DOCUMENT RESUME ED 366 201 FL 021 791 AUTHOR Otanes, Fe T., Ed.; Wrigglesworth, Hazel TITLE Binukié Dictionary. INSTITUTION Summer Inst. of Linguistics, Manila (Philippines). REPORT NO ISBN-971-1059-23-1; ISSN-0116-0516 PUB DATE 92 NOTE 248p. AVAILABLE FROM Summer Institute of Linguistics, 7500 West Camp Wisdom Road, Dallas, TK 75236 ($6). PUB TYPE Reference Materials ~ Vocabularies /Classifications/Dictionaries (134) Collected Works - Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Studies in Philippine Linguistics; v9 n2 1992 EDRS PRICE HFO1/PC1O Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS English; Foreign Countries; *Grammar; “Indonesian Languages; *Language Patterns; Morphology (Languages); Phonology; Pronouns: Vaccwmonly Taught Languages; Verbs; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Bukidnon; Philippines ABSTRACT The dictionary of Binukid, a language spoken in the Bukidnon province of the Philippines, is intended as a tool for students of Binukid and for native Binukid-speakers interested in learning English. A single dialect was chosen for this work. The dictionary is introduced by notes on Binukid grammar, including basic information about phonology and transcription, morphophonemic and dialectic alternations, morphology, marking particles, pronouns, and verbs. Entries follow in alphabetical order, each containing the word's form, grammatical category, meaning, and one or more illustrative sentences in both Binukid and English. An English-Binukid inde and word lists for flora, fauna, hunting and agricultural equipment, weapons, and some household itens are appended. (MSE) edible tS SA aR RRS RE AAR Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thai can be made = * from the original document. * Teen ari ESE SS TISAI AHS at ret s m a a PeRMISsiiN To REFROOUCE THIS | MATERIAL AS GEEN GRANTED OYStudies x Philippine Linguistics is a joint venture undertaken by the Linguistic Society of the Philippines and the Summer Institute of Linguistics devoted to the timely publication of papers ‘of an empirical or theoretical nature whi-i contribute tothe study of language and communica- tive behavior inthe Philippines. A certain proportion of the papers published willbe penultimate versions of works of special interest to the Philippine linguistic community destined for further ublication in more final form elsewhere. Linguists engaged in the study and description of Philippine fanguages are hereby invited to submit contributions for inclusion in this series. ‘The editors wish to express appreciation to Ken Zook for his work in developing the programs used in the computer-assisted editing of this volume, and to Mae Zook for dofng the layout and typesetting with Ventura Publisher. Single issue selling price: US $6.00Compliments of SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTIC. PHILIPPINESSTUDIES IN PHILIPPINE LINGUISTICS Editors Fe T. Otanes Hazel Wrigglesworth Managing Editor Helen Miller VOLUME 9 1992 NUMBER 2 LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES SUMMER INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTICS ManilaISSN_ 0116-0516 ISBN 971-1059-23-1 0892-5Figures. Abbreviations and symbols Inflectional affix markers... Binukid grammar sketch... . Di English-Binukid index Appendix Table of Contents “1 167 199Figure 2. Figure 3, Figure 4. Figure Figure 6. Figure 8. Figures Consonants Vowels. 7 Marking particles... Personal pronouns : Demonstrative pronouns... 5 oe Verbal affixes of intentive mode in simple and distributive aspects Vertal aces of nonitentve mode wih simple and diribuive ‘Verbal affixes in causative voice a Page x xiiAbbreviations and symbols abbr. abbreviation loc, locative adj. adjective mk marker adv. adverb Ne nasal ant. antonym n noun c consonant np. ‘nonpersonal card. num, cardinal number spec. nonspecific ef. ‘compare with num. ameral con}. conjunction oblq. oblique dem. demonstrative ord. num. ordinal number (dial) dialect pers. personal du. dual pl. plural cg. for example prep. preposition emph, emphatic ron. pronoun esp. especially pil particle etc, et cetera R reduplication x exclusive 8, singular excl. spec. specific gene. sn synonym in. temp. temporal int. ¥ verb lig. voe. vocative tit, literally ve vowel See Binukid grammar sketch sections 2.12-2.1,4 for combinatons of C-, V-, N- and R-. 1 first person 3 third person 2 second person 4 fourth person # absence of pronoun 1 alternate related meaning 0 additional information in English gloss/eross-referencing, NW phonemic script ~ 2¢ fluctuation Inflectional affix markers an referent focus “en object focus ige accessory focus ka nonintentive mode pa + causative voice pan distributive aspect R stem reduplication prefixISAMIS ORIENTAL ee AGUSAN PROVINCE Location of the BINUKID Language Group The Philippines 10Introduction 1, Purpose of the dictionary ‘The purpose of this dictionary is to help anyone who wishes to gain an understanding of the Binukid language. It is also intended to be 2 tool for Bukidnons who are intezested in learning English. Local words like viand, ube, carabao, etc. are used in the English definitions and gloss of illustrative sentences. Examples reflect the focus possibilities and are provided to aid anyone who may wish to make a study of the verb stem classes. It is hoped that this dictionary will serve as a basis for further study of the Binukid language to which others will contribute. Sincere thanks is duc Nell Binayso of the Translators Association of the Philippines for editing the manuscript and providing the map of Bukidnon, 2. Dialects and Innguage relationships AAs of several decades ago there were more than 100,000 Bukidnons living in the north, central, and eastern parts of the province of Bukidnon, as well as in southern Mizamis Oriental and western Agusan province where the language is referred to as Higaonon. There are many dialect differences along the boundary with neighboring languages but ‘here is mutual intelligibility. The diatect chosen for this dictionary is the one considered the most prestigious and standard. It is spoken by the Bukidnon population around the provincial capitol of Malaybalay, Bukidnon, ‘The following manuscripts and articles contain or are descriptions of various aspects of the Binukid language. Atherton, William, 1953, Binokid phonemes. Papers on Philippine linguistics (Folklore Studies, 12), 101-4. Tokyo. Atherton, William, 1963. Binukid verb morphology. (Manila: SIL] 31. typescript. mfe A. ‘Atherton, William, n.d. Binokid personal pronouns. (Manila: SI] TI. typescript. mfeA. Atherton, William. n.d, Some minimal grammatical pairs in Binukid (Manila: SIL. 81. typescript. me A Post, Ursula, 1965. Morphophonemic alternations in Binukid. Philippine Social Sciences and Humanities Review 30:1 52-56, Post, Ursula. 1965. Nuclear nonpredicate tagmemes of verbal clauses in Binukid. (Manila: SIL}. 101 typescript] mfe D 85-6005, Post, Ursula. 1965. The phonology of Binukid. [Nasuli, Malaybalay, Bukidnon: SIL. 161. typescri mic A. Post, Ursula, 1968, Binukid clause structure. [Nasuli, Malaybalay, Bukidnon: SIC}, [ii], 301. typescript. mie A. Post, Ursula, 1968, Binukid phrase structure, (Manila: SIL]. iv}, 381. [typescript] mle A. Post, Ursula, 1968. Binukid sentence structure, [Nasuli, Malaybalay, Bukidnon: SIL}. {iv}, Ol typescript. mfe A. Post, Ursula. 1978. Binukid [folktale texts}, ed. by Evan Antworth, Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2:2.62-68, (Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and the Summer Institute of Linguistics.) 3. History of the dictionary Ursula Post and Mary Janc Gardner originally collected and compiled the data while residing in the village of Caburacanan along the Pulangi River, Bukidnon, from 1963 to 1977 under the au: Summer Institute of Linguistics, They collected and transcribed not only daily conversational words, but more than 80 texts given by about 30 storytellers. The work was concluded in the lowland dialect at the study center of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Nasuli, Malaybalay, Bukidnon). Illustrative sentences were provided by a number of Bukidnons from various areas, some lowland and some inland, Those who helped on the dictionary in more extensive ways wish to remain anonymous. The compiler was notviii Binukid Dictionary available for consultation during the final editing and typesetting. Decisions about questions that arose were resolved as accurately as possible under the circumstances. ‘The following sources facilitated the identification of plants witn their scientific names, which are hsted in the Appendix: Brown, William H, 1950, Useful plans of the Philippines. Technical Bulletin No.t0 (Vol.1-3). Manila: Bureau of Science. Philippine Woods Bulletin 7. 