Ethnomathematics OM Cea Existence in Forms, SY Ce CLOUT hate Patterns Ada Katsap and Fredrick L. SilvermanEthnomathematics of Negev Bedouins’ Existence in Forms, Symbols and Geometric Patterns Ada Katsap Kaye Academic College of Education, Beer-Sheva, Israel Fredrick L. Silverman University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA <> SENSE PUBLISHERS, ROTTERDAM/BOSTON/TAIPE]ACLD recon for this book is available fom the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-94-6209-948-7 (paperback) ISBN: 978.94-6209-949-4 cherdback) ISBN. 978-94-6209-950- (e-book) Published by: Sense Publishers, PO. Box 21858, 3001 AW Rotterdam, ‘The Netherlands bups:/Avww-sensepuiblishers.comy Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2016 Sense Publishers, No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, rovording or otherwise, without writlen permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any maierial supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exelusive use by the purchaser of the workTABLE OF CONTEN Part 1: Introduetion Chapter 1: Negev and Its Inhabitants 1.1. History of the Negev: Since the Beginning of Time up to the Establishment of the Siate of Israel 1.2. Geograpiy and Topography of the Negev Chapter 2: Bedeuins 2.1. The Origin of Bedouins 2.2. The Besouins in the Land of Israel 2.3. Negev Bedouins’ Mlentty 2.4 Demography Chapter 3: Look at Ethnomatheraties 3.1. Prefice to Ethnomathematies 3.2 Introduction to Ethnomathematios: Study and Research in Ethnomathematies 3.3. Several Other Definitions of Ethnomathematies 3.4, The Role of Ethnomathematics in Mathematics Edueation Part 2: Ethnomathematies of the Bedouin Embroidery and Weave Chapter 4: Bedouin Women and Embroidery 4.1. Bedouin Women en Modern-Treditional Axis: Functioning and Mobity 42. Feminine Bedouin Enterprises 43, Embroidery: Traditional Women's Handcraft in Palestine and round the World Chapter 5: Mentity of the Negev Bedouin Women’s Fmbroideries Dress and Dwelling Decorations 51. Dress Embroidery 5.2, Embroidered Dress Parts 3 5.3. Decorative ibroidered Belongings 16 19 29 29 2 65TABLE OF CONTENTS, apes and Paverns Analysis in the Chapter 6: Transformations, Negev Bedouins’ Embroideries 6.1 A Brief Account of the Symmetties of Frieze and Wallpaper Groups 62. Frieve Group Features in the Embroideries 6.3. Wallpaper Groups Featares in the Embrokderies 644, Color Symmetry and Its Features in the Eimbroideries 65. Hscher’s Filling-Piane Model in Bedouin Embroidery Compositions 66. The Embvoiderer’s Slory 67 An Insight into the Embroidery Patterns Chapter 7: Pattens, Colors, and Designs in Bedowins Rugs and Other Tiems: 7.1, Negev Weaving 7.2. Stripe Patterns, Designs, and Color Combinations among, Negev Bedouin 7.3 Negev Bedouin Familios’ Woven Items Part 3: The Bedouin Way of Life: Ethnomathematies Anywhere Chapter 8: Measurable Division of Ground Shapes: Pamily-Cultural-Geogiaphical Viewpoint 8.1. Division of Ground Shapes of Unrecognized Villages in the Northern Negev 8.2. Visis with the Shepherd 8.3 Arabic Measurement Units of Length Chapter 9: Well, Waterhole, and Tent: The Inseparable Constructions: of Negev Bedouins Desert Existence 9.1, Water in Negev Desert 9.2. Waterholes 9.3, Water Wells 9.4 Tent Chapter 10: Games as Bedouin Hecitage for All Generations 10.1, Games People Play 10.2. The Neg Chapter 11: Epilogue i) 69 4 sl 85 92 102 107 187 167 210 218 23FABLE OF CONTENTS: Part 4: Bridging between Life and Schook Why and How Chapter 12: Interweeving the thnomathematieal Approseh into Teaching and Leaming Mathematics 12.1, The Linkages benveen Ltinomathematies, Mathematies and Curieulum 12.2, Ethnomathematies in Mathematics Preservie Education in Practice schers’ Chaptct 13; Ethnomathematics in Mathematics Custiculum vie Ethnomethematieal Word Problems: The Case Problems Arising in Negev Bedouin Culture and Society 131, Pras and Cons of Integrating Ethnomathematis in Mathematics Sehool Curriculum 13.2, Ethnomathematical Problems as an Issue of an Ethnomathematical Approach 13.3. ‘The Redouin School Students Engaging with Ethnomathentatieal Problematic Situations Appendix, References: 2a 21 233Copyrighted materialPART 1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1 NEGEV AND ITS INHABITANTS The new-old story of the Negev and its inhabitants begins in the 4th millennium BC, continues with the Bedouins establishing their residence in the region in the 7th century AD and, even today, when the main bulk of the Bedoains living in Israel converged in the Negev. Inevitabilty, development aiso led toa prucess of Bedouin transition fom nomadic and tribal to a modem urban way of lie ‘The dilemma teach Redouin confronts is far from heing simple: how to preserve the tradition and eustomms passed from generation to generation on one hand, and fo adapt and fulfill ‘oneself in a modern society on the othe: The term, Negev, is from the Arabic, al-Nagab, in Hebrew, 233 The Negev is # desert and semi-desert region in southern Israel. The origin of the worl, Negey, is fom the Hebrew root, which denotes dry or wipe diy. In the Bible, Negev is also used for the direction, south, The