اساسيات الكيمياء الحياتية-سامي المظفر،دار المسيرة PDF

Font! eLadl ale ie GAY aglall Ge auell go Toby all Lu! ale Jl sell Ge 28S GD pylall ode ee dats andy billy eLirilly Lost slgial Gacoy cil deals GEL Ge Whol LSI Ey dyes pay alld! Me Md paelly qealall poral piss Ga siy Sy oly USD elias theeSU Gauls Logll sy yt tudlse hee Wa LslLioll La sil OS Nia GIS GIGY! jal lyad SLI Cyto! Se Zola Sell asl Yabo y Yay Gol Lesh eal Jyit deol yt ASLO cL pany be gf ally Healy Lod! SUSIE YEIMAS ys S31 SY Lally Q pial Gal Gard sy GSU tla a Gd Logos Qari WS gé J] pall ob Sey bg 5 (SI GAY dus lt 3S Salad ot jal ld Go Ly Bolly atoll SLE Load pues B Las say LOGI elsily KL cl pom tls y Goll LOL Ge Gala! Gans "Lead JOU, Shay glill crclys Geaill Iba Jat LS Zt5aJ! Cobalt La LSS, FU ya USLodl LoS Go ge Lote Cui bh sa ILE oll Lat Ra ghndll Loyd y GAEL Julally selsilly Qala oo YadMey allel, SUA AIG aug Le gh solysll J] GLa] ts Npagauiiy Les yayy lpi rd ue Se abl Gail GO oles! J} bad 3s WIS) DML, pido Shy Geico Sy Lyon tue Ge Lal polo BLAS Gols} Gold Goby Shinailly WL aS Woline ysl saul Bly Sly phaally WS oluaally chy pets sie gil S oles ¢lsily celia Ally cli ges stlly odeall Galea Yl, Dz cpetiads Jy Rand sl! ellsLosses LoS tee oe GLI eel shaves, tS WLS aS Sajsatly Laat Geebsly teaShsy WSWelisy ob Salt Go Lyris La peg rena sSISMy cS ghailly Soldbadly Libs) Goo Jet te asl (byeallS Lael pé Suu ob Sal J] GLA! ally pail, Gr jatll tue Ge Gh) Galea! wolull frail Gadi y cys Tb oWelially Deg REE eo daily Lib sll Lshaly bean Yessy OSs pyle eal GD Upsets 0S yy TELE pall Go ld lg Vly Ly gill CSL J logad GELS ab GI) QoL Ut Jeo I Lal Mealy YS Ally prnidl! Sue Ge pall Jal Ul Gay Bho! lag! Clb) bye GLA aa S98 ot Lb Gels Gall sand aboL_—_____s pial 13 oo. Uglied y AGL Laas Lola odthl yg) Jacl! 15... fuel ald GL padul 16 oo ornnnninminninemmnne Gadd SUID TlaSlh gadlll 17. oe USlol pL) dub y Gad 18 Laball oylad geal BIS gy 5 19 Gotall oll GHSM Zak 19 ~ elit aes isla! Last 20 op rall GSlall cles 20 ocsnnninnnainmmnnnn YAEL Sulla g LLM elas 554 20. BGaM fulosit 21 doll Gaudi oll etal os sad Ge pall SU ySe ClGh MSM ta ll YL! 24. 1 galeall 25 Bliodly Olsjall — SUN Juodl! 27 all ASH 8 sll GLa) ot jol 29 oo ocsonsinnnnenienen vnonininmnunvinennnn BpSAb NsaLl ely 30... 1 Lad QMGI ge gals 31 Lyill Usa USN Slane tls, 33 vooumisnimann Syyzoll Lleol ele J Laz yay LILI glssl -7- 21 31 4-1 1-4-1 2-4-1 3-4-1 5-1 64 1-6-1 2-6-1 3-6-1 4-6-1 12 2-2 3-2 4-2 5-2che y ill L5 db sSul Gass galeall cocina Qillokly 6 ESL acai el pails sely Bly Valodt soos (SAG sHall) TALL adLadl » dass ESy ecshull ga UELLle ~ gan yate Daler pads - eg atall Ogee goal eS Zap glysaaill Leball Jallads 1 (SEARS) yh gull LaLa. aly! Jacdll Loa! (S09! Gos - GAN Laaall polo Za gogt GAY! poll old Taiaall Wola Yl Gal pe Ldaall USL YI . Reulueh Gaaatt Golan daa (sled! pass Liaall Yala! oes 13 23 3-3 1-3-3 2-3-3 3-3-3 4-3-3 4381 83 89 o7 99 102 106 108 14 16 ito 120 120 122 127 130 3h 133 133 134 135 136 140 143 143 144 oa ~ pbally 5 Westy WLjill seal! Shy pei Ela Gell Gols Gb hay pants sie gill cenmnnsnnnnns GRAD Ge WL olaSlis gill vw laulu gud gin gil ste sy53Lll WW Still aluaslt lag ead oo da Fel St dye Sl Da cpalias oo hyiuall Gabi Vt Das ob past . oti Al se joleall Eujiaa gal = uel Juodll a apa shay ISI! ayes buss tS dp Dally Shays! Gall chan ys SN) pans | Bale ob Sui ipa! LAU, ball ppall Goto ah Sud! Lot! Reval! 44 1-4-4 2-4-4 54 1-5-4 265-4 3-5-4 6-4 7A 1-7-4 2-7-4 3-7-4 4-7-4 5-7-4 8-4168 173 174 178 179 184 184 192 196 197 198 $99 199 201 203 203 204 205 207 209 2 21) Qala SL Su y D yicey Gale Gl Sad oes OSM, ul) guelae ELS Gad sb Sul vo Sih Soul pial yy S Fl Ua pind YEAh Byall ol Sad) pial! pool oe GOR Gees Geel) Saal pila OS All ltl Gob vor Bagaod Gh Soll USGUI lL Sul sre se woe GI SL Saal} Boal Sly Saal) SET GS Al Leal Uacdull Gobi! . Liat sue Sheet cra play cpa iSIl 2 jg on Rela pd Saal col Sat » Egan sn By gallagll Gaal OF H2 IDS oLeall Lae) Golas YI = quolual) Juadt YI yalea¥l wo Liye Golan S UGH Gus All clined -10- 1-8-5 2-B-5 9-5 1-9-5 2-9-5 3-9-5 49-5 5-9-5 10-5 4-10-5 210-5 3-10-5212... 225 226. 226 228 ..... 231 231 232... 248 250 253. 265 necro 269 274 275 277 282... 287 287. 288. vowenin Eig QSL pasts Lan) pales Ususuill obivall Lae) GoLaY) Geddy yA! Ghat ~USSL VI Lind! (als SU Ga dill Gy9 GAY Goliad wa) Galea I ua ~ G2) Jobat GILES y055-5 lst uo Al Tea! Galea SU Glial eb soon Yigal Galan) MELB TheS y1G Ce goal Melis Taal Le peal oMels TAS GeeY! Label Jelis on log Ledalotly Uselill olicall . Boaaill clasaall Quukas Las yall we clastall ow Wikis lata O29 Gob o gdlell LLG g ANI guluall acl! ay nll Liab I oI AGS pga pesocall till ae Sal - abs yl S33 lysine Basal ipo Tub -li- 2-7 3-7 1-3-7 2-3-7289 .... 22 QV) eS All ula Lendl lyst) 3-3-7 P95 nse GLa sag) 4-3-7 301 cons ARM iL SAM 5-3-7 302 .. ve Gall etal) 6-3-7 306... Syl olase JS 4-7 307 .. Ls y ll aS 3 5-7 B09 anon sll aie gh sill LL 6-7 309 CUS ll ee Td 310 obs I Ly Yoda! 8-7 338... son gout B39 ese coon Lag gill (yen) — Gall Jacl 344... op 18 342 » Lines Aull selyill 2-8 345 350 . ae call selyall 38 olaatt galas) 48 Quy sill Vals! 58 375. oe CALAFIA = awl Jacl 377 Laake 380 o Meola y SLU tle Sil bul 19 BBB snnninnnnnnnnmannnn oe Slay! JeLis 2-9 403 3 39 408 vn Aa SY pal Sy pans 49 408 oly SY! pul 5-9 413 Ly SaYl pais 1-5-9 414 . gateall 2-5-9 -12-Jos Jaa shoe SL goth4Ghall eli ged 1-1 HAL CUS Rw WhaSl otall ) Ghall La Sil ale Gog eLueSI ollS J] La] ob gS oda Guu sls (Ih Lobel) GUGSU UL! LL, ULI GQ phil a Gale Gb Ayysey paid ESL B crake Bb GL SY! Ge AAS cg hall chal) J] ULal Lgl) cad anady aLANl Go SII Dhey yor Sg caasliny yl Joe geass spall pang G Baga gll LSU cya ASI) Gold Ugdashd Say ill Gb GBRn ShowedS Uy Gell Ge Goill Solos Gila! cL SI pe Uf pad SUES gba GS AIH bya thal GS All Lachey gles Ly acas Ralygall GIL, Glade JI GAally Ralall Lobel! cee Sl pansy Lala get hal ULI GSTS Hy islstl Gola cay Ha Gola A pany age pall gly pole) asad Eadza gl ua OSL ely Ssy ne all eS y Gopal! savy Gopal Whall LaSll, yall yore Stil Gly Algal Glos) all Jats oopeld Label! cgSll aes wy thas SGA rea ILS, QyadeDU ULodl really Lyatall BSLyall Lay AB Stetally SWIM clay Gl (SIS LABS SLES I ce aly fell ne aglally LuGYly Goylly GLI Leline G plall Iba galas sliaY! aled dalall eat) 2-1 OUI Darate Yashsy Glioy Blot JOS Luby eLoal ale paid UAL, LEG 5) day oll GLAGY! J] UHLGAT cathy lh ge atl Lyall wlS3 rolyadl ple ie HBS choles sl ol Sue) gysd J] plu a gs ley Fateaill ploy Lag sist ples Gol ploy Bh sil ploy Lil ples Pla) ple ¢yod sol Gael gh d pid 25 Dbl Lgl gf LS Qk! US) Gilby, Gall ab Lalas -15-BLES Ge MSS) Lajalyay YI ganas Lact alll Ge Lae ple say O) seats GLE Gstls bad shy Le pb she Ge gh OSI gpa Jay ala Dowly ole 5b5 Cond wie Gadi Gall oo yl ge UL gloel GLAS! BSN Wht Gy ll a5 Blotl opt 365 seals Coby Stl oat eel! ge GIS Ge LAS Bal gt Je GIB S pte Gute Quill GUS Jy De VI wig gil oa cad Aral oUISU Ablassit past! 3-1 + Glatt eloasil BLAS y Sloot! rLuas pe Wholly ae lly Tad yas oy pte Cull gy dll Say Gee Goyal phe Ga egllagie Sty GLA thas WS All J} wleals eos Ob egal lS GB ALall BSH Ye 85 gellly 1828 Lie py gel Glan edad Ge laos (Baby GUUS Lye taal, biG ied Llp all ghll potde J] oobi! ope aygary Saal 5085 Ye LUG GUI ge J Goldie olay SiY ae Ged Gl agpalbenn Ylbal aby Ih Burlay Coasll Lola Ly Si olay oes gill ep ghy Ly sill obisy tb Basky Gy si Phas! aS it pSUN AAS) Gaulay TUG Wagar Syouy obs yall Gy 8) olinall ela OME oy DIL gas Yl ool WU Usliall LIL Gs Aukb I lal, 2 UMGM tual etl p Badae ob gine Go LUSU piles elit Ube Say ASustl ottujel GSU poll 1 (Esha!) GdLdly Final! Gall atysall — stall 3 Sasa gtl poliall gee JSG : USL pall ottyj al Gy poliall -1 -16-G2 JIS Ga JS Sate Sem atl HLS OS 5 GB NL yy FUL Q Bopastl palisll 52 % 96 cas tilly nasotiolls em Ss¥ly F030 car pSMly asuati sally stills ppp nallSll ge JS Led As Lay Thad Shas lias Gail oda Ge %1 ssKIly pyrseally wool tay SEY assay hy SEY Gulailly pypeasilly opal pabie Ge bee sprtibadly eer slly sslilly DNkaally 5pisall Labo! olsellG © ELH BIE Go Leas pes OSS % 25-8 Ayysdall lyll -1 % 5-2 Tyadall pe styl -2 .% 90-70 ell -3 SUSU GuSy Laub Giy Lobes Landy Lyne Gedy Ge WII als, sSNA AG Ze pay YL los Oy 165 QU oe Laill Lyk Votes + Jada LEB Guy! Lydall oly LD solu 5 ISI 1 yas obs yal — sla pyle wcligaiadll — a sab yarstll- Asilio! classi! Jesu y hiya 4-1 Mealy Gall WU ihe! iS Lads Oslo! eugS ple Gandy phagStly sa ple Ga YS Sled! Sp GS jeaty Lyle jg oaed yall Hoe dll Phe Saye pple ces TEDL oda Al yey wall pales olyeilly dandy agudall all pley Ustall «17fas Gib Yo aici Ue cheleid! Jf Uiloll sit ple pads Mingle HIS y yeatl GUT g yhy Leal glad Giaad + Aula oghul 1-4-9 Gals Gadtny : Descriptive Biochemistry Gite gl! GLa) Lust 1 bas GW aS dies Mel Lala, 4254 : Dynamic Biochenistry USsatyull Gotat! aS 2 Gall Gh! Jal 3g Saas (ai) LHL! 1 ggal hist p93 2-4-1 Qohas Uslill KLM slits Labs Gane : GLU AGL) cas - 1 TA otielly OL Se SI gyially yy nail Sil Lleas ou UE 3 Sass ool ba ego) alelSY lis gains: 1 AGlgoll Lilia! Liesl - 2 Os gil eG Sas5 SI Toba oWeLED! HAS, Tslp poll Gy Lat Lays de Way Qogell Sokal eg aa: Laygetl Glia elicit -3 Bye BS ge FLY) Ss 25g deals! LYE o15 hy ll oLBtSt! Apts elgad Sad All Sha SMe oUt dg SLO 6 ytall Tee GSS ey Gund SU iy ybll Gee oly JL Lo Gill BLAS Ge yaad Ghai sail Qf Lal olay pill Hass SL ast so yaSil Els] ye | otal) Jats + GG LGLa elias - 4 LIU JI Hogae alg shy GUI ola Gobel JISEY! Gis ons alyil -18-+ gptall oll HSI Zea 3-4-1 Zags pull Sohal elas we Esha opi: Jatsy TEL all La Si aa abst pall Jy sLsubll ULI G UiSy yd st t plsaSH! ale g Ailaalt elrasil 5-1 SS yal WLS Gali dala J] 665 LS Ube) ees Gags Stik hse SEY GSAT YW Gad oll Melly Lua, Gye ol gebas ll Baytall Ey dlly yy Say all Baal polyill Ge Lal ple cpball 1g Spach Zenes til Sl cd sAll BG be py yd Gree TAU Cpa t ll Ge spall elif SUS Geb JI esblly Gus Ally Whsuill Yilie Lobos Gas obs Buse Bae ibs ell Lalu eda tub Guus WIG Sas il isha 2) Seach J} GIG Bais clebay shally Ye Badal Wsheall abyjall dues Beals ill poly¥! MAA OY yal She ESLa Gaal old Gyde alS po dla JEL! aus yey gett Gilly Saal 585 Fai GS SM SY, cist call caged ll Upbe Jy reabSlly ell Sole Jastny gill aye puully Gguall Jas pac Le Sipbatuay Gilly Labs Glal Glas dus Gelioy Gis Lanal Ui! caadly WIS fin Lage ceed YSlEEay LL y ISI alan LT Jeeasl Aalsuill AAV oly Ray gaalall aang MiSs Doha cpa WIS teas gydly GeHaby Lge Sot Slats ota! Lal bse JE Ye GhYgey Glave) 55) 59 Lang i tue el ob yilly engl callSall aay Ugh Hate pase phary Lamoall =19-Aaya pull Gobo elas 6-1 2 4a ,GSM Yall g toto! Flas yga1- 6-1 Fg SSL) Jules Giz gb Yul aS all Gun! RSet begs abl Lott ye Sactall SSH Qubaall Gob cabs Se deal ae Gast! Glenys Gad GS) por rall pall G Le Lisl «dy ley jue de ike Gla slee as Slash 5 Sl aay = | Anuod oleglall oda ye Jyuaall jyiday gill cil! SUS diye Soe WIS Joly -¢ elise ony Leiewe Eyl Gils olirolyll olga gtliill ela Ye Upamally gh balls 2S8E Day GA My cpabll Ge JOA Gall Ley! 3.54 cA) BASSI Gola ebay wdzol Oulay UL giy bubs all Wis yo pall WW olla! ge GGY! gaat Ales bbss ail Ga blly Yar ge soz Gill aay gy -1 Hyglbll GSAUl oladalll o ANG pay gall yyall- © (eeGall aut - 4 1 Ay ,Gtl Jullaat 2-6-1 Tenclly Jol Gaby pall ote Yo Gast Gola! JUL el abbas os a5 ehaY SUM yay J fakes Ul g SMI ipa! LI RL ye gos LM : + Gatté ThaSil oLLEAy! sgSigall geLSall plat 1 assall Stall =wie gS obi - © aplll 3 Gols Bhool 4 weld) lise - 5 (Hy!) LSU) B55) - 6 Pe ASU Sey GT Y] Ethe SII le aH olay Yot Lay