS APPROVED BY THE COUNTY ROAD ASSOCIATION OF MICHIGAN, ENGINEERING COMMITTEE ON JANUARY 18, 1988 AS REVISED JANUARY 1989PREFACE This January 1989 edition of the ‘Design Guidelines Adopted for All Season County Roads contams mnor revisions of the guidelmes approved in 1988 Pnmanly, it corrects minor errors in the orginal edition, some further editing, and updating of the artwork. If you have any questions, or suggestions for improving these guidelines, please contact Local Services Dision Michigan Department of Transportation PO Drawer 30050 Lansing MI 48909‘The two more cnucal elements of the design procedure are 1 Traffic, particularly commercial. 2 Subgrade souls ‘The normal design period for AASHTO pavement design 1s twenty (20) years However 1t was decided that, mm some cases a mmumum design penod of ten (10) years could be used for resurfacing or rehabilitation proyects A serceability index of 2.0 1s used for most county roads and city streets and the index 1s the same for both flexible and ngid pavements. If the ADT (Average Daily Traffic) exceeds 5000 a serviceability index of 25 1s used. ‘Traffic and the conversion into equivalent 18 Kip Ade loads are applied in the same way for flenble and rigid pavement design. Life cycle costing has not been applied im ths analysis. Dramage 1s one of the most important factors im road performance. It 1s not only important dunng design and construction, but also must be maintained, Water in the subgrade of base must be controlled by under drainage. Pavements and shoulders should be buult to proper crown and slope Runoff water must be controlled by ditches or under drainage Proper mamntenance of shoulders to prevent berms or secondary ditches cannot be over emphasized. Ditches should be maintained by cleaning out as required and brush should be removed. Underdrauns should be checked periodically for cleanout or broken sections Treatment of swamps was discussed and it was decided that esting roads may be floated over swamps depending on economics and environmental effects. Before a decision 1s made to float over a swamp the depth and extent of the swamp as well as the depth of and type of exsting fill should be known With ths informauon and an evaluauon of environmental effects a decsion can be made whether to excavate and ‘ackdll the swamp or whether to float the ensting fill. If not treated, expect mamntenance costs and try to inform the pubic of future maimtenance. If you require more assistance, or if resurfacing on a concrete pavement 1 proposed contact the Local Sermces Division of the district souls and mateniais engineers for assistance.ILE PAY SERVICEABILITY INDEX p, A ‘AS developed in the AASHTO road test, reflects pavement condition at end of design penod, usually 20 years. Formost reconstrucuon widenings resurfacings secondary trunklines turnbacks federal ‘ad secondary county pnmary and other lover volume routes wath ADT's less than 5000 use p, = 2.0 chart. When the ADT exceeds 5000 use p = 25 Chart Both serceability index charts are attached. Attachment C (pp 9 and 10) Soul Support Value $ ‘Are plans available showing enstung typical cross section and subgrade textures? If not bonngs should be made. 1 Boning locations and depth & ——_Apprommately 300” to 1000” depending on unaformity of ensting cross section thicknesses and subgrade. Closer spaced borings if necessary Vary pattern from side to side © 3 5 depth. 