term, Bedouin, is from the Arabic, badawayyin, in Hebrew, #979. The term isdefined as a man who lives in a desext. Contemporary Bedouins ate 2 Chapter of a predominantly desert-dwvelling Arab ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or elans, 11 HISTORY OF THENEGEY: SINCE THE REGINNING OF TIME UPTO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL The abundant history of the Negev took shape band in hand with the history of the Land of Israel since the dawn of civilization. Wars and conguests, which raged in Ismael, affected the Negev as well, and often the region was the central scene af the events that affected the whole Land of Israel, In this introduction, we deal with the [Negev region only and mention the historie events of the greater Lal of Israel only I they are relevant to the comprehension of the legacy of the Negev Let us look through tie main facts regarding the region known as the Negev and its settling by various kingdoms and people, asspeiated with the history of the Bedouin population in it Opinions differ about the beginning of settlements in the zion, and the secepted hypothesis is that this process began in the 4th millennium BC (Aref al-Aref, 19372000), Archeological findings from various sites across the region indicate that the first setlers had already taken residence here in the Chalcolithie period (approx. 4000 BC). They made their living from livestock, hunting, ond trading with Afiica in the south, Turkey in the north, Mesopotamia in the East, and Egypt in the west. sonal agriculture, as Well as the manufacture of bronze tools andCHAPTER 1 The Negev; and especially the Beershebs district, is replete with events linked biblically to history of the people of Istael. In the beginning of the 2nd millennium (approx, 2000 BC), the patrisrch Abraham and his kin passed though Canaan in fonder to settle in the Land of Israel. They followed orders from the Almighty and lected to siay in the Negev, alongside of Beersheba, the primary city of the Negev. The Jewish Bible story begins when Abraham dug @ well snd planted a tamarisk tee fn the place known a9 Beersheba (i.e, offiially, Be'er Sheva, Atabie, Bir Seb’ Hebrew. 229° 799 or seven wells). In the Jewish Bible, itis stated thet Abraham, whose birth name was Abram, and his brother, Isaac, dug the wells when they arrived Figure 1, Beer Sheba and its surroundings i the Biblical period Souree: © Copyvight 2005 Biblical Studies Pres, Al righ reserved According toa different story ofthe erigin of the name of thisarea, Abraharn chose Beer Sheba, which isderived ftom Hebrew for seven tie. sheva). The eorresponding biblical account is that of Abraham's giving of seven sheep to the Philistine King, Abimelech of Gerar, by mutual agieement in (realy. One must understand the way of thinking of those daysto see that it was not a simple matter for Abraharn an his people to settle in an area ruled by’ the Philistines, Only when Abraham signed pact with King Abimelecs did the king allow Abraham’s family to settle and erect their tents ia the ares, The name of the Negev, whose capita is Besrsheba, became Famous because of its geographic Incation, making it an important strategie point on the international caravan trade routes. The eity of Beersheba and ilsvicinity in these times enjoyed great prosperity, given is propitious location at the crossroads of Asia, Alrica, and Europe. Thus, Beersheba came to provide all the basie needs of the trade caravans passing through it, Another advantage of Beershebs was the case of Sigging Water wells for hvestock and faming, The archavologival remains from thatNEGEV AND IS INHABITANTS period poin! show that residenis lived in homes, which contained citcular and square rooms and courtyards, Moreover, the excavated material shows that the Negev residents were semi-nomadie. The Old Testament features a detailed description of Abraham's family and their stay inthe Negev, and the word, south, was used in each verse, Interestingly, the Hebrew Bible verses used the word, Negey=233 or negba FIBRIL which assign wo different meanings, south and dy. We shall elaborate on three of them, GENESIS 13:1 (World English Bible) ~ And Abram went up out of Egy pt. he, and bis wile, and all that he had, and Lot with him, into the south (in Hebrew, “Snepba=M382, meaning south) GENESIS 13:14 (World English Bible) ~ TF (By Jewish tradition, not rorounse, bothers, Yahweh (Lond) sd fo Abram, after Lot wes Separated from hin, "Now it up your eves. and lok from the plas where You are, northward and southward and eastward and westward (in Hebrew, hnopbarmaiy, meaning sou, GENESIS 24,62 (World English Bible) — Isiac came from the way of Beer Lahai Roi, far he lived in the land of the Soath (in Hebrew, south couriry BAIT YOR, meaning dry county) These verses indicate that the word, Negev, as two meanings, topographic and geographic. The topographic one means diy. because of the dry desen soil of the rezion. The geographic one means south, explained by the geographic location of the region in the southem Chapter of the Land af Israel The three pauiarehs of Judaism, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, davelted