‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‪،‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪ ،‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪KE‬‬

‫א‪W‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪١.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K ٢.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٣.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪K‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א ‪٤.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٥.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א א‬

‫?‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫?‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪Volumetric Analysis - An Introduction‬‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪K١‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬

‫א ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K١‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K٢‬‬

‫ﺔﺤﺎﺤﺴﻟﺍ‬ ‫ﻑﺸﺎﻜﻟﺍ‪:‬‬

‫ﻕﺭﻭﺩﻟﺍ‬ ‫)ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻤ(‬

‫ﺎﻬﺘﺭﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻟﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﻲﻁﻭﺭﺨﻤﻟﺍ‬ ‫)ﺔﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻭ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﻭﻬﺠﻤ‬

‫ﻡﺠﺤﻟﺍ(‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‪W‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WEquivalence point ‫א‬ End point ‫א‬ K ٢ WEnd

point ٢ ١ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W K ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ F ‫א א‬ K١
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢ KpH-meter
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣
WEquivalence point ٢ ٢ ‫א‬

Stoichiometric ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W١ W ‫א‬

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

، ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE1:1 ‫א‬ F NaOH ‫א‬ HCl

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٢ W ‫א‬

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

، ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ NaOH

H2SO4 KE2:1 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ K٣

K ١. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢. ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ F ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K .٤

W ٥. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

A+B→C+D
WStandard solutions ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

KPrimary standard K١
KSecondary standard K٢

WPrimary standard ٤ ١‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٤ ١ ١‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

١. ‫א‬

K ٢. ‫א א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

٣. ‫א‬ K ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٥.

K ٦. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ٤ ١ ٢ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ K١

KSodium tetraborate, borax, Na2B4O7.10H2O E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، Oxalic acid, H2C2O4 ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ K٢

KPotassium acid phthalate, KH(C8H4O4) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ C6H5COOH
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WSecondary standard ٤ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KStandardization ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NaOH KH2SO4 ‫א‬ NaOH ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥

E ١F W ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

KAcid-base titrations ١. ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

KPrecipitation titrations ٢. ‫א א‬
KComplexometric titrations ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

KOxidation–reduction titrations ٤. ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ K٦
W ١‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٦
Molecular weight ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16 KNa2CO3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W

MWNa2CO3 = (2 x 23) + 12 + (3 x 16)

MWNa2CO3 = 106 g/mol E L ١٠٦ ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Number of moles ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢١٢ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ W

٢ Z ١٠٦L ٢١٢ Z ‫א‬

‫א‬ K

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٥٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٥ W

K ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W
٥}٠ Z ٥٣L ١٠٦ Z ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

١}٠ Z ٥}٠L ٥ Z ‫א‬

W ٢ ‫א‬ J٦
E ‫א א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

M1 × V1 = M 2 × V2

W
0.1 F H2SO4 ‫א‬ NaOH 10 ‫א‬

W 9 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ١ KNaOH
‫א‬ K٢

W ‫א‬
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
2mole : 1mole W ‫א‬ K٢

number of mmoles of NaOH =2

number of mmoles of H SO 4
1
2
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

M ×V =2
NaOH NaOH

MH 2 SO 4 ×V 1
H 2 SO4

M NaOH ×10 = 2
0.1 × 9 1
M = 0.1 × 9 × 2 = 0.18 M
NaOH

10 ×1
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E ‫א א‬ F ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Acid-Base Titrations (Neutralization Titrations)

W K١
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫א‬ OH- ‫א‬ H+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

Na+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- → Na+ + Cl- + H2O

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

- +
OH + H → H2O

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KpH ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ، F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
KpH-meter
W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ K٢
WArrhenius definition ٢ ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ Arrhenius ‫א‬ J

KHydronium ion, H3O+ ‫א‬

HCl + H2O → Cl- + H3O+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ Arrhenius ‫א‬

KOH- ‫א‬

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WBrønsted-Lowry definition ٢ ٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Brønsted and Lowry W

KH+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

HA H+ + A-

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J

B + H+ BH+

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

HA + B BH+ + A
-

WLewis definition ٢ ٣

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Lewis ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،Electron acceptor ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KLewis acid ‫א‬