alba Gul ans (Se All Gob 86 JSS aS ol aay ll SL Gan LST Gohse GES Ge pec! a) lly Leute Jolatll Yates olin) Qa ae ais Ab ME LY ces Gen gd EN! as ane py gill oballi yy Ftd! youd ctu 3-6-1 yoy ile Gad ats SLM Gas Ul ga Catt olka LAT sug pall oe de uaies 5 SSM andl gu By Sing Bede Byyuery Gass S cat Waal Gb 1 esha) AV qdsy Lay cual Ulafy Look sll olajtiudl quae UG 2 sodaalt Rael baal! pas - call Gayy 9 ydag ell O55 BI penS Mh p55 sie Dols Ls SLA hss WI Lasse (1-3 SU) Gh gS GL cod cra y Hill peg AU ESeS B5a8 JUL, ell ota god GILL ob yl Qt GL LS all case GsSy all Gell Jum Updo alse Gul. bya ge cele) LS Gay Ye 0H! ave Gauss ase gt IL, obyt Wala Al 9 gS Y LS yall fia BSI LL SeST a uall GH Gage! Gaal Ore (1-3) goa Sas All a Se Lad cola yobs YEE g Linas sosell dpe UGB Sy Ugdiad 4 y Cadell os gine 9.9 Zl otal OSS -41-NZ ; i | H ——~9-----H——— 00 ‘ (2-3) jens Dissociation of Water ell ois Las Ge WS qudtny dag Depeis Leja ell Lazo ois gl ose thy be Bigg Ud il gSll ano gill H* + OH HOH pasts Gols pany Le BS neu s¥l es Gris all Yad pa See (1.8 x 10'S) 4 Tap 3 pie Keq Il tag G85 «@ 25 Syb= Ue 5s 3 (H, O°) Equilibrium constants SIS Sohgs 923 2B Vy phe olasl old ela ye waatl dba gh Gy pall Ge de pull GY ine te pull Wea 3S GL pid aL I] aed Jp dels ge Ny oggaSall oleh GbE te pull balls ce glad poled! olos¥l Lill! gi Skx4 (Keg) “equilibrium constant” g3L)all ay Taady pay: Gol the fis Lacks juice I be GAT -42-ky, HA H+A ky DHA 58.5 ge bot uli Gul) de Vfa (HA) rgl Vf=K, (HA) Joes culls (ous (proportionnality constant) geet gL = Ki gus Bale Se SQ cemelily VeSY Gy! GG te pa Jane cul ody Le pall staly gill J} tegi ye Bade SSIS ge GLIIL, AH ty AT 5.5.5 gs ult Vr Gus de pall PHT y AG US 5SIA (gl) Shu Vv, a([H*] 4 V,a@[A] V, a (H*)(A’) V, =K-1 H(A) ’ Ticlas J} so (Ht) Gelaad 1) QS) D5 dep Je cu Kl tue Gels aie LY Vr de pall Gawd Ye Uysoall Jl afi (A) Uiclae ulliSy Vr 2 OAH pid oe Nr ad (AD 9 CH") oe US v=, K, (HA) = K,, (HY) (A) gt = A) 1 K,= HA) J K Keg y dyads GG Youd ZO dad oly at _ a 0a) Keq = GHA) -43-canis Gael! ASG cud Ge le Keg of alll Ul a x, Ka- A+B— 2C Ky Jalil) G45 Leste y VE = K, (A) @) 1 Vr = K, () (C,) =K, (cy (ce J Keq = ———- “1 = ay @) Gell AUR OG Se sue Ye sale Keq abut ol, SSI af (activities) GstbLts Jy ls au Y Joli] ab ySs 52515 oly DSA ct] OLS+ LLaall Of glee] gt ua Aly Raley ES5u 4} La patil Gelb y Galt ob SU GAY LSU Yataall Ups Loe pill ade oly Gost! Tahal LAS oLuhall 3 padiad lly SalSaii sclgilly yolaay) 2-3 dao Ube GA a GIS LS Lay ad selgilly pales clas Lae pia geiall o5gll of Eka OLS Ge yaa gl dye Talal oly pall Ys selyiy oleaal ga dasll LLU By! Lat pall olty5 all UMS, ebly! -Osldl Ye Rail dep Jace Tyre 3 Lage Galye oltadall oda Yo Gib gS obo) pis sls yal ULauly (conformation) zhi) 5 All is dey sf ode bel pay GAT tes ae Shuai otal! op dead gill olaLe sly, WSSU b Unchedl Laitil, Gio! Gk) Gubil ullisy dpiiall -44-Bronsted Concept a gpa ages get Latall Toho! slags 9 sell) GalaY! LLL Baill Lay ball Of AE lll ya Bselilly gis) gs Ble Ge Tyre ga oll paola! ya) deed ge Gaal judy Leta addy UP preilll ba ayes ob Syl Salil! Baclilly JooV! Rabat ye Gully a ecdyyy Belk oy SF SS ll Fe GIS Sgygll LES al UG UUAIAL TscLall — Gill WasLotl — cybe US pbb 1 AT asad oy Gdale Gy Gy ll pub, ABIL U Buel — BALM Yall ge gla gy gil Zuclill 4) Waal gb ifs std yyy HA + Rr A + HB ASibe Gaul Gils Buel Tile Bac Gils Vala US] shad A olat) Wats) Q Got ay Lal! AST aad yy aa Bye Lode Gael ha oS AUS eA! Gaels Ste yey all paso! Se bSy GHaally (SSSI) Lal Owl) Gael cay Gils Ua Lactic acid Lactate +H" tOgig Al Gd Tes Gros lull ayy lua pie GasLatLi Uf Si GI gebinw Gaale Ge ULes (NHZ pol ode) pred! uli baale Lad eb nSll Gaalay chy sya ugll dale LA AH") hy iy sit Lis glesity Las obys gl Bacli Lf Lagi HPOP ly H2 PO, Hh ge JS oI 9] tse ed pop ILI Og FSI any gh paul QO USlin gi Ue yeall Bad yo dS sayy Leaala Bypduall Guill. Keq 1) Lidl this ean ye Gall YAslall 353 yyeed CSay Ng gS bate UF Ges Late pay YLalby Guin ethey 225 Gil Aaledl GsS filly LATS GS Gots d] SEY OY JMLG Eyes Keg dy le Giy PK I Gieey Keg il Se etl Syy bys -45-= 1 PK = log Keg BS PK I pused ipice Keq J gS) Laid UNS] he Lady all hoy SI) dale Ta uall poled gay = Gtill Jel gay ALG oy tell H,CO,===== H* + HCO} co, + ho (sll SU AIL By IS CO2 er 3h Ota J H2CO3 ys) tea BCOr ge Least 3h Ubay CO gS Steel oll ge QL coe ASAIN 3 Syo3 casey SU yy obi gS dA gl Ly ogcloell abl sats JL y H2CO3 J Las 3 s4b5 J] oS sage CO2 I 545 saad 5bsll 2 HY) les 3 Bal jyy ca plo U} ott H*) (HCO. Keq = (H*) (HCO;) H, CO, +C0,) Bda5 1 CO? SH os 1/200 Ge Jit ESSuat pe Ylaill H2CO3 JI ies gf Hany Gade Gaels Git CO2 JI J} obty ol tule GL Gay qolatl Ge 2 GN LS Qobtl pou H*) (HCO,) Keq = £8) C05) (CO,) Buffer solutions (Us jfall) Aaa) Yalta 3-3 GLY whe aa grand and pA SII pyLiy goill ootl ga lst platt Bac ye g) aL Lal ee Gps Gaube Ge bySyy dacLill a) Gaal phos bee SUS pyr yeall Oy cL aale We dpa dul sal ae Gd BES hs Lye B pypryrall by Sarg cL yl! Gata of LS Lake wgal ik, Vylas -46-PBL Solo ces saagll GAM Gt tlLela — Gye tia Wala Ge tad SSH I cl SeS5 oy Dell GUY pKa JI Go Ley! cpbele Ye sciay t gdalall (salt) pH + pka + log Tecid) Sg 1s By pall gee CIUA Jels Gg SE SU Ge Gl 5S8 Yall of BES 545 ga GUL tl acl 555 J Glow Jl gop Ht! L335 oy US Sih Wakes ub Salely DILall oda ge peed Say GLU WoeLads + DO ASA GS Gude conjugate acid ~———= conjugate base + H* Gils jul Wile tae _ (H*) (conjugate base) Keq = ~~ conjugate acid) 2 he Geass Uslall aulbss Bulef y 1 1 (conjugate base) I = —_— —S 08 (H*) log keq + log (conjugate acid) 5 Lbs pH = log ost bess (H*) -. 1 pk” = log tea ’ date Wall quiet (conjugate base) HH = pk + P p B+ (conjugate acid) -47-dans GaSy wis slall ga 1-3-3 pla rads pl aby Gye bats 5h SU ga ge a ysl Uo es ohe ol HY SS 3 pial oleSSl GiLs} shad - faa syagll wl DSI LAGS! p slid SB aygany cul puss jit ol fe Bio sel as slallé 1a) OH” A sl aJglall GOH sJHt 1 G4 pico SlaS GL] we Baclilly gill Gaal La yale Ye Gy pall sys slull BLS sy tas (GILL Sactill) pales Gud pdale Yo isgoy dal! es ulall Sly GLU sey (SLU jdalatl) Upatey Lid BrelG Ye srel il es stall op ytory AVL BSI cl AR La shin QSay LHELU Suctilly GHAI alot ool yee Aba publ QP OH y Ht Lal by oVI palatal Uauly Lise cua sve! TBALU Such ao Loja Lelie rps tall Jylatl YP HU) aby) GLa] sie, ah GLal sey Ht 0 obi Gaus JIS I gibt GaaLed! gS) Saye yl! ALL gS Sayaighl GILM Goabatl ge Lege elit ways shall Yolo JL OH © O gtassouid! GMb ty OH tt obit be Uday JET IY GLU BacLall, SUG g 9% pL Of Ma gay Ht y OH aby) GLa} wie Ball GUL ag slo dyes Yad ange ¥ a TL 3 Le fag, 2 Madge gulall 8g5 Ye pial GaS seisd (H) (HA) Ghee 3 isso stl Gall 9 tl of Bad gyn pints Gist wey Sle yigs (HA+A*) oft 1 OHI Lal sie fae SG 9S pKa! Bola pia ole ge ell Gaal a OIy.7 glass sausll 2! aie fue bat Ml ake Gols gbae pda soa HUT heey tell ll wie Looe TSN oe bod 4d pKa 59% Gunes Las tate faut 7 ie youll -48-Gilibuls — gps Uses qadle 2-3-3 Henderson - Hasselbalch Equation sky 8 ll GM! GUL OSes hued Gaal Ge Gy Uylaall esse ly wisdll VAelall Ka 1 ) J ised Bali Ge GSU Jyload poH ly Grewal! duel) Kb _ (1) (A) Ka = THA -1 te Janos Ustall aalits sule] aes (H*) = Ka HAD (ay 2 asad MSY phy Eg) BAT ey log (H*) = log Ka + log 44) ro7 Tog atta Ops atey HA) log (H*) = log Ka + log 24). 8 a Ka + log pH = pKa - Jog HA) (A) = 0M‘) (OH) k= (MOH) (OH) = k» MOB) (M") -49-(MOH) log (OH’) = log kb + log (M*) log (OH) = logkb - log MOH) (M*) pOH < pkb - log “— pOH = pkb + log i) (MOH) _ (R—NH3) (OH) ~~. (R=NH,) (R-NH,) (OH) = kb ——— (R-NH!) (R—NH,) - log (OH") = log kb - log ——— (R—NH}) (R-NH3) OH = pkb + lo; P p 8 RON 1O}b Rylade GAL Saelitly GILM Ldalal 5813 GG Leute ot bodhy pH = pKa poH = pKb ’ + ge leatey Kb y Ka uball ge GMI Gab Hades Ynys (A) = (HA) (H*) = Ka -50-+ OS beats (R—NH,) = (R-NH,) (OH) = Kb sing GN Jyloal) gua ssa VG GyLul oY 3 ele Ge Guay Bactill dua Ye pha sougll Tl aSans Ge S A Ge Jue Ae yg HA Je sGalyl GAalatt Y] Galt PH Change in buffer eo shall Y og gall Goh p55 3-3-3 IHS Baad cul Gio y sia Gul fo BUA Gile By say ees hall Joa tiny ses glall B35 Gh ag gall Ga HO catig t Gasiuy sl ays ill Jeliall gyms fy es all 58.5 Bab5y shes Ge cyst sl cal ne sstut ol Je BLiat! SF! Of dua Laud Spe eg she Slaatad Laatly Fy sey Gall ad Gad a gt GU Lo VI aH Ul Lalu gues Lay LSI ood LILI st gail ole G5 J) eee By peey gus sscaell Goll pbs gl lla, WLS 29! of SSA GUST php Gus lhl pa baw gl UIE I) Jeli Gis lis assed GAM S38 dea ys shall AaB Loy VI gill typed lua Upon Guay Soe ly Buffer Capacity eg ylall Laws Gates bas ees Nall Tesuy giao sraaedl oD yh LagLal es hall 65 dl 2 SR shy ees slall Taw days Sars ott BD Gas 1p Gud Uylbll OW IH* I ge AUL SY yt sre - 1 +h peyote SNH Ge Tyee Gu HLS] he Sass sill pues tug Gal J gaa! -2 (2 J Jas Jia) OHI -51-be Jonas Gtbbala Gye aha Wales Jlatiulyy Uaid ot AD pH = pka + log an = pka + Log (A’) - Log (HA) = pka + Log (A‘) — Log {(C) - (A)} _ In(A) _ Inf()-(A}] = pka + 23 23 ees ahall ab gSh YS 5S A= C (HA) + (A) = (A) Jt Gath, Laat SeHo owt, d(A) -2.3(A) 2.3 (C)-(A)] (c) 2.3 (A) (C)-(A)] (50d WLAN HY A ye Uys JS SYA (OH) gid (H*) St Unis ga d (A) A I ge dye GS ULall OH Uys Sy Av Jlaul J} 2 lilly Gdayaall aie y a(H*) _ 40H) dpH dpH _ 2 (ANTO-AI _ yg _——~Oo -52-= 231(A) (HAY (A) + (HA) 2 ily Kad puatll Ge pS Vasyl UL. By = 2.3ka (H*) (© [ka + (H*)?) 3 0.575 (C) reall) cae ssae!l Ose) S53 = CH") tym ell ys Je 0.25 oh sass ecgulall 52S 5 Suby ate sloje B ot bade Ligh badass stall ge O01 ge Qasil pine yscugll Gell J all pyle + GgSy Leste pabiall le 9 Os A gh (LALLY Graal gl olasdl Daal) (HA) = (A) Ka=(H*) Jt 2G gSy Laake Loall Ga say panel pial Gull oF ol pKa=pH Ka=(H*) oy Ge Lat 23 (HY (C)/2(HtY = B 2.3 (HY? (C)/4 (Ht? = 0,575 (C)=B J get Gadi Gaaly TAY Quill pinks Joy EBLE oP oy bis, goth es shall Taal Jaalh Gy yalih LY secs shall JLOH™ gIH* Gal UL. 3 tenis el US Jal Ge ees ull Ge daly AL) Gila] coy galt JI oye ase FY Jp ais} aay SUI HY A oye sae ellisy daly Tega ghey aay! Bsaly Gase cua soagll sil Babs Jal Ge rs stall Ge sols -53-OH Si aby as gl Jol g+ WShall GLAS eLeLisll g! badby eT Slanted oly Ht ge OG gf allyius Byae Sela Ilys dba aay Be es hall ye SEN Gadd ad Jel JS He yang! ab yl Oe Alll/o¥ SU AWN /OH? 3) oi gl Ge OV ys GLA! Acetate Buffer IAI Fs ja OL yo Giles GaalaS (HOAC) Oaltl pé chit jaala Yo KU essla ge gioe Sptle By yeas apd ss Su 5 pSVly Talis Brel ES (OAC) DLA ob yl, I) sKOH ! ps HOAE ge t5a fold Uaulys gf KOA. NaCAc Uaalys .NaOH lube lia HOAC fis izetll Gaalatl Yo sgtos gil lyin! pid Uday shied Buy WS) Gay Gee LEY ORE. hg 2 entt (HOAc) . O28 oS SU B55 Gay oda BLM GLI ge ooh gl g aL (H*) (OAc) (HOAc) Ht Jt otgl pe Jeli gla lt J] OH otiyt GLa! aie SG (Hj) ctl 6353! Baye gt! OH + Ht = HO +1 Les oA JOILy JL G Gy att g Ubbwat (H") ig Ole il Sasy -OSLU) Gy 58 iaky HOAC y. 4S Ht + OAc -2 HOAc mh stiged GIS Gna y 5 (2 gh DEL p goose lis) US Gali HO I oy6b IAI opetal BALL Gaatall JJ Bethe Lypsey canal oi OH -54-+ AST LS GSI (OAC) Gil» Bsc ge OH’ + HOAc H,O+0Ac™ dy HY) obi) GLa sab Toll Guithy JOIL oNeliill ada Sua3, 2b HOAc gS BGI SI Gday ge (OAC) GULN sack Joly gill oat ue Ht + OAc HOAc Bygeay JUL Y BAGH I OH ob yl Gl Ge Sul) Sab jaotl he Gite By peoy BS iy Y ghey gaagll ol Of gl esis lull Ualyy LALS LOH" 1) H*) Ghat Aan gf gauudl SBN) Gulla 4-3-3 TADALI Uudily Sey QIAN Ged Gtass GAG May Llslall puna iba se pall hp souaell AW) Sad Gy Bl ada OLS pe YEA J] Lol! aus TAS -7.35 agsm gaud Ga Gin ol TA lls Uaaallyy pal daa yall Gal obs ye Sule pura! Biley + Jad NaHCO, HCO} oy wt HPO? HPO, clin gill take sS /olise sll /Lo5 I! SUS - € Na Hb, HHD, (Hb) cay sli paagll 3 Lay pe DY oldie otis) ob ob KSI gd £93 BpoW G] tus vebaall GLB sayy GLa pill pling dry sle yp aol 2 GLb Jobadl 9 LAST ob yyally laa silly oy Saal GL LS alae H, CO, (ise) H, PO, vaula Plasla protein a5 Mall Sy HCO, (Sse) HPO, 3aels Plasma protein U5 eye ~55-ge teil Ey Soll LAU IU ge cae spac! pall WILE Qos «RAMS Rael pags aby oe cea pasta hemoglobin pasls oxyhemoglobin. 