INTRODUCTION

In open channel flow, specific energy (E) is the energy length, or head, relative to the channel
bottom. Specific energy is expressed in terms of kinetic energy, and potential energy, and
internal energy. The Bernoulli equation, which originates from a control volume analysis, is
used to describe specific energy relationships in fluid dynamics. The form of Bernoulli’s
equation discussed here assumes the flow is incompressible and steady. The three energy
components in Bernoulli's equation are elevation, pressure and velocity. However, since with
open channel flow, the water surface is open to the atmosphere, the pressure term between
two points has the same value and is therefore ignored. Thus, if the specific energy and the
velocity of the flow in the channel are known, the depth of flow can be determined. This
relationship can be used to calculate changes in depth upstream or downstream of changes in
the channel such as steps, constrictions, or control structures. It is also the fundamental
relationship used in the standard step method to calculate how the depth of a flow changes
over a reach from the energy gained or lost due to the slope of the channel.

OBJECTIVES

1. Outflow processes over a underwater weir

2. Subcritical and supercritical flow
3. Energy level of flows in open flumes