: THE NATIONAL a) _ GEOGRAPHIC |; | MAGAZINE OCTOBER, 1911 7 CONTENTS 4 New Plant Immigrants WrTn 23 TLuera anion || A Visit to the Brazilian Coffee Country i FOR i 5 ai 4,| A Corner of Old Wiirttemberg nH aks ae wry a7 HaweTearion ffi| Notes on Tahiti weve PUBLISHED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON ,D.C. i Wi 7 vs 18 LTR TIONS ANTE M, Dec warn | ee7, anny NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS, WASHINGTON. D.C. HENRY GANNETT patsicenr OLN THTTMANN =, VICE FAmsiDENT ©, PAUSTIN er SECRETARY JOHN JOY EDSON =. TREASURER GILBERT H.GROSVENOR, oinccton AND ENiTGR =F. B, EICHELSERGER Asst. TREASURER JOHN OLIVER LAGORCE. Assisranr koiron BOARD OF MANAGERS 1908-1911 W9tO1812 TOIt19ts 0. P. Austin Heney F, Buow ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL ChietS. Drea Suidee Vise Pusidet aim, Sewer lorena he carbone CHARLES J, Benn Cc. M. CHtester HENRY GANNETT, Pesient Apert acing’ “* Re CMBSTOR, an of U5: Ocoerohi ae TESS, peste Sue Us Ss ‘Waval i an eae J. MowanD Gone TC Cosmauniiee | Hampanice V. Coviuin Prof, Bineris: Staibernaties. refer of Ganoey, Pee oceceen teagan etidinen toate eeratare A.W. GrreLy Georce DAvINSON Joun E. Pinissury Arctic Explorer, Major Geil Petes of Onserfr Cink wee Darna EAE Gunnewr H. Grosvexon we Jow Epson Rupouont Kauremayw Bio Nien demranic eal det Washingt Lae ine Elle: The Evening renee apne tate Ths Evenine Gropae Oris SMITH ‘Director af Lt, S, Gectosieal Davin Pamcnup Survey Bete ca cata aerial cerca Cane mensian TL. MAcpONALD, MB, st Scan Chet Bielegient Survey S. ND. NowTH Joun M. Witson = Formerly Director 1. 8. Bus alas eter 3. Acres. Gnonox Simaas, 30 Teaut of Cenoe Mematle hal incocers inte @ ‘To carry out the purpose for which it was founded twenty-two years ago, namely, “the increase and diffusion of geographic kKnowledge,"" the National Geographic Society publishes this Magazine, All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itself or expended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography Articles or photographs from members of the Society, dr ather friend: ate desired. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed re turn envelope and postage, and be addressed: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR. Eortoe ASSOCIATE EDITORS ACW, Greey XANDAR ORAHAM BELL C. Hagt Maegan Pavip Paimcuin 0. M. Titman Hvar M. Sarre Rowewr MOLLisTee CHAPMAN NoOH. Dagron Watrer T. SWINGLE Prank M. 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Spencer Trask & Co. Investment Bankers fuiany gL Y-agieinaed dace sere 43 Exchange Place, New York satlitia we Members New York Stock Eachanoe “Geographic readers may depend upon the integrity af cur advertisers,”Vow. XXII, No. 10 ‘WASHINGTON Octoper, 191E NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC NEW PLANT IMMIGRANTS* By Davip Farkcuinp AGRICULTURAL Examen Usirem Starrs 0 ie READERS of the Natio‘an romaine MAG. & who hay Saniiet wit wel of asp tastes all over the world, the thought must often have come, “Of what use are all the strange plants whieh make ap the landscapes of the pictures®” ‘The globe, with its kaleidoseopic panorama. ple, animals, and plants, as been whirle before vont, as it were, and your minds the picture of a ball through space, covered with a film plants, animals, and men in consta change. So varied js this film) of that there are probably hali a million distinct, specific forms nd yet man uses only 2 hundreds for his own /piarpo ses, ‘9 change, in. 4 measure, the distribi- tion of the really useful plants of the world is what the office of Forcign Seed and Plant Introdiction of the Mepart ment of Agriculture is trying to do. The motive underlying this work might be called the ambition to make the world amore habitable. f one [s inclined to be pessimistic with regard to the food supply of the world, he has only to talk to any one of the enthusiasts of the Department of Agriculture to get a pi *Seealso “Our Plant immigratts,” April, 1p, « Cranat or Fomeros Seep ARTMENT OF / oy David Paipehilt i» Piast Ixtronvcriox of the y ize that the food problems of the race are not bung in the balance of our Great Plains area, and that the food-producing power of the