3acG hemoglobin sse4 oxyhemoglobin Bolld Buffers pall obit HCO; / CO? alls Salad oho SIS) dale Gulls pall G ogtsle pals wal plill Ika pt ae Osi gall SS Ka, = 1.38x 10% H,CO. CO, H’ + HCO, pKa, =3.8 pKa, = 10.25|| Ka, = 5.6x 10"! 2 H* +cQ 9 C02 JS day pa gby pall J IL GAL! paulo pleas ol 5 GU 4a. 3 CO2 I ge Ibs UL J SS HU CO? gly H2 COs Co, co +H K Ka, Keq, K CO, + HOS = = HCO, ee HY + HCO" + (Hatt) CO, I (5till) CO;ce SSL! al (CO,) atl = K (PCO) -56-ol gedell bisa ge Bele Syynoy cubits ISM CO? II 5855 of dun 90.15 BS yV Sy illy she 37 Slat Lays eid yg L Cay 3 CO? OSbp SI ul Gf -Gubs pe Uy Ge yay PCO2 SI gS) Lae B11 x 105 =k 5X10? ps gly itl Jelaald CO, +H,0. H,CO, (H,CO,) keq, = 2 “at {CO;} Siu = 5x 10% 1 Ubalys eudye HY HCO", 9 CO, I cas GSI gals eat go Nl (H*) (HCO,) (CO,) kal = = keq, x ka, (5x 107) (1.58x 104) = 7.9x 107 pKa-=6.1 gy US GLI ULES gsary H*) (HCO; ka’ = _ LH) COs) =7.9 x 107 (3.01 x 10°) Pco, (HCO:) Faso ol gl dy IH = 6.1 + Log p ® O,) (HCO;) H = 6.1 + Log ————>_—_ P ® ix 10%) Pco, HOC, G2 Gye assed (Say SU gy WSaall eye slad Taal! GALE! quand (Gi Goat) GIN CO, ly (GALLI Sue!) -57-MM CO, th 585 Ol tye 7.4 tad ge pall 9 oe gruel! VI Bil, Thalys Ws sill CO) HI Bubdey SyS Ye bib, H* + HCO; —— H,0 + CO; Gis Luss pip SAU Jel es slalls USallyy GSto Uae ys a yh GEL Bac Qe HY Wt Jeli, Leste slog GaLM Udell 5 25 Be ety sell peal GSLs Lagll LULU hgh Ga oly ISall p35 (H2 eh gp SH Geely (CO2) SoS! tee Sy) GW cyl pb Gy Ge OB Cre saad — oSYy Guslé geugll oeLESy (HCO3) ob 1S, CO3) May El cds Qaittll J boy SI Gad 55.5 b Sally bat pall LIS sabi ys Sd ALL Ygloall UsLall obs (PH 7.4) pall gue goanell GSU Qutall DESH AU Y Se Ye 27 obs, Soll ASH Oo! See) yo LS OIG pall g (AML g BIS he 1.35 ebay ISI Gaal (HCO,) WO) 27 135 14 = 6.1 + log = 6.1 + log = 6.1 + log 2 Electrolytes (Gti 9 ASIYI) ajlgtll 4-3 Sans (Gas!) le Sots (GISIS) Sages Set J} SEG All byl pay Ul alySe ae ploUY! duly Lo5e Quaes gs lS ge oti) ola aie ap Gt Ja YL Gy AWG yd a SY aSlly SL St pansy (alkali {yl ol CLI Gyi5 Laskey .non- electrolytes ab, ASISU! PAS 3, yeep KGS LARLin DaSI Ary olll 3 (All... Li, Na, K ) fle metals) eLally Gogh! Ose de plo! Gibsal wuss Lai» UZ2SLS GS bales -58-fy GL) Ge Obi oda Go Ubly Seay Ge gall Tol yall Laks! gy LIS By yucrny SSI MIS By yeoy 4SSH pad yd seall OSSY Gla Lydall Gaba! coud Lal SSIs ga Baga Teosyy Jeli G9 gill GyBVG Ll Q Uyeldl we Lad PSN pe Gaala! Ga ySd CH, - CHOH - COONa ——> Nat + CH, - CHOH - COO" fsyeall culsy SSSI Sas CH, - CHOH - COO" + Ht: CH, - CHOH - COOH SES Oe! ABS IUI paala Je eU ydk Like TIS Fy yeey HES Y I GALAM Ga al wliay Say Mad aby) Ga FAST GT ogtl ASU Ae OSU ogy o5l Le gS wcll! 2uS3UI Spot J] US5a ebSS UI dale CH, CHOH - COORS=—=—=—=> Higa oa AIL peed YEP LS ll 0g (pt 5el ASH aay de AUN 53d Leste WLS Syne AEE Y all Waleed! Ge ual ella Sa ag ati pl Ga OEST gloat aot OSM ow Le yung dy be Gay HUly Lud xcs 3UI Gyal U] Us5— hss SUI yal CH, - CHOH - COO" + Ht CH, CHOH - COOH: CH, - CHOH COO" + Ht Hipeall BI FING aed YEH OLS Al agli AGRI ay Tandy Tiga) oy AI Lay LEV RSLS GB ld US anya + WOU y 31a] Usk (HA) AM doae sel etl SESE Dy cet Lat ah GS Alta plas ol Up oly Tile 9 35,801 ge Yay Wail Jeti dale ua iny Keq = -59-UG a tad GAB Ghly SAY vas God BLAb Gul ols obs tl as sali! OSU ey Shy keq y 35 AMl Ge 9 COs Mp fe Leaps iogtty peel) le G Lead Moby oa SGI oda pyiby SO, 4 HPO, y HCO) Jie ULI! ob yl, Nake Gay Goad! Wks, Wad Uatall Loar! ol Sill Geil Ssh! ai case Mgt? ly Cat? y Ht iS 5 ge Lucey Naty Ke 52853 2 uh Guilt Jo LS lil ode Gali ibs yr Jone Kal 5255 of Sa GBs AUIS iy way e5M banal U316 g UL pals ode oly SII eelpaadl pall GIES Ge Le Ualiy pull L059 pyusgsmoll weg LS ball OB grasa soll Ge olsen y yaa GLa D gaaball oul ary Cilia! gf US Sal Gop Ge TQS Le yl, Glu gy eal ball ok possaall 583 9 Bab 3! J] bags Ul ga BS GAAS Q BLud cpeny gyal Jaks bey LGU YS Labely coauol cose Dd pret all pad sles Loy, LS Sault Sagudy SLA Vly Zyl ula G vluasly Gigs Zsladl Jal fe ged BN RL Gobtlly ya tll JON GD pee eB yall pd Us reply all J tasey plball J Gauss Byer do gad pseallSll LD pratt posal Lane wad yi Linde OS Lake YURI YUE andy Lidiy Lad 22 JUS U SLGy Gb Gall g4 IL GyG yall pill! red ple Gy GShall Lai Gg Uslinks, Lebo. i! Coll Ls 1 + HEU agll ye gales Las - gadell = ADD sha - gp Seaatl seal Gaal! sue oyu) GE Lyall LS 2 woul 3 - Biochemical calculations, 2nd edition. Irwin H. Segal, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 4 - Biochemistry, Geoffrey Zubay, Macmillan Publishing Company, Second edition, 1988. -60-f 5 Sls Loa | aalsa ogogg Gaya 1-4 ge “Lipids” stiiaall caso! 1943 ale Q "Bloor" jy9b Lal gibi Sy GUD Shy Je WAST psy GUS Ugate lye gay ysilly pyr atll asst Aly A he Gye GLA G 9S ules ne Yuele Lolo, phe Jaity Gilad LpaSlly Sat wos webs etsy oda Sard Sy ABEL pyetlly Ashe otly SL ayo! Gaull Je alll alia) SY yaSlly LALA GE guy Ghyll fia Yo ball hill sy) Lays ohh 9 BGs Gall SI Gus GQ Laas AAS sudalh lie y gly Galas Ste Ealysoll salad J Wiss (GLI pean qetoall Sbeadl Ge pall Sed) Sy THUG pucall Sagads LSI ode asity pall bis ye pit 9 Uys bys Cally cet SLi ny nl Sluly aS deadly Garg Gaad be SLAs Ghee! Gan g Lass cylntll shesy OG aby ASU WE SU ySaS Jaady oly si! ded olbh tins Jarty GC - (CH,), - COOH (Cis) ctuly¥f yaaa, WY Gaal Oleic Eliadic Erucic acid cw g,Y! posta -2 22:1) a8 peed D nee 8G Uy coil oto ous Oto CH, - (CH,), - CH = CH - (CH,),, - COOH 2 Oxia gaStl ond poll old Casal! yolea YI Linoleic acid suka gall! (aslo - 1 CH, - (CH,), - CH= CH - CH - CH, - CH = CH - (CH,), - COOH (18 : 2) Cis a9, A!? HC—{CH,),—COOH HC—CH,—CH cH, 4ciy,—La “ORM yds GUSH sgh B sony -73-2 da gaye poly) SOU O13 Aaa! Yalan yl Linolenic acid chal guilt yaalo - 1 CH,—CH,—CH=CH—-CH, —CH=CH—CH,~-CH=CH—{CH,),—COOH 18:3Cis-A?, Al2, als HEE BS agage ubed (as Gale yay GSI 54 O25 d oy te tl sill Gala ce Laks aly Gh gaia YAS Al UF all otal Eleo - stearic dala -2 CH,—{CH,)y—CH = CH—CH = CH—CH = CH—{CH,),—COOH Aalad Ls phary Glu baa g tay est Lae tll Gales! Ge yay Essential Fatty acids Auulu yl dss yolaa i 6- 3-4 aed yl yls lbs lily Glate sid aural Jaleo Qdlaad] ods as Y 1 Gaabidy F cpaliiS Giunyy eliill web eh Yl Gaeta - 1 wwhid gull paula - 2 vata gull Gale - 3 Sods Sue GB ISG sp BalyaS ti paidy LIN Edel S55 g Joy UL OWL! § Gees pathy ala 9 alas y yall pby J] laid apSlly Gag sUney Soll 9 LALLY Wola! oda sels -14-2 dapat olen) Gliese Cyclic Fatty acids 4silas! dias) Walaa Yio) CH=CH. Nei-cit» cooc CHy- CHF Chaulmoogric ¢¢ jslall JyS, st yK) yaaa Lactobacillic acid buts g359UI (aslo - CH, (CH,), - CH - CH - (CH), COOH Aiasll pola! pada 7-3-4 2 WO GAIL Gala] oba pds usta gyatilly ow slly Syaall Sl Glut Poly sylew Gaus pha flail Upadl Gob Se ity Js nau + dias poll shoud gl Gas Ge LA AU Cataall ala! Ge oh val | Lipase + dala ly Say) Uaalyy cael ce pall 9 oly pul Jie olaiaall abe gles eA Ma ILS Ge GIS SI Say Laaall GdleaVly Jy mug Sl yl Utell HUST 59S Al) CSL gl ply YP GILL Guay Gotull oly pal eg obbee -15-Adaull Yala! oes 8-3-4 Fadl olen adel -1 Aja! Ga 985 1 R—COOH + HO—R ——- R—CO—OR + H,0 yall ge Gaaladl Zy5o Yel due PLAS sLeLisll 35) go yay webs JalaS oll Fall bo Gaye G9! Luke yyy Shae Gag = R—COOH + HH,N ——> R. CO. NH, f oO pon Ms Roo NH, f R—C—NH, cn t_on ~Th) R-C-ONH, ~3> CH, CONH, any Shae Ally Jaausg util de game Jo] ~ ¢ PCTS, PCI, : She Saya ayy ge Gaal Galea! Jeli 9 q . CH,—C—OH + Pcl, > cH E-8 +0 H,PO, nC, Hy; COOH + SOCL,——>_nC,,Hy. COCT: +SO. Stearoyl chloride -76-aus ga Lil Zegane old. Be gape Ah LiL Gy 8 cod Ob yl qe giaall poet! gd ad ate eS ges RCOOH —%5 RH Aaaall palin Yl ISI. 8 sag 8) elas Gale aya OV sa J] cra souelly alan oda J5385 ALS SII Aale ayo ge Rell UI S555 cslly (Uubaall R—CH, COOH +H, ——-» RCH, CH, OH fae Gab oldie Lolth Sl Goale Glial ghaly R—COOH "5 RCH,OH L H,S0, RCH,0SO,H 4 NaOH RCH,OSO,Na Slagilll go Geisall yolea dl otis = 9 ally QU BsSe Shag ge Galea! ada Jeli R.COOH + NaOH —— R.COONa + HO stall as eli . 5 CH, COOH + Zn ——» (CH, COO), Zn + Hy Tpsmadg pall Gola Yl Gags Cres jaslyll saasg rr Qo Youll - 7 R COOH + HO—O—H 5%, R-E—O—0H +H,0 0 -71-1,80, e CH, COOH + HO—O—H —*— CH,—C_—O—OH cL JiaSIl (953d yo dlaly Zetnall GSLaaY pus — be I i 2R—C—OH ——> RC—R+ CO, +1,€ g wa (n-C07, co 3, LCR + Caco, Aaaalh olen Yt esis — og RCOOH RCOO +H . . Ka = HELIRCOO} RCOOH su any Ghaall Gola ONG Gop ed pinay stall el 5.0-4.76 Useall Galea! pial pKa ukail) PS, Jeu. R-C-SH RCOOH P,S, ———> { + P,OS, R—C—OH t dana pd Glas poten Y) odtelis GP GL} Capt GLa LESS i Wel Guide Galea! oe asi 2 UGH MEW, gyi Le yoo Dall syed ped ld 1b dadsy : ZHLAY Geld = J sang 3 Gags! Bll J} csp goa gd! se as: nest l LaLa (1) pha JyoSy cele falad Lull SOU pall pg eS JSuIl il Gaaled UdLoll UL J] Uysal Ue gay Gents Qdbaal Jf dle! Stearic aala J] Jyot, Oleic -7B.CH = CH—COOH + H, R.CH, CH, COOH CH, (CH,), CH = CH (CH,), COOH Oleic Palldium, platinum CH, (CH,), CH, CH, (CH,),COOH SAL SK cag ogg oagall cline allyl go celal (2) RCH = CH—COOH +1, ——» RCHI—CHI—COOH Saal GSLY! g Ba yagll Ga ya5ll poly! J] slate sIlyil oda GLAS sale pda pyeda Gy Lent pe CH, (CH,), CH = CH (CH,), COOH Oleic Br, ut CH, (CH, C-C-(CH,), COOH Br Br Aa gajtl poly) dausl- a Perowides 1 sal yal QoLoY! spay sie Lagos! pols¥! wun Sts Rancidification (g3 33) Uysis pé pty) Ghes ult! J} JsoS yal ALSyagll sydey Lagat! poly! Ye pyrgll Jaty Jeliail gh adie FSI Jf Ula ay gill eyLill x2 Radical peroxide garuSy null dat) Gus Bypemeny poly! oda BS) A Ot ary Dp F USI Yolen UW pS sputelly ne Oxonide al y531 Ll Gz So (05) Ozone yj agers aie Emil Getlee Oe Cpe gs had JERRY) Gy cod oll Taal pS Cas HL sala! -79-—C—CH— —c=c— 1 |.