5 recommended 4 Concentrate on distressed areas to determine whether base correction 1 needed. May require closer boring pattern. & Determine water table, if present. Afwadening ensting pavement obtain borings in shoulder and determine ‘whether subbase 1s full width. & If peat or muck 1s present, borings or soundings should outline the extent (depth including depth of ensuing fll width within proposed ross section and length) In the application of the soil support value the following 1s assumed 1 —Subgrades have been corrected where required to prevent frost heaves 2 Proper grade heights are designed. 3 Unsuitable material such as topsoil peat, etc. has been removed 4 Suttabie compaction has been obtamedD Soil Support Values. $ A Measure of Subgrade Support 1 Value ranges from 1 to 10 Use informauoa from old plans borings sous maps souls surveys, and engineenng judgment to determine soul texture of subgrade. Reduce value for combination of wet souls and grade below recommended heights. 2 See Attachment A (Soil Support Chart, page 7) to determine soul support value, which 1s based on texture of subgrade. TL TRAFFIC FACTORS ‘A. Information Sources 1 Traffic counts submited for highway needs studies Are they current? Generally for all season design, current traffic counts should be made and percent commercial should be counted. 2 Note that average daily traffic counts (ADT) are for both direcuons 3 The ADT used for geometncs 1s the same as the ADT used for pavement design. B Traffic Esumate 1 For reconstruction, use a 20 year projection date. For some resurfacing, Fehabultation, or other projects a 10 year projecuon may be used. 2 If 20.year projecuon 1s not avatlable use a compounded growth factor of 34% a year (Current traffic count x 103 compounded, at 3% growth per year compounded over twenty years, traffic will apprommately double) Use judgment 10 modify oF use the expansion factor for your county 2s shown in the county oad association design manual. 3 Determine traffic in one direction only For design purposes place all traffic mone direction in one lane (1/2 ADT) On mult lane highways use a percent usually 70-80% im the design lane reflecting lane distnbuuion. 4 Determme commercial _traffic_percentage indesign lane Use percent ‘commercial based on updated traffic counts For most county primary roads percent commercial ranges from 8 to 10 unless there 1s a large commercial traffic generator on the route. In most cases passenger traffic 1s ignored. Find number of commercal vehicles 5 Find equivalent 18 top single axle loads (commercial ADT x conversion factor) Conversion factor 1s 0.544 for medium commercial This 1s the conversion factor most commonly used Multiply the commercial ADT x 0.544 to determine the Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) Vv REGIONAL FACTOR R_ Climatic factor considering rainfall, drainage freeze thaw cycles spring breakup> Higher factors are more cntucal for Michigan. R = 30 Sout 2 ters of counties R = 35 Distncts 5 6, and remamder of disiness 7 8, and Metro R = 40 Districts 3 & 4 R = 45 Discs 1 & 2 Engineenng judgment may be used to mothfy these factors dependent on job conditions PRELIMINARY STRUCTURAL NUMBER SN A D Use Design Chart for Flexible Pavement Attachment C (pages 9 and 10) k= 20 ADT < 5000 p= 25 ADT > 5000 Enter $ = Soil Support Value. Enter traffic formation. Equwvalent 18 Kip Axle loads (Note that chart 1s set up for daily of total 18 kup loads) If daily trafic 18 used on chart, 1t should be for a 20 year design period. If the design 1s for other than a 20 year design period the total repetition traffic count must be used. Read SN at appropriate intersect. WEIGHTED STRUCTURAL NUMBER