1927. Manila: Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Steiner, Mona Lisa. 1960, Philippine omamental plants and their care, Books 1-IV. Manila: Philippine Education Co. ‘The compiler consulted John U. Wolf's 4 Dictionary of Cebuano Visayan (1972) for ideas for some of the glosses. The dictionary she seferred to most was The Random House Dictionary (1980). 4. Format of the entries + An ontry consists of the following parts: + the form, in bold type + the grammatical category, in italics + the meaning, + one or more illustrative sentences whose Binukid form isin italics and the English gloss in norm! type, These sentences are intended to reflect the focus possibilities to aid anyone who may wish to snake a study of the verb stem clacses, Mustrative sentences are also given in cases of a wider area of meaning. 5, Listing of entries Binukid, as most other Philippines languages, has a complex system of affixation and comparatively simple motphophonemic alternations For this reason the listing of forms is by stem. Forms of thv sort where the stem is not readily evident are listed with a cross-reference to the stem. ‘The order is strictly alphabetical with no regard to diacrtical markings (hyphens or avcent marks) except that forms without these markings precede forms with them. Unpredictable variants are both included in the entry with the most commonly eecutsing form as the main entry. Words not used in the more prestigious dialect represented in this dictionary but widely used throughout the inland arca are markes as dialect words (dial), 2. balading (dial) Tange earplug’. These words were included as they are widely used in the inland-mountain areas, but no ilusirative sentences are given for these entries, nor are they listed in the index. The lowland dialect uses r intervocalically in most cases. Therefore the gloss is given with the Foo ‘The inland dialect uses d intervocalicelly, The d root is listed as an entry, but she reader is directed 10 ther oot forthe gloss (eg, adang (sce arang)). In order to aid in the easy recognition ofthe roo, initial d-was not changed to r when a prefix was added to the r00t. Multiple entries, where a form has two clearly different meanings, are handled as separate entre aang , abang Although there are some minimal pairs where stress is contrastive, this contrast only indicated in the entry word, Once the word appears in a sentence or is affixed, the stress rules apply there is no need to indicate it. “The pa, ma- and other forms ate listed as separate entries only because the compiler intends these forms to appear in the English-Binukid index. IC appears that if an affix is enclosed in parenthesis (), the affixed form does not vccur in the alphabetical listingBinnkid grammar sketch 1. Phonology and transcription 1.1 Phonemes 12, "Transcription 1.2.1 Orthography 122 Spelling modifications 2, Alternations 2.1 Morphophonemic alternations 2.1 Additions 241.2 Acimitation 213 Consonant and vowel loss 2.14 Vowel loss and metathesis 2.1.5 Change of a to r 2.1.6 Stress shift 2.1.7 Contractions 22 Dialectic alternations 3. Morphology 341 Relationals 3.1.1 Substitutes 3.12 Particles 32 Contentives 3.24 Simple stems 3.3.1 Derived stems 4, Marking particles 4.1 Lexical level 4.1.1 Personal versus nonpersonal 4.1.2 Plural versus singular 4.13 Specific versus nonspecific 42 Syntactic level 42.1 Topic 422 Aatributive 423 Oblique 5. Pronouns 4 Personal pronouns ‘SAL. Set 1 pronouns 5.12 Set 1 pronouns 5.13 Set i pronouns 5.14 Set rv pronouns 5.1.5 Pronoun order 52 Demonstrative pronouns ‘5.2.1 Set I demonstratives 52.2 Sets and mt demonstrativesx Binukid Dictionary 6. Verbs 61 Simple 6.1.1 Mode 611.2 Tense 6.13 Focus 6.14 Aspect 6.1.5 Orientation 62 Derived 62.1 Irrealis 622 Causative 1, Phonology and trasscription LI Phonemes Figute 1 gives zhe Binukid phonemes and their point of aniculation: bilabial alveolar velar slot Ser 2 A E : ‘oie stops » é 2 7 sas _. a treats s b [iguiast ue Figure 1, Consonants (C) high/mid front central highvmid back i © nid) . iow Figure 2. Vowels (¥) There is an additional phoneme of stress, indicated by an acute accent () over the vewel, that varies ialectically though it usually occurs on the next to the last sjlable. 1.2 Transcription 1.2.4 Orthography ‘The phoneme symbols (//) are used with the following exceptions: ‘The ylotial stop (*) is not written in word initial position oF between vowels, for example: asu Pasuf Pu fou Trica bueral, ris fap, and w and y are semiverels, 14Grammar Sketch ‘A hyphen (-) marks it word medially when it oceurs following a consonant, for example: habung —— aabiny mildew’ ‘A grave accent (°) is writen over the vowel which precedes a glottal in word or syllable final position, for example: baka foaka' Yaw baba foa'ba') ‘mouth’ ‘The velar nasal phoneme (g) is transcribed by the digraph ng, for eximple sangla.——_fsanlal “tepiosy Since stress has a low conirastive function, it will be marked only when it causes a difference in meaning between two words, for example: pahid ‘wipe’ pokid ‘shrub’ sala ‘small cut sal sin “The Binukid alphabet consists ofthe following lors: 4, bk eye x tf 8, MG Ps A$, 8 and y 1.2.2 Spelling modifications “The symbols ¢, fj, 0,” and z are introduced through proper names, for example dabaw pilipi ahuk “Davao? “Felipe! ajoc’ ‘A hyphen () is introduced betweon a stom reduplication pr of the stem, for example: and the stem to facilitate recogaition muyarnuya ruya-muya ‘whisper’ agkaanaanahan = agkaana-anahan ‘be in a hurry ‘The word manga marking plurality is written mga, following aceepted Philippine usage 2. Alternations 24 Morphophonemic atternetions 2.1 Additions Stems ending in the vowe! a add h before a suffix, those ending in w add w, and those ¢a for example: ding in (add basa “read! + can asahan “book abu “ashes* + on = abuwan “ire table” agi ‘goby’ + = agiyan path’ The pepet sound, made in the center of the mouth with aarcunded lip position, is eepeesented by v rather thar 2, as preferred by some, in order 16 prevent confusion with the Cebuano 0 symbol whieh is used interchangeably wath 1 tnd represents a different sound; namely, one made in the back of the mouth with rounded hp positon (Wolff 16723), 3th letter « is used to represent both the u (high puck) sw @ (mid fuck) sounds, a6 there are my Cantraave ses of words where the w and o cause a eiflerence of meaninp (ext, Bivokid = Bowkid ad fr = ft) sn Cebuano publintons Al i somet i. onsets e, bat with no consiseney..” {oll 1972 15ail Binukid Dictionary 2.1.2 Assimilation ‘The nasal (N-) of the iN- prefix assimilates to the point of articulation of the consonant it precedes with the exception of the glottal stop and A which are preceded by 1, for example: palit ‘buy’ +iN- impatt ‘bought’ abun “leave behind’ +iN- intabun “eft behind” fugun ‘spokesman’ +N ingkagun “seat as spokesman’ ita ‘give’ 4iN-= inila “gare” heles “hide? +iN. inheles “hig? The nasal of the paN- class of prefixes assimilates to the point of articulation of the consonant it precedes. With the exception of d, g, /,", y and sometimes f, the consonant following the nasal is lost, for exampl pan bow’ +paN- = pamané “shoot with bow and arrow” takaw “thie? +paN- panakaw — “sal” kapay ‘wave’ +paN- ‘pangapay ‘beckon by waving” aita “tongue? +paN- pandilé ‘ick’ Bebun ‘cloud’ +paN- ‘panggabun ‘cover with clouds’ With affix. -1 of both the paN- class and CVN-reduplication (CVNR}) prefixes, the nasals of both prefixes assimilate to the point of articulation of the consonants they precede, and the consonants following the nasals are lost, for example: salsa +maN- town: ‘mananclsal forge blacksmith hhelaw +paN- evn. = pangengelaw look in distance look around in distance 2.1.3 Consonant and vowel loss When the -um- and -umin- infixes are added to a stem or a stem reduplication prefix (StemR-) beginning with 0, A or glottal stop (*), the initial consonant of the stem or the stem reduplication prefix is lost, a5 the a of the infix