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1004 PDF
1004 PDF
node
Imaginary line
Ai
n
A A
i i
i 1
•Structure assumed to be an assembly of elements
(known as finite elements) connected at nodes
only.
•Any continuous solution field such as stress,
displacement temperature, pressure, etc. can be
approximated by a discrete model composed of a
set of piecewise continuous functions defined over
a finite number of sub-domains.
•Application of FEM:
•Structural area: stress analysis including beam,
truss, frame, 2D, 3D
•Non-structural area: heat transfer, fluid flow,
electric and magnetic problems.
AE
du
dx 1.2: fundamental concepts of FEM:
many engineering problems can be
expressed by governing equation and
boundary conditions such as:
•axial element:
D.E AE du B.C uo a (1)
dx
q
plate: ;
4 4 w 2 4 w 4 w q
(2)
D x x y y
4 2 2 4 D
•the governing equation is often in the
form of D.E which can be converted into
matrix equation using FEM.
Ku f
•Solution is: u K 1 f
Where:
K=stiffness (the property)
U=displacement (the behavior)
F=force (the action)
1-3: General steps of the FEM:
(1) discretize and select the element types:
The problem (domain or structure) is
divided into a small elements or shapes.
The choice of elements analysis depends on
the physical make up of the body under
actual loading conditions and how close the
actual behavior the analyst wants the
results to be.
Geometric
Finite element
model
discretization
using elements Mesh element
and nodes
Node
Element
Element types:
y
x
1 2
x u y v ε w
• x , y , z z
•Stress/strain: = x E x
e
Where: f
Vector of element nodal forces
e
K
Element stiffness matrix
d vector of unknown element nodal
d.o.f or generalized displacement
(actual displacement, slops)
5- assemble the element equations to
obtain the global or total equations and
introduce boundary condition using
direct stiffness method. The final
assemble write in matrix form:
F K d
d vector of known and unknown
2-Element formulation:
2-1: steps for formulation of specific FE. :-
(1) discritize:
The more element use the more accurate results
obtained.
(2)Choice of a suitable displacement function.
d N ue ---------------
(1)
d Displacement at any point within
element
N Matrix of shape function
ue Element nodal displacement.
u
dv
w
x u ,
y v .
z w
x y z
d N ue
……. (2)
B ue
x, y, z x, y, z
B ue ………………. (3)
B
Where
Strain matrix
(4) Definition of element stress:-
E
D …………………(4)
Where : D modulus matrix
S ue ……………….(5)
S
Where : S Stress matrix
4 5 6
1 2 3
2:3 Generalized coordinate element
formulation.
Consider 2D triangular element as shown
(x3 , y3)
3
v
u 2
1 (x , y)
(x1 , y1) (x2 , y2)
•Nodal coordinates (x1 , y1) ,(x2 , y2),(x3 , y3).
•Displacement at any point (x,y) has 2
component (u,v) .
Polynominal are used to defined function.
(1)Displacement function:
u α α x α y - - - - - - -(1)
1 2 3
vα α xα y
4 5 6
Where α1 , α2 , …………. α6 are constant
Generalized coordinates.
Number of generalized coordinates
depends on:
-Number of degree of freedom.
-Number of nodal displacement.
Polynominal used to approximate
displacement - use Baskal triangular.
1
x y
x2 Xy Y2
X3 X2y Xy2 Y3
xy X3y X2y Xy3 Y4
U1 = α1 + α2 x1 + α3 y1
V1 = α4 + α5 x1 + α6 y1 -------(2)
For all nodes:
A
u
1
x y 0 0 0
α
1
1 1
1
v
0
0 0 1 x y
α
1
1 1
2
u
1
x y 0 0 0
α
ue 2
2 2
3 - - - - -(3)
v
0
0 0 1 x y
α
2
2 2
4
u
1
x y 0 0 0
α
3
3 3
5
v
0
0 0 1 x y
α
3
3 3
6
α
ue A α --------(4)
1 e
Solving for
α A u ---------(5)
1 e
d θ x,y α θ x,y A
u N ue - - -(6)
1
Where
N θ x,y A
u
εx
x
ε ε y v
where u , v from eq (1)
y
γ xy u v
y x
α
1
α
0 1 0 0 0 0 2
α
0 0 0 0 0 1 3 - - - - - -(7)
α
0 0 1 0 1 0 4
α
5
α
6
ε E α
1 e
ε E A
u
B
≡ element strain matrix.
1
E A
ε B ue - - - - - - - - - -(8)
(3) stresses :
δx
δ δy D ε ε B ue
τ xy
δ D B ue
Re Re Rse - Re
b
σ0 ε
0
As before
T
Re N b dv - - - - - - - - - -(10)
b ve
T
Rs N t dx - - - - - - - - - - -(11)
e
s
T T
Rσo B σ
e
dv - - - - - -(12)
o
v
T
Rεo B D εo dv - - - - - -(13)
e
v