Electron donor ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KLewis base

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
+
H3N: + BF3 → H3N + BF3

W K٣
pH ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
0.1 50 HCl ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ F ١}٠
‫א‬

K 100 ، 90 ، 60 ، 55 ، 51 ، 50 ، 48 ، 40 ، 20 ، 0 W ‫א‬

W
‫א‬ K 0 = NaOH
K 0.1 = ‫א‬ HCl

pH = −log[H+ ]
pH = − log(0.1)
pH = − log(10−1 )
pH = − ( −1) = 1

KNaOH 20

Reacted HCl millimoles ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ١W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١

Reacted HCl (millimoles) = 20 × 0.1 = 2 mmoles

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ HCl

no. of HCl mmoles = 0.1× 50 = 5 mmoles

Wunreacted HCl mmoles E ‫א‬ F ‫ א‬HCl ‫א‬

no. of unreacted HCl mmoles) = 5-2 = 3 mmoles

W HCl

Molar HCl = no. of mmoles

volume(ml)
3
Molar HCl = 70 = 0.04 M
WpH ‫א‬

pH = − log(0.043)
pH = − ( − 1.37) = 1.37

pH = 14 – pOH W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W

‫א‬ pH ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ WE ‫א‬ ١ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NaOH ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﲔﻟﺜﺎﻓ ﻝﻮﻨﻴﻔﻟﺍ )‪(8. 3-10‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﱄﺎﻘﺗﱪﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺜﺎﳌﺍ )‪(3. 3-4.4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻡﻮﻳﺩﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺴﻛﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﻢﺠﺣ‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫)ﻞﻣ(‬ ‫ﻡﻮﻳﺩﻮﺼﻟﺍ ﺪﻴﺴﻛﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﻢﺠﺣ‬

‫‪NaOH‬‬ ‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫א‪W‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Equivalence point‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K10.7 3.3‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪KMethyl Orange‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Phenolphthalein‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪K٤‬‬
‫א ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬
‫‪CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪14‬‬
‫‪12‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﲔﻟﺜﺎﻓ ﻝﻮﻨﻴﻓ‬

‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻒﺷﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ‬
‫)ﻞﻣ(‬

‫א‪W‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫א‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪ CH3COONa‬א‬

‫‪CH3COONa + H2O‬‬ ‫‪CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪F 10.7‬‬

‫‪7.7‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪K٥‬‬
‫א ‪KE‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬

‫‪NH4OH + HCl → NH4Cl + H2O‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

12

10

pH 6

4 ‫ﱄﺎﻘﺗﱪﻟﺍ ﻞﻴﺜﺎﳌﺍ‬

0 20 40 60 80 100

(‫ﻒﺷﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ )ﻞﻣ‬

W‫א‬ ٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ H+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NH4Cl ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + H+ + Cl-

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

W K٦
KE ‫א‬ ٤ F NH4OH ‫א‬ ‫א‬ CH3COOH ‫א‬ W

CH3COOH + NH4OH → CH3COONH4 + H2O

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫ﺔﻳﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﲑﻐﺗ ﻯﺪﻣ‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻲﳚﺭﺪﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﺿ‬
‫‪pH‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫ﻒﺷﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﻢﺠﺣ )ﻞﻣ(‬

‫א‪W‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪KMethylene blue‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Neutral blue‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪K٧‬‬
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪WChemical equilibrium law‬‬ ‫‪٧ ١‬‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪A+B‬‬ ‫‪C+D‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ D C E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ B AW

KE ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

v1 = k1 x [A] x [B]

v2 = k2 x [C] x [D]
‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ k2 k1

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

W v1 = v2 ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

k1 X [A] X [B] = k2 X [C] X [D]

k1 =[ C][D]

k2 [ A][ B]
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ K k2 k1
KChemical equilibrium constant
W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

aA + bB cC + dD

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ d c ،b ،a

W ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫אא‬

K = [C]c × [D]d
[ A]a × [ B]b
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫ א א א‬Le Chatelier