world is still practically unknown, because we have just begun to study in a modern way the relative per- formance of different plants. not always grow the plants we do now. Some of them are expen: sive food producers, some produce foods: that are diffu! st, and some: we behind as we learn may leave to like others better. What to grow was not_so serious a question to the ealy peasant, who knew perhapsa dozen crops, as it is becoming to the American agrienltur- ist, who can pick from the erops of all world the one best suited to his land and climate. Changes come so rapiill if a man today talks of wy mean what are ordi- marily thought of as pears, or he may refer to alligator pears which he i ing in Florida, or prickly pears w is wultivating in Texas, Hoth the alliga- tor pear and the prickly pear have come in as crops to he reckoned with within tional Gitomer MadarNEW PLANT IMSUGRANTS S81SRAPHIC MAGAZINE IEOK THE NATIONAL ¢APHIC MAGAZINE S84 THE NATIONAL GEOC Phate by F NTLY EY THE ANEW BAI BOO hove rer Hamboos uf ns, which Agricul ail research ny hay “You will crops in, spring into exi is the remark of th given t matter little thou lives tal er change with every moment of time, so do the i f plants. The strains c potate ww ers grew are with few mt from the lay ; and, fitting th arious. condi the original taNEW PLANT UASINOO THIER AS i i KAPTED DoWs It ult to pive an adequate idea of of China_and Japan, Iccause: it a8 scatter his awn little grove, from whieh he exts ire for his rool, ard frues which he makes all so the dry regions of a Indian reservation in New Mexico, or ured. by trained collector from the Chilve Islands off the coast of Chile, Tt makes: little difference : they must all come in as plant immigrants to. show what they can do in the gardens of American experts. There is always the chanee they y be thrown out as unprofitable; bi they have desirable chiracters, they can he blended with others, or exploite with others, if they are superior for any of the potate regions of this country Ik may be new to many that every da plant immigrants from different parts « the world arrive ia Washington, and IMMIGRANTS 0 by Prank 8, Meyer THY TRIMUTARIES OF THE YANG-TSE RIVE the magninivte af ‘the tamliod timber business throughout the country, and every facnuer has ation pittess timbers for his horse and shingles rts of uactal articles for-his hoyseliold, every day, through the mails, hundreds of these disinfected arrivals go out to find. a new heme in some part of the eauuntry. It isa difficult matter to give an ade quate impression of the magnitude anc importance to the country of titis stream of tew plant immigrants which for tt years fas been pouring into the country, and hus been directed by a great and growing Dedy of research men women into those regions whe thought they might make their homes Tn the brief space of a short article, and to ayoid what would be almost a re enumeration of plant names, | prTHE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINENEW PLANT IMMIGRANTS S87 ed! with tlie bn ef in the 16th s Lak bt ith 1 thousand mangos, sill remain alive, importince of which f only a: few. of the mai with which the also, t the therian important It is a fruit # for the f of are at last begining to re sillions of sa ctwithstanding the wnfortunate tion, for the reason that t which the worthless seedling siten described in the of the West Indies have given magazines and_ daily p e minds of Americ The mango is one of the really great probably. mor the wert India, with rts hint mangos than there are ot 1f millions of people. bas have heard of one collection « jee held it sacred, and celebrates un- ferent sorts in India. ‘There are exqui es in its honor. The great sitely flavored varieties no larger than aBAS THE NATIONAI IT HAatHOO FISHING OF AGKICULTURE SRE MAE As there are inany- species of way to gee then ime this cont which are in nd there are: delicious. so of which are six poutids in w In India, where the wage of a coolie is M OVer TO cents a day, there are varie- from the which sell for Si.é0 9 hun commonest sorts | of these are shipped 1gD = RTOWIKg centers of in” the dense! cat semi-trapical and yet, notwithstanding the tance of this fruit, the axri- study of it from the new stand. 