-——~ | \ O OH HO OH Ketohydroxide Enediol oO Maloxid 0. —CH,—CH = CH—CH, ——> cH “tH—cH, I o——o Pilh, | H,0 —cn, bon, {of HH -80-Baus Y) CUS ealadl suSy chee y SI Qoale I pyrul gall Oloie is Gyi Jasin aie -H,O+C0, J ists Qautl R—CH = CH COOH R. FR -gH coon OH OH R CHO + OHC-—-COOH R COOH + HOOC.COOH CH, (CH,), CH = CH (CH,), COOH |xat0, CH, (CH,), CHOH—OH (CH,), COOH 9,10—Dihydroxy Stearic CH, (CH,), CH = CH (CH,), COOH [1004 CH; (CH,); COOH + HOOC (CH,), COOH Pelarganic asta Azelaic jase ogesll 4-4 TAM pe Gentil Gala Ye pias el Gall Gold pal oe of OSary Uli! ibe tayo J Ge Uys] dye bby Lal ceil Lays (0525s!) ges esi Lll fe dail Ge Gp Stall Sisal ga Slly cage dll oa one Gay all AIDES Upasinns CSe Yy pag WU Ae ob yp ISyrula Ge Uke -81-Sey All dae Ae USL Go We Gaus Ye Lad oll gy a5 Se ag oelall shaky AB sll La yagll Uae they Ghee pyout JI Leb yas Spgs Bagh Judes OyAall Guts gue tags Hal Del Gy ob 205 ost! cs yall pa sAGaall Galea Yl ge Jy nul rad Ge Ble Ule By pes ternal Gsaally 2G ge Sha Syste Qralee SIE Ye opting Gall Uy nyfl 2a ty tee LaLa G6 USte5> Ge SF ul anal) 598 bys Gast! Galea Ge oly5 a Usha Diath Galea! Ga Sal) Myo cs gl lens sls bse Taal tal ed! cg alat Oe GhS5y Laisa Wao! pe Jy oS sbasl ge oliisall ola Les bea gy 9 GEES ody SU SAG Job Ja es Gis Ey! LS Meda G85) SELL, Stloll Gtbll jageds Gyaull oda ayy tsaull AAU pe Laybll Gy bil wa ghS jlo! pall obhys Q alll a5 clay G+ G93 ally "Neutral Fats” UsLatl gyal yirend OSes walpe tI yay La GS (Glycerol Jy aS) Laisa! Galeot!) Uy ASM, WOU, GsLY SlalpuulsIl Jats y "Glyceride” maplatl by i Glpoll aaatlly daouty iI Gas GQ ola! oa tog sJsilly Bay Dhl dey de IH ody Goby atl (Gsaull) oLodaall aay SUN Syl geeey all Usd ciel! yey GES soy «ileal -82-(4-4) Jysot Zubay je Usb sto peut GGA! SLA ‘Common Name Systematic Name Structure . Ul Trigyvceride 1,2, 3 -Triacyl - sn - glycerol e Groce Rocomn ° i CH,OCR Diglyccride 1, 2+ Diacyl ~ sn - glycerol t ginocr R-Cora CH,OH Monoglyccride 1-Monoacyl - sn - glycerol I Girocr NoGH CH,OH Sg8ally S958 BALjuilly Riassil ole 1-4-4 hye Ql! "Glycerides” ShalpudtS Uys sodas) CHM Gyaslly oso) gab Lh oals oily oS ytd LEU) nd oye 5! LA (Za8LIL pablly Gylll Lyre sy ell chau fo gis AUN TIES Gye il gd Lee gill GUST LL abl Matt da say Ghyll Leja AUG yB Y Ry acall oly all G Gyaall Reoay Be Laka tS Lata Galel fe gga all oy 5! pais AEM qutsll Wad sly et dl Lae be ag35 Hadad yb Q Sabot get Leja leet! Ga) LEU pbs Caos ply tl be Tristearin BUI 4 coud! -83-Gals! GLA op 17 steal Layo Ci Tributyrin SNM gyal Lakay o(Q7! jal oba Q TBLs yay Triolein Rancidity @—25U! (}) URLs LEH yall Lda Gs BLAS, USL5 cil alice is WS Sy DU LS ye GSI La Sipe Ltby pal syed Wee aay gill Ul fala iy penny VLG GSS ge ply Syae Gey Sb ghill Lay syey open GALS! ASTI Gle Gilby Ul, Lys) Une, daaties elyell pees) Qh ayes BauSYl 6555 LI Gay gyi Ge BuSSU Gall Gaatl gf ey all de galy GUS B0b5 2 AMG GobIL Gyaall G5 Ge ASI oS Acid value Ga yeall daa (aad (1) volo] Gul (2) Peroxide aLuSy ll ey ol (3) GAM Jaa danas s By gues WS Go Uy fa GSS Sela Go yle ss ola : Ra gagll poly! S4uShy Rue) bbls sy R—CH=CH—R + 0, ——> RPAH O+R. CH—CH— R. CHO | R.CHO OH OH Oxidative rancidity (ssustill gs yu Fagg Let ne poli) Leal ge gyal bye car eS} pa chalet eS S dele bal daw! LOI olpaulsll stall ole Lal MadLall Bpuad iyyllie -84-oll Jy mak + Uoaall pales Yl RCOCH, COOH BAS Goo) Pagal da jaa por ddl cote Le JP BL Sy 5th B Gyo tl pol Wl Ge pad Usae Road! ot SIL jasadly Gil Le Leys G Ube sl oS! Lal poll Une ce Yeas Gate pd Eihee sisal glow say aly Ye Jyoa all Ul) pall pass AG Syay Le jag Ces good Bile Ydiny Glill Sy sha ga5ll YAS A Oe Braly Hee d) esta! Os Bal tep> Lilsal ate (BI pot J] eiys5ll end Se) 59. JI 89 Ge woyall pull GAIL, seas: Aesoteell flail aby pte OLS p+ UI sally oS! Jyad DL Ga a5! Jyag Gil 9190-150 Rybo dass Gy JEAN Jie sels Gabe 2 QUO Wola) Guay Uboo hye J] UL fayaa ghd Goal — eRe Gaale, iayss hfs Goal ely) gael 1G hos Gy Goa, Sly Labi Galyoil Was 2 ol gsll UI GLa] sul ae ial) oy! “Triolein" S98 gal yl J] "Tristearin” S98! g pheall Jrsod Shs oSap edtline Jules JSG) yay ate ta yaglly -85-i co+2 LL, CH,.0.CO.C), Hy CH, .0.CO.Cyy Hyg CH.0. CO. C,,Hy, + 6H ——» CH.0.CO.C,, My, | CH,.0.CO.C, Hy, CH,.0..CO. yy Hys Trioleln Tristeatin 1 Qgaall Jias - ¢ “Glycerol” Jy put GSe Gyauil floss ysleadly sly 5) ap 5 Lathe le yo ISL LAL pols pS dae Daath slaty Vigo obmadly GLAU Leal LMG oly sy! ap Syl 26M uh Kh cde ABI Sy pelt G Aa duly! alll Jlaall CH, OOCR CH, OH | ‘Lipase: cH OOCR’ ~Fy,0” CH OOCR’ +RCOOH CH, OOCR” CH, 00 CR" Triglycerides Diglyceride Lipase te oocr’ amt", CH, O HOH CHOOCR’ + R"COOH CH, OH CH, OH CH, OH FHOH +R’ COOH CH, OH - 86 -R—COO—CH, R—COOH R—COO—CH +3 H,0 RL-COOH R-COO—CH, R’-Cool HOCH, Hou Glycerol 7 Hott, Oe aS WLS) CHOH CH, .0.CO. Cy, Hys CH,OH Tristerin Glycerol + 3Cy7 Hy,—COONa tupseall olnian cgastly ite y Ggalall- Teiaall BLS CLI Sty Buell) Syy5ll Jed ake Uy pap omity AAAS pe SLANG Gy5 Y gill UL TH Gybolly BLM CH, OOCR CH, OH CH.OOCR 3Na0H ——> CHOH H, OOCR CH, OH 3R.COONa (ose!) -87-pselll Gyplvo msde Y bey UL april sally pysseall Gyleo ody . ial 9 Posey H,C — (CH,)n —C—O—CH, I H,C — (CH,}n— C—O —CH I H,C —(CH,)n —C—O~—CH, 3Nat +|4 30H® HO—CH, HO—CH + 3N,C—(CH),n C—O HO—CH, +3Na tealatl pe Jee SII obi gh Joe Yy Se gb foLiall Mia pinay Jarl Ebay stagll cr,-o-t-n CH,OH | u CH-o—c—R KOH, GOH BRO" q CH,—O—C_R CH,OH + 3K* I CH,O—C—R CH,OH ° 3HOH CH—O—C—R ——> 3RCOOH+CHOH CH,O—C_R CH,OH -88-9 ] cu,-o-t-_R CH,OH 9 f CH—O-C—R+3Na0H ———> CH,OH+ 3R—C—ONa | 4 CH,~O—C—R CH,OH ONS LAE peat GAslal G Udell Job Uzal Gill obs deans Fant fo all gins ad ST Quaaill Lyd GG Haake pil haath dela! Hab SIS (Sys 1SIly AS gal) Bproill Waludl old Gaaall WaLoY! ge Gls Bhas Gdrhe Ge psine call (dg IL) uetuall 5U bis WL Qe al 180 Qhos Jil iiuet Gud ab Ub Gabe ols (5-4) Syst PED salelly pgmtll coi ssa8lly AIG OI ALL thd hou! (1) 1.0 cys gil due gut GUSH (2) 0 15- dhe 75+ Ge iss oteasitl in5s (3) Bylll we ag Y TASS apabll cst (4) Shas punts AiLassl! yolgtl yubs Gyb 2-4-4 Gobi hab diss Gotaly 925) GLAS! Gal Si ade lg Sey Gots All Jeli! assay olinall oda Ge ke Ge ud Ye JS eee LILI he Acid Value jaslait dai —1 So pill Goaall USLoY! Usb 5301 (KOH 4 ola suc) 3 Guy dled jade Ggas yo Td oda celidy cool! gl Gaull Ge seals ple dd Bol G35 Sym foe Jas adsl Mba 9 dab5 Gl oly cod! gf Gaull 3 soul ial -89-Jo ret + i> Laas Gola! KOH | gs Jota halal Guth (vAslall tag) Saponification Number Gawaill aby - o asl Ge hal GLE peel G5 KOH Ht ge ote sl) ase) 4 Gony eBiLdly Stearic Spill dale Ge US GIS 13] Guat Lag slasiy (cul! sl Liasll slstl bso y2 Palnitic Roald Gala sesall G3Ht Saal ow a 3.x 56x 1000 . one a = tt gs Opaill pip Lac O.5 ge Faby Uaulys (SL flout BAO Oe BS Teale BI OESN ce ad as 1a aly KOH I 5 lyr papal oisdl Joa spas Gas gh ous) GS) UL EAL! (oH uo) : SSS) Ugh eutgtll « Gaal) QLe¥) duh + KOH Wl yan, Sty pasha Legll cul Il Ge 3ty eye sil (nis ve) Sl ee LD AL Gaels Qari! ots St EL KOH pie Qe-e) Gmall p33 -90-Acetyl Number Jai! ai, - & oe pall cls! Gael UsLal L465 3I KOH I olbil sass Gary Acetyl Derivas Jul Gite J] dyad aay Gaull Ge aly pA SU Jl! Tab Sy rugll Laaall Yale! spay wae de SG Ail ba gla, tive = TAY! Glas Ge JUN bball is gy Acetylation oaall ity! aall Uhl ga aT avant Saclill, SU JLsst Eh his see KOH Jt gana Gee a = asdad gill KOH is pie Peroxide Number siuSy pall ai — 3 AS 98 Be sabre 0.02 Jyloe Ge CaaS ol patindl say Gary setae Leal Bal oe ad 1 Wales Ge gli! aul WoL Lag dUI agus yell pbaldy Dayna gall Iodine Number (5.1 gi) ai Jt} 2 f2 100 J Se Yralscial as Sl agai! go GLA! vany sual! Lia hada -91-alee) sloie sl qutsll are Lays Colas qed gully cedll gl Gall oo Soe edb Gata YE AB SLs 204-178 ce asad) Sd Tae pe Saal 119 = 105 sosall SJL Shad Ghill 2n5 GGL pe Valeo ¥! Ll glLasit Lauil) pb taal Galea Ge sae ye aca 87 J ced O+ ibs., ge lls Ja gay) Soll tad cad! LAS le LLG) Cs tll oi otis) fe US oad oagll abot dad cueisst I} LA Lal! oleae td pe -(Agaall aleY! auth R—CH=CH—COOH +1, R—CHI—CHI—COOH (6-4) Jyan Taal GSLAV dad Sey a5ll pol suey ges sll ALI de gadtl paly¥) sae ges Al gitall Gaal aie sie aya 1 90 Oleic BY) yal 2 181 Linoleic ola) pialll ata 3 274 Linolenic eis! yialll pals BUS Lay (lel) 65 sta sod GLE! apd owl pid June ot Spal ala) gs Whe Gays ye Uyilyiel py 135 Sl aya aul CH=CH - -—» ee I IVolatile Fatty acids 3 .Ubih) Ziaall pated! Galas Gb ce (pee shale (bles Ye Zylhall Gull Label Gus ju Gob as caals) joes gael Glas lay oS Bell fliiby Gauls} oy5il JES Q Labi, Ts! RyULG WSLS! feed yy Jul ll 636 Ui} (cha Sit Tasks ald Se ally GLa CLG Labat guid ee lll LE Ge AUG Syl! aaall Galea! sla GG sil (R. M) Reichert - Meissel Taina YolaaY! Usb LW) KOH gs UaStl olpatiad ae) eld ghyill gh cwy cll Ciuad Saponification (105 gy CaS UL Casta a, tbat Polenske Number Gjby La yaid (Saad UIQ oo pl All Gabel Ll gas ny Gd lly UG THT pe By leat Last YaLea¥) sls ay med Ga TSW GaL YI ola Us Lig. KOH Wt ge TAS SL aciul Bylo! Gaaall Walaa ayay ste de 5SF bary Gas yh oy OLA Lad a+ Oe BSG bey Polenske Lin sual! Bal 8 (Bee dl) Hat! oli) all Bal 9 FL Gall Walaa) a yay Uae ola ye ole 5 4 es lh “| 9 eu Jail yylbde Lies Qalool NaOH 1 4+ gs ybe 0.10 Jobat! -93-(7-4) Joae jgdal Ub ola! Ld lal ¢ 93 Lib GSS - Byatt Lae) WSlayl geet il UaLull Bprek Giasll UaleaYt Reichert Meissel 31! pHa poe Land seal pd Tsaall Yala yiusell pool Joes (Geel) i GSy steel] Gia! Gales doe at (8 -4) Juss Salt bal pda Gb culsill ell atl ell Reichert ail basal ey goal Gaseill Meissel dala 2.6 65-47 203-195 08-05 08-05 pel gas 69-65 198-194 0.55-0.25 - gpotsl poet 8.6 - 2.7 42-53 200-196 - 0.25 idl po 8.6-1.9 28-26 230-210 35-17 35-45 ell gas 11-40 88-79 196-185 15-06 1-03 DEY cus 2.5-21 111-103 196-194 095 0.9-0.6 shill sy 25 4.0 202-175 195-188 095 3.5-1 BGS cay, 150 - 146 84 183 - 175 14 0.8 - 0.12 fsodll cud Fars lever TL, be pie 578 Gadal Sym (Todine) Qual a os25I! 2d els s2u5ll a pba 680 Unulyy -94-FSO wl peal Baja 3 Layo pall sue ga be 1 $ cu5l sgall p55 ga ee : Sout Zagugll Grol Sf Lay br Oe Sse SS al - 1 either — _ gp 0.578 cull Ge 2 884 casi! oo pé 0.680 (0.578) (884) (0.680) aS oe ge | Inae 751.4 = 253.8 = (126.9) 2)=1, dusall ooyil Tyee 75.4 Uye/t2 253.8 (PDE alps Basa /Ea gods pols! G98 Sls gf ld Jol AD = gatall (p2) o3ytl endl be dye | Tz Uys 2.96 = Se5ll Gag 100/ yoiall Gaal ow p21 ce bbe Gh ayall hy Gey pall gl 2 Que de Jysnad KOH AI ga pie 47.5 cally ill sl) on5 Ge pile 250 § pall cy GAIL halal casall ool Jane al als a gees : Jail 247.5 x 10° EMO RT = Gylhti KOH i us dss fet 56 Jae 10 x 8.482 = -95-BM yl edStl ya ye JU KOH I) G4 GY ye BW lk y —% Jon 104 x 2,827 = 108482 sey ia tas 5 ’ (ré) SY gt ogy 10° x 250 884 = = aball osgll iotxzen7 © eet oul = uball oil il + Uke Syguns gl 1000 x 56x 3 cepa ose 168.000 _ eyeolll boe KOH 1 5 i 47.5 aD os pe 0.25 168.000 _ 190 (Jaetl) sasadl Oost ORS ed) Gy gaailll ase 884 = 2 hue Palmitodistearin U Gpssoill pi, quo! + dot : Palmitodistearin 1 Gayai GO! JOA pd sz -96-HjC-O—-P (CH) a CH, glycerol Oo + H-C—-O-C (CH), CH, +3KOH K~-palmitate 8 + H,C-C—O-C-ACHL} 1 CH, 2K—stearate oO Boke Depeatll phd aye ga Ly KOH Ge oye BIE Sypecll lhty ON sal nes be pb LO Sy puctd KOH I Ge olelpilll sue Ge 56 = KOH th fast 63 862 = Palinitodistearin ! po5a!t o3ySh SAM aplpeeulSll Go pf 862 Grapel tall KOH Su a 160 = (56) (3) KOH gy pie 10? x 168 PD ale) Ge 2 /KOH tt ge pie 194.9 = a - ag all ge 862, 194.9 = Gugacill pi, 15) Phosphoglycerides ctss pauls giv gill 5-4 Ayia gil) dale YS oid doa gill sla peut ga LAB. pst dha UN gst) J ca gaol! OdahuSs sont! cade geal gad g OG ISM be Landy 4G 5 “Phosphatidic acid” claslin pil) yaalas Jy¥l St pears ane gt PRB op ens RE UleSy sta de gare c+ clin sill de pene asin gDy aud WBoe Upheld hs ye Matlin gill Waale oo OSE CASI Sia Lona 3 OLS oe pa Sli ydll Ue yane 5 33 Gus «(Phosphatides) -97-Lecithin ipultly oh ss Qyaclion sill feud nal Js tly Gecully cael chad USGS pay GSN EY GGliw ill obiawl sas yas Letay ey Gy padly onal JALIL cal ssl Qe daGliw yall pass ola Ge G3Sey Got yS RU La Cw LY! ob St al "Glycerol bridge” Jy puKSll put 5 5 da clin gill cae Q Eels By pees sass ty pul Jato Drala Laaal Gyaall od! vagal slinay 4SIly lilly GLiac Vly all Goldy Ulyotl Gud ASS Ge clans Hib re O eyo GI Slay peas yin y ill pads LUG SUSU Gy! Ge neudl yl (Ehanol amine) gual J Stel, (Choline) (cee) CAS Jsstin sill 1 segeal SgiEat Srsstlinn gill oe sonnes Systlinn sill ¢ Phosphatidy] ethanolamine (cephalin) Phosphatidy! choline (lecithin) -98-CAS FA Ge GIG Silas gi 15-4 Phosphatidyl glycerols Jasithus gill 63 Jy pusisil - 1 YAN ie gaat SE J] Guhl 9 Baye gll LSet LS tl oda pats » hydall aS 5 Jatoy gras All OSU Ye gs fad Uy rusts 1 (OBgsa) daglin gill Gals —o asa Gaal. ¢ RCOOCH, H,COOCR RCOOCH g o HCoocR HE0-F-OF,0—cHOF— Gantt hosel Gayl! Like Uso! SLs Gay Wek DiC. BiA Gyyatl tit yay ie olde gu) pay ijpall elit Jlrail aie Laff Git! ole yeas Uf lt Lak oluay Gan Gai 9 Ai (ll GLAU sleet Gh Goe aby ybll Jett obeys pal