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫ א א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א א א‬

W ٧ ٢ ‫ א‬W

، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

HIn H+ + In-
E ‫א‬ F E ‫א‬ F

W ‫א א‬

K =[H + ] ×[In − ]
In
[H In ]

KOH- H+ ‫א אא‬ ‫א‬

W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KH+ H+ ‫א‬

KE F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ln-

HIn H+ + In
-

EF ‫ א‬H+ EF
HIn ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ H+ ‫אא‬ OH-
KE F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

HIn H+ + In
-

EF OH- EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬ W K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

OHIn OH- + In
+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ OH- H+ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

In+ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ OHIn ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

In+ ‫ א‬OH- W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

OHIn ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

W ٧ ٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫א‬ ١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ WE ١F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

2.9 – 4.0 Methyl yellow ‫א‬ ‫א‬

3.1 – 4.4 Methyl orange ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 6.8 – 8.4 Phenol red ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ 8.3 – 10.0 Phenolphthalein ‫א‬

7.2 – 8.8 Cresol red

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Precipitation Titrations
W K١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ B ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ A
K↓ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א א‬C

A + B → C↓ + D
‫א‬

Silver nitrate, AgNO3 ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

WSilver chloride, AgCl ‫א‬ ‫א‬

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl↓ + NaNO3

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K٢
Mohr's W ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

KFajan's methodVolhard's method ، method

WMohr's method ٢ ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Chromate ion, CrO42- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F KE ‫א‬ ١ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

+
Ag

-
CrO42- Cl

KMohr's method W‫א‬ ١

‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א א‬ K ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ E ‫ א‬FK ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl↓ (1)

‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ E F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E2F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E1F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

2Ag+ + CrO42- → Ag2CrO4↓ (2)

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
W ‫א‬ pH = 7-8 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

2CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

K ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Ag+ + OH- → AgOH

WVolhard's method ٢ ٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fe3+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F
Thiocyanate ion, SCN- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬

W ٢ ٢ ١‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ ٢ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

-
SCN

3+ +
Ag
Fe

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٢

E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ag+ ‫א‬

SCN- + Ag+ → AgSCN↓ (3)

‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ag+ ، ‫א‬ K W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E F

‫א‬

Fe3+ ‫א‬

Fe3+ + SCN- → Fe(SCN)2+↓ (4)

K ‫א‬ E ٤F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E3F ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ٢ ٢ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬،Chloride, Cl- ‫א‬ Halides ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ K Thiocyanate, SCN- ‫א‬ Bromide, Br- ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

KE Cl-F ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ KE ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

Ag+ E - +
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ F + Cl → AgCl (s) + Ag E ‫א‬ F

KK ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Back titration ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

SCN- + Ag+ E ‫א‬ F → AgSCN (s)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬F ‫א‬

Fe3+ + SCN- → Fe(SCN)2+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ W

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

F ‫א‬ ، ٤٠ ‫א א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١

0.1234 ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 12.2 ‫א‬ E F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬Millimoles ‫א‬ K 0.0930 ‫ א‬Molarity

K 300 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
‫א‬ W ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

aA + bB → ‫ﺞﺗاﻮﻧ‬ + dA (‫)أ‬
E F
‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ F E F
cC + dA → ‫ﺞﺗاﻮﻧ‬ (‫)ب‬

E F
‫א‬ EA F

W B ‫א‬ ‫א‬A ‫א‬

Number millimoles A = (volume A × Molar A) − ( volume C× molar

b
C ) Number millimoles B = number millimoles A × a
b
Number millimoles A × × atomic weight A ×100
a
%B =
Sample weight

K ‫א‬ WC ، ‫א‬ WB ، ‫א א‬ WA W ‫א‬ W

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Number millimoles AgNO3 = ( 40× 0.1234) − (12.2× 0.093)

Number millimoles AgNO3 = 4.94 −1.13
Number millimoles AgNO3 = 3.81 millimoles

W ‫א‬

1
Number millimoles Cl- = 3.81× 1
Number millimoles Cl- = 3.81 millimoles

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

% Cl- = 3.81× 35.4×100

300
% Cl = 44.96%
-

WFajan's method ٢ ٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fluorescein indicator E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ ٣ F

