tr:

~IJ ~~ ~!} ~.r

 ..

. ~!J~'~~':
~,::.. .. ~j~
w;'11/'_;"'~I~""~
. yUl'~' c).II (:JC-"
 ~~;~ ~"".r ~li .AiJ ' tr,~.r .tI:;JI •.L.
. 0"-1 \,l. ~\..P 0" ~~, c:;> .'r.~~ ~'-:1lJ

This is an authorized translation of "SOCIETY,

.AN INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS by R. M.
MacIver and Charles H. Page. Copyright, 1937, by
:Robert M. MacIver; 1949,by Robert Y. MacIver and
Charles H. Page. Published by Rinehart and Com-
Ilany, Inc.
 ~?I ~.u-
• &;.\..u~ t.4 ~I ~ c.r 4lr
J.;~l~l

• ~~IU-
~J'J1 ol.".atl : J,,~ J ,,-n
" . t4~1 ~ W -
" . ~\-
y~ ~I ~~I -
y~ • ~IJ)I -
~o • ~I-
• t.WI ,,:-,\.)~IJI rWI ~_,wl JDuuJ ~I ~I,)WI -
'-'Iljl'" ~1 : uiWJ1 J....aA.11
0\ • ~4~1 o~IJ ......1).\ -
cV • 4\.....aAi~IJ ~~)~I ....i.iIJl.I -
,~ . ~\~ ~L-~I L-I;..u\ _
Y\ • ~4~1 jj~I ~ w-tl t1_,i' -
YV • ~Iy' ~ § ~ ~ ~UIJ ..;.iIJI -
~1" JjJt : CJ1!l1 J-ail1
AV • • • • • ~41 ~I~ ~W~I w~ .)_,....all -
• ~IJ ~,).}S\ -
- , IIJ
• "'_ 4"""':" C "cU.......,
'I ·~··'I
• _

• • tj~IJ c)JI...::.lI-

: ...,.. . .
. ~1!11u\.....-J1
• ~~I 4l)
 o'~!~,i1"
~ : ~')1 J-.ai!I
, 0' • Jil_,;jIJ 4,. _.h _
\,,\1 • 4.'-:~\.J 4..ilJJ,l\ 4...,..1.),:) _

"~ • ~I.J 4J')~1 ~

uW~J ~,~
J...czAli ~\i:..'

: ~\i:J1
r.L...C. _
J..4il\
• • W~'!I' - ~ . _
'" .... o~IJ - WI.;.:oJ,
on, • • ° u~IJ vi'J"il -

• ..r~'!I1 O!>\?'J :.. ;:" -

• • • u..l....:J\ 1';:" c:- ")al.' r~'!I' ~ -

~\-!J1 ,,:,\:tll
~~1l~.;J1
x..·.~nQuWlj.dJ-ll ~~.,lS ~, cS;tJ1 : JJ~ ~
'tV, • • . ~~, WS'
~~1\ ~,,~\al1 ':"',),. : ~UJ-.ai!l
'NY' •• ~4'!11 oL~.h ..; ~1.',j=:J'J ~.,w\ .u:I"; -
"fAY' • ~WI ~,,:),\ .)\~I JI ~,)jt' JS\......_,JIJ o,))all ..:.a~1 -
Y"V· • "r~'!I' r\lit._UIJ .HJI -
",y. • (~.iJ') ~WI ~\ ~~~, ~ ~4'l11 ~I -
~~, :lJ1-D oJ;.',! : ~\!J1 ~t
• • ~'J.:l.J ~_,L.JI ~'''; : ~ -
• ;!)_,L...JI ~\A..J ~.u\ -
• u_,;UlIJ ~, .,)L-JI -
• (~\::ll ) ~I a.,WIJ ~~\ a,)W\ -

~~j1t i~" A,t-.n ~,,. : e-w\;D ~

'fIV". • ~,).j,hoJWIJ ~I ;,,\,JI -
Y'" • • (.WI ~'.)" ~I,. ..; ,)~I -
t. 'I' • ~I ~_,Jl ~ : ~:l.;ll ~IJ :lY-J' ~\_,.i -
 ).!iA J~N.)_'" U .1."'.) - : c..AJ;tl

• \AM' J...I. T \ v J 1..I.±.C....4 cS.,l J~ J ..u J -

d.J!.);~ ,?J "."" rk. o.,r:l.)t Lt' ~U.I ~ J..A> -
o~ JUJ ,,\0 \~ 01JjS..\.I I ~J ".v r~ .).)_,LSI 1)4 ~1,)'J1
. ~ ..J Jj:-J.t.._' ')Jl.iJlAJ ~)~ ut-~ U4 ~J ~ ~~J)

~~J ~I:-Il :Ll...J.iJ1_,t~ '11 ~J Ll:-fl ~ CS"1) ~J

. :u... lb..J:' 1\ U'll.\ ~6 ~JJ . ~...• r t .::"L...b..
II •• 6 •

. ~j_; 4....~ ~4'JI-, ~l::-11 :i.W4Jl ($') ')l:....j -

~lltcS.)~J'~' ~~I : ~*'J~

~UJjA ~-
:l}....
IIJ , (j'~J Y.) F,\J , ~....bJ1 UJ..\JtJ , c.r~ ~I

~)l)1'1 pi ~JJ' ~ ~k. J J~IJ ~I' ~~~I

• t:iL.j J
. [4. h jUi' - : UlJLl
• "., 4.:..... J !l)y".B
J...J. i \~ !..ijljU_,r J ~j -

V\'f\ \~ (.)~I QA ~b'Jl !J"y..))~ ~)) ~ J...a> -

.($"} ~.J "'f\ rl&. l:;;o).f ~~ UA t~~' oIJ.JS)j

J ~.l..J ~_;A~I ~la..~l! ~ J ~_,l>!j.?'1lj t,4'11

. ~).f.JP)'\J t,~'11~ ~ ~J..li
 .~ ~ t~'./II.S'J ~t...'i_
~IJ :l.,.rJIJ'
~ ~
:; Lli \..Ui:J1: 4,. 1~:\'L ~lAJ ~ iJA
.~.."..
, _

.~IJ;~~'11

.~ ~t ~ - : f"'~.:.il
L ~t
. '~.'\ " J~ ~.)u_,'./Ij J,]J -

t~'JI..t:- ~L.J \,~t r~ ,,:,b~' ~L:J J&- (..IL2>-

I::WI 0L..1)J,]1 (' ~)J ~;l1 j ("
)':.)J ;;.rA1AJ1~~ 0" ,,"'" il&.
r_,L.J1 dY..J_,J~ ~.)t.--, "~, i~ U"'!.J~ ~4-- <)A ~4~1
, "0. \~ .)J~I ~~!)A \.,.wl J d.4......LiJ1
"I)'p.)j ,,~Vi~
J:.tj ,Y'J , ~_,J.J!JP'JIJ t~'il ~ ~ ~)~ J ~.t..!
4.:.:J ~J , I~J..IJ~I l::i~.d li:")~,p'./I fll .l.f.al~
,_,.wI ~ ~JJ "0"\ rW ~~'./, r."wJ ~J.)jl jl.Jl':" ~
• d.,..J ..c.(..,.. \'1 ~ b.,
....
~ 1.:>~
.
I

. ~J.u:....'11 :t...~ t:~ '11 ($" J ~t:....i -

J_)'J , l:J..lI1 do). J LGJ}l1 rU1.:J1: ~~'./~ ~W J...:r -
~~tll ,lJ 0L _.r-
I!·II :{,..l4i
_ ~I .Js , ~ J I.ii.ll tl.:::..• \II r
...k J ~I '
: ~)l4J ,~ J ~)..\i'J ~~\'1 ,."wI ~! , ~l
: ~~4J , )_":'l Jf J=1i ~l; J (IJJ\ ..ylAi_, 01:.>k.
. (~, ~ ) ~ j .J!JP './1

.~ ~ (L:.:..iJ1 ..l.:'- - : J~' ~

• d":i:::}a':11~_,:AJI ~ .)l:....~,
 ~,-__ L""'i~~"~_..1__ 4_•
...

c.i~.r"W.1~1~Ij.l.i if G.D.H. Cole J,.,S'. ,..,) . [.')I:,•./:ll"~

t..,~1 ~ J ",a a~1 JI ~T ",l5' ~I-, Y-J ~~)'I ~)ajl J.
(]A .;s't ~~)'I ~I r~ ~T:\ G.... 11~4~ t:~I ~T ';/1
~• I:S J .6..• .u '. 1;.:j ~i J-' ~. -'~~.
~1)4
"i' l.:.:>)'1 ~
•
1..t • ~ -'.: ~ <L. lo.Jl:O
. U..L.ii j ~I..wl
It... ~ ~I..:> . \'1 ~..~1.:,.'1 r:r
..
~I IY §~ I)" .j~ , J'; ~\:':""'~I,.IJ"'~i~ ~l ~ I~ll.

~JjJIJ ~~).:.IIJeclectic «~»~~.ji~1 ~IJ~1.

4..a... bi ~~~ c;.;:r:.! ~.iJl ~I I~ l.:i ~ ",,~ c,;J1 ~ ,.,11.

~ t.1_,.... ~ JI ~ \' ~I o.)..1.%l1~t;.J1 ~ ~ (\) ~J
. ~w I~ j \.(;
J \'1 :tb.iu,
("
1~1 ...c..j .A
U.T~...
• t.:.l.::>.~I wLM..r-'.~
t!.·IL " • lj ~l <Y) J YJ'
< <~
il:iJ if ~I :UJ~ J' ~.)U ~l:ll ~I ~}J ul-..:.1b all·
.J, ~L t.:.: J
..r. ~ ~b.)L6 .\-..
.-i,t)A 1...)~ l.J..~l.::>.• ~I oWl
..
r _,L.JI...b....; ~ C. .'::-J.I~J~ ~I ~_;..l ("P
J~ ~J •

;~I ~..1.J J;- .u_,,.,-kJ « ("J::i~ » ~~ «~.j:Al1 » ~I.

~ _.!... .< » tA-LiJ
.. t 4...L4.J I r..r-
I J.. . _b.,.J u- L"
1..- J « ~~IY'. "lS' » oIJ t~
Cf. Taylor. F. S., CotICdming Sci4nCf (London, Macdonald & ce., ( \)
1949). p. 57.

COle, G.D.H., Social Theory (London, 192.3), p. 13. (T)

(I)
~I ~ I~ ~...vl ..la.....:J1
~ ~J~ ~~~I ~ JJ It ($~

. « ~I }) ;;_;:t ~J ~ ..1J:;JI

JJ~I r.:r ~~ ':II ul_,..a;1 tJ--! L. !It:.. ~t b.)l.al JJ

!.u.JA~ LS.lJ1
~I crliJ [.~ JI uL....JkallJ?" JaAU1J ~I

.GL!JT ~ D'_rJ1~.)Jl JIJt J J~I I~ ~ ~i J.:.- ..w

~T ut;J~1 o- ~J J J;. J.AJJ , t~ \'1 ~ r~ ~J;) J~ ~t
.~ljl ,:rJ .m O.)L.~ ~...v L. ~ JwnJ ~I ~~ ~

~~ l).i t~ '11~ JI ~I..ul J-\.U (f ~ L. .!H.!A t.rd ~,

Ji ~~ Jt:l =;~~ ~;..t r.p J JJ~I ~J..u I_,4L"~~;.
J:Ar ~ ~I ~ ~!; LS.;.t~ c)AJ ~ o- I..\. .m ~
,~~I LJA ~ 1.. !H.:.• ~ ( ~ lJAJ , ~ ~lJj ~ ~I _)sjl
~t ~JJ J_,) ~1 JuT ~..ul~I ~~ v-- fit JI ~~\'1
,,,I\ ~ _,JJ,)~I
';.)~jJ • ~ .... uLb~)lJ l:il:.. ,I _r.-)I I l.iA JA
.J'a c.>1Jl JI ;Ju'.J~ ~ Ji ~l~.) .~\'II~ t.b~1
if.'y>::}1 ~11~c.>_;..1 ul~ 4....J~ J J->..ij' cr ($~
...hl4J~1uz jl ~ ~ clJ_) J&-J .~ J.i.l1J ~.i#1 ~l)
~I . t I;.j
.r I~I ~ . tIl~ forJ
l.) r r.lZ ozr:,J L..u.
I... ....wl
. Ji> ~,~t . I

_,(AU ~~ J\!JI ~I JJ 4')') Jil 1~1Jk:-J Jlj \'J ~I)

&.lJ1Js-~I J-!l4 ~ I~IJ-JI U _,.A:11 ~ ~ ..b- JI ~tJ

.cr. Fortes, M.~ The Dynamics of Clanihip Among fhl Tall,,,ri (London, ( ,)

·0. u. P., X945), Foreword~ p. ix.