ONS IL LL egy Shade jer «Cis june ELEY ne ysaell bd go cyte lal oly Lill Jota p05 Ushi Trans Ql SLY ool USL sire US, Nghe AME: Take (LAN) Trans ls gg Go Legale J Saya) olay nll Ryphad olbLtsy chy pedh Go aganlh Jay Reales ySly ot 5Hl Gale ~ 114sLestat (cpatiailly adel Gyas sell) Gebie LHe ol tb yao pal UNS Goy SV Gli bun able olly SLAM, Kall BG JIC gee G SLES oda sag ab SoyrS Sh 5 Be Gsiad (AN LAL oda LE te ye yay 2 pBUhe 256 9S ol GSall Ow Ally Gate 265 = 2* Sis T8LSI Yeu Yo toad Lids Liaby {ylyol ol Soll oda Gal ful, ybeall Cel ola oll yey yell cB) oS ole pac y Jo Ged SI She Bhan chug - 1 Jaen She E005 align ~ 2 LGM ols stl J} (Steroids II) yitas oSay eis, -Reball oY s95il) Sterols oY, Gut} (Gu) Bile Ljicalh Volant BSG Eada ob gas gelt— g SoM Lance Gyr yell La jsY ol yay ye - a . VitamineD, Dy catia — 5 - Saponin gigs - 3 - digitoxigen ga yylull bs oli Siey Lal! ohn SII ¢ 2 dale olbaSe eh Ys ntadl Quer J peel ody 3) Oy 3 J ues 1) SLT Ye GGayaye Crs. C19 as GL gels Oy Saul Gres Dy (2) 13,10 Gye) Gods -U5-Ke yams Joos Y 10 Gg UI 835 USStiy obneypudl QA Gl (3) Gbte vohagy piel! pad Q pales 7 oy SI 5,3 Gg USSUIY! tis yall (4) ysl haba G gy SU obd sue Gell Ye Ghia y chal peed Ghar Agta WALD Sy 8 G5 10,9, 8 OY” 1 whiall Galeal os Gaak oy Ospina ssl Oy shay rte D OHS ob5 2-6 cop soasell Ob oly Trans GSht Sy gS Jy aa Sil oli gues of hyd GSLae Gy Gy obs spe Guy go: eo al JAA prelaey OsalS ob3 GS G4 GIG Gale Habe ye Jy cs pies clilell Ae os Jeg pital gE 7-4 Phenanthrene — tants aly Ge Hley Legh! Wlysall oy phuull al yay QBs QD Tate LLd Tle gs TAS 6.5 SSI GOS cee eyes Uh SII 25) Unode Uyile deyrae Ye syiod LS . Phenanthrene Qual ja 2:1 OL 19, 18 Gta M13, 10 gigll 9 abeoin Methyi I ye yerey 17 ai, - 116 -OIE GOS tp La gaie Ll agen oe bad tte (HS ye SII olde +3 BAM) (Wx) deSsrtea Te yaney 6,5 WS God Y GSLy BY Ope ards J Uy cid Sl oy Shay peat Ueyesll OLS sLbe JLabil WIS) LAGI yb 542 Gl D aeaay Jiylal LAy -117-SE Ss sal Jy pial St pis Obl Gg Has oY, ps ual LAST yay gee D tay SVs cca elt Oe SI ohatt sat GG] LS Gets slag Soy Uy ad 2/3 sa pall pid elpieally pall G LS Gilad! ot uaall what pé Gaal Wall pul io taal Goals LAWS GUS yo GySs Ga ya5ll Spel JUSSI wes -bSLI 3 4p 45 Coprostanol (B). i SgV) SquoYly pall d aa say B -Cholestanol (B - all 0) - de coiady Ly ciul Sl B4n81 UST 5 sSud 7 - Dehydrocholesterol I! tal Aagadtl polsYl Oo G53 » ‘ | HO ok 7 - Dehydro Cholostero! CH, CH, CH, cH. I _é Den G—CHeCH CH CHC a CH, cH 4 HO SS 3,B - Hydroxy - 24 - Methy) - A572? Cholestatriene - 118 ~Exgosterol Jy au gS) 2-7-4 Rasa g Le ss5ll poll Je cay Gl GLU! SY Ge Il Oe sas T-Dehy- 1 29.3350 analy! sony So ba qutyy Vit D2 aly Unb: pyis .drocholesterol DHS SbS Ge AST GLA Oy ed LES Uy i SY! toss atudl oda J ta yaze Spel ye ogee sei lS Jf Tibal Galo! Galadl doce SU B Glatt g geal ae Ge Gausly Loss spout Lapis TAY) Haul CS 0 Ou ySG Jl ccahs gill 7 - Dehydrocholesterol J ll3s, ly 7 ~ Dehydrocholesterol JLs «D gyotaill bLss gWSly Go iidl 555 Vit. Dy gi Uy aie yS 9! Len Dy cnet R R=CB8HITDs utes R=C9HITD) cuts CH, oH, CH—({CH,),—CH cH, I—(CH,)s | CHy CH, ¢ Vit. D; HO: -119-Ho coo HO coo HD a cH, CH; He ‘OH iH ‘OH H H ‘Challe acid Chenodeoxycholle acid HO coo" Hy cH, uM ‘OK H Deorychollc acid Dy casting 3-7-4 SUEY capers dre gay CLaSI S54 D2 cealigill 3 Yaolall Geil any pla aad!) sailly pgnltSl cli gi epblatl aan UL duce cats thy Bile Acids sl lsall Staal 4-7-4 Ay Apdvall 9 dapaslly Sterols i als yc gsias B oLAS Al (Co Bysed corel 2517 Gy 0! By) Weill Quoted! Duk ob pa oda psy Lb 1S Ce yams JL 25, 24 pays Opel God on Lelio » Emulsifier uistut! s 54; poland! Chollc egsit yaosla ancy (gill ppg ple Sea yee ball g VaaLalI a wey Lay dang cugpleadl uty ot Gaale gle Taal byl) Gg ob 2s Wy sane Gls Gobi yo -120-Gy 2S GIGI yey ge lady! bye gd DLAI YaboY! AST o- ay wad) Us SLES 3B soS¥I IY ey ° Li HO. C—N—CH,CH,SO, Hy H,N—CH,CH,SO, cH, Taurine Taurocholute i OH H Pa HO C—NCH,COO Hy WN—CH,CO6 cH. Glycine Glycocholate H OH a Ge taal JSudy Stade Ll oblyot) J Gas! tpiuall palral basy Blycocholic sata UsSis Say gLlt yl Glycine ney MSI yet pasbalt OH staurocholic 1 (zsla.y f | CyyH,4(OH); C-N—CH,—CH,—SO,H Tavrocholic Cholytaurine yaste Glycocholic hil gsudss! dala Apel Guob Ge Glycine al Gaull cis Qdala sbasl oe gins f ae CygHy_(OH) C—N—CH,-—-COOH Giyco cholic (Choly! Glycine) “Taurine” Gy sill jaale ae A SII pdala slat ol -121-Stereid Hermone dary piu! ab ge yg 5-7-4 Adrenal Hermones Ja ja¥! Sad! GU yo) 9 Il C—CH,OH oO CH, OH ssly Joli! Gg sta Woliye pa Op stally slut CH, o Cortisone eb gl Goleta Sule] Bub5s lly UM Ghee bis Gyro sell loa apis pall paee Babd J] G25 gill GSI Deady, ob y ISally yyLSHI Lal » thaed sy oO I C—CH,OH HO CHO CH. Aldosterone Cortisol Jy 5255 5S! eg Lakes Sony Laer sell Slay i Ge 25S) yl OSM yay Hy Sow nb hye Ge 35S 3K! -122-HOH cH. C=O HO, Ly OH CH Testosterone Testosterone 44,53) ts 92 4/1 7 ely dae 8S ey GSM oljaall ye Ye Jord Qsly Uae Ye esis Y ay OH CH; . De gall Ogre Bie Udell clias GLU Lael Est CH. oO Gaal 3 Syke Gilly Cig fe esa Gall Androgens oly es 59l oo say ele Uke Ye slog Y gill) onesl PY! Ci gay ggll wheat! pawall Uaulys Soiny (Laat osers8) Gs miua yal -123-cH, Progesterone r H—C CH,OH Q Aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid) CH,OH oO HO OH Cortisol (a gtucocorticold) = 124-OH ‘Testosterone (an androgen) OH Estradiol (an estrogen) akudl 3 GstS Gud de gutays Letty Gaull pha d ble Sis Tod La yall JURY po glad GEM BLAU gs fe Gaady Goloi ajaoll Yo Udall Estradiol 17 - de D dill 9 ypsios ¥ ily USGL HA Uiles jastey oda J ghey OH Ae tegen - 1252 Jal ake gin 5 ot SG gaged 1 -Norethynodrel synthetic progestin ,elua!s (pieue yall R-H, Northindrone | . R—C—CH, Norethindrone acetate Digitoxigenin gies pias Ge AEM LS Qs sind Lyi GY) btn Jars gill gulll Go 17 Hy. 5) HL hese Est Ge OSY Ge - 126-———C = ec ° CH, OH HO Digitoxigenin saad fH eaall ESI ee Sins yg GLI OLN ys ual! O sass Fae Lek GySy LD gyal By wall Ob pS Se aes cla A 8-4 dally ps1 Wyis Uihde LS Youtdy byl Zeuly ols A Gpalisé alyssa GCS ysHilly UbLAblt J aa. ALS TSLalh FLL Ml, (gill oh, Sally Rshall astly LESH Bales Q opal! "Phytol" J solilly spengll Jal Q Ghiodl eLiah 3 lowes SuSy a tui dae a6 B soy 2 Gl AN alas + pel 3 Sayoull Isoprene shiny sae (fe Stains SLS ll ode puuidy aay Shas wae Ghd vat pull Isoprene Og Citral 2 10 Mmoterpenes Menthone . Famesol 3 15 Sesqurterpenes bisarolene Squalene 6 30 Diterpenes. Lanosterat Carotenoids 8 40 Tetraterpenes -127-. Camphor . Pinene « Citral fis Guslel os JIStl obS ot oda aa gy Lycopene ota 5y 1S SlaSil oS All JSA5 LS Menthane ol, ,Geraniol coAstpott 9 (Squalene) gllySudly A inal Sa GS ly Lala Go gin LSU ode Yo ULL. (Phytol) Jsslily clad Q asa ge CS vls s45 Squafene 1G) Qa yy y8Sll AUN Jl al Jaen SU Glatt Qe ySU! AL GS I Glas ail! Goa AU chew Ge Halal olin Wy ell ohuilin sill GSS ol ogo Fany acid chains Hiydropalie Hydrophilic ae _ ~128-cH, CHp=C—CH=CH, ey Lye ge ball “Isoprenc" Gasset aay oe G9S5y Zayuly “manoterpenc" GSE! Gays! Ge Glas G5 Syoy «LS JL Hl! triterpene" 5454) Sus “diterpene” 45 Uy hue (manoterpenes) casi sislly Sh La yay pay Lath Ge Oe LSMy ppatlnell Ge Uy eine soe yd GG Ggajtl Gybl) of ball Ys ta stysule hiya 23h 655 ab Gale) Ub! otyjatly ob VI diy cAgaall Jo Libel BEY og shad .(gehs SHE atisyall py ob ayn ceduas ALAR Ye (ode gill ca SA Le yead sybetl Jt (Ssslyll Lull pi sai) Leal -129-yilooll 1 - Biochemistry, Second edition Lubert Stryer, W. H. Freeman and Compa- ny, 1981. 2 - Lehninger, Prinnciples of Biochemistry Albert L. Lehninger, The Johns Hopkins University, Worth Publishers, Inc. 3 - Lipid Biochemistry an introduction M. 1, Gurr and A. T. James, Third edition, 1980, Champman and Hall, 4 - Text Book of Biochemistry with clinical correlation Thomas M. Devlin, 1982, Wiley Medical Publication. 5 - Biochemistry, Geoffrey Zubay, Macmillan Publishing Company, Second edition, 1988. - 130+gol tani Chant ga ISIaes 1-5 Shas ga stSI! ogog 1-1-5 Bvowmresty {usat oUlpally SCL b ssya5l Gpoall ols AST oe Tigo ab Gall) cna sg UStly Ltslly ye ually pylalelly 54S) Quoi} Ue pall BBE DB LY! SES Gay Bb palady (ob Sul o5e 9 LL 3 Solel!) OBL Silos Laat 505 Ul LS (ML ialSI) Wo Lay Gogll Febee 3 EWy! bye Gelieall Lal be ped (SLG Ghill, Vd! SEAS ByAlly Sally olay Sahl dhe ghey (gill Gadly Slay nitty gyhLdLs GBM Spay TES glatl SIAM phos Ut LS 4 ey SAU Rules thusly oly BY obicluey obalaill pdey S85 O Jdaiy GLO Gilby ol SEE ge LMS Label Shay pall lad wu Shi g JSby Ly sill Walaa, YA~ als y ny US Ey WAS gily i pecll Gaal Glan B eLpast SUL J obs pay Il 35 ceed GIG WLM S35 Sy yO! ane SI iE cat Guadll Gb ye ls xCO2+ yH2 OF Siuat Ub C,(H,0)+ 0 ola S pdt! Gproll Hoel ESM TB Guedtll pad Goleial Ubell lacy GUIRY fasted Uthas Gib ola gp 5 dee LID (Leis) Tila G55 cpp Sol Uf Ul Bae Sly aha ga sls J] Gy tS ae Ss} 9 Shar ys L255 Leske GAT Bye GIES lly Large ISS Genel seh GE 305 ll Lobo Wha olbeall J] OGL, Slo! pLwal wally SygutSll +133-Cc (H,0), + n0,, X CO, + yH,O+ Gib POihysa ats Uf JRatly piles Ga aill 2-1-5 Bl poled Oe re SY rest 6528 O« US ae (1 rel g Lea LS ghtasy pesouelly Geel oly ibaa MG oS Ot ASS cubely UI pe Gg ISU obs! G4 GE Shaya y IS ob gist Seo 2) GY Bac J} UM G2 X Lad cylBy C, (HO), UyjaJ! Casall OLS obs te Lagat OLS ye Shay C, (HO), Soy ohaugs UL Lady crawy caala Sie Fobra 2 IS OLS SU CLs Cute Cine ells Litho aay LS (CH,—OH—COOH C,H,0,) «lssvul Jastay (CH, COOH, C,H, 0,) oblast Cape Sl Ge ES dod Yl Cabs aay IS OLA SGU be Ga ty alia Sally (Rhamnose) 5 piel sh Sas fie UG Leasyay Gnd ually Cres suelly Ge yds Sb ed ESII dar BI LAS C3HipOy fare SUI 5 yl tl o(U-5 Syst BI SBI) one y Rally oe nSll 1-5 gaat AGEN oly Sud) Lyall divall 21 = (opp gouged: gpa sVl Lead) Gy sill go GAG GI OYLUI_ 1 C, Hn 0, sell Grol Tl CH, 0, Dioses cole gulall= tl C,H,9; Trioses La gall - 2 C,H, O, Tetroses olny GN = 3 CH, O, Pentoses olen gill - 4 Cg Hy O, Hexoses haw yuaSell - 5 C,H,,0, Heptoses Aan Sag - 6 - 134-alll @ GID Y SoG Cy Hyp O, Deoxy Ribose Saeb geSgeall- 1 C,; Hg O; Lactic Acid LSS IU GAals - 2 Cg Hj; O,N Lucose amine cpa) 5S gH 3 Classificstion of Carbohydrate bjaad gs SI) aus 2-5 2D) UN Glad) 43 Shaye SU paul Say “Monosaccharides GaloY) ob Sus! 1 -Oligosaccharides 3 ys. ob Sul — Polysaccharides (tic Lill) siya!) ol, Saul — ¢ Baaly Baas Ge G9 Taped ob Sadly Lisl Slaudll QsLayl ob Sli GYMAMaS Sap Y sly Jee gsorell sane pula) 9) GSI Jacl Ge DEAT Sl Sad eda St (D) SLA il JS 95 55S pHtty dood ol SAS oi osiU Ye BAS ST Uke dla y ae SUSU Go gS GES Sy i. 2 She (6 = 2)% Sal clas sll ga sue BySe Lobe lass yY! OL Su. LD Go Golo! Sall Sa GSasy gS sll : Disaccharides GUA city youll (1) SIS HS Ga GgGU Lactose 5535 Saw foe pide ness gh ool E95 J} Jas si (Maltose 5, iN) print S$ Lal 55 5-S9SIls Glucose « (Glucose) 5.55 54) Ga cgany PE BUI Lgllas aie Ob Suall ode gis : Trisaccharides 4394 cls sus (2) OS BUI has ae Gis lly SyhkiLN Su YL Dull ob Sa Ge clung SFSU, ISH 5 gS 5H Ge + 135-Monosaccharides Arsla yi Gby saalt 1-2-5 I BAS Was Bray Ge OIG Gill yall ol Sully Lua panty SSS GN daaed ob So BP Yelalos OSay Y Sly Jans rtupll Basra Taylaall SUS 4 SSI GRAS tue GLAS ob Sul oka 851 (D) Lad) JLT 43 pub... SS silly 55 Ye OL Sof oda Yo BAIS UN dla ce 913 = Sus Cn H2n On (Empirical Formula) dy jo5 Garo ob Saul! ody! 33 By gate pb HLA ASH! Gobet ob Soll iy SI ugly AST ge gated Lyde Broly Lie (OH) JenSy jules de yarns Yo gygiod GH ILS Cees Udall 4g 3 gE Lasie'y (Carbonyl oxygen) poi tS! inoue Syl “OSES Te game Jaoe gh GS Sal OSs dose sis LAY £95 G2 OS ol Saul ly Aldose 3, JY aAsIY de sane Jans gill ol Gull pay pS Cte geal US Sf gl Ketose 5 5NL GSN Cesare aot gill Guba - (OSE) plait, WS, Basal) 9 ey SH OL see (1): Gun Lub! oh Cull Ged J) Ryylaall Le gaoe syes) Yate O fast cll Ula!) Ze yaad p95 ene (2) yd sae Ye Jas Jariay ill Bill Gyo pla Gaul Gityy (WSLS de yams -B-5) Jysaily (2-5) Sysett J} 51 (OSe) eLUL yey Jal! reels Se OHS Obs SIE God ll eli Gola dl cal Saul plyil baad Of Syai "DioHacetone" Gye gSyrtya cslally ."Glyceraldehyde" stasit (Triose 5.21 Al) gyppS obs Fy (Aldo) wyLaal¥! de gene Gane ulaatl pautSh Sn seb Sel Sy saae qglall Lal Aldotriose 5p isl 2 Ste pant (Ketotriose) 3pLishS pauud GES Tesare Es OHS od Lb galel (silly (Petrose) 5555 pool games SHS OLS Qt & gill gala! Sul! Ll GSS Sys cous Jans gill Lal (Pentose) 5st doS Shd oud Jere (Heptose) 5 sina punks G98 ob5 gue Uaay silly (Hexose) 5 ynSa and - 136 -SSLS gf"Aldose 55a!) pal Lg ole Gly obs gee J} gol od ob SL GA Gala Saul Ye 58M paul Gly y LS ylaall Le yore ye yin CHO bion CHOH CHOH CH,OH Sstasal Le soill Gasol! CHO; C3H,0, C,H,0, CH 00s CoH129% C7H40, CyH 60g + GSES Le grae Yo syiy po co CHOH no (2-5) dys Hol oh So Lady aI jest! plall pail SHSM O13 vse Diose Slat 2 Triose Saehall 3 Tetrose Sa FI 4 Pentose Stall 5 Hexose peg! 6 Heptose Sgugl 7 Octose 5g5S31 8 -137-G-5) Jyae Sly ct yal sLely Lag seill Geral! 