SN Is an indicauion of required total pavement strength, te. subbase, base and surfacing A Enter SN Preummary Structure Number B Enter R- Regional Factor Read SN weighted structural number D Pavement sections (layer thickness x matenal coefficent summation see VIII page 5) should appronmate or exceed the SN oumber E —_Exasting Section Layer coefficients (See VIII, page 5) x thickness can be applied to an exsting road. If the weighted structural number of the ensting road 1s less than that which 1s required from the design procedure then the layer coefficient x thickness of proposed additional aggregate, bituminous layers ete, required to meet the design ‘weighted structural number can be determined. F Modify with engineering judgment and experience. Consider costs material availabihty traffic mamtenance ease of construction etc. CONTROLS ‘A. —Subbase minimum thickness 12 compacted. May require a thicker subbase For natural sand soils use an available subbase depth of 12EB ‘Aggregate Base minimum thickness 6° compacted. May require thicker aggregate base. (Note that specifications require that the manmum lift thickness of aggregate base for compacuon not exceed 6") Bitummnous Base (Not required and 1 more expensive, but may be used to reduce subbase or aggregate base thickness) minimum thickness 2 1f used. Minimum total thickness of bituminous pavement shown in Bituminous Pavement Design guxdelines (Attachment D pages 11 15) Muumum 25 (270 pounds per square yard in two courses) ‘The weighted structural number for the above minimum secuon 15 307 (12 subbase 6 aggregate, 25° bituminous) COEFFICIENTS = Per Inch of Material A Subbase ‘See Soul Support Chart (Attachment A, page 7) Ranges from 005 to 013 usually 010 Aggregate Layers ‘See Soul Support Chart (Attachment A, page 7) Ranges from 012 to 015 usually 01 Emsung Aggregate Base oid Bank Run Aggregate Base az Bituminous Layers (1 of Bituminous on one square yard weighs approxmately 110 pounds) Top 04 Leveling 042 Binder 044 Bit. Base 032 ‘Seal Coat on Recycled Cold Mix Base w/Bituminous Stabilization 025 Pulverzed Bituminous Base 020 Exasting Bituminous Surface (Dependent on Condition) 014 030 Exasting Seal Coat 014 SAMPLE PROBLEM Refer To Attachment F (pp 20-31) 7m 09 wp Use Chart p, = 20 Attached (page 9) Select and enter soil support value S Determune and enter traffic informauon ‘Read Prelimunary Structural Number SN Select and enter Regional Factor R. ‘Read weighted Structural Number SN 5G Using tral thicknesses ty alternate pavement secuons using coefficients for vanous layers H. Select sections with weighted structural number close to chart value. L Determine comparable costs. J Keep in mand that thicker secuons may require more excavation and earthwork, deeper ditches and wider nght-of way K. Make selecuon based on H J plus engmeenng judgment. eeSOIL SUPPORT VALUES ATTACHMENT A tr LIMESTONE, Hl ff GRAVELI22-A) i SALVAGED GRAVEL PLUS] BIT SURFACE (t SAND-GRAVEL(20-A) a SAND LOAMY SAND SANDY LOAM [Eh Loan SOLS RESEARCH LT ‘UoanTert vision 4 12 110 030 10 70 050 030 RANGE OF SOL SUPPORT VALUES AND COEFFICERTS FOR VARIOUS MATERIALS. 