ia the Negev for long periods of time, Water sources were the main issues of dispute with the indigenous residents, the semi-nomadc Bedoums, who dwelled on the ridges of the Negev and Sinai mountains and entered the Bectsheba region Following ther livestock. Disagreements also took place within Abraham’s family. The Book of Genesis tells, for example, about quarrels over the use of water wells between Abraham and his nephew, Lot, and between Abraham and his son, Isaao, and other family members The biblical era was the period of Negev’s magnificence, lis enormous territery invited the building of towns and forts, and it afforded the use of the open areas for livestock and agriculture. Material culture teaches us that elevated forts and sophisticated water wells characterized the period. In later times, for the next 900 years, it may be that the events, which took place in the region were inconsequential bt in truth the scarcity of material culture from that period leaves the historical revord uncertain The settlement in the Negev resumed during the reigns of Kings David and Solomon in approximately 1000 BC. Iscaelite settlers sent by Solomon collaborated with the local population (© prevent hostiities and te enable the commercialCHAPTER 1 cearavans and convoys to reach Jerusalem (Lintchevsky, 1997). Solomon and his successors continued to preserve and develop the Negev until the destruction of the Land of Israel, which also had a similar effect on the Negev, In the Jewish Bible, it is described as follows: JEREMIAIT 13:19 (World Enghsh Bible) ~ The cities of the South (Negev) are shut up, and there is none to open them, ‘As mentioned above, the water sources and trade caravans through the Negev were abundant, and they altracted various Bedouin tribes that dwelled in the surrounding areas, The lmalekites were one of these They were an ancient people tha, in Biblical times, adopted « nomadic way of life inthe atea stretching from scuthem Negev to the Sinai Peninsula, Being true nomads, the Amalekites were considerable threats toagriculture and permanent settlement. However, they were hut one of many such threats, andthe pages of history teach that, during that era, many different peoples, some of them deing conquerors who chose to take over this land for strategic considerations, came to rule the Negev. Oneof these peoples was the Fdomites, who came from « mountainous and desolated Land inthe present Kingdom of Jordan. ‘The Bible and The Torah describe the Edomites as descendents of Esau the eldest son of the Jewish patriarch Isuae. Similar to the Edomites, the Nabateans. whose capital was located in Petra in southem Jordan, showed interest in spreading beyond the borders of their kingdom, The Nabatesns arived in the Negev after defeating and expelling the Edomites, Figure 1,2. The Empire of David and Solomon, «1000-925 BC, Saree: Copyright by CS. Hammond and CO., NY. Copyrighted material[NEGEV AND ITS INHABITANTS ‘The Nabatean Arab Kingdom ruled the Negev from the 4th BC (0 the Ist Century AD. Even in Hellenistic times, when Alexander the Great conquered the Land of Ismael (332 BC), who also took over the Negev: however, the Nabateans were not expelled and took residence in the Valley of Arabe (Aref sl-Aref, 1536/2000). However, their presence was not continuous, and they were forced, ‘not only to leave the Negev, but to leave itin the hands of the Jewish Hasmonean Kingdom (Ist Century BC) for slightly over 100 years. The Nakateans certainly acid splendor to the region as they built towns and public buildings, constructed roads, raised livestock, and increased the desert-crossing trade. In addition, the ‘Nabateans were known as experts in the perfume trade ang led their caravans ‘rom Southem Arabia to the ports along the Mediterranean coast, It wes they, who established the famous Incense Trade Route. They controlled the caravan routes southward and played an important role as traders. In the Negev they built four cities Shivta, Avdat, Mamshit, and Haluza, whose remains reveal the glory and splendor of their residents Figure 1.3 Beer Sheba and its surroundings in the Nabaiean period Sowree: hip: 3.0p blogipot com’ yRNPAUOUONY TONEKICION ALLLLAAARA ‘MAPAOLOTIB's 1600 NebateanCin Map JPG _Atthe beginning of the 2nd Century AD, the Romans took advantage of the desth of the Nabatean King and annexed that kingdom to the Roman Empine. The period of Romen and Byzantine rile, from the 4th Century AD, is known as the ai Copyrighted materialCHAPTER 1 Roman-Byzantine Period, which continued into dhe 7th Century AD. To their ereit, the agents of Rome and of Constantinople continued io improve the region from the point at which the Nabateans had stopped. Also, under both Rome and Byzantin rile, the land prospered and flourished, including the sity of Jeruselem, which increased its teritory. As or the Negev. this was a period of prosperity, lhe eviden of which stands in the Ferman of tie magnificent forts spread scross the Negev even today Evidence also remains of sophisticated engineering ingenuity in irrigation Moreover, the Negev contains archaeological sites where there were facilities