2 Glyceraldehyde OSH! eSBs rae lal! Dihydsroxyacetone Erythrulose 5 51,5 5¥h Xyloketose 5 s.5 shl5i} 59a ulaall J yS3SII aula jul Glyceraldehyde Erythrose aA Threose Saath Arabinose Syl YI Xulose Sokbit Ribose Soa Lyxose. geSll (4-5) Joan Gye! Goll CHO, C3H,,05 C,H,O, CsH 1905 Ketoses aij uly Aldoses a1), Glut LOY! phall pul sxelLi gil DFAS 9 SII oS GS) Joa SI 39S aS plat pu! pal uy! cha UalaY! ob Saul! Sabi yall sala Sa Figaldl Sy Fil Jal sgt Sosa gatdl Snell Sataayall Satie! 593Slyal¥ 55s! + 138 -beball pond Uhad Sarees Glycerose Orel gS yaa cslall Dihydroxyacetone Suey! Erythrise Sahay Erythrulose Sax! Ribose Solext tt Ribulose D385! Clucose gS itl Fructose os uagal Aldoheptose Sate stsaall (5-5) Jyse GaleV GL Salt pL e¥ yzyatll Geol vowel pal Sulsigal -1 Aldotriose SHB —O Ketotriose 39 A sYIT Aldotetrose SBR - Ketptetrose Sytyg¥h -1 Aldopentose SS Ketopentose SynSaya¥l =1 Aldohexose JoeSa gS Ketohexose Sates lt 1 Aldoheptosr daha sll + 139- C,H, O, Cs Hig Os 05 Hi2 % c, Hy, 0, ell aay! ct sR Trioses hey AU! Tetroses oa still Pentoses ld pag Hexoses ols. suet Heptoseigh gudll LAL Gbeiauk + gall 3-5 Polarized Kight and Optical Activity AS vole game Bape pS Gaal ADI oblast Ge ey oall Oya egedll GL ySs aad Sy GUS KGL LG oL SY USL Rye, (Plane polarized bibl! ey All dle Gilby spe ppt J LLG Ally Las eget! jreal Gilpe ohyinee G Ghat all oy sll Gat 5155 « light) cola gl sage Ayedll GAM shale WSs Ghul oy all le Jy eel ey (1-5 Sst 85!) bit JS pb UAASU clolly alpine! pLautll Gai, Gal YySo sy wdyey (obit egal — GaSe I pill nt) Golsie yl egal fe SIL Mayall B puloatl shi Gaublines 4S Syed! ppt Seal pase SY et gatll GL yall ae gary oe gad ha Gh ys Tepe eal 2b ORI OLS ages cee ABS ytd Wy SI OLS Ube Jy eyhsall (TBs goals Gol Susp Ball J. tal / oo s fo galgevl clus a gatsel ad Cnt (vated! + pact!) (Nicol Prism) J 65 sytiall phbiil paw (1-5) soil -140-as QD eSalilly gol » sual) sceighll pbaldy flat oles gee. peal os daly gine oy htiall sgatll Gbas Obaall Ja phiall » past LEVO 4) telat Uae last ~ Dextro tet ode alas ubitaall opaall hy ys (215) osu Polarimeter UK Guballa 5a Le gh obRaall egal Yaeos gol Gh yall duke GuliaS jal Ia Jas gigall a gall La say pany splat olde se (3-5) sat -141-1 Goa Spall a SS Ray aay tye Ye pool GS5i gt ppoy ell Jaetiuy : apuany ryall i - Monochromatic Light cite yt Ogg wobTLadl epi) ouorS Nicol (JsS5Il) yp sll Jariuny + abRivad! BASS La sll yell oe Chey Tene Ubyoe Guage Go Ugbs Geol Sayy egal Lagos DLS Baas pp ett NaS punky Boley Gyo ghd gisedll Jogo) de gs Gold ob Ball Uglae Cag) fans: gala gail uW Hla payet Gle God G cubs Gite doa Gh qk syle Gia Al sb yscll pact ole gs 5 LYE So Cues GP bEiad) pte JIE cila gl! sage eyatll Uliy pagal Glasill pw ake pS Sih Galall GUY F gad aay slgtl das Le AS al gay (Ubiiall) Gull ne nity asta ge Esty Bal 5S 5 Balt ps Ye Asad Spall apo sil Le ps iy ty Bybadl dagay eegedll prrony oobi ast Lobs eal Paebll Uelylos Glas + GE dale yeyill teal Jppotl Legs ols 2EgtUt Dated Gao (f) Ba SUI bh gall x 100 =(o"’ = tes ans Cx (Dood coat ge 7a ~ PHA saa! Sea Pega gad op ay (T) dat Lass byes! yall patil Less = (wf rapgadll pasoy GEE ae fastiny Leste y spyztseal Fats 546 ase sty (OF (505 > {42-SWMG Lying Gba de ds EAM Lyall = (observed) Lad) gL yall + (lOO pe) 5b C + ball Ggst Usb = Lb egal phy cpAll §3 aad ny Lysis 20 Ue Laye deli iy wBRy SAU GS 5 plue Ghar dune oStel Gili! wyod Ses Bball Cassy bell Uysal deja Gas Ge 100 X (G2) Bad Sh yutl (OH X ALR Dyal Usb Ahoy) cats ual Ul Aural! 4-5 pil fue F465 ers O HUEY Yo Lute Goll GLASS Lab Fischer phd pity TES 3 tae MLM accel 55 GLeall dS] y) cea) J} ole geadls abal slsull GRASall Sarin) 55S 56 cdecoad ih yell add Yo tlic ill Spl A CMG SST Gye gh pas UY pl Gl ysl (55-5 550 Levo siutlly Dextro Le ot alld aay ady Udbbiel Byres Gauss 2iy Dextroy AS ys} Levo sist squall y4 oil 8-C=0 H~C=O HO-C—H H-P-OH t—-OH HO—C—H Hi H H—C—OH Hi H L evo-Glucose H-C—on Dextro-Glucose L-Glucose { D-Glucose CHLOH 5385 - yi CHAOH 3858 yASa + 143-D Yale Gib} Levosialll, Dextra yRudall stad Glits yall ob Sul Js nalaall ye Ly H—C=0 H—C=O HO—C—H Hi —H CH,OH CH,OH L-Glyceric Aldehyde D-Glyceric Aldehyde (L) splat pauls (D) salaall pauls L- Glyceric Aldehyde J Cats Ad oy SI) 54 Je tlaill ao, tLa SS HS y D oe JS Caw tll 2 5 or 8 obs ye a ojuill USL Dy salad) pul GL Ge AMO WLI ol oh Gull guage y L-Glucose ayaa pul L JStdl Yo Gaby agghll Gait » L-Glyceric Aldehyde Absolute configuration Glat 5A 2-4-5 gall haa gayill J oliysall Gh diablly WLS slab ba Qt Qi GlbM GS All byes Yd CHO H—-C—H CH,OH AS Lal BBL nd FSM yo EL-ill Gg piel! paul Je GUL wee BAU Tye Rayo diy gtd yall gyleg SC phat all oltyj all 2 Ql SOI g ped yey oy suill ‘HO. He —H CH,OH - 144-SLU LSU Shpall pggde Sgt lll Yastaad gail caut A) Guba Gigy de ill Higa MEL ancy (+) last pall Gyles U5 ales sil 9 DGyyatl Sf gl L hall gs 65S THUG Glpey D Whi J} ch ol OM gd Lada! aya! OLY ony Yay Ge lia Gady Ua aad Je L SA bis As! al Sul Ly D flesyi 3-4-5 SoH! Syed Bly "Glyceraldehyde”ulaull pul G4 JS oto Uy dae Zoladl aL ySull plysh dual Yay S gull ye "Dio Hacetone" Ly D egtitay (WS) Gale ne Oy 3S Bd syay do] LHS sye Gest CHO CHO ution wot CH,OH CH,OH D-Glyceraldehyde L-G lyceraldehyde aulaatl pals (+) salaall punts (-) 13.5+= (af, 13.5-= (of oS HS Ge aplaatl pul (4) -D 5 yald elle gill gala! Salli Ld sent A Gadd UO LS Wp LTD Cited aed Je pd! ls dye Shey cell (4-5 util) Yo! Aol Sy USIl Aylly ule) pee LS an!) D-Glyceraldehyde gy TRL, D pls Que obj ylYt geanl Cena (Self Bade Q GAL gT BUY) Ze gane Ge Gants 308 ACH I GG SII Ata ey SI 23 cay Ye OH I gis ob ad WL Sty Uidsae 4465 laglay Yes -D legend tab gS OH Bb ABS fe epleadll gpd (Ly D) igbentll Bigg Mae gpl aya gall Ld : .-CH,OH J J Sil Je¥l (at ol ay -145-CHO HCOH a NN CHO CHO Hol Hope eon lon Lyon bon CHO ‘CHO ho oro nol Hol Hola nol nol Hola nol nose sox now son HCOH Leon CH,OH Lio CH,OH HOCH HOCH HOCH HOCH HOCH HOCH HOCH HOCH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH HCOH | | CH,OH CH,OH OH Lon CH,0OH OH CH,OH CH,OH (D-) i291 53 Sault clade (4 - 5) Jt - 146 -USI oh Saul ode (5 = 5) Yee HoH6-5) gsm Ayalay! oly Saull Go UDAU sigs¥h Y AWG pt Gye OF O15 alan gangs (axS =L3 6) Hexoses LIT Ze gage oll Aldoses - 148 -iu pe Ob MI woe =n due. NS OY LAG oda sue ANS, Ub yall ol yLAtl vue wads (7-5) Jyaatly SU aye iy yee (7-5) Jose TA pe oh illy We yaall OL BURL! sae. ofS EASY see SLASH sue SL Ail sue Sal AU te dye Lyall Gata we 1 2 1 Alsotriose Saebd gl 2 4 2 (Alsotetrose 5355)! f Ketopentose 5. yi gS 4 8 3 (Aldopentose 5 yz yal¥h t Ketohexose j5uSa yiSi! 8 16 4 + Aldohexose j5uSayul¥ ae GsoS OLS 3 Jo wyioy baa ys K+ (arabinose) 3 sil YI CAT sly arab-(L, D) yay 8= 2? Ustad ollie 8 U6 4,3,2 pi yay Gale SB Gray D a¥hy L baslaa] egy gay sags ol LAR oda Ge Sy. inise eg Al 58S i he TES gual old oh Suall Lal ubitall spall oles! oe ugh Wis (B= 23) tye elylise 8 old Glia AE yy S OLS SUaay ‘Fructose 535i Sorbose 55459.» -Taagtose 5 ISLill olpLos. : Allulose 3 4S9t - 149-CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH Lo Lo c=0 non nod H—C~OH HO-C_H H—C—OH H—C—OH H—C—OH H—~C—OH H—C-—OH “Ton CH,OH HOH D—Sorbose D—Fructose D—Psicose CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH Lo Lo c=0 not won HO-C_H ton non HO—C_H HO-C—H HO-C_H H—C_OH dion dion HOH L—Sorbose L—Tagatose D—Tagatose CH,OH CH,OH c-0 c=0 HO—C_H H—C—OH HO—C_H HO—C—-H HO—C—H HO-C—H CH,OH CH,OH L—Psicose L—Fructose - 150-Ayalayl obs Saal) oelsa 5-5 Ostally WAY! aualas oes 1-5-5 delica : (ob ysb5¥!) (Hydrazine) S25 hog! Jud pa ol Suill o Melis —1 BIG Ge dys GalS OLAS, COL 13]) Phenyl hydrazone G23s8 Jauall SLY) Ze gage GIS GIVI Ob Saal pa LS yall LS ay (CYR wd, "Osazone" 4 y5Luus) tly "Hydrazone” gy 3hulll BsS4 gyi BSS Alt G L8G Az Qylll hike abyb ge Lee Susu bbs + gale! Sul a365b, Yule) i H C=O C=NNHC,H, CHOH + 3C,H,NHNH, =NNHCG,H, {cHOH, (CHOH), CH,OH CH,OH +CQHNH, +NH, +H,0 + H.N— NHC,H, H,O+ H—C=0 HC=N—NHC,H, H—C—OH “t vot Hi —H H—C_OH H—C—OH H—C—OH H--C—OH CH,OH CH,OH D-Glucose D-Glucose Phenythydra Zone -151-+ 2H,N=NHGH, H—CeN-HNCH, penny HOCH u 1H C.H,NH, + NH, + CH,OH Usd Jadall Se IY] sopdall doy de Ligee nd OySb Yt OS Lull ol aay ~ ~ (E20 te gape Ayla Sle [CAN te jane ad Ls EL Deke ye 3555 Ww CH=N—NHC,H, H i H H—-C—OH CHEN-NCH, SO | rw CoHsNH, C*O-H CH=NH CH=NNHC,H, | 2C,H,NHNH, tr — pence + NH, + H,O WHAS 3B By YG C—2 fe CHI, sd J} G95 54! BIS Badey sill Guid Glaay Se 55s —D 5 5555 —D ofé ala us 49! SLI -b93139 : Amdori WG tas Jelitll ping -152-H Cpe H—C_ou R Phenyl hydrazone CoHsNH, H be C=N—NH—C,H, R i pba sale] ao BENE NHC Amadori a R H,N—NH—C,H, H—C—NH—NH—C,H, pees Hq | C—NH—NH—C,H, F-NENE— Co R H bo +H,0 I -H,0 '=N—NH-—C,H, R |/+HN, H.N—NH—C,H, H | C=N—NH_C,H, H,0 + C=N—NH—C,H, R - 153 -Wiles 3) 510) Hydrozones SU yy bag! God 55S il LD SIS SSU LAGS gl H—C=N—NHC,H, '=N—NHC,H, HO—C—H H—C—OH H—C—OH CH,0H D— Fructose Phenylosazones DS2 Qaala ge Jabs Lie osones sll y¥l Gp LIL Shy sh y¥l Yay HAC = N-NHC, Hy H-C=0 C= N-NHC,H, + 2H,O = Hy = R R + Osazone 2CH, NH—NH, Osone. rus steel) Te game ou 5 Gat Osazone Sy 5b s¥l Jelis Gs slits - 3 cis Silly 5 93S Hilly 55-SyKI Ge IS ghey WG ula oh Call webs cashsae Ji) as Selig JMS Ge galill Osazone 455541 wJelth 2y Loyd G3 I A253 JSUM CUS Bg Ay ¥ GSIC—2 fo WISI LG J] Gas) GIS 5, -WgS15 3) JAH Gadd Oboes Whe 3yb—Dy 398518 —D Ob ella St - 154-Syl —Dy 54845 —D gh oatl phi Qed dpe Uy¥ Label lh yall olay Je "Mets" slau aud pllvol u5yC—5 4 C4.C—3 OS All Gus Led GUANA! parts I pee nell ob yall (H#—c_om), CH,OH jsut CH,OH HO-C—H (H—-C_om, OH Sil -155-A gosll Sty Saul Oa yt 9 S159) (2) sassll JyaSil J] Ketoses slug uSily Aldoses olin yal¥l Ge IS Jpid) Saad y Jal JuaS J] Gall de yeatl Jp Sy eee Syste praboat £93 Aldose 5,sI8U Qs Sor SS ot say sg JyaS J] ASI yea) LK SYS Ge Sle gs Wy SSI oh Gaull Gay Joo Sad Oe aoly Sorbitol Jin y ged! Jy aS Saul] D- Glucose 5315 916) JES! ge gs Oey Dulcitol Jsndls JyaSIl Sud! D- Galactose 5 SSIS) SKIS) G* oss D- Fructose I Jia) Ll Mannitol J gc) 5S D- Mannose 5s so. - D- Mannitol J istlly Sorbitol J yin pull Ge bald ce Qi May ak Sadl Ce sed pL pall Ge Dp ol oh Saal aul Ft LbyaS ob Saul