also often is, for example: hipanaw sum. ‘mipanaw travel will travel away +StemR- + -wnin- ‘minatay-patay die died When the -an and -anan suffixes are added to stems ending in eC-, the ¢ is lost. If the stem ends in ‘heC-, the h and C- metathesize as h cannot occur as the first member of a consonant cluster, for example: abel “blanker" +-anan ahem ‘power’ ana 2.1.4 Vowel loss and metathesis ‘When the -enen suffix is added to stems ending in glottal stop (') the first ¢ of the suffix is lost and the glottal stop (") and the first m or the suffix metathesize, for example: ‘hablanan “weaving loom" gamhanan ‘powerful mama Jmama'/ -onen = mamansen—_fmaman’en/ betel nut betel nut chew aha Maha’ seenen = bahan-en ——_pahanvenf flood secreGrammar Sketch xii When stoms ending in ':, u'sC- oF uluC- ate sulfixed, the vowel precoling the C: is lost and the slotl () or 1 and C- metathesize, for example: ‘Ramen fkatu'ent tan = kaunan ‘fkatun'an/ know know something. ulus +ma-+-anen = mapuslanen benefit useful With affixation of more than anc suffix, the first of which is -en, to stems ending in w'g, the final « of the root and the ¢ of the first suffix are lost and the glottal (") and m of the first suffix metathesize, for example: int Jpinu'w/ ten tay td = pinunayd ——_fpinun'ya'y sit chair 215 CI ange of d tor When stems ending in d are suffixed, the d becomes r, for example: beled “dry in sun ten belaren ‘something drying in the sunt 2.1.6 Stress shift ‘With suffixation the stress shifts to the new penule of the word, for example: kégat bite ten kogaten vi leébeng bury’ anon = lebengénan “grav something’ 21.7 Contractions Contractions resulting from partial or total syllable Ys freely uctuate with 1 for example: uncontracted forms, aid ~ gid “perhaps int ~ din ‘here? aun ~ dun “owinjat ganina = gonin ~ gan “earlier” Kanina ~ kanin ~ kan “later? vray ~ yuay ‘small Aly ~ bya ‘therefatsto” aint ~ hai ‘this’ 2.2 Dialectic alternations In sume of the inland arcas, d is used in glace of r between vowels, for example: ua ‘none’ ads ‘extract’ Morphology ‘A word in Binukid is a scyment of speech which begins and ends with a point of potential pause and consists of one oF more morphemes, one of which is a stem. Free morphemes are either stems which are whole words or stems which ean be affixed. Bound morphemes arc the derivational and inflectional affixes, Words are cither relationals or contentives 3.1 Relntionals 3.1.1 Subst ites (See morphemes that can substitute for phrases) 3.1.1.1 Pronouns (see sectioa 5)xiv Binukid Dictionary 3.1.1.1.1 Personal (see section 5.1) 3.1.1.1.2 Demonstratives (see section 5.2) 3.1.12 Directionals dint ‘here! diyan ‘there by you! diya ‘there in the distance’ dun ‘at 3.1.2 Particles (show refationship witho other grammatical structures) 3.1.2.1 Marking particles (see section 4) 3.1.2.2 Ligature: ha 3.1.23 Coordinators daw ‘and? ta “because” ba ‘bur 3.2 Contentives 3.21 Simple stems (single morphemes) 3.2.1.1 Adjuncts 3.2.41.1.1 Aspectual Time: iman ‘now’ ganina ‘earlier abi ‘yesterday’ goun ‘distant past” ascm Yomorrow’ Limitation: pa ‘yer di only en ‘already’ Emphasis: mon (omph,) gayed “cortanly’ Intensity aud very tungkay ‘very’ Repetition: dan “also” sigh ‘continually’ Degree of certainty sid ‘maybe? abi ‘indeed’ 4241.2 Modal Quotative: kun ‘reportedly’ Optatives ngoay would? Interrogative: ba (nt) Negative: hurd ‘none’ hart ‘not kena ‘not’ 3.2.1.2.3 Exclamatives: es ‘oh! kaya ‘ouch! uy heyGrammar Sketch 3.2.1.1.4 Number: mga (plurality, approximately) 3.24.2 Non-adjuncts: bata ‘chil atiyuay “Tow? 3.22 Derived stems 3.2.2.1 Compounds 3.2.2.4.4 Two-stem ‘bulantaytay (archaic) “long line of hikers’ (from bulan ‘moon? anc taytay ‘bridge’) batubatani “magnet” (from bans ‘stone’ and balani (archaic) ‘strong’) sagumata ‘conjunctivitis’ (from sagu ‘corpse fluid’ and mata ‘eye’) 3.2.2,1.2 Stem-reduplication etaw-ctaw ‘scarcerow’ (from efaw ‘person’) bbanug-banug ‘kite (from banug ‘hawk’) 3.2.2.2 AMfixderived 3.2.2.2 Primary (derived from simple stems) ‘The derivational affixes include the following: -an/-anan (nominalizer: ‘place of), for example: abuwan ‘kitchen’ (from abu ‘ashes') ebenganan ‘grave’ (from lebeng ‘to bury’) bali- (adjectivizer: ‘characterized by a certain trait’), for example: baligayhaan ‘shy’ (from gayhd ‘shame’) ka- (nominalizer: ‘state of) for example: kahaldek ‘fear’ (rom haldek ‘afraid’) kaadagi ‘size’ (from adagi “big a-an (‘cohiective), for example: adumahan ‘relatives’ (Irom dumma ‘companion') kabataan ‘children’s group’ kawaluwan ‘eighty’ (from wala ‘eight’) ali- (nominalizer: meaning undetermined), for example: kalibogeu ‘newlyweds’ (from bag-u ‘recent’ kalibangbang ‘butterfly’ (irom bangbang ‘to dig’) kina-an (adjectivizer: ‘superlative’, for example: kinamanghuren ‘youngest’ (Stom manghud ‘younger sibling’) Kinaatiyuayan ‘smallest’ (from atyuay “litle’) en (sominalizer), for example: Jnumen ‘liquor’ (Irom inutt ‘to drink’) hhusayen ‘trial (from husay ‘to mediate’) ‘ka: (numeral ordinalizer), for example: ‘kaduwa ‘second? (from dua “wo!) ‘kala “Tift (from lima “Tve’) in- (nominalizer:‘resultan’), for example: binulbug “porridge (from bulbug \o cook with extra liquid’)wi Binukid Dictionary sma~ (adjectivizer, for example ‘madagway ‘beautiful’ (from dagway ‘appearance’) maayad ‘good! (from ayad to do well’) ‘mag-imaxcve- (nominalizer: ‘performer of), for example: ‘magsusugba ‘cook’ (from sugba ‘to cook’) ‘martdadaet ‘destroyer’ (from daet ‘to destroy’) ‘maNcvn- (nominalizer: ‘expert performer of, for example: ‘mananatsat ‘blacksmith’ (From salsa! ‘to forge)’ ‘mananaki ‘tailor’ (rem tabi ‘to sew’) ‘pag(ka)- (nominalizer), for example: agkaen ‘food’ (from Kaen to eat’) pagkalala ‘weaving’ (from fala ‘to weave") palag- (nominalizer), for example: palaghusay ‘mediator’ (from Ausay (fo mediate) pani- (nominalizer: ‘meal of), for example: ppaniugia ‘lunch’ (from ugtu ‘noon’) panihapun ‘supper’ (from hapun ‘afternoon’ tage Ceach’), for example: ‘agpila ‘how much each’ (from pita “how much’) tagsampull ‘ten each’ (from sampuld ‘ten’) taga- (‘resident of, originating from), for example: ‘agaManita ‘resident of Manila’ tugi- (‘owner of), for example: ‘agibatay ‘owner of the house’ (from balay *house’) tala- (“in intimate relationship with’), for example: talabusaw ‘possessed person’ (from busaw ‘demon') talaN- (nominalizer; habitual performer of), for example: tafemurt “killer” (fcom bunti to murder’ {i- (nominalizer: ‘time or season of), for example: filegiay harvest time’ (from legray ‘to harvest") tiuhul “hunger season’ (from uhu! hunger’) 3.2.2.2.2 Secondary (derived from primary affixed-derived stems ‘mainantusen ‘longsuffering’ (from maantus ‘enduring’: root antus 40 endure’) ‘macmis-emis ‘somewhat sweet’ (from macrnis ‘sweet’ root emis ‘to sweeten’) pughinaldek threat” (Grom hinaldek ‘to frighten’: Foot haldek ‘afraid’) 3.2.3 Inflectable stems: verbs (see section 6) 4, Marking particles The marking particles are a class of particles that introduce substantive (noun or nounlike) phrases. ‘These particles, represented by the following matrix, contrast on the lexical and syntactic levels.Grammar Sketch wii Topic Attributive Oblique Personal Sauter st He a Plural say hay ay Nonpersonat | Nonspecific sa hus Puasa [specif na a rm Figure 3. Marking particles 4.1 Lexical level On the lexical level the marking particles contrast as to personal versus nonpersonal, singular versus plural, and nonspecifi versus specific. 4.1. Personal versus nonpersonal ‘The particles si, hi, i, say, hay, and kay mark substantive phrases as personal; ic, a person's name or 4 kinship term when used referentially. The other marking particles mark phrases 2s nonpersonal and also include geographical names and tiles, for example: si Jose “Tose hay Abang “Uncle and those with him seu bata “that child! 1a Mataybatay ‘Malaybalay" ‘sa Gubemador “Governor 4.1.2 Plural versus singular “The particles say, hay, and kay mark personal substantive phrases as plural, for example: si Amay ‘Father’ kay Mateo “Mateo and those with him” 4.1.3 Specific versus nonspecific ‘The particles su and ku mark nonpersonal substantive phrases as being specific; ic. referring to something already identified or known, The other nonpersonal particles mark nonpersonal substantive phrases as nonspecific, for example: ‘sa balay “the house? ku ctaw ‘that person’ 4.2 Syntactic level (On the syntactic level the marking particles signal substantive phrases as topic, attributive, or oblique. 