+
Ag

-
In -
Cl

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W‫א‬ ٣

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KIn- ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫אא‬ Cl- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Adsorbed ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ F

٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ ‫ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﺎﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ‬

Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl- ‫ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ‬

Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ Cl- ‫ﺐﺳﺍﺮﻟﺍ‬
- + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+
Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag

‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٤

AgCl ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ag+

‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ ٥ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ In- ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،

In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- In- ‫ﺔﻳﻮﻧﺎﺜﺎﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ‬
Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag+ Ag ‫ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﻄﻟﺍ‬
+

Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl- Ag+ Cl-Ag+ Cl- ‫ﺐﺳﺍﺮﻟﺍ‬
-+ -+-+-+-+-+
Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag Cl Ag

‫א א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

Reduction-Oxidation Titrations
W K١
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ K ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EFW ‫אא‬ ، ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF، ‫א‬ EF، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E F

EFW ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF، ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

WOxidation and reduction ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢

WOxidation ٢ ١‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

W
Zno → Zn2+ + 2e-
WReduction ٢ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

W
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cuo
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WOxidizing and reducing agents ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٣

WOxidizing agent ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ٣ ١‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

Aox + ne- → Ared

WReducing agent ٣ ٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬

Bred → Box + ne-

WOxidation number ‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ S2- Fe2+
‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬

KS8 P4 , Ar, Cl2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K (-2) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
K(1-) (Peroxides)

H2O, Fe2O3 W(2-)

H2O2, Na2O2 W(1-)
K(1-) ‫א‬ (+1) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K H2S, NH3 W(1+) BaH2, LiH
W(1-)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KClO4- Perchlorate ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Cl ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W١

W
‫א‬ KCl ‫א‬ =x

(4*-2) + x = -1
(-8) + x = -1
x = +7

KCr2O72- Dichromate ‫א‬ Cr ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٢

W ‫א‬

KCr ‫א‬ =x
(2x) + (7*-2) = -2
2x – 14 = -2
2x = -2 + 14
2x = +12
x = +6
WHalf-equations ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥
W ٥ ١
3+ 2+
Fe → Fe
Fe3+ + e- →Fe2+

Cl2 → Cl-
Cl2 → 2Cl-
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
W ٥ ٢

WPermanganate ion (MnO4-) ‫א‬ J

- 2+
MnO4 → Mn
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn+2 + 4H2O
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn+2 + 4H2O
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WDichromate ion (Cr2O72-) ‫א‬ J

Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Cr2O7-2 + 14H+ + 6e- →2Cr3+ + 7H2O

W ٥ ٣‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

l2 → l- W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W١

S2O3–2 → S4O62-
l2 + 2e- → 2l- (i)
2-
2S2O3 → S4O6 (ii)
-2 + 2e-
l2 + 2S2O32- → S4O6-2 + 2I- W (ii) (i)

MnO4 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٢

- → Mn2+
Fe2+ → Fe3+ W ‫א‬
-
+ 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O
MnO4 (i)
2+ 3+ - (ii)
Fe → Fe + e

W ٥ ‫א‬ (ii)

5Fe2+ → 5Fe3+ + 5e- (iii)

W ‫א‬ (iii) (i)

MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ → Mn2+ +5Fe3+ +4H2O

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٣

- 2+
MnO4 → Mn
C2O42- → CO2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

MnO4 - + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+ + 4H2O (i)

C2O4 2- → 2CO2 + 2e- (ii)

W ٥ ‫א‬ (ii) ٢ (i)

2MnO- 4 + 16H+ + 10e- → 2Mn2+ +8H2O (iii)

5C2O4 2- → 10CO2 + 10e- (iv)

W (iv) (iii)

2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٤

Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
W ‫א‬

Cr2O7 2- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (i)

Fe 2+ → Fe3+ + e- (ii)

W ٦ (ii)

6Fe2+ → 6Fe3+ + 6e- (iii)

W (iii) (i)

