 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

١٠٠
  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬?‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬


  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



E،،،F‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬––‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E ،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–F‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
E ،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬– J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥

 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬


-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 pH‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،pH
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1
 pH = log
[ ] 
H+

 [ ]
pH = - log H +


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
pH‫א‬K(10-7)‫א‬‫א‬ K  
‫א‬ 3pH ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬7
 K5pH‫א‬

 Buffer Solutions‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬J W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CH3 CooH ' CH3 Coo- + H+
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

R – NH2 + H+ ' R – N H3+

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Henderson Hasselbalch equation–
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬–
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PH = pKa + log
[A ] J W‫א‬
-

[HA]
(‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
 PH = pKa + log 
(‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺽ‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FF‫א‬WpKa
– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦{٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬٧{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Alkalosis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAcidosis‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫א‬W٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬W٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬ J ٩
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Pyrimidines)‫א‬(Purines)‫א‬(Hormones)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K(Vitamines)‫א‬(Porphyrines)
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 J Wα‫א‬‫א‬ 
O
11
 C - OH J ١
 - NH 2 J ٢
 -HJ ٣
 ‫א‬
 R J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬

O O
1 11
 R - C - C - OH 
1
NH2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-
 K Co o ‫א‬‫א‬ N H + 3 NH2‫א‬


-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬
٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬J ١
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–(Proline)–(Isoleucine)‫א‬–(Leucine)–(Valine)–(Alanine)‫א‬
 K(Tryptophan)J (Phenylalanine)–(Methionine)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 CH 3 - CH - CooH AlaAlanine‫א‬
I
NH
2
 J W‫א‬J ٢
–(Tyrosine)–(Cysteine)–(threonine)–(Serine)–(Glycine)
 K(Glutamine)–(Asparagine)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 H - CH - CooH Gly(Glycine)
I
NH
2
 J WE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 K(Histidine)–(Arginine)–(Lysine)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH 2 - CH - COOH Lys(Lysine)
I I
NH NH
2 2

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J WE٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
 K(Glutamic acid)–(Aspartic)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 HOOC - CH 2 - CH - COOH ASP(Aspartic acid)‫א‬
I
NH
2
 ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J ١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F J ٢

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Essential amino acids)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE١J ٢F
H O H O H O H O
I II + I II I II I II
 + H 3 N - C - C + H 3 N - C - C ⇔ + H 3 N - C - C - N - C - C - + H 2O 
I II I I I I I
R O- R O R
1 H R O
1 2 2 -

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Dipeptide
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬Polypeptide‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
PROTEINS-STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

 ‫א‬
،‫א‬ 1 X 106 - 1 X 104 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 functions of proteins‫א‬
 J W

 WEnzymesJ ١
،1500،Biocatalysts‫א‬
KK،K ‫א‬K  
 
 K

 Structural elementsJ ٢
‫א‬Collagen‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬elastin‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Keratin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Transport proteins‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
،‫א‬K  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬albumin‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬heme‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬free fatty acids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬β-lipoprotein–‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 HormonesJ ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Insulin‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Growth hormone‫א‬Diabetes mellitus‫א‬
‫א‬parathyroid hormone‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Protective agents‫א‬J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬Viruses‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬antibodies‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kantigens‫א‬

 Storage Proteins‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
‫א‬Ovalbumin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCasein‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ferritin‫א‬

 Contractile Proteins‫א‬‫א‬J ٧
relaxation‫א‬Contraction‫א‬‫א‬
 Myosin‫א‬Actin‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨
 Proteins for maintenance of osmotic Pressure and pH
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH 7.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 –‫א‬‫א‬ J 
–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬
 WNucleoproteins‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(DNA , RNA)
 W‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Casein)
 WGlycoprotein‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 WChromoproteins‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WLipoproteins‫א‬‫א‬L
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 WMetalloproteins‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
Peptones‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KProteoses‫א‬

 Protein structure‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Primary structure‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 secondary structure‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 NH--- o=c
 Kα - helix‫א‬E١J ٣F


