1010872018 WIKIPEDIA Sushruta Samhita Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia The Sushruta Samhita QATAR, IAS ‘SuSrutasamhita, literally "Susruta's Compendium’) is an ancient Sanskrit text on medicine and surgery, and one of the most important such treatises on this subject to survive from the ancient world. The Compendium of Susruta is one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine), alongside the Caraka-Samhita, the Bhe/a-Samhita, and the medical portions of the Bower Manuscript.(I2) tt is one of the two foundational Hindu texts on medical profession that have survived from ancient India, 4 ‘The Susrutasamhitd is of great historical importance because it includes historically unique chapters describing surgical training, instruments and procedures.(21[5] Contents History Date ‘Authorship ifliation Manuscripts and transmission Contents Scope Chapters Prevention versus cure Human skeleton Surgery Medicinal herbs Reception Transmission outside India Modern translations Seo also Notes References Bibliography External links History Date ‘The early scholar Rudolf Hoernle proposed that siven that the author of Satapatha Brahmana ~ an ancient Vedic text, was aware of Sushruta doctrines, hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita Ancient qualifications of a Nurse ‘That person alone is fit to nurse or to attend the bedside of a patient, who is cool-headed and pleasant in his demeanor, does not speak ill of any body, is strong and attentive to the ane1010372018 Sushila Sambite- Wikipedia those Sushrata doctrines should be dated based on | requirements of the sick, and strictly and indefatigably follows the composition date of Satapatha Brahmana.”| The | the instructions of the physician. composition date of the Brahmana is itself unclear, added Hoernle, and he estimated it to be about the sixth century BCE.) While Loukas et al. date the text to mid 1st-millennium BCE! Boslaugh dates the currently existing text to the 6th-century CE.) —Sushruta Samhita Book 1, Chapter XXXIV ‘Translator: Bhishagratnal®l Rao in 1985 suggested that the original layer to the Sushruta Samhita was composed in 1st millennium BCE by "elder Sushruta” consisting of five books and 120 chapters, which was redacted and expanded with Uttara-tantra as the last layer of text in 1st millennium CE, bringing the text size to six books and 184 chapters." Walton et al., in 1994, traced the origins of the text to ast millennium BCE." Meulenbeld in his 1999 book states that the Susruta-samhita is likely a work that includes several historical layers, whose composition may have begun in the last centuries BCE and was completed in its presently surviving form by another author who redacted its first five chapters and added the long, final chapter, the "Uttaratantra."""l It is likely that the Susruta-samhita was known to the scholar Drdhabala (fl. 300-500 CE, also spelled Dridhabala), which gives the latest date for the version of the work that has survived into the modern era"! Tipton in a 2008 historical perspectives review, states that uncertainty remains on dating the text, how many authors contributed to it and when. Estimates range from 1000 BCE, 800-600 BCE, 600 BCE, 600-200 BCE, 200 BCE, 1-100 CE, and 500 CE.N2! Partial resolution of these uncertainties, states Tipton, has come from comparison of the Sushruta Samhita text with several Vedic hymns particularly the Atharvaveda such as the hymn on the creation of man in its 10th book,!"3I the chapters of Atreya Samhita which describe the human skeleton,!"41 better dating of ancient texts that mention Sushrute’s name, and critical studies on the ancient Bower Manuscript by Hoernle."2! These information trace the first Sushruta Samhita to likely have been composed by about mid 1st millennium BCE,2I Authorship SuSruta (Devanagari YA, an adjective meaning "tenowned"t"*) is named in the text as the author, who presented the teaching of his guru, Divodasa"6) He is said in ancient texts such as the Buddhist Jatakas to have been a physician who taught in a school in Kashi (Varanasi) in parallel to another medical school in Taxila (on Jhelum river),"71'81 sometime between 1200 BC and 600 BC.9I2l One of the earliest known mentions of the name Sushruta is in the Bower ‘Manuscript (4th or sth century), where Sushruta is listed as one of the ten sages residing in the Himalayas."1 Rao in 1985 suggested that the author of the original "layer" was "elder Sushruts " (Vrddha Sushruta). The text, states Rao, was redacted centuries later "by another Sushruta, then by Nagarjuna, and thereafter Uttara-tantra was added as a supplement.l"9l It is generally accepted by scholars that there were several ancient authors