530 point Nar scarcely becn begun, I hele that it has never, for example, bech tested on any but its own roots. and India and distribut 1 d of that gr Over a cenit peopl empi it matigo trees of India are great i height of 70 feet, and ate cult with fruit that over $1 Ss been sold fronNEW PLANT TMMIGRANTS y fruitdeale 1 for 2 1 hundred: » trees of the betterao0 THE NATIONAL CEOGR APHIC MAGAZINE ESTABLISHED 1x NMENT GROVE RING ON TIS AND eDiH 1 LANDS: OF Nos XE the Orient mm t that olf okaville, Florida, bs i for miles along the streams, and, y form the nos ench grove of that thie Phote tyy P. TL. Toreett SAT RROWNSYTELE, LANTANTRODUCTION ¢ Texas liy any de: m sucha growth. Sis » fret Berigal in plants whichNEW PLANT IMMIGRANT 891 aying crop, and it will live in the face of the i temporal vill affect 3. Thi ve fin attel hin mercury falls to 13 degree It is alse the onl able and on t res made of it Phe date palm has. both wl fern they occur on separate have to plant plantation of a ination ¢ female palms is one fiber int enale tree. | date palm e means of seeds, or re thrown op) i palm. Suckers will start i Mu est fitivated i Fea but 1 the ace fr fara eijuires free of weeds. t how: tinder complete Min come ttle peor i ary, atid u simple, since too little as yet which of ter should cx expense gin the goverr nia and Arizona, fromNEW PLANT IMMIGRANTS S98sO4 THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINENEW PLANT IMMIGRANTS Photo tye NE Bearsen ALFALTA. NEAR TITK ENGE OF THE VLARKR, S- E MANSEN fas: destined, it heed with ‘the ordinary pre CON vehicle sits RUSSIAN PEASANTS GATHERING Stiths OF TINE WT, GOI DESKRT FOR THE AGRICULTURAL § This & the yellow-fowercd Medicace falcata, the hardier of Fe lwhiened, to make its ote, ox ane ‘ranger, of whe a to cenicler it proof ngaiet! the anid the mode fs net west \IS-ACRE OASIS OF DATE ALM IN tation was xtarted! hy the fate he werk Most ofB98 — THE NATIONAL G: OGRAPHIC MAGAZINE Dd) PA SItED OMT AT THIS 15 AtATPHIC MAG wingle, “to wh the Crevit the most profotnd werk which ha: HE. Van De Toumey i Forbes, ‘T. 1 Ke HL. Borsert. d Jolinsen, irchild are the x whe took the r int this the writer was able to ak a study of the Tersian bundred cand the king ure hurral re are late-ripening short an laters: the F ccomplishment of the De Httire is ariment as the probable mean on w tations The da iS a ileliewey is kk: iid, tmt, as a mains ty he discovered by the An can public. When the date planta of Arizona and Ca a come into’ firfl bearin uld imabout 10 ¥ the hi dates. new personalities quite unk over a ¢ ars and in seven different And the names of these i e here chronich uns which 3s as they shNEW PLANT IMMIGRANTS TH AARDIEST BEARING OLIVE A. vutiety wh bears good crops from the Crinvea. f fruit, to come into prominence and find theit way to the tables of the poor as well as of the rich. The heat of our American a study the bot of other countries, and become important items summers i: forcing ws weather diets The persimmon of the South, om which the opossum fattens, is a very different fruit from its ¢ the kaki, or per- simmicn of the Orient, the growing of which is so great an industry it Japan as to nearly equal the Japanese orange- growing industry in importance. Our P visa wild fruit, which will some day he domesticated, while the kali has beech cultivated so long that it is represented by hundreds of distinct varieties of different forms and colors, It is true that the Oriental persimmon has been grown in this country the vensits records a production o fact, 809 Hhoto try Wramk N- Meye: OF WHICH WE Lavi, ANY RECOMD has withstood a temperature of 2 deyrees F, below sero, and which Cuitings of this variety have heen secured by Me Frank Mey tons; but this is scarcely a beginning as sompared with the 104.000 tons which is the output of Japan We have misunderstood the persim- ‘Our own wild ones we can eat frost, and the imported Japanese ones we have left until they become soit-and mushy and.almost an the verge of dec: never thonght until quite recently of mdeting whether ina land where the persimmon had been cultivated for cen- s they would not have