Cr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٦

K ١}٠ Ce4+ ١}٠ Fe2+ 100 ‫א‬ KE F ، ١}١٠٠، ١٠١، ١١٠، ١٩٠
١٠، ٥٠، ٩٠، ٩٩، ٩٩}٩٩ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KNernst equation ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

E=E 0
+RT [Ox]a
nF ln [Re d]b
0
E=E +0.0591 log [Ox]a
n [Re d]b
= [Ox] ،8.314 JK-1mol-1 ‫א‬ =R ، ‫א‬ ‫=א‬ E0 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫=א‬ E ، 96485 C
(coulombs) ‫אא‬ =F ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ = [Red] ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ = n ،log2.303 = ‫א‬ ‫=א‬ ln ، (298) ‫א א א‬ =T

W ‫אא‬

Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e- [E0 = 0.75V]

Ce4+ + e- → Ce3+ [E0 = 1.45V]

W ‫אא‬

[Fe3+]/[Fe2+] ‫א‬ K١

0.0591 3+
0 Fe
E =E + log
1 1 1 2+
Fe
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] ‫א‬ K٣
0.0591 4+
Ce
E= E 0 + log
1 2 1 3+
Ce

E1 E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 10/90, E1 = 0.69 10

[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 50/50, E1 = 0.75 50
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 90/10, E1 = 0.81 90
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99/1, E1 = 0.87 99
[Fe3+]/[Fe2+]= 99.99/0.1, E1 = 0.93 99.99

W ‫א‬

[Fe3+] = [Ce3+] 4+
[Ce ] = [Fe ]
2+

E 0 + E0 0.75 +1.45
1 2 = = 1.10 V
2 2
K[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ce4+ J

E2 ‫א‬ E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 0.1/100, E2 = 1.27 100.1

[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 1/100, E2 = 1.33 101
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 10/100, E2 = 1.39 110
[Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = 90/100, E2 = 1.45 190

WE ‫א‬ ١ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

1.5

1.3

E, Volt 1.1

0.9

0.7

0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Cerium (IV), mL

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ce4+ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ١

W ‫א א א‬ K ٧ WPotassium
permanganate ٧ ١ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ، 2% ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫ א‬Standardization ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ KFe2+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

W K
MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn+2 + 4H2O

W K

MnO4- + 2H2O + 3e- → MnO2 + 4OH-

W K

MnO4- + e- → MnO42-
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

K 1500 ١. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٢. ‫א‬ F ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٥. ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

‫א‬ E F ٦. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WCerium (IV) ٧ ٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Ce4+ + e- Ce3+
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Sn , H2O2 , Fe , V , Mo,

W , Ti , U ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

WPotassium dichromate ٧ ٣ ‫א‬

‫א‬ K2Cr2O7 ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ F

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WPotassium bromate ٧ ٤ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ KBrO3 ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Br2 ‫א‬

BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ → 3Br2 + H2O

، Br2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، KBr ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KI ‫א‬

‫א‬

2I- + Br2 → I2 + 2Br-

‫א‬ Na2S2O3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ WIodine ‫א‬ ٧ ٥ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Potassium iodide, KI

‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ I3-

I2 + I- I3-

WDirect methods (Iodimetric methods) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

، As(III) ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

SO32- ، H2S ، Sn(II) ، Sb(III)

K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WIndirect methods (Iodometric methods) ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KI ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،

Aox + I- → Ared + I2

K ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ A W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

I2 + 2S2O32- → 2I- + S4O62-

KCr3+ Cu2+ ،ClO- ،Br2 ،Cl2 ،Cr2O72- ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

،Cr2O72- ‫א‬ Cr3+ 0.2 ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ I- ‫א‬ F ‫א‬

‫ א‬،KI ‫א‬ 0.1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ S2O32- ‫א‬ K

22.15 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W
‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Cr2O7 2- + 14H+ + 6e- → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (i)

2I- → I2 + 2e- (ii)

W 3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ C (ii) ‫א‬

Cr2O72- + 6I- + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3I2 (iii)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ KI ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EiiiF ‫א‬ W ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