called "Susruta" who contributed to this text.22) Affiliation The text has been called a Hindu text by many scholars/125424 The text discusses surgery with the same terminology found in more ancient Hindu texts,?5128 mentions Hindu gods such as Brahma, Rudra, Indra and others in its chapters 27128 refers to the scriptures of Hinduism namely the Vedas,!9I° and in some cases, recommends exercise, walking and “constant study of the Vedas" as part of the patient's treatment and recovery process." ‘The text also uses terminology of Samkhya and other schools of Hindu philosophy,2103%) hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita an6so)0s20%8 Sushnita Sambite- Wikipedia ‘The Sushruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita have religious ideas throughout, states Steven Engler, who then concludes "Vedic elements are too central to be discounted as marginal”. These ideas include treating the cow as sacred, extensive use of terms and same metaphors that are pervasive in the Hindu scriptures — the Vedas, and the inclusion of theory of Karma, self (Atman) and Brahman (metaphysical reality) along the lines of those found in ancient Hindu texts.4] However, adds Engler, the text also includes another layer of ideas, where empirical rational ideas flourish in ‘competition or cooperation with religious ideas,*4) ‘The text may have Buddhist influences, since a redactor A statue dedicated to Sushruta at the Patanjali named Nagarjuna has raised many historical questions, i ° Yogpeeth institute in Haridwar. In the sign next to the whether he was the same person of Mahayana Buddhism statue, Patanjali Yogpeeth aitributes the title of fame.@21 Zysk states that the ancient Buddhist medical texts Maharishi to Sushruta, claims a floruit of 1500 BC for are significantly different from both Sushruta and Caraka him, and dubs him the “Younding father of surgery’ Samhita, For example, both Caraka and Sushruta recommend Nd identifies the Sushrut Samhita as "the best and Dhuypana (fumigation) in some cases, the wse of cauterization —_QUS'aning commentary on Mecca Science of with fire and alkali in a class of treatments, and theletting out 9” of blood as the first step in treatment of wounds. Nowhere in the Buddhist Pali texts, states Zysk, are these types of medical procedures mentioned !*5l Similarly, medicinal resins (Laksha) lists vary between Sushruta and the Pali texts, with some sets not mentioned at all.!®°) While Sushruta and Caraka are close, many afflictions and their treatments found in these texts are not found in Pali texts.°7) In general, states Zysk, Buddhist medical texts are closer to Sushruta than to Carake,5I and in his study suggests that the Sushruta Samhita probably underwent a "Hinduization process" around the end of 1st millennium BCE and the early centuries of the common era after the Hindu orthodox identity had formed.!%®) Clifford states that the influence was probably mutual, with Buddhist medical practice in its ancient tradition prohibited outside of the Buddhist monastic order by a precedent set by Buddha, and Buddhist text praise Buddha instead of Hindu gods in their prelude.) The mutual influence between the medical traditions between the various Indian religions, the history of the layers of the Susruta- sambita remains unclear, a large and difficult research problem.221 Susruta is reverentially held in Hindu tradition to be a descendent of Dhanvantari, the mythical god of medicine, °l or as one who received the knowledge from a discourse from Dhanvantari in Varanasi") Manuscripts and transmission Our knowledge of the contents of the Suéruta-samhita is based on editions of the text that were published during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Especially noteworthy is the edition by Vaidya = oe ‘YadavaSarman Trivikramatmaja Acdrya that also includes the ‘commentary of the scholar Dalhana.!411 ‘The printed editions are based on just a small subset of manuscripts A page from the ancient medical text, that were available in the major publishing centres of Bombay, Caleutta _Susruta samhita, and elsewhere when the editions were being prepared, sometimes as few as three or four manuscripts. But these do not adequately represent the hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita 3161010872018 Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia large number of manuscript versions of the Susruta-samhita that have survived into the modern era. These manuscripts exist in the libraries in India and abroad today, perhaps a hundred or more versions of the text exist, and a critical edition of the Susruta-samhitd is yet to be prepared. {21 Contents ‘The Sushruta Samhita is among the most important