AcPower PDF

14: Power in AC Circuits
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Power in R, L, C
• Tellegen’s Theorem
• Power Factor Correction
• Ideal Transformer
• Transformer Applications
• Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2017-10213) AC Power: 14 – 1 / 11

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Ideal Transformer v 2 (t)
• Transformer Applications Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) = R
• Summary

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
Average Power dissipated in R:

1
RT
P = T 0
p(t)dt

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

1
RT 1 1
RT
P = T 0
p(t)dt = R × T 0
v 2 (t)dt

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

1
RT 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i
P = T 0
p(t)dt = R × T 0
v (t)dt = R

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
P T 0 p(t)dt = × R T 0
v (t)dt = R
v (t) is the value of v 2 (t) averaged over time

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
P T 0 p(t)dt = × R T 0
v (t)dt = R
p
We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms , hv 2 (t)i

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
P T 0 p(t)dt = × R T 0
v (t)dt = R
p
hv2 (t)i (Vrms )2
The average power dissipated in R is P = R = R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.

Average Power

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
P T 0 p(t)dt = × R T 0
v (t)dt = R
p
hv2 (t)i (Vrms )2
The average power dissipated in R is P = R = R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
We use small letters for time-varying voltages and capital letters for
time-invariant values.

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Transformer Applications Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos ωt. Amplitude is V = 5 V.
• Summary

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos ωt = V 2 + 2 cos 2ωt

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V2
Mean Square Voltage: v = 2 since cos 2ωt averages to zero.

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V2

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = √1 V = 3.54 V
2

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = √1 V = 3.54 V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the “rms” subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.

Cosine Wave RMS

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
e
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = √1 V = 3.54 V = V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the “rms” subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.
√
e =
In this lecture course only, a ~ overbar means ÷ 2: thus V √1 V .
2

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Ideal Transformer Suppose voltage and current phasors are:
• Summary V = |V | ejθV
I = |I| ejθI

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary V = |V | ejθV ⇔ v(t) = |V | cos (ωt + θV )
I = |I| ejθI ⇔ i(t) = |I| cos (ωt + θI )

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
Power dissipated in load Z is
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (ωt + θV ) cos (ωt + θI )

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

= |V | |I| 2 cos (2ωt + θV + θI ) + 2 cos (θV − θI )

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2ωt + θV + θI ) + cos (θV − θI )
2 2
= 21 |V | |I| cos (θV − θI ) + 12 |V | |I| cos (2ωt + θV + θI )

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

2 2

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

2 2
Average power: P = 12 |V | |I| cos (φ) where φ = θV − θI

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

2 2

= Ve Ie cos (φ)

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

2 2

= Ve Ie cos (φ) cos φ is the power factor

Power Factor +

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
1 1

2 2

= Ve Ie cos (φ) cos φ is the power factor
φ > 0 ⇔ a lagging power factor (normal case: Current lags Voltage)

φ < 0 ⇔ a leading power factor (rare case: Current leads Voltage)
Complex Power
e = √1 |V | ejθV and I˜ =
• Average Power If V √1 |I| ejθI
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗
The complex power absorbed by Z is S , V
where * means complex conjugate.
• Summary

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗


• Ideal Transformer Ve × Ie∗ = Ve ejθV × Ie e−jθI
• Summary

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗


• Ideal Transformer Ve × Ie∗ = Ve ejθV × Ie e−jθI = Ve Ie ej(θV −θI )
• Summary

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary

= Ve Ie ejφ

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= V I e = V I cos φ + j Ve Ie sin φ

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
Complex Power: S , Ve Ie∗ = P + jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
Apparent Power: |S| , V I measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
Average Power: P , ℜ (S) measured in Watts (W)

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
Reactive Power: Q , ℑ (S) Measured in Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
Reactive Power: Q , ℑ (S)
Measuredin Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
e − ∠Ie = P
Power Factor: cos φ , cos ∠V |S|

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
e − ∠Ie = P
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos φ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.

Complex Power
2 2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
e × Ie∗



• Summary
e e jφ e e
= P + jQ
e e
e − ∠Ie = P
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos φ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Power Company: Costs ∝ apparent power, Revenue ∝ average power.
Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
For any impedance, Z , complex power absorbed: S = V
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
e (b) Ie × Ie∗ = Ie we get S = Ie Z = ∗V
• Power Factor + Using (a) V Z
• Complex Power
• Summary

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
• Complex Power
2 2
e |Ve |
• Power Factor Correction Resistor: S = I R = R φ=0
• Summary Absorbs average power, no VARs (Q = 0)

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
• Complex Power
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
e |Ve |
Inductor: S = j I ωL = j ωL φ = +90◦
No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
• Complex Power
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
Capacitor: S = −j ωC = −j Ve ωC φ = −90◦
No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
• Complex Power
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors

Power in R, L, C

• Average Power
e Ie∗ = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
• Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
• Complex Power
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors

The phase, φ, of the absorbed power, S , equals the phase of Z
Tellegen’s Theorem

• Average Power
Tellegen’s Theorem: The complex power, S , dissipated in any circuit’s
• Cosine Wave RMS components sums to zero.
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
xn = voltage at node n
• Tellegen’s Theorem Vb , Ib = voltage/current in branch b
• Ideal Transformer (obeying passive sign convention)
• Summary


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Transformer Applications 
• Summary 
−1 if Vb starts from node n
abn , +1 if Vb ends at node n


0 else


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
e.g. branch 4 goes from 2 to 3 ⇒ a4∗ = [0, −1, 1]