·cr. !lS8, Aly A.. Thl T,aching and Po.sition 0/ Social Scimus in Bgypr ('I')
(Cairo, Librairic des Lettres, 19S6).p.p. 12 and 23.

(y)
,~ c..rJ WI') 46.. J l:.; l! c!U~J)J • m ~lt ~ o..w.:.s
.J ~~I ,?J ~ (,__,Ai ~ ~ JS J ~~ ~I u~lt. all
.~I U c.)A ~ ~ ~t JII).i ~~\'I ,_,wI.)I~
,($t5":WC1~~J' t~)l1 ~ t_";'_"'c.I"~1 \;;[j~J (Y) ~I

~~ JI f~1 ,;.1' J~ ..a., ~I ,jA .# L.:k. i~ ~ J!

~~)l1 \ .,.laU J ~I J~I ~i r)AJ • (\")u'p'"i ~ ,)r.-- .,t
~ ~lA!J1- « J.,:l) » (~\11 JJ> ~\' ~I wL!iL:11 ~
Civilization « s,~ I l) (~:>U [j')I,.,. 0_r.:..J ~., Culture
.~~

.~ ~.u
~I ,."w~~I<)"

R.M. Maciver
,)J.&,.,

. m ~.;i
r "~ l~.
E.B. Tylor J):i',";,.1

.)!t.. ~i c5} r..lQj L. .,.~

LS ~ ~
Jd I.S

JJ
T
J

'C.H. Page ~. 14 • ,J' !l\).!.'0J~ ) (6)J}11 ~t.s" j J!~' o~~1

. (4--
.J' ~,~ dj i..\At {$.iJ1 ,-:,~I j Page ~., y. ol} ~J

.Y'J' \ j:ilq~~l:,J1 ~u ~ l.~J ~~ 'JI ~1)zJ1 ~

.Montague, F.C., TJu Limit, of lndillidual Lib,rty (Londee, Rivingtons, (')

1885), pp. 64-65•

.B'ftns-Pritchard~B.B.. Social Anthropology (London, Cohen &: West, (~)

I9Sx), p• .3.

Montague, s,c, ibId. (Y')

.~W "uJ ~lj.n ~~'11 ..b-t ~ vf J\ _,...'JllS.lt ..l.i., ({)

J_,:..!SJl ~~ ~~ .J.j t:.~)U 4.? iiJl.A,:.J\ .,1 UI.A!I4 ~J.)
.J.:..-j\ c:JA ~ ..r t.. 1.L.. Kultur ~ uiU-"11 ~4J J_,.illli J1
• ,)1~ J t.~~\ ~ ~\':"""TJ"I'UaJ\ ~, ~ J_,::S'..lIl C}\,.,-Il
SlUi,ty: .A TmboDk oJ Socio1cttY (New York, Rinchan, Inc., April, (0)
1937, ninth printing, January. 1947).
~ ~r.'1 ~ _,J y.J;;~1 =L.,,).All L...:JIJ:..i' ~.>.ul ~?~'Jl ~t
b~ ~t Jii ~t ~ ':/J . _,...;6J1 c.j_,J1 j ~JI.I. ~.)I) ~I&.J.
.AiJ • ~l))Jl ~~J. ~_;JI ~~':/I L.)..ul '" ~ ~)..u.1
~ J.iiJ ;4..4~\ o,.l,. JI ~I_"'" J:i ~~f~1 '";"1:.:01.:}d

c.~t U"' l..A~J cJ'~J JJ.i. c.J.dJ r.-IS')J') ?' ~.ill _;:.C;~
~,)Ij "-::11 )L!T fS-Vl LSY u.l.J)J . (\)~_,J~JPI ~)..t.

~),)iJ~_,J~......., 4Jt )~4 ~jy.JPlJ ':l~~ 4'J.,) ~).)JI.i.

•(\') ~
~.':'1 Plt ~Lml ;;.wJ '--.
y~ W :11 4...., J..ul .:;...:,.;
r.IO..r ~I __w

o- ~-".i~,)I) bJ~L. _,.i ~)..u.1 ~ J;lt If.:l~ ~IS" I~\-,

,..J.Aj I,.
\ t..r'~
L -II J ~L...
'"
1y'1)' ~.r ':11' ~. \"':'>''11 ji,rY't'.')6 4\it
,<
loY r
~ • Ii j),) J~ ~~
J 6... I.,k. l...J
.. - 'li ~l •.:~:~ll .:.Jll~I
~... ~J

~.)i JW J Rene Maunier ~_,... <l;iJJ Doutte 4fJ.l ~'

~.&I :\....1)..1.11_pJ "s'; ~ ~i ~ ~ ~ LS IJJ~ r

. (I")~LJ'J' ":'~I ~

o;L!\'1 ;;S 0: r_r.:j~4 ~ ~~ ~J At.. ~i ~ J:1..uIJ

JI~I ~WI ~ ~ ~~ J :t...."J..u1~ICI u~1 JI
l.J notlJ. ~~)ai JI J,.,-)I J 4:k- l.Jd .•:&.IJ~IJ'
JL!lIJ ~j,:Al1 LI)..01 Ji~JI: ~I.rl~, ("~~ :i._.1.J~

~)JlI ~ u~1 L.~., ~I.(:JI LI.)..\JI ~ j,,~ -

Hankin9~ F.H. An Introduction to the StudJI of Soci"y (New York. (\)

Macmillan, 1929)~p. 526.

Lowic, R.H., TI" History of Bthnological Thlof'JI (New York, Rinehart (y}
& cs, 1938), p. UI.

Radcliffe-Brown, A.R., The Pr.sent Position of Anthropological Studies (e)

(London, Spottiswoode, 1939), p. IS.
Functional ~)I:i_ IJ..u I .JIA - ~ ~.r.11 ~} -'!J;; ~tl
.e
U'J!J
• .J.>I.?-rt C"?" 1..:...1" J ~I
_~':_ll sr: ~I
..r Y*' ~
J.:q ... I~' ~
a: M
ir:
"'I,

synchronic ,)j..bJ.1 ()" _ill ul.) :uc...:.l~ c.J-N t.;f ~_'I.r. ~ .)IJ.
. c» ~Jli t)A o.)J.Ja.. '0_;j J~ & :L.I)'.~ ~ cfll (.Sf

:t;JUI ~I)'AJI .# .,~'JI cit.) ~ ~J ~L. J&. ~_,

q,jl I..:' ,l'..ul 'l!J1~b.r~1
"v:-'I.; d . e l.:.A ~l.U:.:t ~"J"
:UW'JI ul.,"~'.
~~ ~JI.I. ~.)I; ~.rf'..\iJ . ~~}I ~_,Jy.JP~1 ~.)J.l1
:i;}.cd~ ~ ~I ~i diachronic Jl 0'"_ill r. 4.l>IJJI 4J.C.!.L1
~1J1 ~l:.(J1 ~ <s..uIJ ,('n ~ ~\..j J L..).) ~ ~ ..

~i ~l..;-i JI ...r~J ~I ~I ~J c: lii.4:.. o.)~ ~

~)J eli}1 L- J.&- WIAII u~1 o~J' 4l)l.il.1~I;..ul ~

;~~ ili",,.~ J lI.;I}I"t ~,..w Jt~,) ~ ~J u~J_;l1
':";)1 J O~~J ~'JI.I. ~)I; ~ (.SjJlo~'J1 J!...i I~ pi
L>.I J '''\IIJ
M' .:J'.J.J_rJ tt.:.>\'L
. .~~,',. "It ~
I~". ~I
.. 1~ J..r4
.(T') '6.JI.
• ~)tl~.) ~ f ~J~.J ~l:O\ I~ ~~ ..r.ll ;r,J1 J
i.i;:3lq ~J At.. LI.).) ~ d')W~. ')i pI ()"j

lij~ I.S ~\ ~ .j~ ~~ ul.il0' ~I ~I ~" ~\a~~1J

JI ~ Jl!ll J::.:-... Jt-J . ~.Jlj tY ;nL)A ~I ~I J.Z ~ t)A

I.1'Js: ~....J c--:- 1:.·:,:WUu

_~:·_tlJI ~.."J":' I J ..!i~1:L. -lll ~i
It ~... yy. .r: )

..r"~ Uf~J c.r ~ r L.:a ... o~ ~,l, ~ (5..u1 \.f.:l~1

J :tL>.J.. , ~..~ , ~....~.r.;--
J~ t.:: .~,.'-Lt~
0..r-u c-:- <...4Jb- t.r"f! ~lCi!Il .

Op. cit., p. 2.X. ( \)

Ibid. (y)
Op. cit. p, 19 ( r)
·J..lS:::Il Jz..j Js- social integration <.I'~ '.II JelC:ll J~~l
.~ Js- ~ .r'~' ~..i dL1 ,>J ~l ~4~'j ~IAH
.JJ' r..\) JJ~ ~IS" ~JJ .m J-l=.Ll u.~..P.'J ~l;:-J .!J_;..!ll ~J
.c)t ~.; ~~ .)WI Ji ~ ;lIJ o~1 ~ ~~WIJI JL!T ()A
•(y> ~I jl(U J~ ~I j c>_,i\ ~)WI •.i.

..u~J (1') r..1S" JJ~ ~ u_r"t ~jJl ~I JAJI t~~ t.i

..l>l..\.d , ~I)~I ~ cl..~iJ 4.i'~.rU.u ~_,:.... ~ ~1 )~I

..r-"jl Lf r~1 ifT" d ~I o~Jq r J '1~ l1;.i ~I4lJlI~

~Ji'1l c)iClj o~ r Jb. ~i ~ 4:.OJ t;~\ ~l&.4J' Jt
ifA 11.1...l)~i.)i
.~ .J2:..:>tJ . ~~~I o~1 J oJJI.l J..-I_,JI
, ~."AJ\ ..l:.. ~.;11 j .)1S3)'1 ()") ~ ~ ~ \')' ~ .).,AII
.<.I'~I li)il J ~ ~~JlJ indoctrination process ~~_,

"~yl c)A § :Pi.. ~'l~1 ,:r J:li .)~ JJ ($.)} J...aAlIJ

J"';JI ~~ J JlG~1 (,)") ~ ($.)';;J • c.S.)) U"Lt ~ ..LaA1IJ
Basic Personality Type ~}I 4. .....t:I.->- ,.!l\ t_'; J1> JI
~Io~ ~~ '11~bl o- C:4 ..\$J • \~ ~ ~~, ~ u=Jl
.f:__";:'".. ~i 4J_,41J1~..r' J JLd~1 d.} ~~ 1J.:?. ~l ~l:;J

Op. cit-, p. 13 ( ~)

Durkhtlm, E., Les RdgleJ de la Mdthocl, Sociologi'1ue, Paris, 1895, English (1')
uanl., The Rul,s of Sociological Method, by Sarah. A. Solway and John H. Mueller
(Glencoe, Illinois. The Free PreIs, 1938), p. 13 n. 4, his DifJision au Travcul
Social (Paris, ttoisieme 6dition, 19U), p. U.

See.. for CDIXlpl.e, op. ciL, Durkheim, The Rules oj Sociological M,thod, ( r)
.. uthor's Preflce to second edition, pp. lv and lvi.
o~ ~,)_,M') • (\) ~ l:,1-J1 o.lA ~ r.S.# ~.1J1~ I ~ ir J.. ur
Bagehot ~~~J Gabriel Tarde .))lr ~e JI J' ~Il
t.P.")'
• (")~l.::~:YI
" •
.. I
.r: ~
_t~1I ,
~
... (,,):1\
.. .r J.. .J . J ~. w.'.
..\.J.4:J1J I.b. ..r.fJ
~."J~)p~'J t~'.J4 ~I ,JA~..) C)~1o~ o~II.i.AJ
~l:S J ~J .J!L.~I ~ Jl:.l1~ ~ ~.fjJ ~~'JI·
(1) E. Sapir .eL J (r) M. Ginsberg CE:.~J ~ ro.U.i <.S~,
• (0) M. Fortes r.r! J."iJ>
J;- F-' ~ (.)A ~.illl o.u. ~ J J_,) ~I ~ L.J
~.rt ' J,I o.p ~J ~ ..1.l;J1 JI ~ ,~ cJ-!._ul .u,.
i.!' t4~1_je,)\::J\ ~ J 4.JJI.x.i1 ;.pll - ~ J~ l.:t-
,)~,.,u ~ JJ~ Js- ,.JAr) ~~'.JI;~ <J>J}\ ~I\
~I op JI J,.,.._..,_,JI J;t L. JI ~.)~ Weltanschauung
.(1) )~.,11 ~I..\>; ~ J..~ JJ'\s" c.I.JJ~ ~I r::..J..!' ~

Cf. Nadel, S.F., n. FoundationJ 01 Social Anthropology (London, ( \)

Cohen & West, 195I), p. 406.