ancient medical treatises."I49) It is one of the | Anatomy and empirical studies foundational texts of the medical tradition in India, The different parts or members of the body as mentioned alongside the Caraka-Samhita, the Bhela-Samhita, | before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by and the medical portions of the Bower | one who is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, any one Manuscript (12143) desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examine its different parts. Scope —Sushruta Samhita, Book 3, Chapter V The Sushruta Samhita was composed after Charaka “Translators: Loukas et al] Samhita, and except for some topics and their emphasis, both discuss many similar subjects such as General Principles, Pathology, Diagnosis, Anatomy, Sensorial Prognosis, Therapeutics, Pharmaceutics and Toxicology, 41451(1 ‘The Sushruta and Charaka texts differ in one major aspect, with Sushruta Samhita providing the foundation of surgery, while Charaka Samhita being primarily a foundation of medicine.!4l Chapters The Sushruta Samhita, in its extant form, is divided into 186 chapters and contains descriptions of 1,120 illnesses, 700 ‘medicinal plants, 64 preparations from mineral sources and 57 preparations based on animal sources. #6) ‘The Susruta-Samhita is divided into two parts: the first five chapters, which are considered to be the oldest part of the text, and the "Later Section” (Skt, Uttaratantra) that was added by the author Dridhabala. The content of these chapters is diverse, some topics are covered in multiple chapters in different books, and a summary according to the Bhishagratna’s translation is as follows: #714849) hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita 461010872018 Book Chapter 41 41 4a 4v WV 4M AVI 4.Mull 4K 1.x 1Xxi 1.x 1x1 1.xIV xv 1.xVI 1.XVIl Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia Sushruta Samhita Topics (incomplete}"* *) 4. Sutra-sthana Origin of the Ayurveda: eight divisions, history, definition of Purusha (patient), what is a disease, stages of a disease, classifications. Medical education: qualifications of a student, oath of care, promise of the student to the teacher, ethical prohibitions. Classification of (Original) Samhita: Table of contents, synopsis of the text, skilful and unskitful physicians, how to study for medical practice, need for "constant practice to attain perfection” Preface and explanations: Need for clear exposition, defects resulting from unclear statements, duties of a student Preliminary surgical measures: Types of surgical operations, collecting equipment and accessories, prophylatics, modes of incision, post surgical steps, dressing wounds, instructions to the Patient after surgery, measures to remove pain ‘Seasons and their influence on health and medicine: effect of weather, change in weather, causes of epidemics, prophylatic ‘measures, natural and unnatural seasons ‘Surgical appliances, their use and construction: names, dimensions, use and functions, excellence of each appliance, defect of each appliance, accessories ‘Surgical instruments, their use and construction: handling instruments, sharpening, edging, tempering, maintenance, when should each be used and not used Training for surgery: use of dummies and fruits to learn and pre- practice surgery Qualifications and certification of a physician: effect of weather, change in weather, causes of epidemics, prophylatic measures, natural and unnatural seasons Preparing Alkalis, their uses: how to prepare the solutions, external and internal uses, cauterization, potencies, defects, dangers, reaction, preventing abuse Cauterization: preparation and process for various injuries and diseases, various types of cauterization Leeching: suitable and unsuitable patients, mode of vitiating dhatu (b100d), finding, collecting and keeping leeches, good leeches and bad leeches, post-treatment measures Lymph chyle: menstrual blood and its nature, swellings, venesection, causes of excessive bleeding, causes of scanty bleeding, measures to be adopted in either Excretory disorders: nature, locations, theory of why they increase or decrease Ear piercing and bandages: proper piercing, accidents, treatments ‘Swollings: types, suppurating and non-suppurating, causes, symptoms, treatments, dangers of misdiagnosis, anaesthesia, lancing, surgery hitpsson wikipedia orgrklSushruta_Samiita Translation ‘Comments. (521 (53) (54) (55) (561 (71 (5) (59) (69) 6 (62) (63) (64) (65) (65) 67) (63) 56010872018 1XVIll 1xIx 1.x 1X1 1.Xxll 1.XXill 1.xxIV 1.xXV 1.XXVI 1.XXVIl 1.XxvIll 1XXIX 1.XXX 1XXX- 4.XLVI 2 2ull 2.ill 2v 2N 2Ml 2M Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia Ulcers: classification, preparing