 E١J ٣F

 Tertiary structure‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Quatenary structure‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KSubunit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬
 KSalting in and salting out of protein‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Salting out‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 Salting in‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KCl , NaCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(NH4)2 SO4 - HgCl2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
Hg++Ag+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Denaturation of ProteinsE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
KUltrasonic vibration‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KProteolytic enzymes‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
KE‫א‬FK‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
،‫א‬Native form‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Irreversible‫א‬، ‫א‬
 J W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K،Denaturation
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬7.0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫أ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬
K‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٢

 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KJ W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ENZYMES‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬pH

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬
 ،
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Cofactors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Coenzymes)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KProsthetic group‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Enzyme unit ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Specific activity‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J ٤
K

 J W‫א‬
 Oxidoreductase‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 TransfersJ ٢
(NH2)K
  
 K
 Hydrolyses‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬FLyasesJ ٤
 ‫א‬
 K(C-S) (C-O) (C-C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Isomerases‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FLigases‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦



‫א‬(ATP)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KTyrosinase


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A↔B
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A‫א‬
‫א‬E١J ٣FB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Active site‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬

 ‫ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
 E١J ٣F



- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Lock and key model‫א‬‫א‬L١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 E٢J ٣F

 Induce-fit model‫א‬L٢
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KE٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬









 E٣J ٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F٣٧‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬








- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 E٤J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢



 E٥J ٣F


- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (pH)
‫א‬K٩–٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–pH optimum‫א‬
 K٨‫א‬٢

 ‫א‬J ٣


 E٦J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٤


 E٧J ٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KVmax‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬Michaels – Menton‫א‬‫א‬
ES‫א‬‫א‬KES
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E + S ↔ ES → E + P
 
Vmax [S]
 V=
Km + [S]
 SZ‫א‬‫א‬
 VZ‫א‬
‫א‬VmaxZ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KmZ


- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Enzyme Inhibitors‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 Irreversible Inhibition‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(DEP)K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Reversals Inhibition‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 J W‫א‬

 Competitive Inhibitor‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٨J ٣F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Succinate delydrogenasc)‫א‬–‫א‬
 K(Malonate)‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Noncompetitive Inhibition‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 E٩J ٣F

–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬W١

 KProsthetic group‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Cofactors)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬W٥

 K‫א‬W٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
KE‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١
–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٢
KE
–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٣
KE‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 CARBOHYDRATESE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K(CH2o)n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   J ١
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KGTP‫א‬‫א‬ATP‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

 J WClassification of Carbohydrates‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Monosaccharides‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
TriosesE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 Khexoses‫א‬‫א‬Pentoses‫א‬Tetroses‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 EE١J ٤F‫א‬F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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
 E١J ٤F
 J WOptical activity of monosaccharides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Asymmetric ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬opticallyactive 
 ‫א‬Polarimeter‫א‬
‫א‬EDHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KELJ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬asymmetric
 KLDstereo isomers‫א‬‫א‬

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 E٢J ٤F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cyclic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬hemiacetal
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣J ٤F
 KH١٨{٧H١١٢{٢‫א‬‫א‬

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 E٣J ٤F
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‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٢ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬FOH

 KE٤J ٤FK
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
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 E٤J ٤F
 Glycosides Formation‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D–‫א‬J W
 K 
‫א‬ ٪٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K–DJ J D––

 ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ F–D ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F–D-E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F–D-K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Disaccharides‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬FMaltose‫א‬J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫)ذرة آﺮﺑﻮن‬
 (‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ‬
 E٥J ٤F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 E‫א‬FLactose‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫)ذرة آﺮﺑﻮن‬
 E٦J ٤F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬FSucrose‫א‬J ٣
 K ‫א‬‫א‬


 E٧J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Polysaccharides‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬Polymers 
glycosidic bond‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Homopolysaccharides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 Heteropolysaccherides‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
 KHeparin‫א‬Hyaluronic‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 StarchW‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 Amylose–
 ‫א‬(1-4)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 Amylopectin
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(1-4)‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K1-6‫א‬K(1-6)