Hames, H.B., 'The Soclal and Political Theory of Gabriel Tarde,' ( Y)

Chap. XXV, in Barnes, H.E. (editor), An Introduclion to fM Hisrory af 80,,'0100'
(The University of Cbicaao Preaa, Chicago, Illinois, 1948), pp. 47I fl.
In his Sociology (London, O.U.P., 1934 reprinted in 1949), pp. (r)
28-12,8, and Th, PsydJology of Soci,tJI (London, Methuen & Co., 81th editioa.
1944), p iv, and 'Psycho-analysia and Sociology', in Politi" and uttm (London).
NOI. 2 and 3, 1947, pp. 74 if.
See biB various articles in the Bn(.j'. of th. SociQI SciItlCII. (t)
In his Dynamics of Clmuhip Amon.c tn, TaIllIUi (London, O. U. P., (.)
I94S), p. 142·
a. EVlD8~Pritcbard, B.B., 'The Inte11ectuallrt (Bnalish) Interpro- ( '\)
tatian of Maaic'. in Bul,.tin of thl Pacul~ of Arts, Eayptim University, CaUo,..
Vol. I, Part III Dec. 1933, p. 291.
..\"..\i ~ ~\ ~>J.eb l.~ ~)i:J1 o-l.. JUiI ,...~7
~
j ")JJ

')J~ fbJ' J LtC! ~~1 C;_,AJI

~ .!.:> ~rJl-, ~.r=rll
.# J r.r~ '11\lli.jl ~ l.~ Ji ~ (\) ~I .>'}::-' J I...La
J ~\.A:&.~I~ . ..!.->
- <.S...\iI·~1
J lA. 4:~ WI ~__
u- "~I ~~I • ~•
.T

"~~l:-'IJ ~4'11 o~ll,)"L.t ~n J~ ~J .j_,.!J1 ~I

.Jb. ~ ~J _tIIJ ~l&. Afl, ~ JIJ.. 'J Mborl ($..lJ~ J"
~!~
"LIJJ~!JI o~.".;c!ll~ ~ ~'..b.i,y~.r.-! \.. t..i . 4~J ~~,
,b'.>~j.>.:J..~L;J\ \.:;IJl.J oUJ') L..J cr) ,:)).!:,:!.I. j~\ cll~-,-!!
. \\00 \~ j ~

.AUI JI ~ u,;, o- ~ c.JJI.t,4.)1; ~i JiJI ~J

-4>.b J (;l4!.Il ~ ~ LtG- cr
4J'" c-:- r-- J c.rJJI
-.~~..b.:I l...:.> •• :....u ..___._\;__:.
M U

,r y. ~I , (t) ~_,::-. ¥~I O~ JI <.s'! ~ ~~ ;~l(;

L. <l....AJ ~l4li. ~ r. ~i '11~I .. 'JI l..i.s .. u.S \:J

..L.~Mr. J U"'.r-:. y.- r.. - c..r..•
~l.:.>1
... r ~ ~~ .:l~ ~i t..\...::..
. 'JI ~Wc..~~ . A
.. ~ ($i)IJ
.J lA.)~J,y ~ ~J' ~i cl....Ai ~lA.tr~ r-LAJ1.i:.. ~I ""~Ji
~JJI ~J lA)I~I" l.);:':"""1 0l-4J ~W~I u~1 ,,is'
J tS.)_,AJ1
JtWI ~ ~1 ).,,1r Ill" .(l) (IJ}IJ 4..WI ~IJ
~I .. J ; ,.r"lJ
:"'1 ~t;J1 tall
..
__.II, 4J
u- 4..~)l.rl...
&('1 ~~I ~ Jb-
r
• (II) ~1~..l}1 ~_,.GJIJ ~.>..uIJ

Childe, V.G., HiJrof'jl (London, Cobbett Press, 1947), p. 37. (\)

Bvans-Pritchard. B.B., Witehcra!t. OracltJ and MagI'c Ammw the ( ,,)

.Acands (Oxford, At the Clarendon Press, I5I37)t pp. 44%-2.

Radcliffe-Browe. op. cit., p. 13 (r)

Hankins. F.H., cp. cit" p. 450 (t)
..Lbid. (0)

( ~_)
.cL..::--':/1 JfL...... J 0!PI j.l.i ,;r Jol;. ~ dJ~ ~~ JIJ
~Ji ~.;.__jLJIJ~IJ)IJ _,k...,}J ~_,b~i Jl!..i ,:r t..)l:JIJ

'::';§J J--. ~IJ~ ~~J ~l)J ~.f~1 1...; ~.L.4JIJ

~I rl.la.i ~ ~ (.5JJIc)_,.(tl &Ji #- T.R. Green (J..?" 'Ji,uJ

..J.i L.J rlli:Jll..l. t: ~ WI .)Y!'"_,tl J ~,y ~y" ~ L. ~tJ

R.H. Tawney J.; .~..)JJb-..liJ .(n~ ~J~ lil~ if ~y.
,!l_,L..I1J ~..\.II ~ ~.I.. ~t~..\!1 (u~ J (,5.)L.A.:i':/1t,;l:11 ~I:..i
~.TJ ~L. • ~\..-1)\;;~
_ J..~l:.....; Jr, _+,u n
v.;-; 4.,,J l!U~ ~t ,yJ
.
.JI ~.)J' .)~.)IJ r..r'.r- <J4 ~ ~ La_, Li!.~1 ~.ll\I~ ul:f~t
.~. j LSi)! I~ ~ C:J • ~... r:r ~I~ ~ 4..1I-...T)1
..
(.S.l11~I c> ~ ~lCa\ roWu.)t- ~ J.i 4ii \'1 u':/6Jl
.J.:i,y r.-.J.AJI e,Jl:.:l1 J ~~_,~L......tJI ~l ,:;,.,J J.49 , ~L. .u.U
J ~~ul5'..u,'
••• • ~.) lr <)A. ~ hi l.S '~'>- ...... t\:i...:;l:...j J..r.'I~'~'

;~I:.....r,,)IJ 4.}~f)1 ~ J.C uGT..u4i1? L\:JI ~~I ;"1,,1

:c.rz:>~JI J.;-J ~I~I ~I) Ii., . (,.)~~ c.$.r~1(,I::i JJ') ~ ~t
.r &)\ !I_,1.-I1 ~ _,; J L.lA ~I.r. ~ ..~ ,1~.f'-' ~l)t ,.I~ ~J)I

:V" t. ~t J ~~ J.lyJ I ,y ~J.f- t: 4.Jt~~ \.)_;:..!A jl.lw dJ

t ~~I
"uA J I.A..r'... •
L.)..\..4 UJ.>
•J
..w; ..J"""'P.
r"':. ~ ~
J
\'1 ~.. «r:
1_;

~
\" - JI ~I..\A:JI ,jI...r
". L c:r
• ~M
.. MJ':'tI~}..•
t;\ks .J1. J..rJ"'~I t... .)..ul
..waA.:J.. V:'
I I,) tGT..w.~\,,"
.. .J ...\.I.A..... 06.;\
H •
Ih J . ~l.J';l\
M
c:.:,,~1 ••

-Cf. Toynbee, A.J., A Study oj History (London, O.U.P. 1947). A bridge- (,)
.ment of voIs. I-VI by D.C. Som.ervell~p. 432•

.Hil Rlligion and th, [lis, of Capitalism (A Penguin book), 1948. ('I')
 •••
~ ~ ..\i ~ l.::::- '11 ~I ~~ J u=J' u=--1.,:Jl o.i...
LAL:.....\i
,,:,,\:()I ~ J.>"'L. l:J cJ IS" ~1" - ~ JllS Y.,. ~~~LiJJoU
:~~Ua~~i~.

~J)l1 ~~_,..4LJ JJ~I ~I .jWJU ,)~ ~i'~,J-> - ,

_L.;':JjJ... ~
I..
cs- '.J .i»:
I.:'
~'..ul
_.
.i:... LA~ -'!.).jT 1')1 t (.$"""'1·
JI c.S~l~11~ .j; ~ ~,;fJJ . c.l.JJ~' Jl ~.f"lI.(,)J\4I1
Society ~ 6.)11...,':/1 .j1 l.:.l:i.:...'.J ..LAS . L.l.; ~ :J..J n oil ~
~J ~ ..~ u'J)J.... JI Ji~1J..::t1l1J ~Group Community
.).;11 » "" .!JI!JI ~I J ~~1 ~J ~l:JI J~I J r~r
~JLA.:JI J GU~ Jl J~ c:,T ~ ~IS"J • uL!::,I_;'s ( ~IJ'

.,:,t ~ .j,lS'~.)i J JiJ~1 u~1 .:,TJ&. . JJ)I' ~I J ~...\&l'

~1:rJ.1~W(J1 c>- ~ ":,,l::.(J1J..') J Uti ~W,I ~>cJI.j.,G,..
J.f. t~'ll ~ ubJb U"~I ~ J ~4 C~ Jl
44 ~, ~

I~ J ~WJlI ~ jl ~ ~IS" Lt ~ Jl!.. ~JJJ t.W' ~ ~,

J \!II ~I ~ ~ (y) Coon ~.fJ Chapple J.~ ...l:s. ~ t.:J1·
· 41:S J ~~.. it ub...Lb.~1 JI.... t.rJ ~l:5" J.
";lGt~':J1 ~ J ,,:,,!~I Jt:U)lL~ ~ ,,:,,\::.01rl> l. -"
')JJ till ~~I el,JA ~ ~(.$)l4J1d....,. .jUJJlI ~ ~i ~_

MacIver, R.M., and Page, C.H., op. dr., p. S83. ( \ ) .

Prineiplu of Anthropology (New Yorlc, Hemy Holt & Col,~l:5 J ('I')

~tobet, 1947)
J..-i':/l J&- J1, n)Raymond Firth .!J~ .ij~) Jt, ~I .)W\I

e"'" ~~ e ~~I r.t.....~ ~\::.C, JJt J:W1i ~..lU' """J. .:r

- (\') Hocart u.)\S' JIt' J..i LS ~I .~ ~ Jf
...k J ~I J IJ;.r-" W ~l:C1 -I.-, -
r- - '-'.rL
H

~.J
- .. _~I.
_ ~"
yo'

t_'_:'; L e.)j<oW J_,L j '11t~)II.4J ~A ~ t~'.J~

,,:,,1~IJ interviews ~~ \.ii...J~-'J ~l...a>1,:r J)JI .J.A.
r'~IJuIJ.l...~JJJ"JJfl:J ~..I}J J..~J~JJ ~#J •..u.L!...,
C~ J ~lAJJI.I C"A ~t ~ ~l)J • ~J ~iS'J ~b.. uVi'"
.pl ~I.ltdl L.IlI t~'.I1~~~~ ~ Jt l..lS" J).Jl ...l..
~ ~l ~14~\ c)i t~ '11~ ~\ JS1 ~ .$U~
~ ~i 4ii (5) L:S' ~I_,'''''~ 'il ~ '-'" ~~I Jt ~UJI ~
~J crli.,JI ($).. ~1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ F- j ~II
JJ~ ~)JJ ~~, ~ .>1 ~';/I ~~I o~~IJ . <t-Ai ()\>.
<r)
~ .1_11 ..~ J..t d J t~ • '11 ~L_£ J '"V-- __'.'_ll J:
<'"'II ~-1:11JC'"7""
I

.)Jj'J •_,-AAJI
..~ JJl J ~)I JL.t)I ~ )1..;; J...... .,."
~A~J , ~IJ 4.4lA11ul.f.!=>J ~I ul4,bJ ul~~

u~1 ~ lS '~I JL...)4 c)~1 ~\t\ ~J' ~~H

Nil
U"" \~
.LlI -..I"..
~)~
• ~I ~~
.. -
'11 ,jJ'<'WI v-
1-.1 u: -l(J\
......

