CABS, 2.2 FORMS OF ENERGY Q) Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and their sum constitutes the total energy E of a system. The total energy of the system on a unit mass basis is denoted by e and is expressed as Eee e= (/ke) Thermodynamics provides no information about the absolute value of the total energy. It deals only with the change of the total energy, which is what matters in engineering problems. Forms Of Energy eee - Are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and they are independent of outside reference frames. The _ sum of all the microscopic forms of energy is called the Internal Energy U. - Are those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some reference frame, such as kinetic and potential energies. hs-engineers_ [J hs_engineers www.eng-hs.net 94444360SAAS, Volume flow rate The volume of a fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time. 6 T= pV=pANavg (Ki/s) The dot over a symbol is used to indicate time rate. Then the energy flow rate associated with a fluid flowing at a rate of m is E=te (kj/s or KW) Notes about energy: = The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a closed system are heat transfer and work. = A control volume can also exchange energy via mass transfer since at any time, mass transferred into or out of a system, the energy content of the mass is also transferred with it. = The mechanical energy can be defined as the form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine. Kinetic and potential energies are the familiar forms of mechanical energy. * A pump transfer's mechanical energy to a fluid by raising its pressure, and turbine extracts mechanical energy forms a fluid by dropping its pressure. Therefore, the pressure of a flowing fluid is also considered as a form of mechanical energy. The product P v or its equivalent P/p has the unit J/kg, which is energy per unit mass. * The mechanical energy of a flowing fluid expressed on a unit mass: 2 an Bie Seat a Bs [hs-engineers [Ff] hs_engineers www.enghs.net 94444360CANS, The macroscopic energy of a system is related to motion and the influence of some external effects such as gravity, magnetism, electricity, and surface tension. The energy that a system possesses as result of its motion relative to some reference frame is called Kinetic Eenergy (KE). 2 Wy: bs KE=m> (&) Or, on a unit mass basis, 2 Ke= (w/kg) The energy that a system possesses as result of its elevation in the gravitational field is called Potential Energy (PE) and expressed as. PE =mgz (kj) Or, on a unit mass basis, pe=gz (kj/kg) The total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies and is expressed as ea E=U+KE+PE=U+m—>+mgz (kj) Or, on a unit mass basis, v2 e=utketpe=ut 7+ gz (ki/ke) Stationary systems: Are closed systems whose velocity and elevation of the center of the gravity remain constant during a process. Mass flow rate mn: The amount of the mass flowing through a cross section per unit time. hs-engineers [J hs_engineers www.eng-hs.net [94444360LSG/, LIC What is total energy? Identify the different forms of energy that constitute the total energy, A pale. Energy: Sak 4 a\\ enegy cee Theat a SyStew “PoSSeses . « foms Gr Vag exclude the enemy Roms aque te (eleehic, Magnedic 8 Sar ce Tension) he ct, ‘Femi are 1. Kinet Fnexsy. KEs dmy* 2. Poteatrall Creag ke mgh Ss: \nternsll Se oherre === hth a -ih vas Ja HS ade glue ABS. 3) 40 ah) cay HSS Atal 5 AI hea Ehs-engineers. [I] hs_engine www.eng-hs.net [94444360VV, 2-3C What is mechanical energy? How does it differ from thermal energy? What are the forms of mechanical energy of a fluid stream? Mechanic Greray. Neck ewar enegy Form Tile nn be Comploel Grverted to mechaniold Work Sing mechanic) device CKE, PE, Egy due te JSure Plurd Clow) KE= Waete Creegy Tomy PEs Pern cregy ee Ay os to r ¢ maz = Cnecgy one Presta & ie Flowing Eluic. ge cis Gi) i fat | (AY spall dedail il line 148 Uns hs-engineers [hs engineers [] www.eng-hs.net [94444360UISV/, 1-5 Calculate the total kinetic energy, in kJ, of an objec Whose mass is 100 kg and whose velocity is 20 m/s, KE =L mu 2 & e 100 (29) Ehsengineers [Jhs_engineers 3] www.enghs.net 94444360SOW, 2-6 The specific potential energy of an object ore to some datum level is given by gz where g is the local gravi- tational acceleration and z is the elevation of the object above the datum. Determine the specific potential energy, in kJ/kg, of an object elevated 30 m above a datum at a location where g = 9.78 mis’. PE= mah pe= Oh = gh rrrrr rr ila Ghd Ls isi [hsengineers EJhs_engineers [| www.eng-hs.net 94444360/