worked out some artificial method for removing the objectionable pucker, In Japan we find this is done by packing the fruit in bar rels saturated! with sule, and Mr. H.C Gore, of the Department of Agriculture, is now working out new methods of pro cessing the Oriental persimmon, so that it can be eaten when hard as an apple and there will no longer be any reasonMBaln ly Frank 8. Meyer THY GIANT CHINESE PERSIMMONS [IN WASKETS ON TIEN WAY TO THE PEKIN MARKET rid valne of this grwait indubiry tw the, Orlent, fle Intitstry docs ta us. Soin day, when the pearing, ove horticulturists will sue the grext Americans taive no idea of the exte where it means a8 moch ta the people x th plants which have bees. importer food-firmditeatng valite AF Hie tirglected Pronk Serer Liv WEST OF PEKIN « giant piorsiniinon, inplorer of the Department, Meyer, Asie the country,NEW life. The ‘t why it should not take ite the great frui We persimmon which amd in the Ming ‘amopan, four inche nd puckerle The wh f the country rode ve (a Chinese ik Meyer lley, the question of the improve- mon has been opened up, and we are getting fc the mall-fruited species callied from Mgeria: a tropical species heese-likee pulp, from Ma Mexico, Erithea, and Rhodesia from angalure, from: Syiiney, from Madras m the Nankau Pass, in China, and from) the PLANT IMMIGRANTS a te are the large ateas of the West where the fative persimmon is wake up in the hat regi d that in Ok lemperature went up te So wwhich is as high as the aver- IMMner temperature This. will ke up almost any tree or plant except he persimmon, iid when a temy recs below zero follow ‘ure it kilts lt an adited rea: vation,THE TAMOHAN PERSTAL FOR AMER Xn photograph of in diameter, ail because it can bee role in the Temaking of the per Tf the Oriental timber bamboo where it will grow prodiiced seeds oftencr thin once in go sticcessful attempts, a years if would lang ago have been intro- last been made, and the Dep: duced and be now growing in the South. a grove of Oriemal hamboos in northern The fuct that it had to be bronght over Florida, and a search is being made in in the form of s, and that different parts of the world for all. th arr clinite. rile Twas ¢ in Japan tarbeur Lathrop, c ttention to the gre nit, species whieh a these plants required special treatrr has stood in the way af the quick distri It wa bution of this most important plant for Mr. throughont those portions of America that he called myOCK Por Stoxe MeurT reality igrese which with the root system af thin ‘Pha bp PEE Does A YOUNG ORCHARD AT TIE € STROVUCTION 6 IN CALIPORNIA, EVERY THEE OF WHICH IS FURNISHED WITH THE ROOT SYSTEM oF THE Wid reach oF coxa elie alroaily been marke that this hurd cont ck for stone Frits ever anes, and almonds, as ew each alock04 THE NATIONAL € JGRAPHIC MAGAZINE 1LeD SHOOT This i great many the United ates, is « te earliest in ants, i Tas © attention of work!, Me. W velo. hues planted Sacramento River, California, It importance of the bamboo asa new crop for the South. was so firmly con- vinced of its impartanee that he offer to purchnae a Jas a gift to the country 2,009 plants for trial, Unfortu: nately the offer was not accepted, and it s Hot-until several years later that the rimde which is now large shipment ¥ establishing. itself in northern Florida, whe rst comme rove of these remarkable plants is to find its home OF what practical use is the bumbssc is the question of the Occidental, and it must seem to the Oriental as singular as his question would be, “Of what use_ is the white pine ta the American?” For there is no plant in the pitt to so many uses as the hambeo: in the regions where it grows it is a afl which i and In thi ys, for cheap irri- tikes and trellis sor THE with a oniqne flavor it can be grown th BS euay to grOW im aspal JAPANESE UDO preomdert fetes by wide rutge mitney fi the ape alto. be of the Largest growe ‘of asp several acces of an. the lowlands and siclda a crop for fight adders and stays loaded: friiit trees, for Ff aver ind Tight fruit shipping crates, i. AS wind-breaks and to hold canal hanks amd prevent the erosion of steep hillsides there ate species whieh excel all other plants, while for light