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
Branch voltages: Vb = n abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 − x2 )


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
Branch voltages: Vb = abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 − x2 )
n
P P ∗
KCL @ node n: b abn Ib = 0 ⇒ b abn Ib = 0


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
P P ∗
P ∗
P P ∗
Tellegen: b V b Ib = b n abn xn Ib


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
P P ∗
P ∗
P P ∗
P P
= n b abn Ib∗ xn


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
P P ∗
P ∗
P P ∗
P P P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib∗
∗


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
P P ∗
P ∗
P P ∗
P P ∗
P P ∗
P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn × 0


• Average Power
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary 


0 else
P
P P ∗
P ∗
P P ∗
P P ∗
P P ∗
P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn × 0
P P P
Note: b Sb = 0 ⇒ b Pb = 0 and also b Qb = 0.

Power Factor Correction
Ve = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j Ω.

• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA

• Complex Power
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
Add parallel capacitor of 300 µF:


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
1
ZC = jωC = −10.6j Ω


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = 1
jωC = −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A
SC = Ve IeC∗ = −j5 kVA


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97
Average power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97
Average
power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.
e
I , reduced from 56.5 ց 47 A (−16%) ⇒ lower losses.


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97
Average
e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 ց 2.6 kVAR


• Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 − j32.9 A = 56.5∠ − 36◦
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 13∠36◦ kVA

• Complex Power
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 36◦ = 0.81
• Summary
ZC = jωC1
= −10.6j Ω ⇒ IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 − j11.2 A = 47∠ − 14◦ A

S = Ve Ie∗ = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.9∠14◦ kVA
P
cos φ = |S| = cos 14◦ = 0.97
Average
e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 ց 2.6 kVAR , power factor = 0.81 ր 0.97.

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
A transformer has ≥ 2 windings on the same magnetic
• Cosine Wave RMS core.
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Ampère’s law: Nr Ir = µA ; Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
• Summary

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Ampère’s law: Nr Ir = µA ;
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
• Tellegen’s Theorem N1 : N2 + N3 shows the turns ratio between the windings.
• Ideal Transformer The • indicates the voltage polarity of each winding.
• Summary

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
• Summary Since Φ is the same for all windings, N = N2 = N3 .
1

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
These two equations allow you to solve circuits and also

P
imply that Si = 0.

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:
For a 2-winding transformer this simplifies to

N2 N1
V2 = N 1
V1 and IL = −I2 = N I12

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

N2 N1
V2 = N 1
V1 and IL = −I2 = N I1 2
2 2
Hence VI 1 = N1
N2
V2
IL = N1
N2 Z
1

Ideal Transformer

• Average Power
• Power Factor +
P lΦ Vr dΦ
• Complex Power
Faraday’s law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume µ → ∞ ⇒ N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

N2 N1
V2 = N 1
V1 and IL = −I2 = N I1 2
2 2
Hence VI 1 = N1
N2
V2
IL = N1
N2 Z
1
2
N1
Equivalent to a reflected impedance of N2 Z
Transformer Applications

• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary


Power Transmission
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor + Suppose a power transmission cable has 1 Ω resistance.
• Complex Power
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A ⇒ Ie2 R = 10 kW losses.
• Summary


Power Transmission
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Complex Power
• Tellegen’s Theorem 100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A ⇒ Ie2 R = 1 W losses.
• Summary


Power Transmission
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Complex Power
Voltage Conversion
• Summary
Electronic equipment requires ≤ 20 V but mains voltage is 240 V ∼.


Power Transmission
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Complex Power
Voltage Conversion
• Summary
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby

mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .


Power Transmission
• Average Power
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Complex Power
Voltage Conversion
• Summary
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby

mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .
Isolation
There is no electrical connection between the windings of a transformer

so circuitry (or people) on one side will not be endangered by a failure
that results in high voltages on the other side.

Summary
• Complex Power: S = Ve Ie∗ = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =

• Average Power √1 V .
2
• Cosine Wave RMS
• Power Factor +
• Complex Power
• Summary

Summary
• Complex Power: S = Ve Ie∗ = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =

• Average Power √1 V .
2
• Cosine Wave RMS 2 2
• Power Factor + e |Ve |
• Complex Power ◦ For an impedance Z : S = I Z = Z ∗
• Summary

Summary
• Complex Power: S = Ve Ie∗ = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms = √12 V .

• Average Power


• Tellegen’s Theorem ◦ Apparent Power: |S| = Ve Ie used for machine ratings.
• Summary

Summary

• Average Power



◦ Average Power: P = ℜ (S) = Ve Ie cos φ (in Watts)
• Summary

◦ Reactive Power: Q = ℑ (S) = Ve Ie sin φ (in VARs)

Summary

• Average Power



• Summary

◦ Power engineers always use Ve and Ie and omit the ~.

Summary

• Average Power



• Summary

P P P
• Tellegen: In any circuit b Sb = 0 ⇒ b Pb = b Qb = 0

Summary

• Average Power



• Summary

P P P
• Power Factor Correction: add parallel C to generate extra VARs

Summary

• Average Power



• Summary

P P P

P P
• Ideal Transformer: Vi ∝ Ni and Ni Ii = 0 (implies Si = 0)

Summary

• Average Power



• Summary

P P P

P P
• Ideal Transformer: Vi ∝ Ni and Ni Ii = 0 (implies Si = 0)
For further details see Hayt Ch 11 or Irwin Ch 9.

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14: Power in AC Circuits

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