lull pal Ye eaas Laue (ito!) gb! (ose) i! Jingu Wate Glad Gy S LS eed Ye ssid all Ld ‘Hexitol galsell S229) od » Uae Zorn.) sodium Amalgam pysgeall pile Jlaial Jiisyl Gls vitline Gales JEU syags Jle Bid od PLS de TI pas geall sotuay sg? Uaadyy GsLey) Sb Saul! JES! py LS 2Y gual pul Gs CHO CH,OH | (CHO), —_NeBHs__ (CHOH), HYP st CH,OH CH,OH 532i Joell 1 ab Lull go UBL« gli GAL GY yaSHt JEM pul gy oI, + 156 -CH,OH CH,OH H—C—OH CH,OH H—C—OH H H H—C—OH CH,OH CHOH, H—C—OH CH,OH CH,OH Glycerol Erythritol Ribitol Ua .reals Uso! sal CH,OH H—C—OH Ho-paH HO—C—H H—C—OH CH,OH Dulcitol a pinads Jstestes) ly Glyceraldehyde atau put JIA) Ge Ug quail Gye JIA G4 Gye Us ab Oo LS Erythrose 55 50591 Jos st G Erythritol “SSIS Jyial Qe Dulcitol J gaudltly Syublh Syeory Cell LASall Deals Ly aS oly Sul! yday au SLS5 LS . AULA S651 J cae 3 - 157 =CH,OH HoH thou H-t—OH H-G—OH roe) Ho-p—H +0 HO—C—H gut Home H-f—0H H-¢—-OH 18 H-C—OH H—¢~OH f =0 HO—C—H CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH D—Sorbitol L—Sorbose L—Sorbose Alay! Gt Saal fo GL gi IG - 3 ville Gaeli dasa b Loud yyy ls tus paleals ob Gall Gnas 1 yke Gad pKa aad Jt Jyuall wi yey (8 - 5) dyes PK, PK, Sal 13.85 12.09 55 95 13.24 11.68 S958 ill 13.52 12.60 Jy Sul 13.44 11,92 33S ily Ketoses 3.5ily -Aldose 3 yl¥! Yueh Lala¥) ob Sul Joa asy Wand se Ge 355 JURY Up Joly putt Ghe yo Sa topos ye gid +23! gill GS. Tatomerization (i ai!) Abe tayo Gy Utell tl 9 Sty SL VTL GIL oh dl jee UH Za So) SG aS Ag its Dlale ols I Sindy ZG! Ryyey GL Sal Yyo td ays dall goat pads UI edge Ge SLU pony - 158-(Lobry Debruyn- Alberda Van Ekenstein ol ,ii aody) bls J) type ely BLy Js G52) God HS 3 GD GEES Ul OL Seal G Sass lly ZU Sta Th 59S silly 595s 59S KI Be G5 all WAL Cus 5 gg ils Dz Mannose 5s5U dy Uda phar 55S KLE cculall bot a gin) BsSo THU 5 S51 553 G egagaugll 5,3 JLESL alld, D-Fructose3 sis pally SY! O28 G53 x Gayl Gah! ols (1,2 Enediol) Jy2)9! Gaus obs ll Fruc- 5.95 ,i) 3) Mannose 5,5 Jl Jyou us cull ai Whe Stl, Zolitly . tose De SPS oil ie Ey prc saall tees tye ya 0.04 + 59S gS! ales sie + DY pail 3.2 QS Gy pall Gar, Gy Fructose fH gre geo H—¢—0H po =— Hoe HO-F—# HO—C—H Ho—F—H D—glucose 1,2-enediol D—mannose fino# FRoH# gion Fe po — r? HO—C—H HO-—C H—C—OH D—fructose —_2,3-enediol D—allulose DSI BI (woke 0.5) gylill 44 655 585 5d byoe 9 JelLtll poy Leutey Rees Upadye Ge OLall ode JEBY La gdh Talal al ell Go py Dany sya 4-3 93-245 2- Loss + 159-H H-—C+9 H—C—OH don ton on L C—OH H-> bo ub_on nh on non nb_on CH,OH H—C—OH H,OH nt_on ,0H by,oH D-glucose 1 -2enediol D-glucose 2-3 enediol H H nh on ton nob_on H—C—OH = = C—OH H—C—OH OH nt_on nb_on CH,OH CH,OH 3 - ketose, glutose 3-4 enediol (NCR) cpa gyeagll salu go - 4 Killant - Frecher synthesis Bape 345 GySe ltl Lessee ge NCN guns ell acho! Jelias oO Gless JeLiall ba pe giv, (Asymmetuic) Guba pé Lys : Cyanohydrin ja j424 splat - 160 -as re ne fot H J Hoe R R | LUG GIS) gay Hd ayy gl cha ag) Qa Lalas, D- Glucose Oxime 335 yi) piu) yo way Nitrile J RU 4! Cyanohydrin Gjua yb J} “Acetic anhydrides" + dewSystetll gualae Acetylates Fiulis dhisy Ge ele tape Gb Ammoniacal Silver (Slig¥l Lsill FS Jylae go Gyrsilendl Jal sy BI yp S Syiy gabe Sault GSSHON cea ssanell sstlees Ga Joy nitrate Saal! J] Lynde ally Jo! Saal! Go ~161-H—C=OH H—C—OH HO—C--H. t#—C—OH H—C—OH CH,OH D-glucose D-glucose oxime Deglucose snitrite H—C=0 HO—C—H H—C—OH H—C—OH CH,OH D-arabinose Asoctill v gall Jallas pi - 5 Aldonic eb yall jaale J] Jyaidy Lupe iyo, Aleoses oly yu¥! Sls YN MEU oe aga) gael baat G NaOl+ Nal + H,O R—HO +NaOI+ NaOH ——> R COONa I, + 2NaOH + Nal +H,0 - 162 -GgSay Ul y5a5s (Glucenic Aldonic ub Sy) ebjsall pasla cnc sic y + GSSY (6) Way () LG oe ls c=0 COOH C=O a H-C—OH H-C—OH H—C—OH BHO-C-H = 0+H,0———= HO—C—H=—=H,0 + HO—C_H 0 y HC H—C—OH H—C—OH 6 H-C—CH H—C—CH wt CH,OH CH,OH CH,OH ob yS gS Gaal UUs due shy GIS LBS ISH ale ogy LSU JULaN G Golpall Juosy WAST SI gS GbE Gaed ALS ll (6 SY) Lull WoL! Lal Lalally MN Say daly BSSY BSG Sy rS Ob) 4 Yad lly GASW Gs gles PRLY! psssyeotls Yilelens lds Gull oh Sull J} abs TSU oda Y5535 HEAL! AL ASI Qoule oye hy fall Gaslag Sus! — 6 Bab5 adey Royall Galesl Yl sy! eb AM! GAstss GAL JL! Sts JY! JySIl Ze games GyL WY Fe geal! uu Sts (%50) eb all Gare 5S 5 : (Saccharic) wh j[Sudl, (Aldaric) a jlaly! jaleal ga sS3) HC—O HO—C—O HNO. (CHO), wt” CHOM), OH H Sgalth eb lal¥) gaat, Aldose Aldaric acid - 163 -coon COOH H—C—OH ott Hoe HO—C—H H—-E—OH H—C—OH H—-C—OH ndon COOH boon D- glucarica is 3s D- mannaric ui» D- glucosacchasicd tk. 85 D- mannosaccharic eb (ou sls COOH H--C—OH nona HO—C—H H—C—OH COOH ey Sau SSIS D- galactosaccharic (Lenses) Jub D- galsctaric (mucic) glucosccharic- J {6.u 6 jSI5 Saul! au Saccharic cb ical! atl) GLa, J Sat JyoSlly Hla) Ace yore 9 59S 9S BS) be GyS Sold gi UL, Glucaric JS yh ha tusk qeSll Saal! Jf atic gl ULs} Sey » Arabaric Unonic acids 455 gai! olan Yh Ze pane J] GUY) Up aS Lepias BST Le Galea) oda gS - 164-ie eS. Sly sglAY ee one pace GALS) Ge EI Gl gl pe Sy sll Bs gg ASC tly Manuronic obs, ,20ly Gluctonic oly 5.5 SH aslo Galactouronic CHO CHO nO bo H—C—OH HO~C--H Ho-e—H H—C—OH Hi H not wn boon boon By y gu eh SSE D- mannuronic galacturonic ore H HH won bon H-C—OH COOH D- glucuronic eb yuS IS D- glycuronic by ySIS H RO RO OH \.7 N74 IN IN ° a-O-glycoside B-O-glycaside ayn SUIS -O-LiI syle ySNS -0- Gy - 165 -H OH H o—Sugar Sc + ROH —_\% +H,0 HO H RO H B —Sugar \7 +ROH “4, H,0 \y \G | Bf h-7 Estirs of pus Yt ot Usb Sh Seal Jas s step pastas Je! Aw Kalas sy a5 Acetate (oS) oa laa oda Ge 2S GS yall LESH Ge AS :Benzoates cus sil, Stearates cu piully Proprionate 2.5 ys Jl Carbonates 1) cl fusj— | Carbony! Chloride a1, 5 Ji ys 1S y] OPhosphogen cam sim sal) felis D—Glucose 1.2: 5.6—Di-wlyy 538 5G ol Sull gs Uyill dba toed :D- Glucese - 5, 6 - Dicarbonate 4 sSi Lis »39! Jla5 ic «carbonate onc Othh . O—-H ‘AO " ° Deglucosel.2:5.6-dicarbonate H oa - 166-“Acetate” SEI) Of tau) = Acetic suliugst ebull" (SLSUI alsH yaale flax tuty Jeli all is sae aale whl ais spapageall OLA) cele ule oye Anhydride" (aso!) cal ols Sil Sulphonates cist gdlull ¢ 93 Gs cil ful = & “Methane sul- y "Toluene- p- Sulphonates” 1,Liail ob aw! eda AST ge Mesy! Juwall oliady Tosyl Jouny ct ol fuly qenud ell) phonates” D5 gS Jlaad wad Guantall Jglas g Tosylation Outil dae Juoaiy Bygeoy 1.2-0-(1, 2, 3,4- Tetra-o-actety?) 6-0-tosyl-D-Glucose 5S Glucose Tsopropyli- Gatsby sy s2yuud! Spall Tosylation Usui! Gauls itl pe 0 :dense. b CH,O—P—OH 1 ° ° ° HO I ol 3} HO—P—OCH, CH,—P—OH nb OH Hi —-H H HO ut on b OH H. bg ? HH t,o} OH D-fructoturanosyl-1-6-dip fructose dip (Harden-Young) jul OH Byuyl -8 sual cul gts Hotel goles gs LS stigll ules LS! ge SLE MY oda 9S - 167-ell Sta AG pad CORY ae LA OLR pads OY) acl pull & ald fe aga gl JauSy rug! LSI G2 9S Kuull Gide Ge pdos duo LA! SLL 8S) ge GY SLE pas Silver Oxide Laisl 4usl ase y Methyl Lodide {21 wlagl ex { I FON Mel —_—_ PT OMet HI 2HI+ Ag,O ——~» 2Agl+H,O BAN GL cull 6-5 ASM oh Sal be LoL ob Sah Ga GALLE! 9S all ob Sault ay Glycal JlSs¥SI Glycosides oly iu SSI Anhydride LU) a sa : Deoxy Sugars Giza uSs\U! ol Sul Amino Sugars Ae) rls Saul - 1 SeSyostell ggalae Slaged Leth Gy Tsao Lyall Sul 05s GYSI Sia (opel Te pane) Less quale Qo Gall oe g ayaull AS ys gs Sali Ug S te yeos felis Load 49S si Glycamines ota! OSG 33 gl gil... Osazone Gysy—¥ly Hydrazone 455s :s44! Sie S Te game ge eb Aull dale Jel Jia Laay ts Galea! Aad QS Ce 2h Liban ssasell Gaala Yes Ge GULAM ada QSGIy Gly oS Jee Spor gell : Hydrazine Soilysaglt elsily onal LeeSyravedly - 168 -H—C=0 CH,CH | ° H—O—NH u/ H Ho-¢—H p OH H Mn H-G—0H uf 5 H-G—OH CH,OH 2 - Amino -2- Deoxy - D- Glucose Glucosamine Chitosamine ,\ Jae Ud de gene Yad Jods (Sl GS SLES AM ada Ye TUM Gay Sothgdl Glas UAL gy IS obs gush Weill busy call Ley eal! Pol Sull aba Ys UY Gay 2- Amino Aldohexoses Nh gunsagal | gush 2 24 D- Glucoseamine asl 5sS¥SU Jia D- galactosamine (neh 5 53S MSily Ne acetyl ¢ sill Ge poll gilts § Glia wy Sialic acids elLuull yAleat— - 169-CH,OH CH,OH H On HO, On \OH H OH H HO) OH ) H HNCOCH; H HNCOCH, N-acetyL et - D-glucosesmine N—acetyL a - D-glucoseamine (2-acetamido-2-Jeoxy-a-D-glucoseamine) (2-acetamido-2-deoxy a-D-glucoseamine) {Gle NAC) {Gal NAC) tpol gus ASI - 2 23 GUA Nha uae GAS SUN Slostl tu gil SLI Ub pull 585 Gb Gell gall: Guts Baa oh Salt 3 acetyl Glucoseamine s4ay 43 alaoay!l soe StI - ULL HOH D of pall SASS Loss Lyall Ua) alll: glad) — oe OH ABE oh Se Ky Gell Gaby - 3 HO) sepengh gine =e NH—-C—N—NO) Off CH 0 i =O OH H—CHNH, HO—C—H NH) GUL Je H-~C—OH H-C—OH HOH yaa Jotul -170-cael sgisylsst - 3 rg Laall 3 Bayagll GUbLAU Foe SL Salt Gde bsSe col say th SSNS Jabal So gaalys ga Gig SIL salads cogs Lady play ALI pally S55 Vly slaty Gy pail 3 La yll Fall uy 54S 9S Gaaba ao bal llaes Gs ily CH=0 08 H—CH—NH, Q ‘OH HO-C-H HO-C—H Ny —C—On CH,OH conill yest Gh JS Jhsi gilt 4 cbs pSazaaell gale Se GIT go Sault She elas! ol Salt Jeli aie basis sill Fate 5921S Calin ob Sud gi tee lly drill ye | (Gusts Bhs yeSastsa) » 1 | Le HC Dy gia sil Pentose paler Su Furfural “in-Gly oaalall 35.5 ge 1S sates Qaalall es BalY ob Saul elas gl Ugale edad Ti gle OLS yo GS OY pail Gs gs sua Glas Sai yill oy Saal U5 gl AS ted AbatuSh daadie olay) ob Sull -5 WG Gan julos J roaysiy Ly buls Gk, ol Sul oda pad Lees WS Oy Gy Sl obs sae yo olde Ty Ring Structures ct, cull gill us ul 7-5 Goby Y gly Bo plea Le yeas (Lage Wale) pd He old ol Sul rAgdey elit aes we fee ggdendis saat al du ySs) Laat) de gaat LLEs 55S 516) Lb] poe 1 -(Fuchsine gy y5 Hisse Jylos LG Saks BS ol Salle J} FSM eta SII Goals Lilia sie - 2 (SAN Gila) Jb sis sil! OL Saath Gh Sp yas LIS Guang Gest sy yay Le sll Bowl Layo 285-3 Legal footy ydla JOe fe Oy lg yi al dls Lelay o(Teaaladl Lay, ASH FB Q HO gules sao] Co pee S VI) Yl! eS yuh be Cxie gare GyS lsd! eras Gt Uf yey alls peby aha gecalae Kal Ge ol Go Type ais Wa say pee Syl ae CosSigg Lanal dl S18! B54 BAT UaaSiy sua Teyane Co Lee Syosell Pty he WI foe Ye Lad - IGN 5-1 cbse ass) Glile olS > dite J amomers alas ¥! Glew well JO ge Lae Udi SLUG say 55S SI Ob lS YI DILL wes GAS) Eyles) Tau elhey Guts p2 UU GUS oday By O Ee Ib -172-Fabled) pad isd 1-7-5 doase fell Ugo gx SyS Slt Solis Zauts 59S ySU yo Slt GE td GS fst Shas uYl: Skips Slelese GLAU igly HCL chy yy yaaa te 3 Glauwy — 34° i535 yer dbys Gly + 159° & 43 Specific Rotation «glall Ye "Methyl B—D—glucoside” , Methyl a— D—glucoside R Bats CHa as ¢ C H—C—OH H—C—OH HO-C-H 0 HO—C—H H—C—OH H—C—OH O H—C be CH,OH CH,OH METHYL a - D- GLUCOSEDE METHYL - B~ D-GLUCOSIDE (a) = + 159° a(B)=-34° lly G25 hs by 5 (ll Gil Uf cL Gude 9 Gee ay any Tanret + JS Kind oii as J) GLa) Total 42 Oy Sl olS sae Ge 233 aay cudiay Lesa Gellty ol Sul Jalal yall Gbyall Gl Dubrimfamt 5 vdey le UTA eh Sul Cale Like ya ha Ghyll @ pial gly WIS D- 53S ySU Upltte JIA prs as Ge Tanret G65 sty Ketoses ole gust bys 6 gill JOAN Ske Yudiad Lass 48 cid pyle cll Uauly, Glucose Wa Goiliiny ii Sylpm La yay GLU past Pol So (41129) es -173-8 yybty Leste 5831S Gye AT VS $545 452.5 Jaey ob SL esill ub sal pity HP asad pegs Ghys oa Uses Le ps 98° Ge ST ha Le jay oll Da gHS (D) Cary 39S 1S (D) UN GIS pases Likes S583 Lay $52.5" J) . (Mutarotation) Gla Ghyll Gbaall Gyady JI ye H H HOB \ cf N\ ZZ | H—C=0 | H—C—OH H—C—OH H—C—OH HO-C-H 0 | === HO-C-H 4 HO—C_H I H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H—C—OH | H-C | H-C. | H—C—OH CH,OH | CH,OH BD CH,OH 8 moss D-glucose a-D-glucose +19 sagt Dede GE + 112° 4255 Sue SIS ill Jie Leela OES yes Sbyall @ 2adll Uiadee Say SA} cow Ga Tile aoe JWG ay gill Jp La YY ose JIC GSS abd peak Oe lye OS Spall Oly Sul Hla! arall 2-7-5 Cpl Gyo GS sats Wha Tie Lass Ge anes Tile Gane os D-Glucono-S-Lactone gb jSay cules ys sulyll Jlacial, (D) 59S 95H Gay 1 ail Lal yall aS ast aby eveloee SAN udgl Gen) Catal Gt ye Jar Lee -174-OG Ube cay GS) Lat Jal GoLail oh Sud) aay Yo cals ail +D- Glucopyranoses jis ysl sg lie (Pyranoses) JAI! palin ga 55S sI5l Glycofuranosides sili yilasySaStill ue fhe Garb!) oli Sati iss Go) Shey dliay Sop! peal ia Laat gy SG il dis Ls Lays Scua 95 gl Glycofuranosides clajLats 35 5S SIS « Y-Glycosides clue Su Ltcsh p LaGboN Luwtsailly oLeula Furanoses and Pyranoses atu sil) gaily ola yi pull Sh Sa Gab Galaudl JILYI Ye Pyranoses aul Haworh alsa gibt Hopes 553 Yall Glas Pyran olay Tvl Li gs SI Gilat Gye Tie wy f \ H J. H | Ve NA i Pyranose Pyran a—a-a-—a—n Gale Gibt all Gilat Gauls oly Sault Haworth Qube go Tashi Gui 2 Furan Ghyaill Ge Gadly ole gh yaill pul lo Nes JI \s \ c——C Cc Q-a-—n—-a -175-Oe Foals Se Uf ilas des yrugll eyed Gla Ho pavy Lesiey (D) WY BS Jem S rag Leseat Lal ren Syl La yaill Bpod) Zeal D Le yootl apodl Jf od pial J] Lal a D- Glucopyranosey y21 595 9S . D- Glucopyranose ji! 9K ~ D. Gay HY ggSty Untit! 