HlmttJfJ Typu w";" J (l)

Th' ProrrUI of Man ~L:S' J (n

Cf. JIoprdus, B.S" SocioloaY (New YOR, 1949), pp. '19-581. (n
(d)
~I_'~~ ~I ~I ~ J!.a t~ ":/1~ ~ ~ J:u. ~ §~~
.~~~\'\~.G.J..~ ~i J&- '-::i1~1_' ;_~I ~J ~4),1
~~ \.S t~'J1 ~ J If .,.ic:.. ~ J-1\ J>b ~IJ.J.:JIJ
tJj ~ Jl..ai'J1~ (J_,G_ ,j> ~ y.J , (\)(.)"J:>J~.J! r'
~I §L.!.J.l~.,b.1~ J c.=L' ~1 r? GU~_, ~I..::=:- ~I \."wl
,(Y) I.:LI\ ~_~ J
,_,..-. f..i"Lz:;.l j ~
. ;'11 <oJ"Lz;,. ":/1J.~\ _. )~ . ~

~~1 t...1)"u1 ~, ~I ~I ~..v.l- J ~ ~i ~ 1.. I..iAJ

~~~I rY' w~l::l\ c: w~'J (,)"}..ul ~)ij, ~ Jl t..:J~H
~~.~_ ~ ~./'J oJ.tlj J_,kJJ.rl1 ~J J!.- ~I ~1
~ ~1~ ...).xj\ ~\ • lft.,J,~,JJ
~jJl ",:", ~)..ij" .u~~~
~ J> J l.... ~Jl.::l\j .)l.j;;~ t~'J1 J ~~)U, ~

~t&. ~ LA: ~ f T \..'va J , 0.)..\..:.1\ ~'..P.- U" ~ ~ ;,).bu

,,\_,w":JIJ0,.1;)1 ,)~,;r 1.1. ~ij. (r) 4L,l_':"~lrJ ;~~ ;_eJ

~(l) •.)~ o;~J~'J1 ~~~.iJ1 ~I~I ~ . ~I ~

Op. cit,) p. 56+ ( \)

Ibid (T)

Cp. cit., p. 579. (r)

Op. ci.t., p. 566. ( t)

(J)
• .lrL..~1 ~ J--di ~I ub.I_;;~1 .J..~I ~t ~lAJjl.1)~
.)~J.J. JI j:.!J4 ~~..u l.:lIJ . ~\:CJI l..ua .)I~\ c.t;:t ,,:,)UJI.,
if .)~IJ. ~.)~ )_,_JJ.J.J ' L_::..'J_,) :i.-~ ,y ~.) J#
'~..i ,,;!./. ~I:;-- t)A ).,,_. • T 0~J J"._tJJ.J , ~ ~
~JI... ,y '."...u ~ ~ ~_,r ~~ va !It-.f . , ~J._'J )".JJ.I.",

• "" ~
..r- '.£.
c.Y'..T J L:A,_.rL ~_,
1..- Io.Il:GJ
. ~ ..~ ~ ~ 1",- ~ -LU.::.,
.. . ~ .r('"
.!lc)..P.' )_,_iJ.I.J , ~ ':J_,) ~ b:-- tJA ? ~ s JJA ~ I J I clJ.l5"-'
W'JIJ 'J.J:;-" ljl J~JJ.J , ~J~.~ J ~..ul (}f ,y J_,J..Ji
~ ~~.J"! ~~t ~.lJ1 , ~ ~ UA ~ JI l))L.

_IJI ,y I~~ ~ ~, l:J."b. ~." • ,,:,l:.:(J1 ~l:-- ~I) ~

J_,_JJ.i. ()A §~~ L. ~ ~~I ,>J ~ o;)LJI c.'J_p..

6.)lj'J4 I;J ~ r ~I uJjill u....t~." . !l1r_,S" J,.,-iJ.l.J ~.) .
• 1;J~..u ~I ~~'JI ,.1.)'11
~ ~

Ji'~ ~ ~l) t! ~~I \.u. ~~ ~l ~~\ If' ~J

, ~Jj ~ ..;If.f' If ~~~,~I J \i~t .)~J • ~_;.lt
4.i.!... ~~, ~r.A' ~ L IJ), <tjJ.IIJ~J' ~ IJjJd'

I..uaJ . 'JJ~ ~J'J~1 cr -ql:f ~..::;IS' L. ;,.\} JI tL.:....'Jl

~ IJj;:J UA§ J.J ~J • Cli/)'l~~ ~UJ_;l1~ t..,.:... J.d'
\
Jl.:l1 ~I r:r J(.;JIJ J'.JI .;fJJ r.>~ _,::JIJ...JI Ala JJl;J,)J
. .r.:.U ~~I .)I~~

J ~I 1-i'.J':J 4j ~'1 ~JJllip clI..iS ,J~ ~i \.:;~ ~J

'~~J .!J.J.J!.~ J ~..ul ~J ,))\;)4 ~J 1::--'1_,r~~
•~ c)t J)bJ l.:f ~ lj~ ljl} <)!_.In
:l:J'L:' ~~ ~I.J.,IIJI U~!,)A u,)~ ~~~I ~ J l:JjL.
~ JfWI~. ~T ~ ')/J 7 t~':I1 ~;;; ..ii> J~ ~i r.s-J-1..

~ ~~ ~I~ ~_,J .u~ ($.lil ~I J' ~I) I.)! I~ .ul_;"" lJA

t~'il ~~I . 0lJS' ~ ~ ~A.JI_;'" ~lAJl,)f!=AJ&.1.,r'l;
\..,wl 0'" ~ ~ ~i ~..I..J ~ ':1J, ~I ~ J;" .jl~
c.P ~ ~l::Ol 1.iA,.\Ai ..':IJt ~ ~." . 4W J t.r!!. ~i \II
. ~~I_,l;~' J~ l;~.j~ jt <tW ~!4.....IJ~

·~~:/!~1i)W4 ~ t~\l1 ~ ~IJ.,Ai ~l ~ ~..\!J

• ~,: ~)L':II WO! uli)Wlc)A ~III~ ~ Jlla.i ~,
"'"yJ;J • t:-""") 1 I~ J ol4l..:.:A I §.J.. t:4':II ~ r.SJ-' ~ '1J
~Jl::.. (JI~I ~L..;\I1 cJ~~1 Jt.J) ~l...J':I1 ~l4:J1 ~_,)y'JP':J~
II
~ '-Lot J..:(,,)Ul4'L.JJ .u"~ ......~l J ...l4,oj • -b-l;:il
• J 4L:; ~I.-~
o
r,)
w~1 .)L,.::j:/I ~-
_k
d J..lI.
•.J
:L.L.::..
... ':11~ . ClJ..iS' ~.... ~~!j>• ~
~ ~I '-"'.J~ LS, ",lAi)/4 ~ u~ Ji oJ}1I ~ ~IJJt_LS

~~ ~)l:J1 ~ ~~-' . ~li)1 ~_, « ,)~4 ~ » o_,}n

",",)~J 0 ~j y; ~t.J1 t.:1~t If.r' ~I.....i\ll 01;:>~ ~IJ'.\}
~i li.>} \jl - J1 !I_,L lj b} (J_,) ~ c)A .jL...;~1~I ~
o
~.
4.bL:11
ujWl oJ., -
1.)"). ~
.s, II ~ .. r.S .lJ1~I "0 \
~

~I ~ 1!U;,j;-J \i~ '";...'!'""'''~ ~:JI~I_' c.S~1 dl()~

.Ijl ~."AJI
JUI u~ ~ ~I ~(j4~) ~~~YI

(,)")~ tSjJl .,. o..b." t~ \II ~J •~ ~ lS.iJ1~I Jl.J>t

u=J1,.,wl~')'" ~ v-!J . ~ ~I Ji ~'~~~\l1 uli~1
J) ~'J;:..j\.lI~J • ~~ J t~\l1 ~ c: ~ .boIJ ~ lA~f~
'J~ ~~ lS.lJlt._,...;,)4 _;"~I (f j_";~~4\11 ,.,wI ~ ~

~t:... ~ L..::i~ ali ~~\llr).J1 ~i Jal \I ~", ~~'1

('.,wI ~L..b.j ~ W . ~I)l ~ ~ ~I ~I)I ~lA:.J'
. ~~I \ed\ ~ ~ :,l )1:>1t?1 ~l:J1 lS~ o..rj ~

, ~l.::> '11~\j)WL c)~1 .... J:::f'.l..:::>.1

M' •
l;j ('"~.
~ Y H 4)A
.'
r:.f'd.J
<4.-Ai c.i)1 J ~~§JJ , ~.) "i 4.:.-l:- J; ~.)LA:i1~~ 'J
iJ' J~ j c)~~II~\ 4j1J.,,4i ~I o.i.-~_,:JJ' ~~,
~I) ~j ~ » ~~ ~)~I ~I 1)4 :,tt JI.,.}~,
~ u\i~ ~ c)\...J.A... (,)"l;j\ o- c)b) cit)\ J ~I ({~.)l..4:i1

u.)La:i1 ~~ t.:. ~I~I o.)-lW C)W'JI o~ ~ ~.)l.4=i'

~~I C),'./1 , I~J ~l ~~J tJ'4' ~~J J)\j ~~J
~~ J ~I J>.) t.....J . ~ ~I~I ~~J'4"!l'
o~

~~ J 1. liWI ~'.J!. c)1.....J1 .c.s! § J.:.i <\iu ,;:r C' tj cSt I)A
~T ..lUll ~I"T L~\ o.l.. '11r,11." ;};J~~~I
\ ~ ti-" ~1i~1 o.l.o ~ c:t ;;A lS.lJIJ~' i'..l.l' , ~I
• L)"l:JI ~

..~ u_rj 'it" ~."...;,."..)~:,t ,.~~I ~t ~ clJ~,>J

~I 4.....1).)~ r.lAi ~ l;jj \;J~ ,':1' '":'.i-!. \IT ~ ~)rl J&-J
4.f' e. lA J) ,,' « r,\ J ))~~ La § ir JJj ~i J_,k:i ':J
t
.<,}u)fl J,WI ~\li... J-.!! JOI l.iA ~~ , ~~~I JIJ>~l
I~ . J r-
~tS ... I,jl. ~ ..... -LIb '11~
:WW\'I \.r-. .r I . '1J
rv:-;-
.~li~1 ~ ..~ tY ~ II WI_, , t.r1..i1'1 , ~l.i!J1 t~~
, ,;t~ ya ~ tY)t!.. W!..l.11c.)".)JJ ~ u.J- \jl .:5' . ~~'11
.~ l.J . clJ..\S' .]A ~ ,;r t..1~ \'1 ';/_, , ~ y:. ~ ,;r u411 ':/J
~li -cs. ~ .. '1t u-
I... d'..f'-J• J ~ , ~'" N
b~ L. ~._JJI .J" ,~

I~ }.;JII~J W~ ~I J'l1)aJ1 ~ J~;. ~

~.t J ~ ~ o~_,J1 ~)JIJ' t~'11 ~ ~11 ~~ l.
. W ~l.:>
.. • ':/1 w\i~! JI l:...~1 ~<4>.,Y•
~

~ ;:"'1 cS..i11t~)1 ~ ~~'11 ~li~1 ~lS' I.)IJ

uli~1 .~ ;.r.:J1 JlL.!~1 ~ ~ ~t ~ ~lt _"~I .;..1 I;..f'
.J ~__,Lt ~) ~l t.:.:;..IJ e- ~1 • ~Wi ~."D4ft~..rJ , ~1 jtJ
o~ JT ;~ cJ-i ~ 0tJ • t.lA:.I'1IJ ~JI.a:JI
b~ l. ~)
Jlhil
,J
,;p:il
..
JI$>~ :L6.:....)U
.•
~.)I~I doL
v~~J
..._ 0t '.
I;..)!, J. ~J 0~ ~t ~ ~J . A~I u~6eIlJ , ;~I

.~4 ~~t:(JII.i. ~lS' 1:'1.,. ~.)I~~JI J.:k:l~~ cJt

~\i t\..:::-'11 ~ J>l.ul ,y ~l L. ~ Jd!. L.... ;s1 if~'l'
~I)..ul ~L.j:.-.. JJt ~ ~Il~ ~ c)T ~ l:Jt JI dI';.)_,.
.~~~I

_#'aA.'.J
,~ •• j.JU
 J ~ ~ ); J ~l &L1 J ~"t~)
~.;..:. JS" (5J..
~4~ii>J~ ~~ ':/1o~IJ 6.)w.. ~t; - L. ~J;. &L1
....A:..-; "'I L. t....\:i..:,....., "II (;JJ' .... J • ~ 4; -q . .A.u ~,
r" IJ"''' .. .J? .. tJ" ~ ..r ..r I..r

~4- ]I J!.. ~b.~':Jli , ~,.".ll ~~ t)A I~? &L1 J ;;~I ~

~ J...!~. ~I) (~I)I» J (~)I J ~I ~~) <r:y,...

~I _,L ."l) « J1L.J1 rlli..:J1» s (~ 4S~ tfW .)I)~I