2-
→ S4O6 2- + 2e-
2S2O3 (iv)
I2 + 2e- → 2I- (v)

W EvF EivF

2S2O32- + I2 → S4O62- + 2I- (vi)

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

2Cr3+ ≡ Cr2O72- ≡ 3I2 ≡ 6S2O32-

W
3+ 2-
Cr : S2O3
2 : 6
1 : 3

KS2O32- ‫א‬

22.15
number of S2 O32− moles = 1000 × 0.1
number of S2 O32 − moles = 2.215×10−3 moles

KCr3+
1
number of Cr3 + moles = 3 × number of S2 O32-
1
moles number of Cr3 + moles = 3 × 2.215 ×10−3
number of Cr3 + moles = 7.38×10−4 moles

W ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Cr3+ (%) = number of moles × atomic weight

×100 sample weight (g)
Cr3+ (%) = 7.38× 10−4 × 52.0 ×100
0.2
Cr 3+
(%) = 19.19%

WReducing agents and their applications ‫א א א‬ K٨

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، K

W ‫א א‬ WIron (II) ٨ ١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Fe2+ Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O 0.5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ Fe2+ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬، ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ WPotassium thiosulfate ٨ ٢ ‫א‬

E ٢F ‫א‬ E ١F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K2S2O3 ‫א‬ W

‫א א א‬ S4O62- K

2S2O32- → S4O62- + 2e-

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WRedox titration indicators ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٩

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫ א א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WSelf indicator ٩ ١‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ KMnO4 ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Mn2+

Fe2+

MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e-→ Mn+2 + 4H2O

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F Fe2+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Mn2+ MnO4- ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ MnO4- ‫א‬ EFe3+ Fe2+ ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬MnO4-

WSpecific indicators ٩ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F Fe3+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KSCN- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F Ti3+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ti3+ ‫א‬

‫א‬ Fe(SCN)2- ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fe3+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ SCN- ‫ א‬Fe3+

Fe (SCN)2+ → Fe3+ + SCN-

‫א‬

‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WTrue oxidation-reduction indicators ٩ ٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Inox + ne- → Inred

EF EF

‫א‬ ‫א‬ (II) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، 10,1 ‫א‬ K (Phen)3Fe2+ ‫א‬

1.06 V ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

(Phen)3Fe3+ + e- (Phen)3Fe2+ (E0 = 1.06 V)

E ١F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ Fe2+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ E ٢F 1.10، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ V ‫א‬ E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬

Ce4+ ‫א‬ KE F (II) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 10,1 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W E ١F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬
E0In
+1.1V II ١}١٠ ‫א‬

+0.85V ‫א‬

+0.28V ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Complexometric Titrations
W K١
Complexing ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ agents KELF Ligands ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬

M(H2O)n + L → M(H2O)n-1L + H2O

‫א‬ ‫א‬ L ‫א‬

KKMLn
‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א א‬

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ، EDTA ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫ א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬، Lewis acid ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

KLigands ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Lewis base ‫א א‬ WUnidentate

ligands ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢ ١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ : NH3 H2 O : ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

H3N: + M → H3N: →M
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WBidentate ligands ٢ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ١ F

Ethylenediamine
Chelation ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ ٢ F
KChelating agents ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

H2 C C H2
N N

KEthylenediamine ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ١

H2 C C H
2
N N
H
2
Co N C

N C
N N H2

H2 C C H
2

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٢

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WPolydentate ligands ٢ ٣‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ ٣ F EDTA

HOOCCH2 CH2COOH
N CH2 CH2 N

HOOCCH2 CH2 COOH

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Coordination covalent bonds ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

Carboxyl group, COOH ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ K٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ EDTA .١
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

K ١W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١ EDTA .٢

M2+ + H2Y2- → MY + 2H
2- +

F Na2H2Y
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ H4Y ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ EDTA

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٤

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

HOOCCH2 CH2COONa
N CH2 CH2 N

HOOCCH2 CH2COONa.2H2 O

Na2H2Y ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٤

WEDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤

EDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬

M2+ + H2Y-2 → MY2- + 2H+

M3+ + H2Y2- → MY- + 2H+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ١F ‫א‬ K pH
‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ١F K‫א‬ ‫א‬ KMY