 Glycogen‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
– ١٢J ٨‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
K(1-4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– D‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Cellulose‫א‬J ٣
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬– D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬5x105 – 5x104‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬β (1-4)
 ‫א‬‫א‬Cellulase‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

 Inulin‫א‬J ٤
β (1-2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Chitin‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬D –‫א‬– N –‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬β (1-4)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W
 Hyaluronic acid‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬Heparin‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 LIPIDSE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
 J W
٩‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 KEL٥{٥‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬KL
‫א‬‫א‬Lipoproteins‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬Activators‫א‬ J ٤
Monooxgenac
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Phaspholipids)‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KKElectrun transport system‫א‬

 J WLipid classification‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 (Simple lipids)E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٤٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬


 E١J ٥F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬

 Compound lipids‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬




- ٤٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 GlycoLipids‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Cerebroside‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Lipoproteins‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Low ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High density lipoprotien‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬density lipoprotein

 J WDerived lipids‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 Fatty acids‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E ‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Monocarboxylic‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١
 K(R-CooH)‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤–٤‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
KE١٨W١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥
KE١٨W٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Fatty acids‫א‬
 Saturated fatty acids
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
CH3(cH2)10 cooH ←  ← ١٢← E12:0F
CH3(cH2)14 cooH ←   ← ١٦ ←  E16:0F
CH3(cH2)16 cooH ←   ← ١٨ ←  E18:0F
CH3(cH2)18 cooH ←  ‫א‬ ← ٢٠ ←  E20:0F

 Unsaturated fatty acidsEF
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
CH3(cH2)5 cH=cH(cH2)7 cooH ←  ← ١٦← E16:1F
CH3(cH2)7 cH=cH(cH2)7 cooH ←   ← ١٨ ←  E18:1F
CH3(cH2)4 cH=cH-cH2-cH=cH(cH2)7 cooH ←  ← ١٨ ←  E18:2F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٥

 ‫؟‬Low density lipoprotein‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 16:0 J ١
18:1 J ٢
18:2 J ٣
 20:0 J ٤

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B J ٦
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬C J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬A J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬E J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬D J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬K J ١١

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 VITAMINS‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 J W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Coenzymes‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ، ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬

 J WClassification of Vitamins‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬FB2،‫א‬B1F‫א‬BEF
 KB12‫א‬،‫א‬،B6‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬FCEF
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(A, E, D, K)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
E١J ٦F CB
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬F‫א‬  ١{٥ ،‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬ Thiamin‫א‬ B1
 KE‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٧ ،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ B2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬  Riboflavin
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٠ ،‫א‬،‫ א‬ Niacin‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠ ،‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫ א‬Pantothenic acid ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  B6
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫ א‬ Pyridoxine
‫א‬،،
 ‫א‬  ٠{٣ ،‫ א‬ Biotin‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K، ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٥٠ ،‫א‬،‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫ א‬ Folic acid  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٠{٠٠٥ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 B12
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ Cyanocobal
 amine
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ١٥٠J ١٠ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ C
 E‫א‬ ،‫ א‬ Ascorbic acid
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K،D،E،A
 E٢J ٦F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬F ‫א‬
E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬  ٠{٧٥ ،‫א‬،‫א‬ Ritinol‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ A

 ‫א‬  ١٤ ‫א‬،‫ א‬J  E

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬، λ- Tocopherol

 ‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٠{١ ‫א‬،‫( א‬D2) D

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،  Calciferol

 ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬ ٠{١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬(K1) 
 K‫א‬ ،‫א‬، Phylloquinone  K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬


- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 K‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢

 ‫؟‬E‫א‬FB1‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCW٤

 ‫؟‬E‫א‬FB6W٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬A‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FW٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬A

 ‫؟‬D2‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬W٩

 KK1E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١

- ٥١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J ٢
KE‫א‬–F‫א‬ J ٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٢