for collection of rain and for channeling run-olf water, for olive oil production, for pottery manufacture, 2 ‘Nabatean-Byzantine-Roman period entiched the region, Such an inference does rot hold true for some of the years that followed, Whereas archeological ndings 8s late asthe 7th century AD of aneient water wells and ruins of buildings in Tel-Arnd (15 km from Beer-Sheba), Tel-Sheba and Beer-Sheba itself testify to the greatness of human settlement in the period that preveded the Moslem conquest, thal flourishing period ended in 7th Century AD, when the econamie crisis and internal stnfe that plagued the Byzantine Empire left it valnerable to the Moslem Forces, which overwhelmed and defeated 1, The formation of the Mosfem Empire in 632 AD indicated first ofall the beginning ofa deterioration and destruction of the flourishing Negev enterprise, built by thee predecessors, imo a desolate barren laud, The teruns, Moslem Empire or Moslems, refer t a state where the majority of population adopted Islam The ethaie origin of most of them was Arab, aad iteame into being with the rise of Prophet Mohammad. Negev's conguest by the Moslems generated a large wave of Bedouin migration into the region, The Negev was far from being at the center of attention of the new rulers and their incompetence was the green light for the Bedouirs to swarm. into it I eam be said thatthe spreading of the semi-nomedic Bedouin population in the Negev was an culeome of histori¢ faclors and natural causes (e.g, wide areas for flocks and livesock), The Belouins edged out the traders and farmers, who lived in the permanent seitloments and nearby suntoundings, Neglect, destruction, and desolation were the outcome of the dwindling of the pemmanent settlement. This development is explained by the traditional lifestyle of the semi-nomadic Redouins: the trans resull of the waler and shortage of livesiock lood al the change of seasons. However, the designation, semi-nomadie, is not unjustified, because im their wandering, they remained in the area of the Grand Negev at large This state of affairs dic not change until the beginning of the Ostonan Period (16th Century AD). that is abnosta thousand years without permanent settlement. signitieanr segment of this period (13-16th Centuries AD) was under the Mamduk rule. The Mamluks were descendants of slaves of Circassian or Turkish origin, who came from Egypt and ‘were characterized by religious piousness but non-Arab escent, ‘The Mamluks, just like the Arabs, had no interest in preservation and strengthening of the land, and ther rile wes characterized by the annihilation of the remaining agricultural settlements 1d for wineries. These ets support the inference that the wused the abandonment of Beer Sheba and its jon was a direst 8NEGEV AND IS INHABITANTS and the continued penetration of Bedouin tribes into the region. For the Bedouins, the desert was a preferable choice because it offered good pastures for their livestock sharon, 1977). ‘As mentioned above, in the early 16th Century, the Land of Israel fell unser the rule of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The Turkish rule lasted for 400 years, until the beginning of the 20h Century. For most of this period, the Empire had n0 iniluenee on demographic and economic development and change in the Negev ‘The region remained unpopulated and desolate, The first signs of change occurred in the 19th Century, when the Otioma Empire recognized the importance of the Land of Israel due to its geographic location and its global, political, and e transformations, This change manifested itself in a forced investment of resour One of ils culcomes was the resurrection of the Negev region and the city of Beer- Sheba, around whick three of the major Bedouin meta-trbes in the Negev decided tosettle. A mete-tribe is « group of tribes united in broad regional divisions, which do not move together, but al the same lime are stable, being “unified by the tadition of one origin” (Ashkenazi, 1996, p. 12), This state of affairs escalated near the onset of WWI, when a logistic military center and an airport were established in the vicinity of Becr-Sheba, which was combined with 2 railroad that connested the eity with the city of Lod in central Isret, At that time the local population was mostly Bedouin, except for a small group of Jews, most of whom worked for the railroad and coustruction companies, whieh paved ads and bull bridges. The remains of what is known as the Turkish Bridge sill stand in ats glory above the Bect-Sheba Creek. Theneed for working hands tripled the popalstion of Feer-$ Wold War I brought ey by the British. Also, the occupying military foree included Australian cavalry, an honor of which a special monument was erected in 2007. The batile for Beet-Sheba is considered an important landmark in Jewish history, after which the British Government decided fo grant the Jewish people a National Home in the Land of Isael. The expulsion of the Turks marked the beginning of a period known as the British Mandate, which lasted until 1918. In October, 1918, Becr Sheba was freed from Egyptian contiol by Israeli forves of the