‫א‬ ‫א‬ KMY ‫א‬ WE ١F ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KMY KMY KMY

10 2+ 18 2+ 23 3+
5.0 x 10 Ca 4.2 x 10 Ni 1.0 x 10 Bi
8 2+ 16 2+ 25 3+
4.9 x 10 Mg 3.2 x 10 Zn 1.3 x 10 Fe
 ‫‪MY‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪Y‬א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

M+Y MY
H+}~
HY, H2Y, …

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Y ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ K

K ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fe3+،Bi3+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ Buffer solutions ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ EDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ٥ ١ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

K ١. ‫א‬

K ٢. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ –‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E ‫–א‬ F ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ٥ ٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WEriochrome black T K
KE ‫א‬ ٥ F Erio-T ١. ‫אא‬ ‫א‬

KNaH2D ٢. ‫א‬

W ٣. ‫א א‬ ‫אא‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

OH OH

N N
NaSO3

NO2

Eriochrome black T ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ٥

WErio-T K

WE ‫א‬ ٦ F pH = 10 Erio-T ‫א‬ EDTA Mg2+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Erio-T ١. ‫א‬ W ‫א‬

HIn2- + Mg2+ → MgIn- + H+

KEErio-T ‫א‬ F Mg2+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Mg2+ + H2Y2- → MgY2- + 2H+

KMgIn- ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

MgIn- + H2Y2- → MgY2- + HIn2- + H+

‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

EDTA
Erio-T

Mg2+ pH = 10

2+
KpH = 10 Erio-T ‫א‬ EDTA Mg W‫א‬ ٦

WMurexide indicator ‫א‬ K

Ammonium salt of purpuric acid ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫אא‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KCalcichrome Calmagite
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

WEDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٦

WDirect titration ٦ ١‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EDTA

K EDTA E ٢F E ١F ‫א‬

WBack titration ٦ ٢‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ١. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

EDTA .٣
K .٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ EDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KErio-T ‫א‬ EDTA ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

W ‫א א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Zr4+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E 0.0502F ‫א‬

10 W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ Zr4+

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 2.08 ‫א‬ E 0.0540F F K ، ‫א‬

‫ א‬millimoles

W
‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

EDTA + Zr(IV) → Zr-EDTA + EDTA E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F

Bi3+ + EDTA E ‫א‬ F → Bi-EDTA

‫א‬

W ١ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ١

Number of mmoles of Zr4+ = number of mmoles of EDTA (before reaction) - number of millimoles of Bi3+
Number of mmoles of Zr4+ = (vol. of EDTA × molarity of EDTA) - (vol. of Bi3+ × molarity of Bi3+ ) Zr4+
Number of mmoles of = (10.00 × 0.0502) - (2.08× 0.0540)
4+
Number of mmoles of Zr = 0.502 - 0.112
4+
Number of mmoles of Zr = 0.39 mmoles

W ‫א‬

Concentration of Zr4+ (mg) = 0.39× 91.22

Concentration of Zr4+ (mg) = 35.5 mg

WMixture titration ٦ ٣ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Pb ، Bi pH = 5 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E F Bi
‫א‬ pH =2

‫א‬ ‫א‬ KPb

WMasking and demasking agents ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K

CN- Cyanide ion, CN- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KPb, Mg E
F Co, Cu, Hg, Zn, Cd, Ni
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K(Co F Co CN- Co, Mg ‫א‬

Co2+ + 4CN- Co(CN)42-

Formaldehyde, HCHO ‫א‬ Mg K Co

Co(CN)4 2- + 4H+ + 4HCHO → Co2+ + 4HO.CH2CN

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١٦٥‬‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪E ١F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א ‪١.‬‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א ‪٢.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪٣.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪٤.‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪٥. 10‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬

‫א‬

‫‪E ٢F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪pH‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪١.‬‬

‫‪K 55 ، 50 ، 5 ، 0 W‬‬ ‫‪ NaOH‬א‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‪K‬‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫‪٢.‬‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬

‫‪E ٣F‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫‪W‬‬ ‫א א א ‪١.‬‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F

‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

E F K‫א‬ E ، F .٢ W ٣. ‫א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ F ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KE ‫א‬

E ٤F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ١. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

٢. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣.