medicinal plasters, dressing, evils of not bandaging, benefits of bandaging, when not to bandage, lubricating bandage for faster healing Nursing and management: bed, chamber, prohibited articles, prophylaxis and mantras against monsters and demons, diet, conduct, care Food and regimen for patient's recovery: Food and drinks, their role in patient's recovery, salutary regiment, non-salutary regimen ‘Vayu, Pittam and Shleshma: the role and impact of diseases on Vayu, Pittam and Shleshma (body aeration, body fluids) Boils and ulcers, secretions: shapes, types, secretion, role of Vayu, pains and their kinds associated with different types of ulcers, colors of ulcers, Prognosis of ulcers: symptoms, identification of curable and incurable types, palliation, factors which reopen healed ulcer Classification of diseases, deciding if medicine or surgery is needed: types of diseases, congenital, mental, physical, providential; causes of fever Eight forms of surgery: description, suitability in different cases, avoiding injuries to blood vessels and ligaments, action if accidentally injured Injuries from splinters: Shalyam, accidental injuries, arrow injuries, necessity for removing arrow shafis Injuries, extraction of splinters: fifteen methods of extraction, dangers of not extracting splinters completely from a wound Progress in treating ulcer: signs of improvement, signs of ‘worsening, fatal symptoms Disease prognosis, use of omens, augury: Dreams and their analysis for diagnosis Prognosis from sense organs: Testing sensory functions of a Patient for symptoms and disease prognosis, Various topics 2. Nidana-sthana Nervous system diseases: causes, pathology, symptoms, prognosis. Epilepsy, Hemiplegia, Tortcellis, Facial paralysis, Indistinct speech, etc. Haemorhoids: classification, causes, pathology, symptoms, prognosis, Urinary calculi: Aetiology, symptoms, indications, theory on how bladder stones are formed ula: classification, pathology, symptoms, prognosis. Skin diseases: classification, aetiology, symptoms, treatment, Contagious natura, avoiding its spread, prognosis, Urinary diseases: pathology, symptoms, prognosis. Dropsy: classification, causes, pathology, symptoms, prognosis. hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita (69) 79) oT 121 3) ay 51 1 v7 a) 79) (eo) ea (22) (03) (e4) (25) (e6) 71 (ea) (ea) até010872018 2.Vill 2K 2x 2x1 2Xil 2xill 2XxIV 2XV 2.xvI 3 3.ll 3ulll av 3v 3M all 3.Vlll 3K 3x Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia Birth, Difficult labor: causes, classification, symptoms, abortion, miscarriage, prognosis. Abscess, Vidradhi: classification, curabilly, treatment Mammary glands diseases (women): classification, symptoms, healthy breast milk and its character, abnormal traits, baby care Tumors and goitres: classification, symptoms, causes, prognosis Andrology and gynecology: genital organ diseases, classification, symptoms, causes, prognosis Kshudra roga: minor diseases, classification, symptoms, causes, prognosis Shuka dosha: classification, symptoms, prognosis Fracture and dislocation: causes, features, symptoms, classification, curable and incurable types, treatment, management Mouth, tongue, larynx and lip diseases: classification, causes, symptoms, classification, prognosis, 3, Sarira-sthana Theory of Being: Tattvas, Purusha and Prakriti, Samkhya theories and its use in medical practice, human mind Reproductive health: classification of semen and menstrual fluid, disorders, treatment, sexual activity for conception, difficulty in conception, causes, description of fetus Pregnancy: Theory of Sarira (body, matter), Atman (soul), theory on gender formation, signs of pregnancy, care of pregnant woman, fetal development, cravings, twin, time of delivery, care during labor Womb, baby development: theory on placenta, limbs, organ development during pregnancy Human anatomy: Enumeration of limbs, body organs, their numbers, vessels, bones, joints, Sandhis, ligaments, muscles, differences between organs of men and women, reproductive organs. Marmas, vital organs: classification, numbering and location of organs, different theories on which organs are vital, symptoms associated with specific organs when injured Vascular system: classification, numbering and location of Siras (vascular system) Venesection: classification and definition, determining who is fit and who unfit for venesection Arteries, Nerves and Ducts: classification, locations, theory on their roles, symptoms in cases of disorder Nursing, care of pregnant women: needs from conception to Parturition, regimen during gestation, diet, natal rites, lactation, infantile diseases, miscarriage and its treatment, management of pregnancy 