42.1 Topie ‘The topic is any focused substantive phrase within a clause as signalled by the verbal affixation in the predicate. It is indicated by the particles si, say, sa and su, for example: Minuli si Pedro. Pedro went home. Kinagat hu asu su batd. A dog bit that child 4.2.2 Attributive ‘The altributive is the unfocused substantive phrase which has the situational role of agent performing the action of the predicate. It is indicated by the particles hi, hay, hu and ku, for example: Qawii Binukid Dictionary Pigpilay hi Apa su kaya, Grandfather cut down that tree. (Focused: Migoilay si Apii hu kayu.) The altributive is also a noun possessor phrase, for example balay hi Jose “house. of Jose’ inaksuy ku bata “that child's dress? 4.23 Oblique “The oblique is any unfocused substantive phrase which does not have the situ is indicated by the particles &, kay, hu, ku and ta, for example: al role of agent. It Agpalit a hu sini. will buy slippers. (Focused; Agpaliten ku sa sinilas.) Tagpaliman a ki Idang. am listening to Auntie, (Focused: Tagpalimanan ku si Idang:} Inilahan a kandtin ku salopi, He gave me that money, (Focused: In.ila din kanak su salapi:) When the phrase is benefactive oriented, location oriented or direction oriented, itis preceded hy the Prepositions para ‘for, daun ‘oninfa’, and dipdldian ‘ata’ respectively, for example: Mighuhat hu pinun-oye para ki A (Focused: Binuhatan din hu pinun-aya si Aps.) Mig-ugsak hu supas dium hu lamisahan. She put bread on the tabi (Focused: Pigugsakan dix fu supas sa lamisahan.) Migtim a hu kauyagan diya ta Jemisahan. got rice from the table. (Focused: Piguimuaa ku hue kouyagan sa lamisahan.) He made a chair for Grandfather. S Pronouns 5.1 Personal pronouns There are four sets of personal pronouns as represented by the following matrix: ser | sem} sent Set 1V is i @ rm anak Hak 2nd 2 ka mm ikaw ikaw Singular | Dual ‘and 1 Bi a anit sik et helsbeft # in kandi # 1st (ex) we not you kay day ano sikay 1st (inc)_—_we all kay ‘aw. kanuy sikwy | Phurat [oa yo08 ow muy inte sing aed they ‘sian don | handan sina Figure 4. Personal pronouns In Figure 4 the symbol # indicates that no form for the particular pronoun occurs.Grammar Sketch xix S.L Set I pronouns ‘The Set 1 pronouns can substitute for any substantive phrase indicated by one of the topic set of marking particles, for example: Agkaen sa bata hu sera. ‘The child will eat Agkaen # hu seri, He will eat viand, 5.1.2 Set I pronouns id. ‘The Set Il pronouns can substitute for any substantive phrase indicated by one of the attributive set of marking particles, for example: Pinalit hi Daday su kindi, Daday bought that candy. Pinalit din su Kindi. She bought that candy. 5.1.3 Set IIE pronouns ‘The Set I pronouns can substitute for any substantive phrase indicated by one of the oblique set of marking particles, for example: Agduma a ki Amay. 1 will go with Father. Agduma a kandin. Twill go with him, ‘When the phrase is benefactive oriented, it is preceded by the preposition para ‘or’, for example: Impanday ku para hu suled ku. 1 saved it for my sister. Impanday ku para kandin. T saved it for her. ‘When the phrase is direction oriented, itis preceded by the preposition diya ‘at/to™ plus the oblique marker ta, for example: Ighatun mu diya ki Apa. Deliver it to Grandfather. Ighatun nu diya ta kandi, Deliver it to him. ‘When the phrase is location oriented, it takes the form of the direction oriented phrase, for example: Tag-ampi a duun hu Dios. 1 am praying to God. Tag-ampil a diya ta kandi. Tam praying to Him, ‘The Set I pronouns can also substitute for a noun possessor phrase where the possessor is emphasized In this case the Set IIT pronoun plus the ligature ha precedes the possessed object, for example: atay hu mga laas ku house of my parents’ balay dan their house’ zkandan ha balay “their (emphasized) house’ 5.1.4 Set IV pronouns ‘The Set IV pronouns can occur in prepredicate position in a clause to emphasize Set 1 or Set tt Pronouns, for example: Siak nadaluwan a gadi. AAs for me, I was sick yesterday. Sinyu irila nuy en ba sa armutd? AS for you all, did you already give a contribution? ‘The 3rd person plural form siran is preceded by the demonstrative saena ‘those’ or saini ‘these’. In this case the topic pronoun is not retained, for example: ‘Suena siran naman. AAs for them, they went home. 20x Binukid Dictionary ‘The Set IV pronouns can also occur in nonverbal clause types to specify or emphasize the person referted to, for example: ‘Siak masakit pa sa lawa ku. As for me, my body still aches. ‘Sinyu hurd nuy satapi, As for you, you have no money. 5.1.5 Pronoun order 5.1.5.1 Sets I and II pronouns The Set I and Set I pronouns occur immediately following the verb. When a negative occurs, the Set 1 and Sct U. pronouns follow the negative, for example : Tuminiruga a. 1 slept Hurd a truga. I did not sleep. Ininum din sa tambal, He drank the medicine, Hard din inwmna sa tambal, He did not drink the medicine 5.1.5.2 Set III pronouns ‘The Set IIT pronouns occur either in the same order as the phrase which fs replaced, or preceding the focused phrase. When they precede the focused phrast, the prepositions need not be retained, for example: Invita din su supas dun ku bata He gave bread to that child, Incila din kandin su supas, He gave that bread to him, Invita din su supas diya ta kandin. He gave that bread to him. 5.1.5.3 Sets | and I pronouns When pronouns of both Set 1 and Set 11 occur in a single clause, the order is determined by the following rules: Rule 1: Set I pronouns precede Sct I pronouns which in turn take the form of Set 111 pronouns; and Set If pronouns precede Set IIT pronouns, for example: Inilahan a ikaw hu begas, You gave me rice, Invila ku ikaw sa begas. gave you rice, Rule 2 Waon Set { and Set II pronouns cooccur, any pronoun which includes Ist person has precedence in order. Set I and Set II pronouns which are not Ist person take the form of Set LI pranouns, ‘with the exception of Sot I 3rd person singular which remains #, for example: Naahé ku ikaw (topic), 1 sow you, Naaha a (topic) ikaw. You saw me. Naaha ku # (topic), T saw him, 5.2 Demonstrative pronouns There are three sets of demonstrative pronouns which indicate either refative distance of items to participants in a conversation, or specification of an item,Grammar Sketch wai A a is hare ain a taint that far away ‘hay a ‘aya at nea you Thayan aayon tayan [lsuroutot sighs pee one aera zen = Figure 5. Demonstrative pronouns I Set I demonstratives ‘The Set 1 demonstratives can substitute for any nonpersonal substantive phrase indicated by one of the set of marking particles. They can also serve as modifiers, in which case they are in apposition with the substantive phrase preceding it, for example: Pinalit dia sa habel. He bought a Slanket Pinalit din hatni He bought this. Pinalit din haini sa habel. He bought this blanket. 5.2.2 Sets Il and II demonstratives The Set 11 and Set 1H demonstratives plus the ligature ha indicate the specification of something, This freely Muctustes with the nonpersonal specific marking particles (see Figure 3). 5.2.2.1 Set IN demonstratives ‘The Set Il demonstratives can substitute for the topic marking particle sa of a substantive phrase, for example: Binunaten din sa asu. He beat the dog, Binunaian din su asuisaena ha asu. He beat that dog, §.2.2.2 Set III demonstratives ‘The Set I demonstratives can substitute for the attributive and oblique particle hu of substant phrase, for exatnpl Migsumaw a hu bata, 1 called the child, Mig-umaw a ku batd/taena ha baté. {called that child. When the oblique particle ca is substituted by the demonstrative plus the ligature Aa, the preposticn divi hecomes duun, for example: Inugsak din diya ta balay. He put Inugsak din duun taena ha balay. He pu 6. Verbs in the house. that house, A verb in Binukid consists of a stem and affixes (see Figures 6-8). The affixes indi te major categories oof mode, tense, focus, aspect, and orientation, Verbs are cither simple or derived. 