Hagana, The Egyptians conquered it during May, 1948, in the early phases of the Israel War of Independence, which began shortly a endence During the war, mast of the Bedouin dwellers fed the city and were replaced by newly repatriated Jews, ‘who arrived in Israel following its establishment, Only inthe 1850s did the Bedoums begin to return to their lands in the Negev. AU the present time, about 50,000 Bedouins dwell in the Galilee and Jezreel valley in Norther Isracl, an additional small population is in Centra) Israel, and the rest ive in the Negev, mainly in the Beer-Sheba district. They are considered to be the population with the highest procreation rate worldwide. The numbers speak for themselves, From a population ‘Out hsted just 11,000 indviduals aNer the War of Independence, the Central Bureau of Statistics (2013) published dats for 2012 that showed a Bedouin population of approsimately 200,000 in the Negev alone. reba ss, Aer the War, in 1917, Bect-Shebs was congucred the Declaration of Israeli IndeyCHAPTER 1 12, QEOORAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF "HIE NEGEV, ‘The Negev covers 12,500 kin? and comprises somewhat more than half the land area of the State of Isuel. The geometric shape of the Negev is“like an isosceles triangle with the base to the north, running from a point near Gaza en the Mediterranean ‘coast to the shores of the Deal Sea, from these two points the sides oF the triangle rrun some 200 km south tothe apex at Eilat at the northern end of the Gull of Aqaba. 1 the wes! ts boundaries coincide approximately with the Simat desert, and on the feast with Kingdom of Jordan” (Evenari, Shanan, & Tadmos, 1982, p. 39) 2 gure 1-4. Map of the Negev Source: ©2001 Temple Builders Vinisry Ait rights resend Beer-Sheba is sisted on the west close tothe baseline othe triangle inthe north and the Dead Sea and the Souther Judean Hills on the ees. Plat an apex ofthe southem tp of the Negev, located on the nerth coast of the Red Sea (eg. Hebrew ‘mp BS best known fiom the Biblical period of the Isaelites Crossing the Red Sea) The easter border ofthe Negev isthe Arabah (e.g, Hebrew (F347 a section of the Jordan Rift Valley. The Arabalt Valley along the Jowdaniacs border (180 kilometers) stretches hom Flat in dhe south tothe tip of the Deal Sea (ebrew:nn ae which means Salt Sea) in the north, ‘The Arabah Valley sand dines can reach heights as high as 30 m' here. The Negev is a rky desen with deep eraterlike makiteslem cirques, the best known of which is Makhtesh Ramon, 37 km long. The Negev bas five makhteshim, geological landforms of sharp, sloping walls of limestone, which ae resistant to erosion. The walls of each makhlesh surround a flor as much as $00 meters below, Anothor landform is the Eilat Mountains “with their erystalline rocks and Nubian sarsdsiones” (Negev Project Iniroduction, 2008). The Negev receives 10NEGEV AND IS INHABITANTS between 309 millimeters of rain annually in the northern part to 200 millimeters in the central part, The whole Nogev is a dry desert, receiving very litle rain du to its Tocation fo the esst ofthe Sahara, the average rain‘all total from June through OctobercUAPTER2 BEDOUINS, 2.1. THE ORIGIN OF BEDOUINS Acconiing to Bedouin folklore passed from one generation to the nest, they are descendants of one of two fathers, Joktan (i, Ketan in Arabic, Yustan in Hebrew), the great grandson of Arphavad, son of Shen (ie. one of Noah's sons), or Ishmael, the son of Abraham the Hebrew and Hagar the Egyptian. Being closer to Shem, Joktan’s descendants consider themselves purer than descendants of Ishmael, ‘The Arabian Peninsula is thought to be the craile of birth and cultural growth of the Bedouins, from whence they spread into the Middle East first and then Inter into Norther Arica. The desire to dwell near fertile lands and watsr sources had driven the nomadic tribes to invade populated regions along the eastem coast of the Red Sea and drive out the indigenous inhsbitants. They founded Mecca and Medina, Islam's most sacred cities which are currenily part of Saudi Arabia and regarded 3s the religious certer of all Arab Muslims The Bedouins are an Arabic population without any sense of belonging to a specific place, because their way of life is derived from a nomadic existence based oma search for grazing grounds. With its geographic and topographic conditions, the desert has always dietatedthe Bedouins Way of life and trades: a) raising camels and horses used as riding beasts, without which no traffic across the desert is possible; and (b) herding sheep and gosts, which provides meat, milk, and wool for personal Figure 2.1. The modern Middle Fast Source: Middle Bast Maps Copyright 2013. The Amoricar-Israel Cooperative Enterprise 3 Copyrighted materialaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.HAPTER 2 Although camel meat is used for eating, the Bedouins themselves avoid eating it They prefer to sll their eamels or large suns of money to Arabs who do eat camel meat. However, the Bedauins use camels as a source of milk. It scems to he quite similar to human milk it some ways. Interestingly, avcordng to many studies in Israel and