furniture and jaloasies it is a market when ever the green timber is available Unilike the forest trees, the giant baw hoos are true grasées. They send under ground stems long soil, hinding it together with like rhizomes. ‘They send up £ network of roots and rhizomes the most rapid- growing shoots of known; and, like giant as stan 2 at the 1 foot a. day io the air, So fresh and tender are shots that they can be snapped off with the hand, ed they form one of the g the world.NEW PLANT IMMIGRA 905 {.HUNeT OF UDO reT UP IX ty pots fr May. #910, off r half to ¢ No wonder, then uses of thix plant, thi of Japan, when [4 al labor, and that there 3 t do with industry in. his coun it ‘Irs the best-paying which we cannoWie THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE pon. be intNEW PLANT which are done in Japan and China. But. all these things aside, the barnboo still renuins one of the most promising plant ‘introductions. While perhaps the great majority of these pew plants are brought in of put chased dircetly ax results of investiga— tions eatried om in Washington, seme of the most valuable things have been sent in by mem and women living a8 mission ‘or voluntary exiles in the most out-of-the-way places in the world. Plant introduction i riot a matter of ‘one generation, and it is most precini- rently a work requiring many men worl ing. timgether. aud 1 doubt Hf there oto be found: within the government service; or outside of it, a better example of cotiperative, © constructive inyestigation than that connected with the Flureau of Plant Industry in the establishment of new plant industries in the United States. (On the streets of almost any Japanese city the fruit and vegetable stalls have: for sale an attractive Tasched yegetabile called undo. It is a near relative of 3 well-known wild plant in New Engiand, the spikenard, but a much larger plant ‘There are many ways in which it is pee- pared by both the Japanese and the for- eigners who live in Japan; but, either as a salad or cooked in the sime way in Which asparagus is cooked, it deserves to rank as one of the importint vegetables of the world, It is easy to grow: it docs not require replanting oftener than once in nine or ten years; if ean be cropped in the autumn or in the spting, and it yields large crops of shoots, which are often two, feet long and an inch or more in diameter at the base. These brilliant white shoots are edible to their very bases without the least objectionable fiber, arid wot in this respect like aspara- gus, of which only the tips are fit to eat. Tt was while traveling with Me. Bar- hour Lathrop thet the writer first made the acquaintance of this yegetuble and at his suggestion that plants of it were sent tw America, in 1902, One of our hest-known botanical au- thorities once remarked to me: “You introduce a new vegetable; it’s impossible.” While it might be admitted IMMIGRAN s 907 that the introduction of a new vegetable is a long undertaking, extending perhaps ‘ower the period of a generation, it should not be left out of account that the means at our disposal today aré immeasurably more powerful than they were even two decades ago, ‘I'he advent of the great hotels and the sympathetic interest of the great mayazines are two clements which today make possible what yesterday would have been tite inipoasilile. ‘The magazines will talk about a new vegetable and can now illnstrate it as never before and in this way encourage peuple to ask for ft, and the great hotels have learned how to profit by the intta- duction of novelties: OF course, from the narrow standpoint of the asparagus grower we should all eat asparagus, and he watches every sign that indicates any tendeney om the pact of the public to consume more of his vegetable, und he is nat often likely to look with favor an any rival, Bat let faney prives be established by a legiti- mate publicity snd the encanragement of some of the large hotels, and the growers ‘of asparagus will soon find out that there is money in growing the new vegetable, We can trust to a fina) readjustment of things, once the new plant is thoroughly: established. Tt was with this pint in view that an asrangement was made with the National