if' J6. c.S~ ~ ~ , .......a; &L\" J. - (,.r4A J rl_,..J1JA IS
•• J.>J &L' 4_1.)~ ~I ~I ~ :(;,_,i.,.. ~ ulJ~i JI..P"~'
J..~~I,~UJI ~I ';'':J~Jr:f' ~Iy" ~1 I.l. ~Li clJ; t'''
~~J ~ ub.~1 JI JW.I:t ot:;JI J;W~I ()" JJI..cl1
t '1...k.
~..r- di ..""
\loOi'l.Tt. \...:.>.)'I..k
r ~ ~J
.. • li,j,)
.. I"\'~ M
~'.l .J'J~
~J . L[;JI ~·b.jLl ~ ~ ~I~ ()A ;U~I tJ) o- t)
.(J'~,,J~ Li...r6' ~ ~".J.. ~l ,~~It~':J1 ~u, r:f' r~1
.J :L__..L...t "II u ~I ~l. ..:Ij'
.. .... o:
.r.-' ..J ~ ~ r I~I ~ J .
r-.. ~
• .c....1.)~ ~,~

~~, ~b.~':J1 JJ'll1 ~I J U~ ~t <!.U; Js- ,-!?"J

J}L:l1 J..a.4l1J ~ (JtJ ~ '}~."..JI ~I J ~,_;.i ':J ~I
"IIJ , ~..' j h-JI
.u- ... ~I ~I~"::"L,.
...:tl·~ '.)".r
.,.- .. .:11 ~ • (JL.
... JI
~~ .J"jJl • .L.a rai".~~':J' _r'1)aJ' t.,IJ,) J ~.}''p'- ~

..
~J ~\ ~J ~ I)A c..Ai1_,l1~J eJLAl\ ~ .j_;Jl t.:..;,~
. ~,;.t~ !)A ~l-.JJ ~,..ul u~1 J ;SJ=-!i'
LdJi l.~ ..!J\!J\ J..AAf1 d ~ , ~\ ,.:va ~ l:..-4lt ~\~~"
J~I J) J ta~~ .)~ U"l:J1 ~I u=J1 ~L~l ~I ~
~ J ~i - J..."k ~ J. t~ ~I ~ t..-I O.)iA~ .i ~t ~ ,j> -
: ~\:ll ~\J-l1 d~ LS ~~ ':11 O..\>)IJ .).,AII~
~ \..J? oJ'j J _,i ~ ~4 d I~ ~_;JI ~'A~i ~ l..
\.:.::.....1.)
J J ~ ··.)l·("~,:r"'_'"
II • ~ (" . ..\iJ ? l:31.it.r • \.:.b..1- o:"11:i.L..d1
~.
_ ~~ _~'7_tl j' ':11, ~I oW vr-
.~ -"II ')J:l ~-
.~~~

W.,6.J ~I ~ \.:LU- .; ~J~ p-t.)~ ~I)l_" l:J 1~

. ~ )6. 1.:......4; ~ ~ Sf

\ ..
.. b.~1
.u

.« ~I
L -'I
~Y.:'

» "T {(~\ »J
"'"'r ~
1.:;\:,,6:,.. ,§

{(~I
~••
~~I
:
.. To
}) J {(
.~1
t~~\f4;J
a....A~I' ..

&L
W

1» J!..
.~I>)L'11 o~".:~ L! L." «~I o,)WI»J {(.lfLJI ,lla.:JI»J
\.)l.J.j • ~_;." JI 41"f f)A , ~b:J1 IJJ. J t.,...b-.. ,,: • rfll ~ ~
? ~b.~)'1 if tS~\ ~II~ ~LS}A1\ ~Ij' ~')I

l:;"l:.)6t... j c:r-JJ , ~I ~Ua..J QJI ~ ~~.) ":"~'J

~ L. L.~ _rAi ~"1r~ '1 ~L;>~I.;s1 J" ' ~ '1 ~.tdl
~ \~\i , c.J'"l:J\ ~ ~ Jt ~ 4s.4 Jl!..TUA wl=..~'14
~ y. ~.rJ ljlj « ~I 4s.4J1 » : ~'./II.a .J~ ~ ~..b.t
,~10~"UJ . ~ :;,)~I t."t;Jl ~.r.J1 \~I J~ UA ,1:-
~~I JT ltd I ~ u=tl ~)rl ~..u.1 L~'11 I~ I~li
J ;~I Js- ~I)I ~ LI> o.,r4j Jt, ~.r.~} J ~~'11
.u=J1 L~Ir~'1~ ~ ~ c!.U,) I)A ;s1J . Y _,t ~
.)~I ~I !ll.).)\ J~ ~'1 o.)WI J l.:.:.CIJ • ~I ~

J~'~I c.lJ.l)J . "..P- \~JI fA (5.ir1t~).1 u_tJ L:....) l.

~y. c.:t..ui:.. ()~ .ill «~ » JI CI: ~» ('~..4':l' ~~I

'\,
~)I y\A) ~J L~l J ~I.rll ~I JI ~ oUt (.]A r~
;~L!l .1 ,~':~l F-' l) JI ':J , ~~t JI ~I-, JL.JIJ .)~I..t
.« JA:... Ll:...J
• • t.f WI ..b.t J r
" J r-
~I c-.-
~Il) -'t « w~
_ _.)01J.L...
~ u~~1 § u.t:.:;.,. tj JI ~ ulJ~1 ~~ W-- jIS ~I·
~I JI ~~.I.. ($.lJ1JA ~~I J~ JJ." . ~~':JI J"1_,tJ1
Ur I~I ul.K}1 J).L u_,.; c;_;..t ;;}~~J. _'~I J...:>_,JI
.

. JWl ~ ~~l J~ LS , ~ ¥' uJ)aJ1

~~I ~ ~li JW.I ~_,r J&- \~I J~ ~4 ~\~IJ
~J " ~ ~t." , ~,)~ ~I i')
....J..A..f':"A JI J~ ._~~ w,.r:
~ &J~ (""!"
c.)"': ,t; ~ JI~ ..\S't t..S • ~WI ~ .)ts::t~l JIA:;':) ~_,r
r I~~h ....o~\ t:.__t' I.. U~ , UlS" IJ.S\; (\) ~ .,..
ul..J.Cl r..r-... _ J';> J

,~I.u 4;,) ~ tJA ~,) _'..bs.. ~ j.) ':/1 cY ':J ~ J, C""' 1-,J Ual ,);--
• u"'c:.all e,>JJ'CAJ ~k...u4 ~l-, ~Ua;J1 J?- ~ ..\Al,!j LS
c)1." t~~1 ~ J o~1 ~W(jl ~_,; ~t ~1~1.l.:.. ~1.:rJ'
.
• ~J.I ~ l.,.;
.. l... .)-bJ.

S. Cbale, Th, TYTamt)' qf Word, (New York" 1938),

S. I. Hayakawa, Languqg' in Action (New York, 194I).
t.,L.:.> ~I r...u. ~ ~I . t..L1.i
, ~...lr (..l,e.J,_,.-
.. , '-'I ~,.. r:r ~,). M

, ~I .l......1 r:r ~ O~II.ti~_,.A..J . .;.T ~ ~t ~ o.,~

, (Ai,L;l1ul~ ..b~ ;;pll ~.; ~t I.:!..! I~I:

WI « d..bJ.1
.. ~L."JI. » u
.~' ~y~~ J (' ~~ L.~ ~
• tlJ:!. r:r 1Ij:J ~t §-t.. (../'~ './1rllajl J~t cJA JU JI ~.
l~IJ • o.,J...:l1«-Ij' c..La; ~i., 4S'.rl1 ~L..a> ~ ~T 4-"
~t Jt , !JI~ JT ~I lolA .,.J:&A ~ ~.l.Il ~ ~1 JI ~I'

t4~\~~
~\.~b;..jLoj J U"l.:.1lao ~l> ~ ~y. ~
uliy._.j\ ~l!f o- ~ ~ dUI I)A ~I ~\ ~ ~_

uti_,4' Lt.:! D!.l:='IIJ.?-J' Jl!I.l ~ ~'j~<.fJ' ~~"'YI'

. c.>rl tl_,iT o- rj j ~lt_r4i ~J .,1))11 o- ..L!> J U"'l:1I·
.~JJ ~\J ~I.... l.:J"b.~':i ~~ ~l ~ cu; ~J
.r
c.!.U.l.II....; ~ J L
.. ~-" oWl
.. u~~\, r» ..
u-e ttl r(' . ~., J.
~J . lolA ~ J ~\-Y\ ~ t./' o.i. · ifl)':J1 WA.Mdl ~,
laL:i., , J)I.b.i~ ~li '($..\.AJ , (.:jL.~ ~ "\;J ~T l#..-y'.
':'1 L.TJ • .ci1.".J~ § o~ l.f ~ ~t ~'1 JfL..., \ti~
~I_,JI ~~ , .u_.:'~ .,l c.r~1 t_,..gJA t..IJ., J&- La.. l:Yt
~iJ~ J..u ~T~ JA:i ~i lA 0J~ J T:wr \~ L..~, I'.. ;''''!_.
i.)J;4 IJ,l,.J . ..b.IJ ~cs!1jtj lclt ,-",Lot J&-' u-..iI1 J ~,~
.l::...I).)j~L)l1 uLJ.(J1 ~J' ~J)l1 u~~)U ~~~-

u6.~1 ~T UA ..b.~ L. ~~ J\ : ~~Yt .,.."w, a,_,,:.

4.&l~, ~.Jdl~ ~ ;;~_;..t.- d..b. JI.- ~ t~~l ~
_,_;..T ~ !lL:... ~~ s ~I i"wl u~~1 a- I~ eu~ J.
\r
~l> ~I&. ~ ~, JI ~~. ~WI ~I J l;J~L.JI ~L.;':I4
~I :L...I.).)J ~W ~I .t"',.,wl ~t ~ ~I 1.1. • u."l.:J4
~,.)~ '1., , ~~~ ~ ~i ~. ~.)t> ~~i ~~, J ~
,~_,k r:.r :;~~ ~ UA ~ l.,....Jj ~t ~ ~~~, ~.lJ. ,y
,~~ '11 ~lijW' u-li ~t '.}J (5) &)i ~ '1 1.:;1• U"'lyJl
.If·a=>=4l .)i ~ ';I , o..\fUI ~I ~..\)J . ~~ ';II :i..Jaj~, .,T
.c:r..JI) I Ah -.b.i ~ &)IJ:A J ~j ~i,)~ ~\ ul.)WIJ 4~~
(\) ~_,(.....JPI A. J-.!l4J . ~J~I JUI J ~J:%N ull

;~L...-.. if t,.,.:./I \~ ~ _;.T j~ cStJ (r) ~';:"J~IJ

bU J_;.J ~, ~'l ~J ~~'.JI _IIa'_,JQJ\ ~ J l:.....,1_p-
.~'J . ~I t...1,)..\.l1J J-Ai lA ~ Js- ~ r:r ~ .l'1_,t.n
.~I l.:,j~~1kl ~I.)J(.Sf.t'l~ c5.111
~W\ Ih ~.)J.r=J~~ I.:l-..
.r\&. JI WI.) ~ ~l ~_, ·~ ,~l ~ ~ (5.iJI, ~~I
.J ~..r.-i ~I ~~~ c.)L. ,>~ ~ ~L...;'ll ~.Jdl ~I..\>~I
.(\")
t4':11 ~

.~ ~ ¥~I ~I~ ~ ~ ~I ~~I JI ~ ~I~_,

.~I~ ~ - clJjJ l-.f - ~1_,liJ1 ~.u.~t ~I tJA ~.?d ~T
.,r..J..AJI ~ .; ..1..11 Jw
.. ul:()1 1.lJ. J if~. N' ':I ~.J-'IJ • ~IJ ~ ..

,'~ ~, ;;~I ..~"1' ~ ...$' J1 ~~ ~ j~ n>

p=!',).11 _ ~I ~ ~1..:.::l.\J

~.fl1 - ,,_,..All J.:b.::.l j~ <">

~ t4~1 ~ ~, JI t.411o.,L..-:-Jl o~ ~Wj.l.l ~ (~)
~ ,~ r,}J • e.,WI 0,,\1. .yu.1 :yw~\ ~1.b-YIt.~J ,.,...;.bJ~
~_,.J~J_;.i'Y\ r~'~ ~J ~JI.I.~.)I)J~~\.. e ~J _r.:iS'\..
~.;1' - 1.5')1 \J.,.. 0Jf,. c:r...lll ~4~'
l:,;t.~tJ~ ~T.JJ_} l. J)J '~ ~ L.J c.H> ~ t.. J'p""
J
1 ~~)I
.."
.. - 'j ~~
c": _. 'jl ~ltl ).,~l...:::.. '11~\;~I
M •
~Ys: ·\t,
"'"