elsewhere (Agrawal, etal, 2003; Camel Milk Association (CMA), 2014 ‘Yagil, 2013), the consumption of camel milk provides considerable medical and curative benefits (a) strengthens the immune system; (b) adds considerable anti- inflammatery value and (e) provides health benefits for people with heat problems, vascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer ‘The Bedouins maintamn thatthe use camel milk contributes to: (a) their good heath; (b) scarcity of diseases, (e) longevity, and (4) traditionally, the virtue of having strong sewual peteney. For these qualities the camel 1s still the backbone of Bedouin nomadic lle As an aside, an informal biorarehy types of hexls the Bedouins raise for ther livelihood, as allows: (a) cattle herders atthe bottom, (b) sheep and goats herders al the ter above them, and (e) these Wao raise eamel atthe top Another dimension, which distinguishes the two groups of Bedouins is the \wandering distance. Those, who sbandoned longedistance wandering, arc termed semni-nomadie Bedouins. Ashkenazi (2000) went even Turher snd divided the semi- nomadic Bedouins into three groups sms to exis! among the Bedouins, one that roughly eceresponds to the L Those who wander within a limited area, erect goat-hair tenis or tin shacks according to the seasoas, and herd flocks of sheep and goats. I'members of this group own private lands, they will return to them periodically to sow and reap, Those engaged only in herd raismg, Those, sho distanced themselves from the traditional Bedovin way of hi abandoned wandering, and made a living as hired workers Thus, it can be said that the Bedouin population in the State of Israel, and especially after is founding in 1948, belongs entirely to the semi-nomadie group 22, THE BEDOUINS IN TH ANDOF ISRAEL When the Bedouin tribes spread out across the Land of Israel long ago. their made of setting was influenced by the geographic location of the country, which is surrounded by the Judean Desert in the cast and the Sinai and Negev deserts in the south, Political motives are among the reasons for Bedouin migration into the Land of Israel. [n particular, Bedouin intertribal struggles led to the expulsion of uibes from the ands they had previously cecupied. Also, geographic mouses plaved a role, while droughts and aridity in their lands of erigin forced the Bedoums to seek graring lands in neighboring countries. Since then, in spite of the periods wen most of the Bedouins departed the Land of Israel, leaving just » fraction of their numbers tehind, the history of Bedouin distribution is intertwined with the annals of the Land of Ismael’s history, Historians have determined that, regardless leaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is 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unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CHAPTER s atmosphere: This is eonsidered a testinony of the love thatthe host has toward is guests and his readiness to fulfill the commandment of hospitality. Other popular decoration items among the Bedouins include stip-decoration, including fringes. hang on walls, lampshades, and vase covers; all of thems are woven, usually from crade and thick threads. The presence of geteral deceratns and convenience items inthe tent or guestroom makes it a perfect place to relay, have a comversation, smoke tobacco, an drink traditional Sandah coffee. osCHAPTER 6 TRANSFORMATIONS, SHAPES AND PATTERNS ANALYSIS IN THE NEGEV BEDOUINS’ EMBROIDERIES The handwork of Negev Bedouin women, which was based on historical techniques fof embroidery and knitting, produced 9 wide range of motifs that demonstrate a special way of transformation anil movement across plane and space. Frieze or wallpaper symmetry groups, wentiied with the world of mathemtaies, are Fealured an these various motifs Consequence of these representative samples of the wallpaper symmetries groups are visible in embroidered parts of dresses and belongi and the frieze patiems em be found in dress sips and home decorations. Also, ‘mathernaties finds its expression inthe patterns in a Bedouin women to beauty and enrich their products. Each color extends the range ‘of mathematical features on the one hand, and triggers various associations, Fecings, and emotions inthe abserver on the other Moreover, the colorsadd further emphasis tothe symmetry types of the motifs, without which it may have been impossible to Mend) Ue symmneny or wansformation in» spesifie mou Chapter 6, which begins with a brief account ofthe symmetries groups, continues with identification of motifS without accounting for the various colors. In the eourse of the discussion, weshow how the symmetry groupsin the embroideries and weave miotifS, constructed from identical patierns in different colors, have an impact on their classification in the International Union of Crystallography (IUC) notation The chapter conchides with the description of pattems from Bedouin motifs for the purpose of symmetrical analysis. nge of colors selected by the 6.1.4. IEE ACCOUNT OF THE SYMMELKIES OF FRIEZE "AND WALLPAPER GROUPS, Frieze Patterns and Grows sre, An infinite strip with a repeating pattern