K H2O2 E F ، Cr2O72- E F ، Fe2(SO4)3 E F ، KNO3 E F ، FeCl3 E

F W ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

N2O4 → N2O E F ، OCl- → ClO3- E F ، SO2 → SO3 E F ، MnO2 → MnO4 E

F W ٥. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫אא‬

Cr2O72- → Cr3+
Fe2+ → Fe3+
W .٦

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ I2 ‫א א‬

‫א‬ E F ‫א‬ EF

E ٥F ‫א‬ ‫א‬

W ‫א א א‬ ١.

‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ، KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

K KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ، KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ٢. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ ؟‬٣. K ‫א‬

٥.

E ١F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

W ١. ‫א‬

K ١. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢. ‫א‬

KE ‫א‬ F ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K .٤

K ٥. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬

W ٢. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ١. ‫א א‬ ‫א א‬

K ٢. ‫א א‬

K ٣. ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ٤. ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

٣. ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Stoichiometric ‫א‬
‫א‬

K ٤. ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K 0.06 .٥

E ٢F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K١
KpH = 1.00 ، NaOH 0

KpH = 1.09 ، NaOH 5

KpH = 7.00 ، NaOH 50

KpH = 11.68 ، NaOH 55

‫א‬ ‫א‬ KK K ٢ H+ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫ א‬NH4Cl ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬

NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + H+ + Cl-

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ pH K K K ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K W ‫א‬ ‫ א‬CH3COONa ‫א‬

CH3COONa + H2O CH3COOH + Na+ + OH-

‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K ‫א‬

E ٣F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫א א‬ KE F ، ‫א‬ KE F ، ‫א‬ KE F ، ‫א‬ KE F ، ‫א‬ KE F ، ‫א‬ KE F K ١ W

‫א‬ pH = 8 ‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K . ‫א‬ ‫א‬

CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O

‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ K

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Ag+ + OH- → AgOH

K٣
K ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ W ‫א‬ K

KSCN- + Ag+ → AgSCN↓ K

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KFe3+ + SCN- → Fe(SCN)2+↓ K

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Fluorescein indicator E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K
‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ KIn- ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Cl- ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Adsorbed ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

AgCl ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Ag+ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ In- ‫א‬ ‫ א‬،

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

E ٤F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K١ K

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٢ ، S = +6 ، Fe = +3 ، O =

-2 E F ، N = +5 ، O = -2 ، K = +1 E F ، Fe = +3 ، Cl = -1 E F K ٣
K H = +1 ، O = -1 E F ، Cr = +6 ، O = -2 E F

K‫א‬ ‫א‬E F، ‫א א‬E F، EF، E F K٤

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KCr2O72- + 6Fe2+ + → 2Cr3+ 7H2O + 6Fe3+ K ٥

‫א א‬ ‫א‬ EF، ‫א‬ EF، ‫א‬ E F K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٦

‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ، KI ‫א‬ K ‫א‬

E ٥F ‫א‬ ‫א א‬

K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E F ، EF ، EF ، EF ، E F K١ K

‫א‬ Carboxyl group, COOH K٢

K٣
HOOCCH2 CH2COOH
N CH2 CH2 N

HOOCCH2 CH2 COOH

HOOCCH2 CH2COONa

N CH2 CH2 N ‫א‬

CH2COONa.2H2 O

HOOCCH2

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤ K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א א‬ ‫א‬ EF ‫א‬

‫א‬ EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ Erio-T ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥W ‫א‬

HIn2- + Mg2+ → MgIn- + H+

KEErio-T F Mg2+
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Mg2+ + H2Y2- → MgY2- + 2H+

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٦٥ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

KMgIn- ‫א‬ ‫א א א‬ ‫א‬

MgIn- + H2Y2- → MgY2- + HIn2- + H+

‫א‬ KE ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