..".I~I o~ (J_I::; ~t li,u,1 ~'J o_r.l:-o ~~ ~jJI "t u-ln
c.ill ~I.iJWI ~! A w...i ,:/I_,. ~~ ':/1o~1 j ~':ll 4.1);,
([ tl.rJ1 J) Jt <t ~JWI » _,t « ~I}JI » _" « ~I J) ~.

~.ltl ~I JJ..ul J J~~ ~..ul IL

_,t 1 JW'J1 ~'p'".".u~~
J-II LJ.. » J « ~~'jl ~I » J (J.,JJI ~ ~ ~
~4 L.J .J'1)iJ1 o~ ~ ,)1? 1,)"'l:J1o~ J « o_,...~1» s « ;~~::n
~L.i ~6.~I j&- Wli ~~.r#_'" JI ll~yii ;;"G_, ~t ~
.~~
L.)I... ~t ~~I ~J~'"e~~'"~~_,.iA ~
tJA :
~W \..;> l.:-CIJ , JLSJl t~ J' 0).,..r=J4 cSlJr ~ ~~~
~).l

••
~ ...1.11 L..:..l~
~..ul r- .. c...i!y.J-A
II JwJL
.. 1.1. J) • 0 It],1 w
" J
~I..~ \I~I ~ ~T t~\l1 ~UJ ~~. ~I).),)~
~l- J Ji ~I ~l&.\j j ~)I ~l&.~ '11 c:.,liJi ~ <I..k
..\.Al • lJ~1 l
~ ~IlJI
• ~w"c.r~ "II .:;.,~~
• '.:II cll; , c.)")
JJl
~ 'YS c)l., . ~I ~~I o,~1 ~~ ~ t~ ':II ~ J..u ~l ill
c,)i , d.J 4...ti o.)~j J ~IJ ~lS' I~l ~J , r WI I~ UA 1":r: ,j~.

,o.lA " e J
I~-, ~ .. ~fol.. o:"1\ ~I ~.. L~ ~t.e:..1 -l.
cS JI 0-:.
. t..;.

;,)W"t~ 'jl~ .:;.,l.._,.A...J..\.f~tPI UAJ . ~I ,o~ rl:W ~n;

;;~r'-,ji. c-" -.~
~....f':'J ~ -!l~~'.t!:'j (.J -'
.if'
~ ..J 1;1cU~ ~

. ~ ":r.- ~ u='1 ~~ ';II Alz-U Wa.:.il ~IJJJI ~ ~I? jJT

,j~ J ~J~\ \.:;6.~1 ~ J ,j~1 Ji'1l l.::.... ~J

~J • ul>~'J1 b~ ~ c,;J1~~~)\ J,J> J:-.JA ~~'

,\0
..i>'J' ~~I t~~1 ~ J ~y" '1 ~t.fJJ ~.'~ clJ~ J.Ai ~,
.Jl?- tr ~\ A';'" ~lS1 .1..,..... , ~ ~ ~ ~t _p.:J1 J
~~ ~\ ~ . ;;~.,.. u6..~1 d'J J> t.J , I>J.fo r' ~ ~
'I~ ~llJl .~ (\) t~')'1 ~ ~ _,..;,bJl cl.,JI J
.~W' J;'J ~l ~.)I.,.:jl ~t ~ . .;.'l ci-, U" ~ ~ e:-.rS
:t·tI ~L .t . II '! ~_ ..rl ... ':J clJ.lS" . ..::..1 ... ~
u--" r-.~ J.J-::"" ~ ~ ~ -e-A" ..
..:..t.".dl ~ ~ L::...IJ,)D" ~~'~t($.f-i;;)~_' . ~_;JJI j".)J

~~ ~....G.~' Js. :ud6J.1O,)\&. I.:.......Ait J l;§ I~I l:.;t ~ . ~I~ J

.LL~I':"L.
- _:tl ..\:i.:....J
~ i ·_t I ~..)'. .wI;; L!':JI .J.r-'"
..u--" ~ (',,:-,....olll
~

. c?"_,J ~ ,,_I' J:6.:1l 0b t ~ T ~ L.j t;a. ..u ~ _,s:J . clJ~ l:lli

y. ~TJ \;r6.~1 J_,i &)t cU ':J : t4' ~~~"....,

~t J&- 'J}J , (.)"UI -,i ~~ ~I ~hl\.CJ\ ~1 • ':"1.lJ~~,

U L.UiJ 'I~~' ~ '.J!'~~'J' I~ ~~ ~ I)" I.,,~

1~ ~J_' • t.J ..rA> ':J JL....J! ~ ~t., ~)- ~..", ~, ~U
..w .b.t.. ~ ~
.r.II J., '-'"1.:.I1.1L.:J ~.'~IL~t, c.-;--
_~,:__tl yr.." , i~1
.~ l)d~ ~lJ u.~. ~~~ .!l_,L..U ~l4.. ~ ~ 4.it
~ iJA rU&:J1 ILA ~ cS~ LA r.P JL.i'J1 t,Jlr L:.bt......J
.~,J:-. J-J ~I ~, • ;;~:~H~~~ cSJ"'_"';' j,~ .uii , ,)'~'J
·'~,)LFlI ~"JIJ lli...J1,;rJ' :t.~)1 ~I~I?'JIJt_,;.L, u~1 (]A

.u'LJ)'1!l)-ll ~ ~~J ~J 'iW~'J U~' l.r'.# ,;rJ

:a P. Fairchild. ed., Dictionaf'l/ DI SociolDgy. (New Yorko 1944)· (' )

"
~ - oUt ... c-;-
~~_ll ~.. ~I r'1J,l1~I .. -'I l.a . ubi.r:
tJ-"
__'I s

. J6. J&- ~.:~ ~ ~T ~I u~ ~TJ . ~~)l1 u[;:>\J1

_,. ~I ~t 61.:.u I... L:1i : ~~y, c;,U)\aU ~, "&_,.:J,

:U)W~ ~Jt 6..L....4Ai cS.)J1W . 4~ '11 uli~ ~I ..la.jl

~ ~I.ill J..la:.:J1~~ Jl;...J1 I~ tP ~ ~,t~ ? ~~'j'

LfLCJI ~~I ~ ~.')lt. )l!.. !t~ . ~:r.:t .]A L.J c.r~1 ya L.
,;}..~ "t , )L:J.IJ~\;.J,l1 ."t , u-..!J1J d')~1 ~ ."T , ~I"
cc.s! ,)..P."Y. J'I:.. ~~~I o~ ~ .l>IJ §01. ~~I.r'l:.,JI.:r
dJ..iS' ()~ .. ,.iJJ . ~41 ~ ~j ~I :i.i~1~t ..r.f. . _;'I
u=J1u~bJl 6"\" ~ J oj ,)~J ~ I.lAJ , ~I ..krJl ,:r ~':J
1<' ", I::..· d\ W....~IJ
J I t.;...V'~~~,""" :U~L; . 4J1 ~..r'At
:t.r1.Cl1 N

• J.)L:=i' :J1),)~4 ;'"'''~ J~ ()~c.:-..} ~~ ~I . .,;.'1I.)~J

J,.rJI \~ JL:.:J~J , ~~I (;~~.i )I cU; ~ c:,J~"
~L:fLCI clL...r ~ w
~I J.>
,.J!. '1 c-:-
..~':-1Ic:,1...c-:-
..-:-LI LAr r.. r '~I J

~ ~." • _,>5U t.+,.. § !II).)I ~, l);"" ~ l.:i ~~':JI

~\ijLJI • -It \11w..cl
l)
~.r~ ..... O~.)~
r.r"'I ~ttjWl ~ 1.._
. ({~~'l1

LS , t.,,:.::J~ ¥-~)l1 u\;~1 jl:..;' : ~~'" o\l~' JUai

\~I -,' , ~l:.-JI ~)4 ~l:.J1 uli~ l.J . ..u.:l4 ~I ~
~ 4.i!..l ':lI1, ~~4 J!_..\..a1I_,T , J-II ~~ J-WI ."T , ~
..ub (! u"~1 ~ ,_,.all~? ~I . ~~'JI u~)W\ tl_"it i.1'
JI ;;J~~ ~..}i IJ .J.&, )I ~b.~1 u-e ~ 4.A~ L.. l.:.ti.> 'J 1~1
~ .,~ -- , tJ' WI:"-I
• .......J v
-~ "",.:tJlAJl6AI
..... ~l.:> \II ul;jWl t:I'T
.JI

,v
, «4.. a?e..!.if» ~.",« ~.. » ~", '" «'~~LL:!'I u\j~ l)

.,-L.. ~ J]J . 1lG.." « ~I~ l) ",i « ~,)-,

.. » _;'~I ~.1 .
(S..)J\ J.)~I !.IIJ.)~II.iA J&. r _,A; ~b L. {( ~~Il) ~ c,t;)WI

. ~I ;J~\ll ~

'Jlh:. ~I~ ur- ",i., ~ e'i ~ r.! l..o ul!)W1 A~ ~ tJAJ

Jl:AJ1 ~.)L..a
MI.
J u-
.-AJ ir..~Ii .~j~ ...
~~
. UI.4JI dJ6Jl5"

J~. L. ~.i ~IJ ~J~ ~I <sftil ~.P."';'11~~ JI r:)a.4r ~

~ ~ ~J~1 <f~1 ~j ~I :ti)WI .,..iJ.j,...bL!; iJA ~
~ ~~ '11 ~1i)W1 ~ ~li clJ~ e'" . {(~41 » d.,;)\&.
y:. t~.~.t1
I~ .1 , d~ 1!)A .,..\..:.:-i (S.il \ J!ll I~ J AJ.:-i '1 L~
dJJJ ~~IS" ~.1 . ;..\:..I.1:C~JI ~ ~l.:J~I.1t ~~I;.fJ

.~1_,....,..b. J&- ~ J)r ~\.1 dl:J\ ~ ~ toi'l ~I~l o- )\)

•....,! c.f llJl' ~
V--
:u•• s l.:J I u\i)W1 ~..\.a.i 1J ~k-JI;)
• .J I~Is
l"'.: ..\::>.Y.. r-
~.
..
c+: .!l~ ~~.
r: }/ Jt:.lL.J ,:t..&.~1
... ~..... h ..b. .. ~t
. .Jl J6J.1
, A~J~ JJ ~~)U t~.JA ~ ~ '1." - U~ }/J

~l ~ t/' t~'J1 ~ r~l t.r_p-:fA u=rl ulS)W\j ~~I",

!lr._ L. 6~ ."i L. ~~ .).J~Yo U"~ '11." J.)l?1 jIJ,)'J1 Js- \'_iij
.~ ~l.::J1~I}t ~

..J WI
~ . A
.h..I)A ~ ...: ..a,.,.J~"~~1
I.T
OJIl ~t~
J.r-' • '" - -..
..!&I ':l c-;'"'
~1

~1.J:f" ~~ !J\;). ~I ~,)~I ~ ~ '1 (~I ~I ~i

~\~~'JI ~\ ~)~ dJI..uI~)t' ~t ,."wI ~. ~
oUl~ ll~ ~J • ~UjIJ ~'J ~l) ~\.r:J' ~~ J UIAII
o~l." , ~IJ';l ~l;,.. l>l;::-11 ~':J , ~I ~.J!. ji~'~ y ~
v.
!\1).)~1~~ ~T~ ~ ~ l.:va_,, ($,;.i;~ ;'~J,y ~ ~ U:;
'if~1 §~~- r.l:>~I.:..~..k..j J ~J 1:'1- u'~ '.II
. ~~~I ~t J .t::! ..b Jl IJ.~ J'~ ~I JLsr~1 ~~ ~TJ
, l:W1 ~tl~1 ~ J!~1 ~ ~Wl ~I-, ~~I ;\:> J.&:-..i-,
•~. .Y J..r-
1 - ~ ~.
"~ .• ~ ~..\Jj. r.r"11..1j..r-All J 1pfL1
. u6.b.
. ..",~ll•
V

~ ~i ~I r~ jt j~ ~WI Uj)11 J ~jt LS-,

.,1 ~I a~lj c.P.-)1~ JbJl r./' LS , ~ tl_,i; ~ uUI~
I;,..~I ~y ~J' ~~ ($]1 ~IJ ~I ~,~ _,t, ~I

. JW'JI t..f11>I}T ~ rA <s.1l1~I JI ~l:(J1 1.iAj

6""1)1 J Ip »?. : aASlJ;1'J 4t!W6l1J.fJ J' ~u p1"wt

4iIJ • JJ~I uiW\'I ~I c.ilS' , ~ oJ~ Js.' ;..r"~1 ~r~\
uli~1 t1,_,il t:ro t..S~.P."J J-,i tj ~I ~~I ~t JS;. ~
~L!11 o- tjS ~ :i;~1 o~ .)i ~Ijl rYJ • ~~~,