Gengraphic Society, at its hist Annual Banquet, to serve ‘as Gne of the courses the dasheen, which is the root of a lange- leaved piant related to the Flawaitan taro, The guests of the Society were. kind enough to pass judgment on this new introduction, deciding it to be a valuable addition to the menu. many even going so far a8 to declare that it sar- passed the potato fn once ‘The stimulus given to the cultivation of this dasheen by this exhibition has been very. great and ‘today thortsands have heard of it, and, if they saw it offered on the mem of a first-class hotel, would be much more likely to call for it than if they had mever rend of its pecu- liar, adaptability te the moist but well- drained lands of the Southern States.A VISIT TO THE BRAZILIAN COFFEE COUNTRY By Rosert De C. Wann, Harvarp University, Camsrince, Mass. ‘THE ‘gently sloping hillsices. of the northern portion of a Single State of the great Brazil- ian Republic there are growing 7a0 mil- lion coffee trees, Here on the famous rich, red soil (terra rosa), under extra- ordinarily favorable climatic conditions, the State of Sao Paulo is producing anmually about three-qnarters of the world's total coffee crop. Smal) wonder is it that this State tanks so high in the number and in the character of is popu- lution; in the development of r general commercial and, in- dustrial activity, Small wonder is it that the city of Sio Paulo is so full of life and energy; that Santos lias become: so famous a port; that the Santor docks and the Sio Panto Railway attract so many visitors: Coffee is the mainspring of all this development. Coffee is the prevail- ing topic of conversation, Coffee is the key to the financial situation, Coffee is king. Asa famous waterfall, ot ah immense steel plant, or a great forest. or a wom- derful view attracts the traveler, =) this remarkable Brazilian coffee district: has ation all its own for the “globe- trottet,” or for the more leikurely trax eler who secks to know something more definite about cur South American neigh bors: or. more partienfarly, for any one to whom man's achievements in changing the face of nature by making the earth produce what he needs and what he finds profitable are a source of satisfaction and of itspiration, Recently the writer had the gned for- tine to visit this famous coffee district, The direct object af the trip was for the prtpose of collecting information, 3 frst and, concerning the general geographic, and especially the elimatic, conditions under which the Hrazilian coffee grows, ang also for the purpose of sceing the Various stages in he cultivation and har- vesting of coffee and in its preparation for market, Surely a crop whose inipor- tanice is So great that a national govern- ment has gone into the business of eon- it deserves careful study. ‘The heart of the coffee country can be reached in less than three wecks from New York, To any one whose experi- ences in crossing the Atlantic are Timited to the “Atlantic Ferry.” with its crowded steamers, its frequently boisterdus seas, and its changealle and stormy weather, the voyage to and from Rio de Janeiro will be a delight which cannot fail to satisfy even those who are not naturally lovers of the sea, What can be more ideal for any one who is tired out with the wear and tear of a husy life than that voyage of 16 oF 17 days from New York to Rio, over the cilm seas and under the bright skies of the tropics? Most oi the voyage is spent sailing in the trades, those’ wonderful easterly ands, blowing steadily day and night, ear in and vear out; where the sen is smooth, but where there are enough Whitecaps to give it life: where the heat tiful, cumulus clouds. ike our own sums mer clouds at home, only more slem and more delicate, shine brilliantly in tropical sun by day, grow to larger 5 in the afternoon hours, somictimes giving: brief showers, but dissolve after glorious sunsets; where the temperature never vari re han a ery few degrees above and below 86, and Is perfectly comfortable because of the fresh breeze. From aie RA tine bee ree From Rio de Janeiro a journey of about cight hours takes the traveler across. the coast’ range mouritains rea do Mar) and along the valley of