4, Cikitsa-sthana htpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita (90) (o 1921 (93) (94) (95) 196) (971 (98) 1991 [100] (101) (102) (103) (104) [105] (106) (107) (108) ms010872018 4d 4.lI - 4. XXII AXXIIL- 4XL 51 511-5.VIll 6L6XIK 6.XX-6.XXI 6.Xxil- &.XXill 6.XXV- 6.XXVI 6.XXVIF- XXXVI 6.XXXIX- 6.Lll 6.LIV-6.LIX 6LXxII 6.LXIV 6.LXV- 6LXVI Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia Ulcers: causes, symptoms, traumatic and idiopathic ulcers, dosha- originated ulcers, therapeutics, sixty treatments of different types of ulcers Various topics: Treatment of ulcers, wounds, sores, fractures, nervous disorders, urinary infections, skin infections, tumors, swellings, hemia, hydrocele, genital Sores, urethra infections, mouth infections, other minor ailments Various topics on Hygiene: tooth brushing, dental care, face care, hands and feet washing, bathing, exercise, healthy meal, rules on drinking water, benefits of Dahi (yoghurt), good sleep, effect of not taking care of body, improving strength, elixirs, rejuvenators, remedial agents, Soma, tonics, Sneha, Sveda, Emetics, Purgatives, effects of abusing or overdosing medicine and solutions, use of Dhuma (fumes) and Kavala (gargling) for relief from some symptoms. 5. Kalpa-sthana Preserving food and drink: theory on why food or drink poisons, how to detect poisoned food or drink, treatment of food poisoning Various topics on Poisons: Classification, description and treatment of animal poisons, snake bite, rat poisoning, scorpions, spiders, other insect bites 6. Uttara-tantra Eye disorders, injuries and infections: eye diseases, appendages, causes of eye diseases, symptoms, eyelid infections and their treatment, classification of eye lens problems and prognosis, need and protocols for eye surgery, eye injuries and their treatment Ear disorders, injuries and infections: ear diseases, causes and their treatment Nose disorders, injuries and infections: classification of nose diseases, symptoms and their treatment Head diseases: classification of head diseases, symptoms and their treatment Malignant grahas: attack by grahas (superhuman influences), symptoms, procedures for sprinkling, fumigation and mantra recitals Fever, diarrhea, phthisis, gulma, heart disease, jaundice, hemorrhage, alcoholism, vomiting, asthma, cough: classification, symptoms, causes, prognosis, changes in diet as cure, use of drinks, milk and meat as medicine. ‘Worms, problem urinating, other diseases: classification, symptoms, causes, prognosis Insanity: type, symptoms and treatment Rules of health: indications and importance of health, knowledge of foods, varying food intake with seasons, effective ways to administer medicines, proper time for taking food and medicines Glossary and short list: technical terms in the text, their definitions, list of diseases and drugs, various lists and their numbers hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita [109] 19) my 2} 13) 4) ms} 16) m7 3} m9] (120) ran) 122) (123) ane1010872018 Sushruta Sambite - Wikipecia Prevention versus cure Sushruta, states Tipton, asserts that a physician should invest effort to prevent diseases as much as curative remedial procedures "24 An important means for prevention, states Sushruta, is physical exercise and hygienic practices !"24) The text adds that excessive strenuous exercise cz be injurious and make one more susceptible to diseases, cautioning against such excess "21 Regular moderate exercise, suggests Sushruta, improves resistance to disease and physical decay.!"241 ‘Shushruta has written Shlokas on prevention of diseases. Human skeleton The Sushruta Samhita states, per Hoernle translation, that “the professors of Ayurveda speak of three hundred and sixty bones, but books on Salya-Shastra (surgical science) know of only three hundred” "251 The text then lists the total of 300 as follows: 120 in the extremities (e.g, hands, legs), 117 in pelvic area, sides, back, abdomen and breast, and 63 in neck and upwards."125) The text then explains how these subtotals were empirically verified.!"26) The discussion shows that the Indian tradition nurtured diversity of thought, with Sushruta school reaching its own conclusions and differing from the Atreya-Caraka tradition.{1281 ‘The osteological system of Sushruta, states Hoernle, follows the principle of homology, where the body and organs are viewed as self-mirroring and corresponding across various axes of symmetry.'2") The differences in the count of bones in the two schools is partly because Charaka Samhita includes thirty two teeth sockets in its count, and their difference of, opinions on how and when to count a cartilage as bone (both count cartilages as bones, unlike current medical practice).