150 140 115 USED AS BASE COURSE g USED AS SUBBASE STRUCTURAL COEFFICIENTSa ATTACHMENT B (FOR INFORMATION ONLY) APPROXIMATE CORRELATION BETWEEN K SSV CBR AND R-VALUE + MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION ) se ne 228 e2e¥"8 828888 Se eee aaa eel gies Teo so E BEC 80 70 R 60 5 $0 ae 200 3F 100 2k A =| 600 L = S00 19 g U aE ee = 400 E é 5 = 300 “FE 3E + 200 \ 24 ht hh It ii oT = '38 ene wonon ow owe mo «oO aaa aseasssere!s ss s 3 SOIL SUPPORT VALUE (SV) “COMPOSITE BASED ON INFORMATION FROM 13 AGENCIES INVOLVED IN RIGID AND/OR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT OESIGN 8ATTACHMENT C1 i 4 1 1 HOR TWAALIMIS ~MUIOIIA- WS os 10 20 30 ors “eat Wdtothtiniitirr tities tara a Ye WanionTs = WS ‘ovo 42 t Aviva INaTAINER aL 40 2/4 35 Sw (OL wos SI M1530 4 OOTNGA SISLIvIY wWaK 02 10H swnuiyoraar oor IY STNIS 404 6T OTAINDS ATIVE SOSH SHOHLYONIAAY GOL ITY TOMS 4-81 VOWAIDS IWiOL WA LMaNS MOS = S Design Chart for Flexible Pavements p, = 20 Figure 11-2ATTACHMENT C2 ee tt Woe WHIMS DOA = WS Udit ee wean WniIMs HS OT ANB TAINO ATIVO 85 8g 3 OE ibe hie 888 88 &8 Rae ‘SOWSNGL SNOLLVOIWsY GOT IKY TONS 4OH8T WOWAINI WHOL ‘AWA AyodaS 0S = S Figure II-1 Design Chart for Flexible Pavements p, = 25 10ATTACHMENT D-1 % ROADWAY BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT DESIGN GUIDELINES zef2 ne a Current Commercial ADT in Right Lane * Sle S| Stabi Li lz | 5] Pavement Section ts 5” [e100 | 100-200 | 200-s00 |so0-1000| over 1000 eo so | 130 ae | ean fe a130_| 6130 rie {ano 8-130 Te ern 1500 rigger Epa ¥ Leveling ‘approved g Antal weoe Z Bit Base on See 710 | era ensreta’ Heo | e130 | e130 eerie 40 1300 8-130 visa [aise y, Ata tied era0 | e160 Blt ‘approved 1800 by EOC = es el I ma ET 3 1500 or B10 2 $130 ¢-440 s Toproved 7 aati | ty Eo 3 00 2 |. Wise | Ita =(*. 00 | ize | e120 zs Tat é oe e130 petgo A130 1500 rieo or 8-140 Beigo | 8-160 °F UD Tavroved ee nytOe fey 9-224 nacatia BI-1 i ookATTACHMENT D-2 ROADWAY BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT _DESTGN GUIDELINES’ LF s]7 5] existing’ | Sens Current Consercial AST im Right Lane’ * eS] S| ant Pronoses | tS E a 3 Paverent Section (tos ) 0-100 | 100-200 | 200-300 |$00~1000) Over 1000 300 A160” a-ts0’ | a-isa’ ar ar - ae 130 | 4-130 = 8-170 8-120 0 #/2 8130 2 A120 2 Leveling 20 oy ac1a0 = i cu149 s Bit Base Tppraval 5 by eo grr“ 3 Bi tunincus E Aagfegite mals feet 4-140 3 8-130 & Aigo facisa 4, 130 a0 [8-180 °F S19 Approval ud bEOC soo Oelere Age fase (aut le retain Agg lo ie Base - ait zis Sh arog | ataa | a for warking 212 |lTo "| 8-130 | 3-130 platform) Bp siting jefe 1 | | B) 2 | [ae 3] 1300 ae Use cls g dias combination Zl: 3 of age \2 ie} atag | t0 satisty 2 a] seo Sign | requires = = Structural Number 1600 Rev 9-22-88 oe Bi-ia 12ASPHALT PENETRATION (VISCOSITY) ATTACHMENT D-3 ROADWAY Rates | © Bituminous Mixture 8 400 Current Comercial AOT in Right Lane 7 Over 400 #500 700 Stability Bit Base 120 180 (AC 5) 85 100 (AC 19) #900 thru 100 Stabriity Bit Surf 120 180 (ac 5)" 85 100 (AC 19) Open Graded Asphalt Frvetuon Course 85 100 (AC 19) 85 100 (AC 10) GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR RANGE OF APPLICATION RATES. seeniity Te [te fae] ieee ye 500 206 in 20 Minimum 700 200 iva 220 Minimum 300 298/204 vw 130 200 1100 2on/zoan''| ay 120 200 20AKK u 120 160 ‘2OAAA YM 120 180 20AAA uM 120160 ehetee cme | Mae | ye | a REY 6-19-88 13 B1-1DATTACHMENT D-4 SHOULDERS ‘TREATMENT Type of Road Type of Existing Shoulder Treatment Construction Shoulder ‘Shoulder type per EOC (See New Construction ame! minutes dated 2-3-2) Refer to Standard Plan V-112 Serres Stabilize to 6 sax depth Hat 9 $ | stapitization im place] ait mat or se auiceausy sens aa road’ rerariasing = Surface shoulder same thickness = Resurfacing Bit mat or seal as pavement Substitute Mixture #500 for lover course 3 Bit mat seal | Stabilize in place 4 depth git Mix (Ma work on road ) or grave #1100 wat @ 150 Ibs / say min Concrete — Bit Mixtuce #1100 @ 170 Ibs / sq yd teehee Bit Mixture #500 ¢ 300 Ibs / sq yd EZ] canst | ar tumnous — (See Design Note $1 3) 7 Stabilize to sane depth a TF | stavstization in place] Ot wat set! roadway 40 min Bit Mix #1100 * _ nat @ 180 Its_/ sa yd ain 8 Surface shoulder sane thickness as! = Bit nat or seat | oad Consider stabitization in = Nerurtaciag place 11 shoulder 1s deteriorated 7 Gravel Gravel or 3° bit shoulder ribbon 3 Stabilize in place 4 depth plus ait |S (Mo work on road ) Sravel Wrx #1400 mat @ 150 Ibs /sq yd ain of 3" bituminous shoulder ribbon 3" BITUMINOUS SHOULDER RIBBON Current Passenger Venicle ADT Per Lane 4 § 02000 2000 $000 Over S000 77 1" Lane width [ign 12" 10" a iz'_ [ol | 2’ Uns per [#soo 109 — = : 150 —_— 150 sa Yd I den #1100 230 170" | pavenent |_ 132 | 220 130 Penetration '® | 200 250} 200 250 200 250] 200 250 200 250 Rey 12-15-81 Bi-te 14ATTACHMENT D-5 FOOTNOTES FOR TABLES ‘THE INFORWATION ON THESE CHARTS IS TO SE USED AS A GUIDE ONLY The Department may vary the design from this criteria if it 15 determined that there 1s an excessive amount of comercial ‘traffic excessive stopping, lane cancentration steep grades or ather warranting ‘conditions The bitumnaus mixture stability wil] usually be determined on G1 On more important projects 1t my be selected by TER Yo determne volune of comercial vehicles on rignt ane duvide total comercial vehicle count by 2 For 4 lanes or mre divide total comercial vetucle count by 2 and multiply by 5 een using * 3° Bttuminaus Shoulder Ribbon " table on page Bl-ic consider five lanes same 2s four seven same as six ete For new construction use ADT 10 years hence or stage construction For steep grades or heavy comercial traffic change 120 150 penetration to 8 100 Provide additional quantity 1 recomended on & | to correct savere wee! rutting or other distortion: Avoid rates of application for leveling and top greater than 200 and less than TO ibs / sq yd as being too thick for one course and too thin for two courses To be used as an open textured surface course when recomended by G | where speed 1s 0 moh ‘or aore Usa in conjunction wth a top course unless existing surface 1s smooth and undistorted bituminous Do not use on existing pavements that are prone to extensive reflective cracking 10° ALL Brtamnous Mixture #1100 in urban areas x11] be 20AA 11 The tem leveling course " is here used as a generic term referring to 2 first course intended to ba covered by 2 surface or top course It does got refer to Miature #121¢ 12 Consider recycling of alt or part of existing surfacing 13 The bituminous shoulder ribbon should be placed on a surtable aggregate base Base Tequirenents and bituminous thickness to be determined on 6.1 14 Consider alternate of doing any future widening now in Iveu of 3° shoulder ribbon 15° Hinvmun practical wth possible by present stabilization in place equimment 1s 3° ‘The stabilization should be the sane width as the shoulder surfacing 16 If ribbon 1s paved in conjunction mith road resurfacing penetration can be changed to that of road watertal 17 For rural projects in the northern part of the state consider the use of 200 750 penetration for #900 and #1100 mixes 18 The detersunation of shether maderate or severe will be sede by the Design Division Field Engineer (Lansing) on G 1 The estimated additional cast tor resurfacing severe deterioration (as compared to moderate) 15 $0.65 per sq yd based on a price af $25/ton of mix 18 Grtumnous shoulder ritbon should be same mixture as traveled lanes 1f paved in canyunction wth toad resurfacing Rey 8-28-85 aii 15