 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KW‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 METABOLISM‫א‬

 J W‫א‬

 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Anabolism‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬CatabolismE‫א‬F‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KATP‫א‬‫א‬

 J Wlipid metabolismE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 E١J ٧F
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FAcetyl-COA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬


 E٢J ٧F
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



β-oxidation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 J W
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ١–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬J ٢–‫א‬
 KJ ٣–‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬J ٤–‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ٥–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 J Wphospholipase A2‫א‬E‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 E٣J ٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CoA‫א‬ J ١
(Fatty acid synthetasc)‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKE‫א‬F
Actyl CoA palmitoyl CoA
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
J ٣–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬CoA‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J WCarbohydrate Metabolism‫א‬E‫א‬F
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

KE
 ‫א‬F‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٠‫א‬‫א‬
٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J WATP‫א‬EJ ٦J F
 ADPHJ ٦–ATP 

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ATP‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٨

‫א‬ATP‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KGlycolysisE‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬J ١
Tricerbsoxylic acid cycle‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
KKKreb's Cycle
KPhosphogluconate Pathway‫א‬ J ٣
Electron transport and Oxidative ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
Kphosphorylation
‫א‬EF‫א‬(Culycogenolysis)‫ א‬J ٥
K‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬FGlycogensis‫ א‬J ٦
KE‫א‬FGluconeogenesis‫ א‬J ٧
KPhotosynthesis‫א‬‫ א‬J ٨





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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬




 E٤J ٧F
 KATP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ATP ADPE ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬FMN , FAD, NADP, NAD
K‫א‬FADH, NADH
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ End products‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


‫اﻟﺘﻜﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬
(‫)اﻟﻬﺪم‬

‫اﻟﻨﻮاﺗﺞ‬

 E٥J ٧F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 Amino Acid Metalolism‫א‬‫א‬


 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬Endogenons‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
 CatalolismJ W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–ATP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Analolism‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬βiosyathesis‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F‫א‬
 ‫א‬Non-essential amino acids
 J W

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 KAssimilation‫א‬ J ١
KTransamination‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

‫ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎت‬ ‫دهﻮن‬


 E٦J ٧F
  ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–CoA
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، FADHNADH
 KATP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W

 K‫א‬W١

 K‫א‬W٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦

 ‫؟‬‫א‬ATP‫א‬‫א‬W٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨

 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠

 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W١١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 J W‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •

 K١٩٨٧،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ KKK‫א‬KK •

K١٩٨٣،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
• Stryer , L. (1995) . Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Freeman and Company . New York, U.S.A.

• Voet, D. and Voet , J. (1990) . Biochemistry . John Wiley, and Sons . New York . U.S.A.

• Vareley , H., Gowenlook , A. and Bell, M. (1980) . Practical cClinical Biochemistry (Vols 1.2) 5th
ed. Wiuiam Heinmann medical Books . Ltd., London , U.K.
• Segel , L.H (1984) Biochemical Calculations . John Wiley, New York. U.S.A.

• Conn , E. E; Stumpf , P. K. (1983) . Outlines of Biochemistry , fourth ed. Department of

Biochemistry and Biophysiuis , University of California at davis . U.S.A.

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  ‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  –
 ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧  ‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩  ‫א‬
 ٩  
 ٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١  ‫א‬
 ١١  ‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬
 ١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٦  ‫א‬
 ١٦  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  ‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  ‫א‬
 ٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٢١  ‫א‬
 ٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦  ‫א‬
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨  ‫א‬
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٠  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥  ‫א‬
 ٣٦  ‫א‬
 ٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٩  
 ٣٩  
 ٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬J W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٢  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٤٢  ‫א‬
 ٤٣  ‫א‬
 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  ‫א‬
 ٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٨  ‫א‬
 ٤٨  ‫א‬
 ٤٩  ‫א‬
 ٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣  ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣  ‫א‬
 ٥٣  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ٥٦  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٨  ‫א‬
 ٦٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ١٠٠  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٦١  E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
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