{1281128) Surgery ‘The Sushruta Samhita is best known for its approach [ Training future surgeons and discussions of surgery 4 It was one of the first Students are to practice surgical techniques on gourds and in human history to suggest that a student of surgery should learn about human body and its organs by dissecting a dead body. 4) A student should practice, —Sushruta Samhita, Book 1, Chapter IX dead animals. states the text, on objects resembling the diseased or Translator: Englerl94] body part15°l Incision studies, for example, are recommended on Pushpaphala (squash, Cucurbita maxima), Alavu (bottle gourd, Lagenaria vulgaris), Trapusha (cucumber, Cucumis pubescens), leather bags filled with fluids and bladders of dead animals"! ‘The ancient text, state Menon and Haberman, describes haemorrhoidectomy, amputations, plastic, rhinoplastic, ophthalmic, lihotomic and obstetrical procedures. #41 The Sushruta mentions various methods including sliding graft, rotation graft and pedicle graft.""] Reconstruction of a nose (chinoplasty) which has been cut off, using a flap of skin from the cheek is also described."*21 Labioplasty too has received attention in the samahita"%91 Medicinal herbs ‘The Sushruta Samhita, along with the Sanskrit medicine-related classics Atharvaveda and Charak Samhita, together 1e moe than 700 medicinal herbs." The description, states Padma, includes their taste, appearance and dige effects to safety, efficacy, dosage and benefits [194 dese hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita oneso0os2018 Sushuta Sanita - Whipeda Reception A number of Sushruta’s contributions have been discussed in modern literature. come of these include Hritshoola (heart pain), circulation of vital body fluids (such as blood (rakta dhatu) and lymph (rasa dhatu), Madhumeha, obesity, and hypertension.!*4I Kearns & Nash (2008) state that the first mention of leprosy is described in Sushruta Sambhita.{1951381 ‘The text discusses kidney stones and its surgical removal."97 Transmission outside India ‘The text was translated to Arabic as Kitab Shah Shun al-Hindi' in Arabic, also known as Kitab i-Susurud, in Baghdad during the early 8th century at the instructions of a member of the Barmakid family of Baghdad."®#K"9] Yahya ibn Barmak facilitated a major effort at collecting and translating Sanskrit texts such as Vagbhata's Astangahrdaya Samhita, Ravigupta's Siddhasara and Sushruta Samhita.("°9l The Arabic translation reached Europe by the end of the medieval period. There is no evidence that in Renaissance Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gasparo Tagliacozzi (Bologna) were familiar with the rhinoplastic techniques mentioned in the Sushruta Samhita.|401'4* ‘The text was known to the Khmer king Yasovarman I (fl. 889-900) of Cambodia. Susruta was also known as a medical authority in Tibetan literature, {198 In India, a major commentary on the text, known as Nibandha-samgraha, was written by Dalhana in ca. 1200 C Modern translations ‘The editio princeps of the text was prepared by Madhusudan Datta (Calcutta 1835). A partial English translation by U. C. Datta appeared in 1883, English translations of the full text were published by A. M. Kunte (Bombay 1876)."9l The first English translation of the Sushruta Samhita was by Kaviraj Kunjalal Bhishagratna, who published it in three volumes between 1907 and 1916 (reprinted 1963, 2006).!"2IM=! 1] ‘An English translation of both the Sushruta Samhita and Dalhana’s commentary was published in three volumes by P. V. Sharma in 1999.!"431 See also = Ayurveda © Hindu texts = On Ancient Medicine Notes 4, Bhishagratna translation includes parts of Dalhana commentary, and used modern medical terminology and Western words such as "egg" for sonita (menstrual blood), an approach that has led scholars to question parts of his translation 051) References 1. Maulenbeld 1999, pp. 203-389 (Volume IA) 2. Ray 1980 3, E, Schultheisz (1981), History of Physiology, Pergamon Press, ISBN 978-0080273426, page 60-61, Quote: "(..) the Charaka Samhita and the Susruta Samhita, both being recensions of two ancient traditions of the Hindu medicine’ hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita 1016s0103:2018 Sushruta Sambita - Wikipecia 4, Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199360079, page 79) Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications, ISBN 978-1412928168, page 547, Quote: "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries" Valiathan 2007. Bhishagratna 1907, p. 307 Hoernle 1907, p. & Loukas 2010, pp. 646-650. Boslaugh 2007, p. 547, Quote: “The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita (600 AD) is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries" 10, Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: historical perspective, Volume 1, 2005 Reprint (Original: 1985), pp 94-98 (https://books google. com/booksid=QRvzRGn9QqkC&pg=PAS4), Popular Prakashan ‘11. Walton 1994, p. 586. 