09S QA Wad pepe ob Saal Pyrnoses ole gt pull JOT p53 Ryd he Sees steelt de geoe pe GIRS de gene sh lal Ley eee sash gt WY! Ons 3lo5 YG GS Furanosey sity gail) MOA Le) Dosa Gy SII By SI Leah Spall eaS ys taa pe OSES HAS (.4i Aldopentoses an si 50) Pyranoses ola gilt JCal Ll Ud Lab Cy Cy lsd Som geiill b Aldohexoses slyaSa yal cil allt ge slaps J Lil 45 Cy de gab! Aldohexose Tuwhiaal ty gsPU guladtt pblall Gas Al se Gol Qty tee Qa Call ob Sunil gree aay (Se elast Dye aun gil GML AYL, Pyranose 5 haa! g syegll dla C,~C) obs Gilly Thos GAS OS gill Byyoll spe G ullisy Cy 35 QOH Tepes 1Cg2Cs oh Jaty CH,OH HO. 1,0. oH -H/ocH, H ou Methyl o—D—glucofuranoside QUI Hla) JOM, Leaahtandd LRSM OL Saal pars Sey old J] Ge] ~176-CH,OH O. OCH, R) HO/CH,OH H H Methyl B-D-fructofuranoside [eon HOCH, OL CHAO wort HO—C A 3 a HO H-C-On 4 oH | on oH mt CH,OH a-D-fructofuranose quo CH,OR o, On HO ho HHO. bon u cH,0H ! OH OH HC CHAO B-D-fructofuranose D- Aldopentoses cil si JSU Lawdastl Lilet Jos puny is USary Oy Cyd ge corgi) Nae Gadd) Gol quts aad sry H. COOH + Oo H C OH | é nee oO Hq I H—C. CH,OH Methyl o-D- glucopyranoside bil wlaay! Thal 9S Leiay ela gill Gdeary ALDH LAI! ght Lvtall LildLs PAE (SEMI LAY) Qusleat HOCH, H OCH, Methyl a-arabinofuranoside el why! +183 -Oligosaccharides dja) Gl Sus 8 - 5 AI YS GSU fas gt toe ee Suysel Gb Sel acs Disaccharides 4G ols Sault - 1 GS gS + 585) 5811 (GSU + 598 9S) 5 HSN - (SIS4 + 59S 95S) 55 Sault — Sb sl Seb HO osebsudiol! Ss sababull) 53) ob Se - 4 Trisaccharides @394s) cil Susi ~ 2 GMS + SSH + SS 5S) Spill 1 Tetrasaccharides dscls i) cols cull - 3 pS HS + Sgis d+ 5 gSIS + 5 giSIIS) 5 gusts | RS Slang 10-2 NV 6-2 ge G55 (all OLS ya Bays all ol Sul WAL, Shao sy tpailyt GEES Le Dy5e sty GST Ga IS poll 2 MN ud bas GS gd LY (Le sig Tae) Leagan SIS Uy gaye 1 (Gay GM) Games Deshi gaye - abl ob Gull sae y Ey) - ¢ 2B Gob OL Gall SE SA ASL GL sul 1-8-5 tee Gaal bo 5 GoleY aL Soll Ge Saas Ge EGU! ob Sul! USE oe ee gs (9-5) Sysatl dye Lares Fro Gob Ge Lda! eee 2 EGU ob Sul = 184-AUyAM LAE eb Sul 1 OSA) pe TAGM ob Sul (9-5) dys! AEB Su ES ASEM Sul ell ill Sal Cyt Cy 2 USAN ob Su) I SS gS + 5S 95 Maltose Ss 1 DSI + SSS Lactose SHSM (2 SSS + og 58 Cellobiose Sabah (3 SIS BK + 5955 Gentbiose Salat (4 SSUS + 558 51S Melibiose Sate QS JFSoi + 5989S Tura nose Ssilosall (6 USA pe ob Sul -o DSSod + 5S SIS Sucrose Sg Suu! Tehalose Sully tl 53898 + 5Sks Real ob Salt ASI Ge GILL SESW ASL! OL Sall Ge KS ay 5a Seal ody ays!) clap ISI go LHL ob Sud! Le rel Say sg Sealt patall) SAL g Tagg Lay yall ob Gaull go 54 SudLG Gy SSW dgany Oy dg ge Sally ela Baye gad 5S Lal o( Saal nerd JIS Uns 444 Cellobiose 5 yl! Ll sll rLAal Jas Ladi GS, + gill 5 gla Lege ell LL y! Le Bel ola gy S55 : Larus Bpolt Gl Saal a eT Sy SES Go JIM Saal) Why ag - 185-fda Ge SUM OL Su Btu LS Al Lely Jats | gb Saul JURY LG Gel 1 W Saul Ee Hal asl SU) flail Spell Eg Lip ak oly Yl ULI SI pe tl Shy lad = tay B lot WI Bie SUIS ON Guba ob Se SS SL Sal! GoaLadly SUN Jl Stl ga ALS ce SY OSa2 5 Lull 5! ihe 5 yoy SI Gy by Jaa Lean geday ge Dole oh Sul! flood! LAS Tal Gy bl oa Cellobiose 5 gals glu! ot ede Oe SARs yl Gals pe GSU Glaall Go syub shalt GS poy ISR a So gay Emulsion 33! yl pala Yy Lighod (Sy 54S yt! + Ryall Gull gealaall Boel oe Gl! CH,OH H 0 CH,OH OH HAB ° Ott HO H OH H H ou on H OH 4-0-3-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-Glucopyranose. Cellobiose (lil yoo) - 186 -Cellobiose 5 sslsshull (ths Sad! lil SAU Laks CH,OH H OH H ce] ‘Oo OH H\ yon OH H H HO! J H OH CH,OH (Cellobiose) Sp ogtlagbeall (Say gh Ube gualens TELS 43 jel yLull gt "Octamethyl Cellobiose" . Methyl hepta-O-methy] cellobioside 4 Guus . 2,3,4,6-Tetramethyl-d-glucose oS lI a sy tou SY Sot! Jes shes SAL (Pyranoid glia JSEs 59S HS OV dye Js) Sot!) Util JUS Furanoid gelad 4) (C4) JMS Pyranoid pales JS OSS ol Gt otal - (Cs) cle Unedys Saal BaeSt sie "Cellobionic acid” ui slylull Gael gis + pal 5g Sua SHS pilly 54S Ge Gye Gl 5g Sad SLI eS All Ge Bade 251 533) Epa 8) Sy SM LS Bagel DEW plat! doy cpa sin WSLS pe 5p all pened JULY «(2 Ady SyISII L3y | aL AST AS, SAS il Oo BME ily SUSHI + WL VAST 54 Salt ay SuISHy All Ge US Oe BI - 187 -° (1.2) grow a/ 8 H-C { H—C—OH nob HO-E—H ° non H—¢—0H a CH, H—-C. nt buon | CH,OH > a -D - glucopyranosyl - B- D- fructofuranoside & - D - glucopyranosyl - f - D - fructofuranoside Er Bs tructoturanoside sucrose 6 CH,OH 2 “| dS — Lill bts 1§ 25 9S 24 — Gay LIS! a-D-glucopyranosyl -D-Fructofuranoside Lactose 5yis5U) Lity op ASYEClly 54S pK OU as HGH ayy) lat Soy Gann Seattle lly 1 Syl epee J He Udy lS Lepage Je Gh tay (Lactase) 5.55 3U) py Sah Taal, alles ply pudgy! Uke YEy . JAN bu Ugo! GEEU LG ayeyll - 188 -DE Se nn BS Stay GLa Gale Q (qubatl Sun) 55S! aay geknd Ghee J gle Jpoatl (Say hall cule G4 %6 = 45 ell cuba! B-D- Galacto- es &-D-Glucopyranose apa sle3! Ga Sul Wha GySy dae! ot Ga sUS Duals 55S 95 G2 Gehl oll 25 Jac da .pyranose {8as) BL 4) gah Goa Daph oding SS YH Ge SIV S915 85 ASST Gary SyISY LW Lay Lage Jy-nadl Oy 5SSDUI Ge Ulesi day BP GLS] pyedll apo ll 35 Falls ghd yall UZ TAL oh Sul oe lany “Phenyl hydrazone" g15110 sill gs "Osazone” Oy53lesl 9S cpt ells SaS gS GE yS Jp Lactase a yYly GaelIL Lie 5555 Jl Cya- ga jase siluully (Oaszone) Gy ilu st! Os ew gay GIST, Seu Te gane Ye es siagy Ob slill Unulyy pSizy Oxime auuSly nohydrin S53 3 Regge J] Real gla) Ley nee Jy ats) Fy SSM su SLy Lasiey Loe postPl ppd LS «(Lactobnionic eb wb pS¥ Waala GyS Yun S 92 ISI! ue Bg a La SINE Epa pa, ( B-Glycosidase) jliue SS #5 aby ."Glucose B—Galactoside alu sSYIS 355 5 gh Suull Gl 3S 52 Tad Gye MSs LAE S3 SM La aN Gye sSaull yd St an SA ats “gS UI Vay 2 gut Ait) Quad sll gb Leased 5.s3L er sS9iS (D) Ga ease vba ge Saal Ha Gye oe (Re 80) Jot! Sg SI B55 Jl Let Ga St Spel GS y ge (41) Ma ot AGI Ba gl ye a 59S B53 Ge GyV! Bayll GN gl oe Gye SYN by SII Bol ELH OSA Oy gb Bye Te gane Ye is sions Maltose 32Le ay 537 Ghalys Saul pay siti eS A Saul ctaglall oa esa yey slyy Leal! otinall - 189-a KS | | H—F-0H oO H—C—OH HO—C—H HO-C_H Oo H—C—O: H—C—OH ne ne L,0H CH,OH D-glucopyranose a-D-glucopyranose % 549+ 4-O-a-D-glucopyrmosyl-D-glucopranose Maltose (a) Jou! CH,OH CH,OH Qu H OH H OH H HO (Ag SpoHh) Abst SMT paddy) aay! gety Gan ISI gl Gb ath thy htl pa ad eee gS WT 5 UU pha I GT O55 Gg DyV! Glad way Dede cil a-glucosade 353 Bb 59S 9K! clyde steal oe (D) pis SIS) 35 pull pe foods (4 LW) syS9I Basal (4) pas Gy IS! -190-Isamaltose 3 gillag5:Yt 6-O-a- D-Glucopyranosy! - D-Glucopyranose s"Amylopectin" eS. glad ly (ua SONG! J TALS L Su Bray S sayy "Oligo 1, 6-Glycosidase” p.53y! Uaslyy sell yall 9 LL dle oI Sey CH,OH 6-0-0-D-Glucopyranosy!-D-Gluco-Pyranose Sgnally>.¥! Esomaltose (@) Jou 6 O—— CHe H On OH H HO OH H OH Melibiose 59st Jt rag olaaey Saul! SUH GS A Lays, Haworth Sslya pli de yeoe Sul Nighy O-c-D galactopyranosyl (1 6)-O-D-glyropyranose Waa GySry LIVI Ce gaat Ajaall GWMUTL asl oly J55S5 Gl bins 3= ASAE) pay) qs Raffinase 5 iL S33 Salt Jel Lo Sul CH,OH -"Invertase” H On ‘O—CH, OH H Qu HO’ a H H H H OH OH galactose glucose OH OH - 191 -Turanose 3535) 92Ul Uy opel YSN phayy See Sov Ley nas le SLI Saul) bs os poss Jha) Gat 45S,, .1-O-0-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-Fructofuracose GS J! Melizitose 5 uly be POG Sal i5odl SU HOH,C oO Turanose ABI cobs Sul! 2 -B 5 JEM Jyul 3 545M gpa Laybll g LLaa Gps ob Sal BS) ge (11-5) dyasut Usb Say TAI ob Sul ob Stl fo Sual Veh Salt -1 DSSS + SSIS + 5gSTS Mannotriose 351,35! Sghaly + sohal + 5959S Robinose dey! Sgt + ashe + 5nSYIS Rhaminose 5 suat it Uy pe oh Sul -2 DHSIC 5S SSE Reffinose Seis SIS 6 SIS GIS SSSI Gentianose 3. sliiel DSSS 6 SSSI DSHS Melezitose Shall! - 192-Reffinose 5 g3ily!! — 1 305% Tretiyy OGL 9 Ui SLU ta yey GLEGY! erly OMS Se gay OBE) Byhny gg Saull posal D-Fructose 555 55 55S sis (D-galactose) 5 SS YIS Slray Ge GySay sions Bags Sy Se Bary GS Ally SASSY ya ES Oe Gy TALS Hyun Ll. J stibil flay Leste “SSS pilly 55S 51S qgasledl gl ye Gal EeLut 4 Sul olivall othe] ye Sg TSI] pve ol] an SIE daly GaSe Uside 5 SS ills 5 ASH. 55S 55 3 Bayoyll Legg Ua oy ll Rel Gaitly 53S ill eo LS yy Sy Sy gl sil a4, al SUR Suh le HWbSsy 5p SII 55S 1S Gly Ss Sell UI Levtic 2d) SLI SAMI Ge pe O9G EAU SUN Jaa gl LS ."Melibiose” > sb 1 Rigaadll olan! thaalye SU) flail = 1 (Raffinose) (ssi) 5.88 IS - 5 Sy BD 59355 4 HOH (Melibiose) (Suel Ul) 55S yg + 5 ASUS + 5585 Sucrase ja Sell Uamlys SU flail! -2 (Raffinose) (398M) SASS + 59S9K BSS 1 HOH (Melibiose) Sate YI (SSSUS 4558958) + 5.0855 : Maltase 3.JUI elt laall -3 (Raffinose) (ssHilyt!) 5 SSUES B SSG ~ DSI 4 HOH (Sucrose) Sy Suall (59S 4 + 59S 9S) + 58SVIS -193-H HO /CH,OH H OH H OH OH H galactose glucose fructose melibiase sucrose (O-c.-D-gafactopyranosy! (1 9 6)-O-a-D-glucopyranosy! - (1 —> 2) B-frucofuranoside Raffinose 35i1,!) Lg Yl thusly pS gly Rye SI) Cealys Sul Wa pads gt osaay + gb stall slat gy Baya slt GAS G dasa sll Melezitase} sist) Jt 45S. D- Fructose 4.35 445 D- Glucose 3.58 5S Ge Pst Sault {ha GySas D- Fructose 3 854 bay go Las5 5 Glucose 595 sSN dass 53 sSu) SS Turanese 59h p! Ss Gy CHO R 0. H OH HOH,C 1 HO *h\ OW OH CHOH | A, OH HH OH H H o glucose fructose glucose sucrose turanose O-cD-galactopyranosyt (1 —# 2) O-P-D-frueto-furanosy] (371) -e-D-glucopyranoside +194-Gentianose 5 Liat D- Glucopyra- gs essay Os OgSzy (Gentiana) aGLUI 44 AS 9 say 455 olay Gentiobiose Ghas (69 1) W) Gi S slo tly tho — nose + Sy Saal GUS 2-9 IB y & Bpol D- Fructose S45 CH,OH o——~ CH, H in 0 On HOCH, u H On H OH H 10 H o CHO on OH A OH oH OK glucose givcose fructose Gentiobiose Gentiabiose sucrose + dle Alok Sue SSS — Gay ay Ot Gadly culell Ge SG Su Joe pb Gbeiol oo SHU Saul! Yb key LZ 5S sKIly 59S Ul oS) Bye JRSM Sys Sule] y GAsLoll duly dlasy Hts NaBHs esa) flor cunt (acetylation) 4354) 95 iyaty Lea NaBHs dant y 2 25 OLS 50 BI 25 sSus (acetic anthdride) sljsagst 2, 3, 4,6 - weramethy}- 3, 5 - diacery}- galactitol ~ 1 © 2,3,4-trimetlyl- 1, 5, 6- tiacety! galactitol - J CK DK? -195-

اساسيات الكيمياء الحياتية-سامي المظفر،دار المسيرة PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

اساسيات الكيمياء الحياتية-سامي المظفر،دار المسيرة PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like