is called a frieze pattern. In archit frieze is an architectural omament consisting of a herizontal sculptured. band between the architrave and the comice. In cloth, fabne, textile, and material, Hieze isan artifact made by weaving, felting, knitting, or eroeheting natural or synthetCHAPTER 6 fibers, A frieze patter isa group of the plane or a linear pattern thal repeats i one direction. All faze pattems have translational symmetry To clarify, the motions that leave the object appearing unchanged are called ‘sometries of the Euclidean plane or rigid motions. Isometries ate kinds of geometric transformations that preserve distances, and there are oaly four lypesof them: transation reflection, rotation, and glide reflection. Translation is a popular isometry in artifacts, that is, a motion where the object is translated to a certain distance ina particular direction, whilelength isthe distance between the repeatsof the patiern, In artifacts, there is usually a translational symmetry. Plane symmetry involves moving all points around the plane so that thei relative positions co each other remain the same, although their absolute positions may change. Symmetries preserve distances, angles, sizes, and shapes, Geometrical symmetry means space. Bach type of isometry defines a corresponding symmetry sub-group. A \greze pattern 1s Ligure with one direction of translation symmetry, and s frieze group is a symmetyy group contains several frieze patterns, The possbilites of symmetries, other than the one direction of translation symmety, give rse to different types of symmewies. Frieze pattems ean be classified azcording to the types of symmetries that are accepted as mathematically valid These are ‘comprised of seven symmetry groups (see “able. |), where the essential elements ate symmetry and repetition. A feleze group is & mathematical voncept used (0 classify designs, which are characterized by repetition in one direction, bssed on the symmetries in the pattern. We shall use the names of fiieze groups and the notation for the symmetry group that were standardized and adopted by the 1UC (international Union of Crystallography) in 1952. The symmetry groups of hie7 patterns are named in the four-symbol format of the [UC notation: p, the frst constant symbol, and three additional symbols, lets m or a. and numbers J oF 2 The different quartei combinations indicate the kinds of motions. ‘Washbum and Crowe (1988) were the first o present the flow chart fr the seven one-color symmetry sroups of Frieze pattems, Following isthe Washburn and Crowe fMow chart as i was showa in paragraph 4 2. titled “Flow Charl for one-dimensional Patterns,” that appears in their book in a tble 41, page 88 (see Figure 61) Use of this low chart helps tn classify the artifacts according to seven ae. dimensional frieze groups of pattems. when every frieze pattern must be identical to ‘ne of them. In is book, we use this How chart as follows idea under 9 subseronp of isometries in to ar theee-dimensionsl I Wallpaper Patterns and Groups The world of wallpaper, also e: walls of rooms, baths, and any other frame into a stylish art. Wallpapers use the rnuth technique of the paiern repeat for creation of any composition based on floral geometric, and other designs. In Mathematies, a wallpaner pattern is any subset of the plane whose trans‘ational symmetry group is repetitive in two independent led wall coverings, more generally, trans 70TRANSFORMATIONS, SILAPES AND PATTERNS ANALYSIS bbc Nhe even Smiinliy prowes of Friese puters Shon ” group WUC notation Geomerical description Setof sammerries om AAAAAA oon "BOO OOOH ieee "™ DP DDVDD Caren mm Dh A_W 42o tinereecan VV VY ” UXRRIRS= " $O06OS 2efold rotation a) 7 rma trunelation, 2-fold rotation (1809 and verical reflection ireetions. A plane symmetry group, termed, wallpaper group, is a mathematical classification of two-dimensional repetitive patterns, based on the symmetries in the patterns and having two independent translations. There are 17 possible distinct wallpaper groups. Wallpaper groups ate two-dimensional symmetry groups, intermediate between the frieze groups and the three-dimensional space groups All 17 groups have been used in the art and erafl of the Muslim world for generations A proof that there were only 17 possible patterns of wallpaper groups ‘was carried out by Fedo (1891/published in English 1971) and completed by Polya (1928). It is worthwhile to note that Muller (1944, 2s cited in Gilliland, 1994. in her work “Groups theoretical and analytical studies of the siructure of Moorish omaments of the Alhambra in Granada” and continuing with other mathematicians inio the 1980s, provided a complete verification of the identity ofall 17 wallpaper groups in Islanve artof the Alhambra, Spain nCHAPTER 6 Firgtmtettenmmneadn, [ROmeawecl tear? | Figure 61 This resouree of the Islamic art in Spain had critical influence on the Duteh artist M. C. Escher (1907-1973), best known for his lessellatien art-math creations, which fall within a realm of mathematics called tle oheorv. a model for filling the plane with ar without gaps or overlaps. Escher was strongly influenced by