6.1 Simple 6.1.1 Mode There are two modes marked by wo coutrastive sets of verb affixes, which indicate whether the action ‘of the veth is intentive oF notiwali Binukid ictionary 1.1 Intentive The intentive mode indicates that the action of the verb is intentional, deliberate, or voluntary, for example: Mig-inum su bahi hu tambat, ‘That woman was drinking medicine, Agtiyd si Gali ta banuwa, Gali is going to town. 6.1.1.2 Nonintentive The nonintentive mode indicates the action of the verb to be involuntary, unintentional, due to natural causes, circumstantial, compulsive, or with ability. Verb forms in this mode show a contrast between actual and potential. The actual indicates the actualization of an activity, whereas the potential is not yet sctuatized, for example: Napitay su batay dan, ‘Their house fell down, Hari pakasepa si Apt hu karti Grandmother cannot chew meat Mapurisu ka ‘You might get imprisoned, 6.1.2 Tense All independent forms of the verb show 2 contrast between neutral, nonpast, and past «nse 1.2.1 Neutral Neutral tense indicates that the action has not yet been actuelized in the time continuum or else that time is not significant, for example: Hlasoen ku sa bart ia T sharpen/am sharpening/will sharpen my bolo. Panikep a hu kayuman Teatch/am catchingwill catch crabs. 6.1.2.2 Nonpast [Ncapast tense indicates that the action of the verb is in process, about to be in process, oF will be in process at some future time, for example: Taghinlay kay en man We are resting now. Aglalaien di sa sedsed. She will weave that sedge. Past tense indicates that the action of the verb or its inception has taken place, for example: Pigelughaan dan hu kaye. ‘They were throwing stones at him. Naunusit hw taghis. He shot at birds, 6.1.3 Focus Focus is the special relationship existing between the topic substantive phrase of a clause and the clause predicate, whereby that particular phrase is highlighted or focused. This relationship is indicated by verbal inflections in the predicate. The four focus constructions are subject, object, referent, and accessory, 613.1 Subject, Subject focus indicates that the subject phrase is the topic or focus complement of the clause, for example: Ageugha su baki (lopic) hu begas ‘That woman (topic) is cooking rice. Magdagha su baud (lopic) hu baw dunn hu mga manuk. That child (topic) was throwing stones at the chickens. 25Grammar Sketch will 6.1.3.2 Object Object focus indicates that the object phrase is the topic, for example: Agsugbahen ku bahi sa begas (topic). ‘That woman is cooking tice (Lopie). Tininui din sa bari ku (topic), He took my bolo (iopie). 6.1.3.3 Referent Referent focus indicates that a referent phrase is she topic, for example: Pigdaghaun ku bard hu baw sa mga manuk (topic), That child was throwing stones at the chickens (topi Ageilahan kay (topic) ku bahi hur bush, That woman will give us (lopic) some lansones, G34 Accessory Accessory focus indicates that the aceessory phrase is the topic, for example: Indoghd ku batd sa baw (iopic) dun hu mga manuk, That child was throwing stones (topic) at the chickens. Ig-atep day sa sataysay (topic) We will use cogon grass (lopie) for roofing material G.1et Aspect ‘There are vight categories of aspect, or kinds of action, indicated by distinctive sets of verbal affixes: simple, teraporal, distributive, comtinuative, intensive/diminutive, reciprocal, associative, and number: 6.1.4.1 Simple Simple aspect denotes the performance of a single act, for example: Inlka din sa wasay. He returned the saw. Agbaasen din sa keys ha nalemeg. He dried out the wet wood 2 ‘Temporal Temporal aspect shows distinction between punctiliar and durative. 241 Punetitiar The punctiliar temporal aspect indicates that the duration of the action is a moment in time or a comparatively short period of time, for example: Minipanaw en siran They went (Vo do a job of short duration) Binayaran kud en sa mga rang ku. 1 paid up my debts (at the agreed time). 6.1.4.2.2 Durative ‘The durative temporal aspect indicates that the duration of the action is prolonged, for example: Mighipanaw en siran. They were going (at different times to see a dying relative), Pighayaran ud en sa mga wong ku, Chave besa paying my debts (over a period of time as money was evailuble). 6.1.4.3 Distributive Distributive aspeet indicates the action ofthe verb to be either a process requiring a series or sequence of events performed by one person, distributed among several actors, among several goals, or in time, orwiv Binukid Dictionary 4 single action performed simultancously by more than one person. Tt is marked by the paN- css of prefises, for example: Agpangayu si Abang. Uncle is getting firewood. ‘Nawwawhipanaw en siran They went in a group. Pigpamilay day sa kay. ‘We woce cutting down trees 6.1.4.4 Continuative Continuative aspect indicates that the action is continuous oF reiterative. It is marked by a StemR., CVER: oF CVR: prefix, or the 1ag-d/ay class of affixes,for exuimple: Taglabsu-taksu su ban. ‘That child is jumping up and down, Aghiphipanaw kay, We will walk around, Pig-uuiie din su firao. She keeps carrying that picture azound. Mig-urane 11 was continually raining Tapklahiay su bah ‘That woman Keeps on shouting 6.1.4.5 Intensiveldiminutive Intensive/diminutive aspect indicates that cither th action of the verb is intensified, ot the action oF the effect of its action is in some way diminished. 1 is marked by the StemR- prefix, for example, Naperd-peraan hu paglakaga dun. Hie is tired out from chasing it, Tage-uran-uran. Ins showering. 614.6 Ret rocal aspect indicates that the action of the verb is reciprocal, It is marked by the paStemR-d or ney affses, for example: Migpatasay-lasayd sa mga burung. ‘The cats were chasing cach other. Mighinuliga sro. ‘They were helping cach other. Magpinalanggaay kuy. Let us love one anather 6.1.4.7 Associative Associative aspect indicates that the subject joins or associates marked by the pe jth another in some activity. 1 is - class of prefixes and occurs only in the subject focus, for example: Nakiglatang a kandin. 1 conmersed with hint Sigi dé pakigsabé su manuk. ‘Those chickens continually fight together. 6.1.48 Number Number aspect indicates that the topic is more than several in number. 1 is marked by the addition ‘ofa member of the paN- class af prefixes (0 an existing prefix, for example: Nangakahipanaw en siran ‘They went together as 2 group (10 do an assigned job). Nangabayaran kud en sa mga utong ku. 1 was able to pay my debts (to a number of people.) 6.1.5 Orientation Oriemation is a device which shows the underlying relation between the verb and the focusable loments of u clause in regards to the situational roles of participants and ather clements of an event or situation. These roles are as follows! Actor: the animate participant that performs the action Experiencer: the animate participant that experiences the action Agent: the animate participant that perforss the action of oF towards someone or something, 2Grammar Sketch may Patient: the participant, animate or inanimate, that is most directly affected or changed by the action Goal: the participant that is the targetrecipient, or the place that is the destination/end point towards which the action is directed Location: the place where the action takes place Direction: the place towards which the action is directed Beneficiary: the participant For whose benefit the action takes place Instrument: the inanimate object or entity uti ized in some way by the agent to accomplish the action Concomitant: the entity, animate or inanimate, that the agent involves or implicates in performing the action, the auxiliary to the action, that which accompanies the agent during the action ‘There are four orientations of which orientation 1 is essentially intransitive. Orientations 2, 3, and 4 are transitive with an obligatory agent and one additional situational role that can be made explicit and prominent a8 the goal or patient, Verb classes® are distinguished as to whether this goal/patient is indicated in object, referent, or associate focus. In referent focus the direction or beneficiary roles may also be focused. However, since these focused elements occur in peripheral slots of a clause, they do not dotermine the class of that particular verb. 6.1.5.1 Orientation 1 In orientation 1 the subject in focus has the situational role of actorfexperiencer and needs no other obligatory participants, for example: Aghipanaw ad (actor) en. I (actor) am going. Tagiiruga on su bata (experiences), That child (experioncer) is sleeping. 