12 Tipton 2008, pp. 1553-1556 13, Hoemle 1907, pp. 109-111 14, Banerjee 2011, pp. 320-323, 16. Monier-Willams, A Sanskrit Dictionary (1899) 16, Bhishagratna, Kunjalal (1907), An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita, based on Original Sanskrit Text (htt sillarchive.org/stream/englishtransiati0 sustuoft#page/n103/mode/2up), Calcutta, p. 1. 17. Hoernle 1907, pp. 7-8. 18, Amaresh Datta, various. The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo)). Sahitya academy. p. 311, 19. David O. Kennedy. Plants and the Human Brain. Oxford. p. 265. 20. Singh, PB.; Pravin S. Rana (2002). Banaras Region: A Spiritual and Cultural Guide, Varanasi: Indica Books. p. 31 ISBN 81-86569-24-3. 24, Kutumbian 2005, pp. XXXII-XXXil. 22, Meulenbeld 1999, pp. 347-350 (Volume IA). 23, Schultheisz 1981, pp. 60-61, Quote: "(...) the Charaka Samhita and the Susruta Samhita, both being recensions of {wo ancient traditions of the Hindu medicine." 24, Loukas 2010, p. 648, Quote: Susruta's Samhita emphasized surgical matters, including the use of specific. instruments and types of operations. It is in his work that one finds significant anatomical considerations of the ancient Hindu.” 25, Hoemle 1907, pp. 8, 109-111 26, Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (2011), "Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 be". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier BV. 46 (11): 2204-2208. doi:10.1016)jpedsurg.2011.07.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F} jpedsurg.2011.07.007) 27. Bhishagratna 1911, p. 156 ete 28, Bhishagratna 1907, pp. 6-7, 395 ete. 28, Bhishagratna 1911, pp. 157, 527, 531, 536 etc. 30. Bhishagratna 1907, pp. 181, 304-305, 366, Ixiv-Ixv ete. 31. Bhishagratna 1911, p. 377 otc. 82, Bhishagratna 1911, pp. 113-121 etc. 33, Bhishagratna 1916, pp. 285, 381, 407, 409, 415 ete, 34. Engler 2003, pp. 416-463. 35, Zysk 2000, p. 100. 36, Zysk 2000, p. 81, 83. 87. Zysk 2000, pp. 74-76, 115-116, 123 hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita 6s0103:2018 Sushruta Sambita - Wikipecia 38, 29, 40. 44 42, 43, 44, 46, 46. 47 48. 49, 50. 51 52 53. 54, 56. 56. 87. 58. 59, 60. 61 62 63 64. 66. 66. 67 68. 69. 70. n 72 tps wikipedia orgwalSushut Zysk 2000, p. 4-6, 25-26. Terry Clifford (2003), Tibetan Buddhist Medicine and Psychiatry: The Diamond Healing, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120817845, pages 35-39 Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit Dictionary, sv. “susrut Acdirya, YadavaSarman Trivikrama (1938). 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"Constituting the oulines of a philosophy of Ayurveda: mainly on mental health import” (https:/iw ww.nebi.nim.ni.govipmclarticles/PMC3172459). Indian Jourmal of Psychiatry. 29 (2): 127-31. PMC 3172459 (https: vaww.ncbi.nim.nih.govipmelarlicles/PMC3172489) 3, PMID 21927226 (hitps:/iwwwincbi.nim.nin gowpubmed/2192722 8). * Banerjee, Anitban D.; et al. (2011). "Susruta and Ancient Indian Neurosurgery". World Neurosurgery. Elsevier. 75 (2): 320-323. doi: 10.1016), wneu.2010,09.007 (htips:/doi.org/10.1016%2F).wneu.2010,09.007) * Bhishagratna, Kaviraj KL (1907). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita in Three Volumes, (Volume 1, Archived by University of Toronto) (hitp://cincinnalitemple.com/articles/Bhishagratna-K-K-L-Susruta-Samhita-English- Translation-2.pdf) (POF). Archived from the original (https archive. org/stream/engishlranslatiO‘susruott#pageisimo e/2up) on 1967-03-13, * Bhishagratna, Kaviraj KL (1911). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita in Three Volumes, (Volume 2, Archived by University of Toronto) (hitp://cincinnalitemple.com/articles/Bhishagratna-K-K-L-Susruta-Samhita-English- Ipsilon wiped orawhiSustvuta_ Sama 186110372018 Sushrta Sambite- Wikipedia Transiation-2.paf) (POF). Archived from the original (https:/larchive.org/stream/englishtransiatiOOsusruoft#page/n3imo ‘def2up) on 2001-05-30. = Bhishagratna, Kaviraj KL (1916). An English Translation of the Sushruta Samhita in Three Volumes, (Volume 3, Archived by University of Toronto)” (http:/cincinnatitemple.com/articies/Bhishagratna-K-K-L-Susruta-Samhita-English- Transiation-2.pdf) (POF). Archived from the original (https:/iarchive.org/strean/englishtransiati03susruoft#page/nsimo ‘de/2up) on 2001-05-30. + Dwivedi, Girish; Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). "History of Medicine: Sushruta — the Clinician ~ Teacher par Excellence” (nt tp:lmedind.nic.in/iae/tO7/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf) (PDF), Indian Journal of Chest Diseases and Allied Sciences, 49 (4). + Engler, Steven (2003). "* Science" vs." Religion” in Classical Ayurveda”. Numen. 