J J.-.Al4 ~~ L.. I~J . ~ ~;,..; J.. ~..iJ1d',~~1 j ~t;J.I-,

. ,,_/'It.. U.)..w' t... ~I
~I~J ~ JJj11 JjJ ~.~ jLG. ~~.tlJ ~L!11 ~I
.'~ ~ .v- ..:.J4'.JA.r~uu·.
I _". t&.. ss ..:·1\
vJ·~rJt .._k ~ ,'\ ..k
';¥r
~~w L:....s ~ u'i~. ~~L!.I.I~J' ~t ~I JJ
~ ...b.~ ~

~L..GJI ~I.i. J.::-Y.. c.4 ~ j\llJ . m ~bJ.l ~i , (.)?~4

(~ld~~1

~ \.JA 'l/1 ~ ~ 'J I J"; II w_,l 0t ..uYJt 0......

~ ~~ <\)
: }i;1 I a ~ » )#>J ~\ ~ ~

TM Folklor. /}/ CapitalimJ (New York, 1937), Chap. VII.

~t ~ '}/ ~4J1 JI La.. .. L.::1~1 ~pJ.)~1 !}I).)"'JI &)1

~\...!ll ;_p", ~L.!ll ~y r I~I ~I i~ Jl:J4J' ~

~ ~ ~ U!JJI c\!JJi ~ \'1 ('~, ':J ~I ~I ' 6.)I}T ~
, ~)lA:... ;e JUu J:>.I~(" it.,J.JIJ' JAJIJ ~I J l. ..\:..
JI
lS - ~IJ • ~I 'OF J!.~ ~ L. ,.lS'.il1~ ~ ...u -,i
~ll JJ . « if.".:11~I » ~ i_,A,_ - _r..J J.::- -~.U ~~
~ WI ; P~ « ~I~I ~..r"l- })~ ~ clJ.lS" J , r....\AJ\
.(\)4..';..' a"" "i ~,ii":;::J1
\~\~~~_;..i;J~ Ji, ~WI ~1)11~

«>T '11 . ~..b:J1 u~1 J ~~ \II ~L!.I.I J)..\.. ~, ..uJ

JIJ., '1 ~)t;~ Jl..yl ~)I ~) LS ~l.!.J1 ~l...c~\ )ya:.l1
o- tl.rJ1 t~ JooU I;'., . ~_,Afl ~J <-.i11:.U J.t~ i~ u_;;.,.
~L!.l\~ P.i..~t r
~':J W1 ,.i.t.~I!~. ~i.byo ~~ Jl> ~i
• 6.r"~ LS..A11 ~I .)I)i ~ ~L...c..J1

~ ~ I.S Ul;J1 Jt:- ~I ~ ~ I.. ~ ~J

, ~'. ,'>Ii ~W::..., , l.W ~I...t=.. ~ "",ljl &)l) )J . ~WJ.I
• ~1_-1\ t \. -'I ut;j\.S
-' v-'
"..
.J.':"'4I ~..
~~':JI• ~~
\' -
~ ..La; i..l,rI:.
~\ Jpl ~1 !n.:.~ jA '1-, ,.\kJIJ .l>~1 ~ ~bJ\ olA ~ ~
.~ ':J L.J . .iJ1 ;')l-..J 4i1i J~ ~UI-, . ;;..r.)L::lI~b..~1 WA
Jl(..;~ .)~.JA ~I J&- Jya;1 I)A 411~)WI ,y- r~" ~
~
• ~I..wl ~
.q .:...
, ~ _1\1.\
~~ ~
..I..J1.:J1La,: ,a::l1 ~~l"..1
it lin •
a'; (')

,_;fi.!' LJ' WJ~ J\;J~ .,,;.T ~J

t r ,,=,,'J~ J~)I ;r ..;.._~
I,J.. ~, ~J~I 4,)AJ • ~!i~i>J11- ~ ~ WI I ~! •.o::a.,.. ':ll_';" _" lO~1'
Ji.bJI ~~ ~ o~1 ~~\ ~ ~ J~ ~ ~ ~I
,.. ~I ~ ~~, LJ~ LJ' ~J,) uncle Jt c.r "fo. 1.1...;:5
~.fl' -
y.
It.J.. ~ ' c"'~ u\j~
~~
Ie: \.., ,,:- Itll • ~l..::>)'1
I"
'!
~~
"I J ~,
~I 4.- t.r' c)l ~I ~ J_'~JI ~ ~J • ~ ~ ~t:;JI ~~~I
J l. ac.s! '_~lJ I... ~~ ~ J.J~ ~~i c)" ~ JS" ~ c)l
~, c)l$' t..... JaA1~ ~~ l. ~ L...\.....t ,.:v. . ~ ~ L.. J.l4.
~) ~-' ((J,)~~ » J' ((~ » Jt « Id~' » ~~ ~I'
.oJ"'~1J\l,; J ~\hJ'_, .i>~1 ~ iA I)J.'I ~_,4:.l1J~ ~I oJ""~I'
• ~\..:.::,..
.. • \'1 (.;WJI
. c.rI.:..b J 4..SbJl ~\ ~UJI ~c.s-A'I ~ .. u-J
t_.::-

J.e~IJ J,)l:=J1 JJ.'I ()A (ill;J1 ~ .)~ ~ ~.x:rl ~ ,-;"t.uwI

• ~l..::>
., .'JI ~\;JWI J,wt c+ J

J.:- \ _iAj 0.,r")lli , ~b....U ~~ tlyl !l1.:.A ()P jl ~J

4,:_)" JJ) ;j\.:.AJ • J.i~1 tYJ )'.\JI tj ~ :t:=:-j~l JJ}1"
J.,t J.,,}" ;l6J• :i,. 4~1 ~I." ~.l4OIJ ;J~4 ~ (5_f.i
A-UJ ~I ~1 tl.;' J ",4.",;::11 ~.)I}':/I ~l:4-Jl J GlJ~
P.~ 4\i'~ J)b. ),;11 e ~~,14 ~l)1
s:.1J"'"JJj!1
• \..:::,..':/1 L -'I .... J ~t1 J ~ ""
~ • v-" ~ c-;-

..,--
c-:-
..A ...
~ ~I _II ~...,
·,'_tl,4 - ."\ : ~!'
c;rt'"""'.r
.l !I•• l..:.oJj
T.
aAI~' a.....;
.. •

CJ"l:.U c)l ~ o- .u~ c!U~." L.L.A;\ ~~ ~i J.:i 0JW :i:;..a~'J

U)'J
• •~ ... W•• bL;..
M. U:~ J ~I.)~~~ .. ~.·Ii ~L!:.. ~b.b..
..

lS.~ ~J~ :C~I.1'l:J\ ~ c)~ ~tJI c$,)y.ue) ~L.!:lJ.

y\;J\ J ~ ~_rL16~1.J ..b1)1 ~~I ~ J :c_r11 ~)1 ~t,
6JJ;4J~ uIa ()"ljJ ~L!::l1 ~~6JIJ J""~I ~ ~ t.SjJll.Y'L...~t

• ""'~ I Lt t::J1 J&-

':/1 \ Ili.:.II j ""'~). r.i--- J' ~.;J I J ~L..
~J~I4!L!.lI..l.44iJ - t- ~WJ.IJ 4.AJ~1~ ~jJl JJJJI ,jl

"\
~I •.i- ~j &)T ~ Jlj I... : ~~1 ~'J~ ~W~I

~I ~L!.LI ;_p o- ~t ltit ~)...lI ~L.i ~J' &)l.....i~ ~L}~I

,j\Jli ~ ~\ ".i. if..,L) r. J.iJ . & J) ~ P.1..

t."~ <\i'~~ ;.),:)t r)L.J~' ~ "uJ . 0) t.f'~1 r)1~ ~L.;\,'

~ ~, ~\_j~ ~I 1)4 ~ 4iT t.,:.....D .p ~ ~I~ .l:..

, 41.liJ ' ~I)J , ~W e¥' ~ ~ ~LJ~I ~I . I~_'
4.-~ ~I o~..wl A,)..bJ.1~1.....bJIJ, ~}J ' ~IJ.)tJ , ~jJ
q]L.I J ~~i J "j LGt ~ ~ 'J" is": v----:. _~'7_ll~I - c-;-
I~.J". c-:- ~I -.J

~ ~I d o..u JA ,)~ ~I . ~ J ~ """I.,-tV".# J J.

, -L....ij ~I JI ~I ~b. o_p ~
~l.J~1 ~ L. ~T ,-pl)1':/1 cr::J1 J ~t) _,J ~~I ~)\i
t.....J ' ~l..l.jl ~bJl olA t:~I ~J.) J~ 4JL;j , w~.,u'a-
.u.l_....;~ ,)
Y:-s
~ ~t d.L.kJ1
.. &))i ~ ..r-
-':~. ~-t I.)"
1.:.11 •
if*! ..so.)1
~
~ I... cL.l:J1~ ~., . e¥1 JI ~b. ,j~_' ~,ji ~
~L:u\ j .r-'I ~ ....~ ~t ~~ 4it ~~
.u, I_,i. cJ4c-:-
_ao:_tI ~J
M.

:iJ6..... ~ ~~.p ~~. (.)/-i ;)~_, , « ¥l~))

Ji ~~
~ ~t _"~I J.,t J c)~~ ~ r '~Ii. ~I 1..:"1$ u.o tj JI

...
~l..::=..),1 wli)W1 r~
.1" t' t...-lJ1 ~ W \'1
"". ,. ~t.J cif> J .. J
• ~ ~I

.o.l...~fll-\"-,~T
• ~. I.)"
l:.U.<"_,
~~
•.

~t ~t .ufo. ..>jAA ~\~ ;U~\ ~~ Jt ."l:a-;t ~J <\>

.4JJ:l ~fo.. ~t lA\ ~ jWJ.t o~\ ~ "r':" G!! ~~ 0\ ;.r ~ LS..iJ\
• 411 Jt ~J ~fo.. ~1"'" .~ ~ ~J • 4,i.ti Jt 4\.-;~1

y\,
.~I ~4JIY'~i~1 \:;\.._,.A..<.J\t~1:~, ~~, ...N...j'J
~ ~~I ~_,JI J.t.A.lW ($.111(~':Jl ~I : ~~I '-:'~ t~J'
~t _,'~~ J1 ~ J- Jl , of Ji'l tIL. ~ c.)"l;J1 l)A ~~

(,)"1..:11(f o_;Aj ~t ~~t l... J~ l.!:=--J . lA.r"~.

b~ ~\S1.I_,..."
t.c,t;J\ ~I o..l.. J '1 (J.lr_. ~ , oJ:! ,i;;~ o_r)1
o~ ~ \:JlS, dS_;.!ll o~ ~L..':J\ JI.P'~I j ~, cUi _,t
~T~ .)I~' ~I ~~ oj:...llWIJ 0 ~ ~4 0rjl.
4.L.1S' .ui:> ~ ~t ~ 'J )l!. •)IJ t.i>1.> J ~ ~l:> ~. 0

GU~· J-A! ~l ~ ~ ~ ~b J J1 ~J~ LjA J>b J

~I ~~ ~L..~I ~li clJ) J.&-J . ~..l4 Ji 6.1.:~iJ>I.> J.
o ~b J J.:;~ ~l ~o ~~)1\ ,»)11uliJk, §~T~

. .A.u•
u- ~I : l..
T:~• dJ("'".•
.. ~&~:
.r- 4J'J ~~
\';. "I.jI .''rl' O~-"
t. •

. ~.;f i.f' ~J ~1 (\:Ai l. ,§ J;. ($~ ~I ~k4n

,).J...J. ~J.. 'J ~ ~~4~I..yl ~_,-!JI Lt.:-! l;~i ~ ~J

~"J'"A ~ " ..tr"II L.; . .: 115' J!lJ)Y.,.Ju v-

...J.r-:; IAA' ~ .. (fL.,I)" \Ja')1 ~ °t
u~~1• dJ:' J w.....
~..bJ1t6J.I ~~~\ • ,('I
~J
• l.l;' ~I·~ 'I L..._,AJ.._
bkJ. ($~ ("'It ~ J:~I· U--J..• ~ 0
ltrl.1 ,.~I
0
\;i o~1
c.r '"
o- r.P L..a:;\f 1 J.)~I Jt- rjb ~i ~I o~CI\J ~..bJ1 ~I'
~ .)~.)j'Jl J .1;.~IJ \,..~ c J.>L::i1 L5"'~1 .1\.f/::J1~J ~
,. ..
• ($,.,>1 ~

~ ~4 J ,.\...2&.1 Jlil <!U1~J , o~ Lk J~ ..ijJ

J ~ ..u Ji . ;;..;, ~L..... .)-'~ o.)..bLe W~ j~ I~ o~

~I J-!r ~ tU)'1 ()A ~ ~4 JI ~ G\I~ eJ~)
:ijJ....:A tb...
- ~\..:J• 1 ~
t.r::J A<t ~ ~
WI r.). Ji l:r .)~ • ; j ·t,ll

~i \~ JJ6. ~ l..\i ~ lA~ ~J ~ j..A4:J \J_p- ..1!1,p-