2 Orientation 2 In oricntation 2 there is an obligatory agent as subject, and the object in focus usually has the situational role of goalipatient, for example: Kinogar a (goal) hu tgenck (agen). A mosquito (agent) bit me (goal. Tagiahien kr (agent) sa pincksiy cin (patient), 1 (agent) am sewing her dress (patient). 6A, Orientation 3 In orientation 3 there is an obligatory agent as subject, and the referent in focus can have the situational role of goal/patient, location, direction, or beneficiary, for example: Agbantayan ku burung (agent) sa bata din (goal) ‘That cat (agent) guards her kittens (goal. Piglampasusean din (agent) sa saeg (pation, She (agent) was washing the floor (patient) Taghitenheman ku manut (agent) sa impis dit (location).That hen agent) is setting on her eggs (location). Pigiaganahan din (agent) si Api (beneficiary), She (agent) saved it for Grandmother (beneficiary), S The cls a ser elon fo ean be sscertaned through the examples in tbe dint 20avi Binukid Dictionary 6.1.84 Orientation 4 in orientation 4 there is an obligatory agent as subject, and the accessory in focus has the situational role of goal/patient or instrument/concomitant, for example: Imboligyd din (agent) sa babuy ku (goal) He (agent) sold my pig (goal). Igpusu din (agent) hu kayu sa barina (instrument). ‘He (agent) makes holes in the wood Indini ku (agent) sa suled ku (concomitant) 1 (agent) brought my brother (concomitant) here. 6.2 Derived ‘There are «wo categories of derived verbs: irrcalis and causative. 6.2.1 Inrealis, With imperatives, certain nogatives and interrogatives, gorunds, or in dependent clause structures or verbal phrases, ete, the object, referent, and accessory focus aixes -en, -an, and ig- become -a, «i, and i- respectively, for example: Imperative: Hambeg nu hayan. Throw that away. Negative: Hurt din inuma sa tambal. She did not drink the medicine. Interrogative: mba nu tagbuhata hayan? Why did you do that? Geruné: pagkapengahi hu alad ‘having finished the fence’ Dependent clause: mapengahan din bitukahi _‘whon he finished removing the intestines! Verbal phrase: agkabayaan palimani ‘want t0 hear 6.2.2. Cansative Causative voice is marked by the pa- prefix and signifies that there is an additional participant in the situation who causes the actor/agent to action. The caucer is always expressed in the subject. 6.2.2.1 Subject focused clauses In subject focused clauses inflected for causative voice, the topie docs not only have the situational role of causcr of the action but is itself the patientigoal of the action, for example: Agpalirato a (causcrigoal) ikaw (actor). T (causer) will have you (actor) take a picture cof me (goal), Migpatambal su boki (causer/paticnt) # (agent). ‘That woman (causer) had someone (agent) treat her (patient). 6.2.2.2 Referent focused clauses In referent focused clauses inflected for causative voice, the topic can have the situational role of oulipatient, location, direction, or beneficiary, as in active voice, for example Pignasulatan day (causer) ki Juan (actor) sa Kapitan day (goal). We (causer) had Juan (actor) ‘write our barrio captain (goal. Agpalampasuwan din (causer) ku bata (actor) sa saeg (goal). Sine (causer) will have that child (actor) wash the floor (goal. 6.2.2.3 Accessory focused clauses In accessory focused clauses inflected for causative voice, the (opie can have the situational role of instrumeni/concomitant and goal/patient as in active voice, as well as the goal/patient of the active object focused clause, for example: 3)Grammar Sketch saxvit JIgpaatep ku (causer) ki Pedro (actor) sa salaysay (instrument). I (causer) will have Pedro (actor) use cogon grass (instrument) for roofing. Igpabaligy’ din (cavset) # (agent) sa lansang (goal). He (causer) will have someone (agent) buy nails (goal). JImpainum din (causer) ku batd (actor) sa gatas (goal). She (causer) had that child (actor) drink milk (goal), (Active: Pig-inum kur baxd sa gatas. ‘That chitd drank milk.) TENSE Focus Neutral | Nonpast Past Ss #hun. [aunin= Paneer [fan agen ameaess| R_ [oan gon ins Simple a a A ST a rapeemeeae Buraive Lo [pen ‘agen i =| ‘ R | pagan ‘aga ison neal ‘i ine S| pantie [agpai nat : Regotr [OI paen gaNen [pina 7 R [gohan agpaNan | pinaW-on © | Dinrbuive 7 ae 1 [pana cgpaman | nama Porat — LO Tpamanten | agpamancen | pina R_[aamanan ——Legpamanon | pinamaNn A gama. ingame Figure 6, Verbal affixes of intentive mode in simple and distributive aspectsxxvii Binukid Dictionary Actual Potential Tense Focus Neutral Nonpast Past 7 Regular [5 apa ak mak cars cha. na na a [koa agha-an naan moan | | Simpic | Ponciar Ja poke ae rae Piors)— 13_[pangokar | oprangata rangake. | manga r (0 kanga caphanga. ange mange ; | Yanga-on —[apkanga-an | nanga-an | manga-an : A angola. rnangaka. | margaka- c Durative ST pakeg ogpaton, Taka akg. Regular [$_ | pamaka- agpamndka- Tramaka- ‘mamnaka- : © | panga- cgpange ange ‘a Dee |__| Tpangosan | agponga-an | nanga-an | manga-an Piuat |S | pamangaka, | agramangeka®™ | nemangaka:® | mamangaka® pangnaka.* igure 7. Verbal affixes of nonintentive mode with simple and distributive aspects ‘TENSE Focus Nonpast Past ‘Simple Poncitiee [S| gpa mga | agaa-an pina-on ny A [igpa. impa: 4 Ss Doraive [S ogee mig al Pp 1 [uagpaan ispa.an 4 E _ta mga: a © | intioatie S ‘migpapan. | T R | agpapann igpapaN-an ‘A__ | igpapan: impapaN- Figure 8, Verbal affixes in causative voice These rns oe mot recy vied hy present day speakersA pron. tsg. opi: I, me tba Breas (of a bitd or fowl). baka n. Abaca plant; sbaca fiber, Manila hemp (used for making rope, coarse fabric, ee), am Abaca plantation. bapa. Fruit on @ stalk of bananas which is nearest the stem, abana Guavano tee of fei eoursop. bang, . Uncle; parent's brother or male cousin of the ‘arent’ generation, of, by extension, any man older Than the spedker. voo. Term of address for ones uncle, ete bang, To rent (Something). Figabangon day sa ‘sabuoa ha balay din ta hurd kay pa mckaghalay, We rented one of his houses because we have ot been able to build yet. bated n. Kind of prob (which five in dead tees and edie) bay” le, Beside, nex 0. . To move, stay, be located beside of next t0 (something or someone); ine up Side by side. Tapabay 5a mga tglunbd fa rg-angat rs sings hu pagsigud. The racers are Vinlng vp sd by side because they ace wating forthe signel to begin, Abayi a ikaw ta daw hari a riakclamagan Stand next (0 me so thatthe wind wil not Blow oa bed m. Welt. ¥. To raise a welt on (the bod). Pigaberan sa lieg hu babuy hu hiket din. Toe rope the pip was tied 10 raised a welt on is neck. cf abenan, n. Crop, craw (ofa bird or fon). abenan,_n. Kind of raton basket (which is bung around ‘one's waist while harvesting, bin. Wrong assumption, mistaken thought. Abi far ha rmig-uran ba kalamag dit man diay. Y thought it vas raining but It was just the wind ‘bin, y. To claim (something) as one’s own. Pigabin din ‘sa kanak ngaay ha bahin ha bugid. He claimed as his the portion of land that showld be mine. cf. ‘bin. ka- Partner; ally; someone associated with a Epeciic person or grovp. . ka- To be partners with (Gomeone); to ally, associate oneself with (a specific person of group). Naabin din en sa kanak 8a mga ‘amiga, He alled himself with my (former) friends. sablay¥. To pat one's arms around the shoulder of (another person). Hari pokahipanow su maluya ha ‘1a ku hari eblayan, ‘That weak man cannot wal if Someone does not put his arms around his shoulders. cf. sinanglay bum. Ashes. Gan) Kitchen; Bre table; stove. v. an ‘To make a kitchen, fire sable; 10 put a kitchen, fre table, stove in (@ house). Pigadwwan hi Armay sie agatha balay day ta daw marinaan day en. My akas father pat a Wichen In our new house so that we ‘could Ine in it. adj. -en, R- Gray, ash colored, sbu-abu (see abu) adj. Gray. ‘abulady_n, Avocado tree or fruit; alligator pear. bug. v, To drive away, force out (someone); 10 corral, ‘drive (sa animal) into (an enclosed area). Madakel fen nungkay 2a etaw digd ta seled aman sa duma ben plgpabug en divi ta gund. There were very many people inside so some were just forced outside. Abuga su a mga baka ta daw mamarkahan siran. Drive the cattle into (the corral) so that they ean be ‘branded. ef, bugaw febogada 7. Lawyer, attorney. ‘abuphu _v. paN- To show jealous anger; to be jealous of (@ loved one). Malixaw sa pagtind hu mig-asawa ku hhuré kandan ogpangabughu. A couple's life is ‘peaceful when neither of them shows Jealous anger. i wan din za asain dim aman migsaba stan, She was jealous of her husband so they were fighting, a. -an Characterized by being very jealous, abunu n, Ferilizer.v, To fertilize, put fectiizet on of ‘around (plants). Abumuwan ie su bughd day 1a daw bungahan fuman. 