50 (4): 416-463. doi:10.1163/156852703322446679 (hitps://dol.org/10. 1163%2F 156852703322446679).. + Hoemle, A. F Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body (hit psillarchive.org/streamistudiesinmedicin0 thoeruoft#pagein3imode/2up). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. + Kutumbian, P. (2005). Ancient indian Medicine. Orient Longman. ISBN 978-812501521-5. + Loukas, M; et al. (2010). "Anatomy in ancient India: A focus on the Susruta Samhita” (https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govip mclarticles/PMC3039177). Journal of Anatomy. 217 (6): 646-650. doi: 10.1111/).1469-7580.2010.01294 x (https: ido orgi0.1111%2F}.1469-7580.2010.01294 x). PMC 3039177 (https: /www.ncbi.nlm.nih. govipmc/articles/PMC3039177) @ PMID 20887381 (https://www.ncbi.nim.nih.govipubmed/20887391). + Rana, R. E, Arora, B. S. (2002). "History of plastic surgery in India". Journal of postgraduate medicine. 48 (1), + Ray, Priyadaranjan; et al. (1980). Susruta samhité: a scientific synopsis. Indian National Science Academy. OCLC 7952879 (https: /www.worldeat orglocle/7952879) + Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature, Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). ISBN 978-9069801247. = Sharma, P. V. (1992). History of medicine in Inala, from antiquity to 1000 A.D. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, OCLC 26881970 (hitps:/www.worldcat orglocla/26881970). = Schultheisz, E. (1981), History of Physiology, Pergamon Press, ISBN 978-0080273426. + Raveonthiran, Venkatachalam (2011). "Knowledge of anciont Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 be", Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Elsevier BV. 46 (11): 2204~2208. doi:10.1016)jpedsurg,2011.07.007 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F} jpedsurg.2011,07.007). + Tipton, Charles (2008). "Susruta of India, an unrecognized contributor to the history of exercise physiology’. Journal of Applied Physiology. 104 (6): 1853-1556. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00925.2007 (https://do\.org/10.1152%2Fjapplphy siol.00925,2007). PMID 18356481 (https:/iwww.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pubmed/ 18356481), + Valiathan, M. S (2007). The legacy of Susruta. Orient Longman. ISBN 9788125031505. OCLC 137222981 (https:/iww w.worldcat.orglocle!137222981), * Walton, John (1894). The Oxford medical companion. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19- 262355-3, * Zysk, Kenneth (2000). Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120815285, + D. P. Agrawal. Sushruta: The Great Surgeon of Yore. (http:/wwwcinfinityfoundation.com/mandalat_es/t_es_agraw_su sruta.htm) = Chari PS. 'Sushruta and our heritage" (hitp:/iwmw ijps.orglarticle. asp?issn=0970-0358, year=2003;volume=36 issue=1 spage=4:epage=13;aulast=Chan), Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery. External links + Sushruta Samhita Volume 1, in English (https:/farchive.org/stream/englishtranslatiO1 susruoft#ipage/nSimode/2up) = Sushruta Samhita Volume 2, in English (https:/archive.orgistream/englishtranslatiOOsusruofttpage/n3/mode/2up) = Sushruta Sambita Volume 3, in English (https:/archive.org/stream/englishtranslati03susruoftt;page/nSimode/2up) + Sutrasthana (hitps:/iwaw.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-1-sutrasthana), Nidanasthana (http suflwww.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-2-nidanasthana), Sharirasthana (https:/!www.wisdom| ib.orgihinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-3-sharirasthana), Cikitsasthana (https:/iwww.wisdomilip.org/hinduism! booki/sushruta-samhita-volume-4-cikitsasthana), Kaipasthana (nitps:/www.wisdomilib. org/hinduism/book/sushruta-sa mhita-volume--kalpasthana), Uttaratantra (https://www.wisdomiib. org/hinduism/book/sushruta-samhita-volume-6-utta ra-tantra): English translation, proofread, correct spelling, interwoven glossary = Sushruta Samhita (English Translation) (http:/ichestofbooks.com/healthv/india/Sushruta-Samhita/index.htr) = Syncretism in the Caraka and Susruta samhitas (http:/www.carvakadindia.com/2011/‘1/syncretism-in-caraka-and-su sruta.htm) hitpsson wikipedia orgirklSushruta_Samiita 1961010872018 Sushruta Sambite - Wikipedia Retrieved from “https://en. wikipedia. org/wlindex.php?title=Sushruta_ Samhita&oldid=824441730 This page was last edited on 7 February 2018, at 10:31 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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