the compositional structures of the polyehrone tiles hat Islamic etafisinen ereated, The poly chromatic richness was expressed by the use of the blue color, which enables creation of a wider spectrum of colors than any ovher, starting with sky blue, through sapphire, 1 the blue of bright sez water. Under this influence, Escher founded a now technique for graphic art, based on the method of fillimg the plane with no gops ‘or overlaps (see below in this Chapter the Section S. Escher’ filling-plane model within the Bedouin enbroidery compositions). According o Escher, the artistic style of decomposition of the plane into similar Jorms became one of the main thrusts of his oeuvre and perhaps the most utilized process with which he would achieve his astonishing compositions aTRANSFORMATIONS, SILAPES AND PATTERNS ANALYSIS The symmeuy groups of wallpaper patterns are named in the form of a 9¥0- symbol to foursymbol system of the IUC notation, This notation combines the following letters and mumerals:¢, g, m, p. 1. 2,3, 4, 6. Table 6.2 displays the 17 wallpaper symmetry groups associated with the IUC notation and along. with other information: rectangle, parallelogrammatic, rhombus, square, and hexagon. Table 6.2 (Gee helow) adopted from article of Joyee (1994/1997) “The 17 plane symmetry groups” Table 6.2. The Characteristics of he 17 Wallpaper Samumesey Grows Swumeny group UC noiation Latice ope Rotation orders. Reflection axes 1 pl paralielogrammatis none none: 2 p ppanltclegrammatie 2 one 3 pm reclangle none parallel 4 pe rectangle sone none 5 em hombus sone parallel 6 pm rectangle 2 90 1 png reolangle 2 parallel 8 pee reoiungle 2 none ° em hombue 2 90 10 pa square 4 none: n phe square 4 as R pag square ae 30" B p3 hexagon 3 none M4 palm hesagon ae 60" Is pire hexagon se 30: 16 Ps Inesagon 6 sone 7 és hesavon 6 30 ‘ll iain centers iv on recto ae += ot al rotation center on flection axes As previously displayed, the flowchart was informative for presenting the frieze groups, $0,100, its effective for the presentation of the wallpaper groups of pattern. Following is the Flowchart recommended by S Lin (2002, p. 22) and adopted for use in this book (Piguie 6 2) ut Mee Baa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.TRANSFORMATIONS, SIAAPES AND PATTERNS ANALY plmt, that is to say that regardless of the design details, they have a horizontal reilection symmetry. This means that a horizontal line in the middle of each strip ccan be imagined, which acts as an axis of the symmetry. Furthermore, folding the stip along this line enables to create equal twin pars, constituting one half of the whole design each. This kind of symmetry group in the Bedouins’ strips was the ‘most prevalent in our data collection, which included about 40 strips, afew images of which follow Figure 63. Figure 64. Figure 63 Figure 66.CHAPTER 6 Figure 68 Figure 69 Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11TRANSFORMATIONS, SIAAPES AND PATTERNS ANALYSIS Figure 612 Figure 613, Figure 6.14 Figure 615. The Last two strips are prevalent in different colors on the Bedoains dresses as a stitch connector of two parts of the dress, front and back, or joined sleeves to the dss. Figue 6.16 demonstrates a dress side at which there a strip connected the front and the back of the dress. Figure 616 1CHAPTER 6 The frieze group of the stips in Figures 6.17-621 contains a combination of vertical and horizontal reflections and is called pmm2, that is to say that regardless of details of the designs they have a simultaneous horizontal and vertical reflection symmetry, This means that itis possible to imagine two perpendicular lines in the middle of each strip, and two axes of symmetry intersecting at 90% Figure 617, Figure 618. Figure 619, Figure 620TRANSFORMATIONS, SIAAPES AND PATTERNS ANALYSIS Figure 621 The frieze group of the stnps in figures 6 23-6 25 has a glide reflection and is called pa, that is to say, it contains a combination of a reflection in a line and 4 translation along taat line, The group has no symmetry axis (see a Figure 6.22 below) ~y ~wy Figure 622, Figure 6CHAPTER 6 Figure 626, The friere group of the strip in Figure 627 has only translational symmetry = pill. This s also an unmistakable example of color symmetry Figure 627, The frieze group of the strips in Pigures 6 28-6 30 has vertical reflection only and iscalled pm, that isto say that itis vertical reflection symmetry, This means that it isfeasible to imagine a vertical line, an axis of symmetry, in the middle of each strip. Figure 628, Figure 629,aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.CHAPTER 6 Figure 633, igure 634 shows chest part of dresses (lous) that azcording to IUC notation are called pn, the lattice type are rectangle, rotation of order 2, and reflection axes interseet at 90" Figure 634, The last three Figures 6 38-6 37 show eushion pillows that according to UC notation are also called p4m. Their lattice type are square, rotation of or reflection ases intersect a 43®, and all rotation centers leon reflection axes. 2aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit 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