1 will put fertilizer around our Tansones tree so that it wil finally boar fruit fabung. v. To bar, block (the way, ev). Pig-abungan dan "Re fageagivan fut use. dun Is karmutiyan dan. They blocked the place the wil pigt wore passing along in their camote fet. Hurd makadayun makaasawa sa amg fa ta pig-abung-abungan hi Gali. My fiend could not proceed to many because Gall kept blocking him. cf. eding fabungaw ¥. To be naked, unclothed, undressed. Sa mga aid tog-abungawe ku taglanguy. The chiléren ave undressed when they bathe. ef, lebas,yag-aw abut v. To go (somewhere) for refuge, shelter, safely (fom danger, trouble, ete.) Hurd en agkaabusan Jue ‘mga etaw ta hurd en makepal ha kalasan. There is no place where the people ean go for refuge because here is no longer any dense forest. ef dangep a. sapan Place ox source of refuge shelter, safer. abit, One's crop, amounn af harvest one was able to obtain buwen (see abu) adj. Gray. fakak ¥. To yank, pull (something nonflexible) apart Hari dan aghaak-ak sa kay 1a madesen turghay. ‘They cannot pull the wood apart because it is very ard skal. To betray, deceive (someone). Pigpakatan din sa ‘mga duina din ta pigsaaran ha bayaran. He deceived his companions because he promised to pay. ef. bint, itad kit adj. Uncasirated fkas pil. Used with a statement expressing pity, sorrse ‘of sympathy. Hunt dan en akas mga laas arian sinamug. ari en siran tagpakakaen. Trey bave 10 porenis, what a pity, so somtimes they cannot eatakat kat v. Ti invite (Someone to go with one, et.) 10 invite (Somteone) over (10 one's house). Har kaw en mangakat 10 tungkay atti sa pagkaen taw. Do not invite anyone over because our food is very lle Pokaseork di a kamuy sa pig-akat mu ta ayuws di ‘madaket siran. The ones you Invited are causing problems here for vs because they are so many. cf imbia, egda ski woe’ "Term of address for a male much younger than the speaker. ef. mama pl. Used with a statement of explanation. Maguye! ‘mogtabalu 1a hurd aki makapamahaw. He is weak in working borause he was not able 1o eat breakfast. ‘akupa v. To occupy, take possession and control of (esp. a place, land). Hari dan en agkaaradu sa bused dan (a pig-akupahan en hu lain. They cannot plow their lund anymore because it was oceupled by someone ke skyag 1 (For a dog) to bark. Hurd pakagg duu taena Jha balay Iu sepian ta sa azu din dayun da tag-akwag. [No «ne ean pass the house ofthe rich man because his dog is always barking, Maghinay kaw ku aglabay saw 1 daw hari kaw alewagen hu ase. Be quiet when you pass st that the dog will not bark at you. ef anscmg akyaw-n. Kind of snare trap (used for eatching rodents). tndadu (ce arada) adagi adj. (ma-) Big in size, large. ant. ati v. To be big, large; to enlarge (something), to make (something) larger. Mabis-cy kaunaen ba hari gajed ‘gadusi. lio eas hearty but nover gets bigger. Adogiyan 1 sa arad muta daw hari i mauklan. large your Geld so that we wil not be hungry. pacve Tin be prow; t0 exalt, vlevate oneselt. Sa a ha tagpaad-adagi na urd din aya armigu, person who is proud does not have many fiends. aided (see arel) Idenget (sce arenget) adigla (sce arigla) dul (see aru) jana We riches, adj -am Wealthy. ef. pian ‘agh pl. Used with a statement expressing the exisience fof a fact contrary to normal expectation. Migkaer ‘agh inant fut aay. She actually ate a tle just new uivt a ad ta bamowa ba hurd Ku aye salapé am going to town but T do not have much money ‘Tey be early; to do (gomething) early. Mag-aga aww ase magsugha ta cgpangas a diya ta kalasan, Cook early tomorrow because I am going hunting wth the digs in the forest saga, oe Lorm of addres for a gil or woman younger than speaker 1 (For the mae of a fom) to mate wth (a female). Pig-agakan em su mam rman har en maigay arin agdang ‘en mga pipak. (The rooster) mated with that chicken 0 there willbe chicks not long from now. cf al-al ‘sg-ag_v. To sift (something); to passthrough (something ‘a through a sieve). Pia uy sa maligen ha sak ta daw hari maag-og sa Kalambegas dun. Choose a tight sack so thatthe corn gris wall not pase through it Hari mu aglutua sa baug ta hurd pa kaag-ag. Do ot cook the cassava four because it was not yet sifted. Agkaag-agan da haena 2a nigu ta madcet 2 Kalalaha duaun (The rice and chaff) fall ¢hrough that ‘winnowing tray because it was badly woven. m,-an Sifter, sieve, gala v. To cry, weep. Nakaagali su batd se matur-an din ha minaiay en si Amay din. That grt eried when she learned that her father had died, ef lal, gid agalen n. Leader, anyone in a place of authority; master: employer. ‘pup. adj. -an Greedy. cf, alab.ab, kimpul v. (pa)R- To 'be greedy in (taking or getting something). Hari ka tagpaagap-ogap hu pagkaen ta sumakt kan sa getok rm, Do n0t be greedy in eating because your stomach will hurt later. Ku agap-ogapen din en hayan sa send ‘na ar en makatukid. fhe ls greedy in (Lakin) that viand, there will not be enough for everyone. apan (see apap) adj. Groedy; voracious. ‘gas. ¥. To drip, flow, leak (ftom an opening). Sigi da ‘mahames sa bugtd ta mig-agas sa wahig dium Ie dampiyas. The ground is aways damp because water dips down from the elif. Apagasan Jiu wahig saint dha Tata ta nabushowan. The water will leak out of this can because it has a hole init. et. aga gis. n. Kerosene. ‘agaw y. To grab, seize, snatch, take (something) sway from (someone). Agbantayan Ja sa kan-en Inu burang 1a ap-agawan ins as. am watching the cat's food because the dog will grab it. Hat muy op-agawi haya sa bata ku supas din ta daw hari makaagal. Do not take the bread away from that child 50 that be wll nt ery. ‘agbul v. To jump (into water oF fre}; 10 toss, throw (Gomethig into water or fire). Mfinatay su bakbak ta rnakaagbul dwn ku legdeg. That frog died because it Jumped into those ames. Ipaghul kau sa ag-anagen Jha tanggit ex babuy ta daw laus dé mal Lil tass the pork skin Lam going to roast (into the fro) 0 that it wil be quickly cooked ef. sabay ‘agkud _n. Cooked grains (a8 eee, corn, ala, te.) mined ‘with yeast (which develops jice that ferments and is sed as liquor). agday. To invite (someone to do something); 10 challenge, encourage, urge (someone to Jo something). Pig-agda fu agalen st maga sahup di ta daw lus da mapengahian sa rabahu dan. The lender ‘challenged his people 50 that their work would be done quickly. agdang__v. To drop, fall to the ground or floor on ene’s Dbuttecks, Ben mig-agdang en su bard st aghaperaan 34agell &m taghipanand, That child just dropped on his ‘buttocks to the ground when he became tired fom walking. v. pa-To set (Something) down fat on the float oF ground. Linu hayan sa supuk ta dawn 12 Wpaagdang hai sa salu. Clean that corner because ‘we wll net down tis sack there. sgelt_v: To groan, moan (a pin). Dayun dd paged laa ha bata masait ns lawa din, Tt O13 ‘woman is continually groaning because the sys her body aces. ef. sgemed”». To grunt. Nakaagemal haona sa ctw su ‘masumbag t etek din, Tht man grunted when his stomach was punched, ef. age set. To go, pass by or through (a place); to experience (something). Hari a agagt dan ta ann ‘mga au ha aphaga. I wil not pase there by JO because there are dogs that bite, Nakaagt ad ent ‘malaria. U already experienced (being flicted) with malaria Inagijan en haat 50 dala 18 in em dand un ha aghabaie ra (Somebody) has already gone ‘long tis trail because there are footprims we can see on it of bay m.Ig- Path, road, tril. pax ‘Means, way, method (af doing something) pry ploa- By means or way of; through. Kend en ind ac sa iggunas hs hemay ta pinaag en fu makina, I Js no longer our fet we ust to thresh rice with but its by machine agit ¥. To flatten, make (rough fiber) smooth. Kinahanglan ha pendayen gaye agitan sa sedsd ka ‘han pa agian. The Sede stems. should be flatened very smooth before weaving. 1. Kind of sorghum (used in making quot or as 2 fod substitute for re oF corn. To hurry, rush; to do Ceomething) quickly, hurriedly, hastily. Tagagpas haena sa ew ta madani ex sa war. That man le hurrying because the rain js steady ner, agpasa mu pengaha sa rabahu mu ta dlaw ka makaull en. Qulekiy fish your work 50 that you can gO home. cf anaana, ddl aij. -alen Requiring immediate attention, alagpacon 30 aghuhat hu lamisahan ta madani en 2a kasaan ‘The table needs to be made hurriedly becaute ihe wedding wil be soon, ‘apes, v. To be, go afer (Someone ot something), tobe interested in obtaining (something). Inu 1a ‘ag-agpasen nu aya ha bahia? What about that. kind of woman that you are after? sqsumod (lal) ¥. (For pig) t0 grunt, snort. cf, hage-hoguk ‘4g Short person of very dark complesion and kinky tai ‘gulalay. n. Empty ca, she saung_ 7. Brass goog. "To sound 9 goog. Tapagung 5 dda ta daw maiag-amuitanul sa mga caw. Tie chieftain is sounding the gong 2 thatthe people wll anther. alngad ‘aque (dial). (For poison, ete.) to spread through (a body of water). agutay n, Wild banana ‘guy 1. Soot. v. To give off soot; to be blackened with Soot. Naaguyan sa pinaksuy ku ha impamara ka dini 1a abu. My dress that I dsied over the fire table became blackened with soot. cf. buling ‘agvasv. To shout out loudly (for an animal) to yelp (in pain). Nakaagwoaw su asu day su magikan 22 ‘hug din. Our dog yelped when its tail was stepped on. ef, kulah, waga-waga ‘ahi. To ee, look at, watch (something o someone); to find (something or someone). Inahd en hu ‘mamumuthng ka in sa date din. The doctor looked at him (to see) what his siceness was. Hurd day en ‘aghd su salapi day ha nalaog. We dia not find ovr ‘money that was lost. v. paN- To search, look for (Gomething or someone). Tagpan-ahaen ia sa dagum ‘ha nalaag diya ta sileb. 1 am looking for the needle that is lost under the house. v. pa- To show Gomething) to (someone). Impaakd Fanay ku dati su ispada din ha bulawan. That chieftain showed us his gold sword. n. pa-an Remembrance, memento, keepsake. ‘thug v. To mix (something moist or wet) with (Gomething uy); to moisten (Solids or powders) Ahuga rit hu wahig a ukap ta daw mabayaan taena ‘ha babuy. Mix the chaff with water so that the pig will lke it ef. sahug, bunaw aahung_ 1. Echo, v. To echo. Uminahung diy ta layun sa bux but pusit, The gunshot echoed across the river. fahue n. Gat falab-ab adj. Greedy (in eating), voracious. ef. agap falabat 7. Railing. v. paN- To hold, hang on to (Gomething) for suppor. Agnangatabat su batd diya ta dingding ta tapkinanan hx paghipanaw. The hile holds on to the wall for support because he is learning to walk. cf bit slakeak nm. Squeal (of a pig) v. (For a pig) to squeal, Tag-tlakck sa babuy ta nasamukan din sa bata din ‘ha inibiton. The pig ts squealing because it is wortied about its pglets that are being hel. ‘lad _n. Fence; enclosure (for animals). To put a fence around (an area), to enclose (an area) with a fence; to fence (something) in. Pg-alad din sa hemayan din 1a daw hari malayuran hu mga mananap. He built a fence around his rice field s0 thatthe animals would not roam sround init. Iualad day sa mga babusy day 1a dow hari makapanwwal hu mga pamulohen day. ‘We fenced in our pigs so that they would not uproot ‘our plants with their snouts. ef, sada lagnd_n. One who serves (as an official, church leader, etc) employee. ef. suluguen v. To serve; to work as ‘an employee. Nan-ahd su dard hu bahi ha ag-asawahen din ta daw mag-alagad kandin, The chieftain looked for a woman he wil many s0 that she will serve him. Pilla a ine ta daw ku inj 35alagast smaclagaran dean. Vleet me $0 that Teun also serve you Aygasi Gia ‘lal v. (For the male of an animal) to mate with (a Aemale), Hurd kaberes a babuy din ta hurd Raab. Lis pig not pregnant because it was not mated with (a male, ef. aga ‘mum, 1 To choose, select, pick out (something or Someone}; 10 pick through (something). Ap-alaman lau sa begas 1a fakahen, 1 am plcklng through the ice because iti fll of bus lll ‘adj. ma- Wise, knowledgeable. n. ka- Wisdom, Enowiedge. ef. tat falagray, Wild abaca, slamay, adj. Speckied (feathers), aiombrt nm. Wie, ‘alan, adj (R) All, everyone; whole, entice lan, y. ‘To eat only viand; to eat (food usually take ‘with tice oF corn) all alone. Tapadan ts naligay en Inurd makataen fue serd. Hoe 1s eating oaly wand thecause he has not eaten any fora long time. Ba din 4 naan st mara: hainanag din. He just ate the roasted chicken without rice, slantusen (see antus) n. Suffericg langealang aa. Somewhat but not quite; not up to a tain level. Alang-alang pa sa hemay day ha ‘glegtayen. Our rice we will harvest is not quite ready. ¥. TO be not quite. Aghaalang-alang pas saging uc Kahioug din aman fend pa maayad, That hana fs not yuite ripe 0 itis not good yet (to eat). Akaalang-alangan san hu pagkaen dan. Thee fo08 {snot quite enough for them, ‘alongag x, ka- To Ggute out, t0 think up (2 way to do for come up will something). Hurd ku gayed sigtoatangan ha paagi fia makati a iw salapi There is mo way Yean think ofthat Ican get money. slap» ‘Tey he able to chew (something). Hari ku agkaatap su mb 1a tunghay madesen. Leannot chew tha sugarenne because iis very hard. ef. sep, kagat cites ale With numerals 1 to 12 o'clock. slat —¥, fo decrease, diminish, lessen (in number, quantity o7 size); to deduct, subtract. (something) feom (something ese). Agkabaya-bayd sa mga puri | agiakatabay sa nangkaaldaw 1a pakaalat on haar ‘uc siha dan. The prisoners are happy when a cay pisses becuse It decreases (the days of) their punishment, Alan eu sa Babaten fo ha begar ‘mabegat tungkay. Twill lessen che rice Farry on my rack ecause i is very heavy. slaw v. Toy run afte, pursue, chase, go after (a person ‘or ama fn order to eateh hint), Naperaan siran 1a miguaaw svan Iu Kends pa mans ha bake. They were tired Because they were chasing a cow that has sor Feen broken in yet. Top-alaw.alawen ku si nakauceng anak. Yann going after that one who hos a debt wits me. fs fokag, lasay alihut alawaw v. To separate coarser stuff (from 2 pile of Something). Alowawa Aaya sa mga sagbet ta daw -makzabunt faw sa dua duu, Separate the coarser ras (from the pile) so that we can use some of it 4 fertier. ‘loy”, ae To delay, waste time, Nangaaay sin din taena ha kaamulans2 madakel sa mead dvs ha mga dima dar. They were delayed at that wedding because they sam many of thet relatives. ef yaar slayara Projection in 8 wall oF window (which holds the ealng utensils in daly use, epen eupboaed alkansi adj. Losing, without gein or advantage. v. ka- To take a loss, fall short of the required amount; 9 {clin busines, go bankrupt to make no prof, have a deficit. Hurd en makadayun magbaligya 10 nasltansi. He didnot continue seling. (things) because he went Bankrupt. cf. gansi atlaba n. Colin (ofa house); ti, space between the cong and the roof. v. To put up a ceing in hous. Alkubakan din a bay fa dav kend riqnas “re wi pot up ceiling in is house so that it will not beh. aldaw 1. Sun; day. v: ka To be daylight, Agkananan 1a hha agkaaidaw en 12 agpanagauk en sa mga manu ‘We know that it fs daylight because the roosters crow. v To spend at day at (a certain acti), 10 o {somechin) all day long, Ben tagealdaw en sar togpatukar hu ray din. Tey jst play his radio ll day long. temp. R- Every day, dally. v ine To work for wages on a dally basis. Sa mga etaw mipinaifaw en dian ku wna ku sapian ta dow makati sian ‘he zap. The people worked bythe day in the field ofthat rch man so that they ean get some money. rn -inoy Daly wage, Sa inaldowan din far pa pakakanpesigpalit hu pagken dan. Tis daily wage is not enough to buy thet food. stiegbep m. Cloud of dust of dustlke particles. ef alyabuk v. To str up a cloud of dust, Su mark Ianglibegheg dun kat kop. That chicken stirred wp 4 coud of dust fcom the chaff. abu v. For rai to be blewn into (a sheltered area), Thaliwan sa balay day ta hurd din dingding. ‘The rain blew into our house because it has no walls alig -v. To undertake, attempt (2 task in unreasonable iscegard of one’s capaciy to do it). Hart ad en rapaligalig ounampu tue sayaw 1a mabisekeg sa ‘mga balukas mu, Do not attempt to join in the dance because your arms are not supple (it. sti) hut. To change a cours, to turnoff to deviate fot 2 previous course, t0 pass another way; to detour, £0 round (something): Higratve, to not some directly {o te point (n speaking), to not be frank. Mga rrunenged ta nadactan satay. He went another way because the bridge was destroyed. Inalihus aon fa crplann sa makepal ha gubun. Tat airplane went around those thick clouds, Hurd din hasabut sa inihagi din ta impaatinue din pa. She id not