~I u~~1 jT -lAW\_, . t.J.P" l( ~~"b. 1;\.:...,» I~ ~i:l.l
.'~I j>.b J r~ ~..u.lt . 4:... ~t ~ u~4~1.) J A.)_'::-~
~l) ~J ~I ~WI ~411J>b J ~~IJ , :t..t J>-I.) j ~)"J
. ~ bJ I ..::..i)' J ."...:J I J o.l:;.1'
~\.G Ji ~L.....c.:f ;)~$.
~~,~, ~~1: ~,~~, ~1

~411 <.r-"iJ . u"~':ll ~\;Jl ~ ~J~ .i,~.'i

~~\'1 oL:JJ
. ~b\\:t4l,~
. J ~LCI 0 ~I.AJI-~ t.6JI
N ~ ~_

4r ~L..... WI.);A, .:I...J. I ~~I ~ : ~W, .)1..\1' _ ,

:.L.lil v---
, __ A ~ ~
~-~" ~~
~J 1.-.)1 ~lt.b··
IT" • ~J
, ifJ
.~,
vlcl •.~111II.iJ. .~iJ . JI~':lIJ ~ U_r ()'S r.>IJ~ ~
, ~J~I ~ J;- b..b=.t lilG ~ ~~ .:.dJ r.5t J 1.... ~~
:W\.d.\
It 'fJj ~bJI .,p- ~
L!' t· ~J Ub.;
•• ~ (.6J1 u~WJl
_r--.. ..J:......J
• r--

J ~, ~IJ' III~ l.. ~ JI ~ ~J , ~_,i ~L.ar ~IJ

~ ~IJ lhJ ~~I)I JfL.,J .)L!:;jl ~ ~-"-'I rWl
~t '.JI . ~)I ~~I J ~..\i4 ~~WI ;~I J,W1 ~ d :L,t:;.
'~J ~I J .r.S14t.~ ~j'J 4l'1~j.Jllt ~jL:,'.JU JL...J tWI
.~ Jlj L.

1j_,.~J~ JI';::? ~ JI e.-J ~I ~4J1 (,_,..iA ~T ~1

.. ·I~\
~... 4.4ld\ J-~~.~ )'1.la.!1 ..tl fwI,'
...r' :,u 4;~1 ....... ~~~\_ • """
J.,r.. .... t.,:J\
~Jl\ Jt ~~I cS) tj c: tl!..i J~~ ~~I OJ.,., I AD_,

yt
~ l.J ~ ~ r
O/,ll.; J:l1l:.Jlb.i :~, ~~, UJ,~ - ,.

,;t ').J:-A ~ ~ Jl.l!l (.)"~11~ ~ , ¥I~I ~~I J

~'-t:~fI 4..~ IJ~ JJ .c.. ~ ~ c.S.lJ1t.f'~ '11 ~I.;H
.u W-- o~~.l. j \LJ~I J' ~l:>-~I..bot StC... ~ ..\:>. • ~f~.U
~ :is_;.!}.\ t'WI J' ~ ~ JLm\'1tJ6 j~\ JJ.AJI ~ j~
.J,~~JI•.1. J!..J . ~Uj,1 'OJ.>_,JI J'J ~_,Ai j ~ ~t ~
.\..:1 '.l4 c.r' L:..)'I J;- c.S~ ') ~ t..l ~I ~W:J I if (,J.§:.; \.. ~ i
.~I~4J1 ~lt. JI j':4; ~,;.ioJ~ t.;\ - t. t~".. JIl-..
.~ rl:A' ~JJ~ 11~ t.;~ t J ~ICI '0}I..\JI ~t J.S" Ji ~t AJ
~1tJA .,l:.li L. J..P ~J •~ JI ~J.>J c,S:>) '.J ~li 4~l
~ _;.UI o~1 ~_;:A; ~i ~ '1J . d.S'_;...Ut o~ J~ :y:J.\ :i.&.L40~JI
LS , o~1 ~j, j ~Y.f ~"S'J~ ~I , \Ia~ LJ4 !}I):>4

. ~ ~~. till ~J~\ J ~.JJ~

J ~I : ~J J IJ~ ~ Ok~ o~~J a1:AI
1.:,....,J

J'
:41.:.' -o,r.! ~i _,t 4.-,~ J1 o~ ~,J... ~i c:.ro ~ ~i ~~
~~ ~ oJ.:..IJ §.Las.t ~ ~J . ~ ub4- ~ , ~I~
• 4S"_;..:.it jj~ J~ ~~ t.i~ , ~I;JI ~4 J>b J ~

A. A. GoldenweJ.aerJ Barly Civili2ation (New York, 1929), Chap. XII. (\)

..:-:} ~.~\ ~WI j ~I ~k~\ ~ :Q..,t:4Il')J..bJlj c!.U~ e~
, W J J !J_,w.. u k~ U \'6.. ~ ~t ~') 1J • ti.},) b J.b-
.~ ($..\11t..,:.ll U":tl!..Tj ,)J..\:IJI olla ~:UL ~ 1.lJ~
: J4 ul~ ~ ~UIolla ~l) ~IJ ~ ~

.~ ~ Jt , uY.I)\ Ji ~~)f .i.." ~ ~ ~t ~i - ,

olla ~l~ ~J'? ~~lb ...1(S..\JI~~ ~ ~4 r""'~
.L)W u\'~ :i.ii.:4,J1 j ~J • ~} ~~ ~ ,.JAi uL-J}.1
.6..l...J. ~ ~~ dl!ll <)A .# ·t.i\ki J>-I" J ~~':II ;~,
4&." ~i JI b~1 ~I ~l..:J1 (ilG JI l.."....I.. ~~ u~1
.I.1.J.". ~~\G'J ~I ~~I ~ , ($..ul o"J~ ~ ~jljl

• ~~~~ JIJ-II l..i..a~ ~~~I JI J.:.J ~I

~.r.-L.JI.rj ~ « ~ ul&.4» r"~\ Jlki;;t ~.t -"

.~\ ~I.)~ ~( ..:' l\J o~\ ~.r~' ~..ul ~ J ~\
rj~\ J,J~I .rjl oJ.,. ~..u ;;t t.S) I.!lIJ , Ji~JI~~" ~~l
~ ~~ )>.:-,.,...." t.-..).) tilb ..uJJ . ~, ~~I J l. )1,.;
. (\) ~_")11 o~\ j )_;:::lJ~ ~l!J1 ..1...:1\ I~ ~

u='\ :u.ill1~4':l1 d..tfUJI, ~ ~4 ~ ~T ~t - 'f

~~';JI ~li~IJ !l1~~1 r:r ~I_,llJ ~"~j ~j~t ,1.:' '~'
,)1. ~~ ~I.,~H ~_;:s" ~i ~ ~l!ll ~~ oL f ~~,

~~I ~ c...AJb ~I ~_r4jlJ;- ~ ~L-II l.:.4J_,-i e~

P.V. Young, Thl Pilgrinu of Russian TOflln(Chicago, 1932.); B.B. Wcssell, <')
An Hlhn/c SUN1lY of Woonsoc:k,t, RlIod, Island. (Chicago, 1931)j
W. L. Wamer and Leo Stole, Th. Social SY$fsmr of AlMrican &hnic GroUP'
\(New York, 1945).

y,,\
:w:.~ \'1 4.:UJ\
M •
~t ~.r-'J.....1
.~. . ~ L lC. ; ~I~~\"_:- ~i :.i..W~
..
•~\'I~L..r~'JI (lAi ltll '11, J.:5l:J4 t.f'~1 ~Ij' ul_):l.L&A1.~
~I ..
:\..WI ~l..all
•• • ~
.... : a..1W, ~'-"J oJ\....bl\ Jl..!:it
n •

~}\; ~,J"JI rWI J l.tJ . JI~I rWI JI Let' ,.tA.(:...1

l.il~
• ;,.b.I_,JI (fJJ.J1 .lJ..b Jl1l j>'" j d...':J1~4 J ~ L.J ,.~~I
o'L;:> « ~ J) JI 4JJ..u1~ L.J..:&. ~b. ~ ~~ l.. I~-,
L... 1_'::- lS
" j) v- J
i, t.. ., "')1 Lil1t
.~II~..I ..r-
.. ..Y" .. ad LS , t.l) ~1.11
l

- k11 if
r- . c.J)L:> '11 I,)J..
,(, ~ - n
cS~L.a:.:il \ lru :t....\it,• ~ ,.....r""
I~i P r ~~T ~l '11 . .)~IIJA ~~ J ~I ~.'~L..a.:;'11
~jl:J1

J) ~ ~.1."~ I.S , ~-;.~;-

. ~. _,_, II >bJ'!II!.iS J. ,l.r11 tAL....
..
• "IL:-, _LJ LS , ~J.,JI ~'1':J\
,:r u-' r- ") (; Wz.:,J1 ~\ • ~ ~f. r. '-;1 4.L.A!I1
..

~l5' ';J::f ' ~I ~k.411 ~..u J'I~ 1'.lA(:_.1(5' t, ($_,;;JI h.

...
• o~ ,t..
,~IJu~I).IJfL..-, ~ "ff.")~ ~ (5_,iJ1 ~.l.-,
J.)L::l) .. ~}1 w':J~1 . -' ""..r" . ~ "La:.:il ~
"I ~I JI ~6Jl5' .r .J'
t. 4,:-" t./'UI (1::.i'11.'ll)' ~~ d..4j:...J' (,5J.i1(5,)\.4j':J~
~~ ~6... ':J ~.r ~.PJ oiJ".:.tJ~ (_)t )lDT ~b l. J~ ;.';1\
~I..P' I)A~} J ~T l...,., ($;..CjI.)~1 JI ~..u14T ~
~ \' ~ ~_,AII o~ s.ljlJ • ~;.. ~~ ~-' ~::--J~~I
. 4.Jb ~ '~.)~ J..f,,1 ~.):" ~_,; « )\J"'t» ~la J4-:i ~t

4&o~JA m A" J...\iJ ~~ (5JJI ..b.1)1 rW\ ~i 4\:.:J~J

Wendell L. Willkie, (Onll World, (LoDdI)D)~1943)'"r'l£ JIl:.A 1)\.iJJl.1~ (\)
~ J\;:.iJI ~,)~J ..U,bJ1 JJ.) :U\:.. ~ tJ~ c)-- .r...fo 4.i1 ~;) ~~
~,;1' - ~ ~~~, ~\:)Jl ~ ~, 'JI ,~l!H ~WI ~_r>Jl

Y.V
r-L-Z J ~.r I)A ~~I '-7;:A1 ~J ' ~J} i.. ~.,,(:J! J ~,.
"~ c;1 W" ' ~I~ ~(': uLI ~I 'u~411 I)A ~l> ~LJ'J1
L.J ~}:11 J.-!r ~ ~I ~k:JI ~J~ J l.:.a..._; 1::'1";/1~I

~~I u~~ ~tAr)JU .r"'6..!1ci)1 J ~J.lfl ,)~, l..., • ~

'~'JJJ . jlC,. § J! <-k..jl J' 4..\11 o~'1 c: :tOO".'1' :Y_WJ
.i~)1 ~_,A:.:J ~ rI:4J1 cP ~I '":"t,~.~1 o~WJ.1J~~I ~t
. ~I.. ~~ • ~
- Lli .~lA=.J J.l(rJ I ~ t e: "'~.L·~UWI
,)1~'J1 '-' I.
I~

~4J1 ')1x...1 ~ \' J.AJ : i_r.:WS1J i~1 ~1 ok~

.~J 4JJ,:i...t 4.:.. ~ c.>.lJ1~I ~ ~tJ.Jl::.Il.r!'~1
·L..:!4 JIJ ~;~ ~ ~~4 ,).J--'=:"J W" ~ \' 1.La.,. ~WI
~L..:JI \'J :t.";JI~ '1J ' ~ J~I j o~l ~~I U" ~~
, ~I l ';.:~. ~t wCJI W" jlS" ~IJ o~ll J' ~;II Js. ~W'
...\.> \ e: ;;~I
(..7 K.
;;~I
J.... tbJl ~\&.~I• J' ~ ~. c.2'.J..:.S ~. .J
-rJ
J:,!; J I....
~ '11J. I..i'r.
':I~ U..l.J o~1
.., ~ ..bJ.\ 4.c.~li
. ... I,,_
• I.t.,.J-J." ~ "<t_' ~. ..:it
. ~~ • 1;..\.1..j j'," c..s-
Ie: Ub ~ • \.S , l:rb')LA:il
..
~ ~ Jb.. Jf J.&- :t.:ill ~~ ;~~.H ~I ~~1 ~J

~~I liwW' c;_;.t ~ I)AJ , ~\ ~)ill ;;~..l-tJ1 ~\;J\ 1.:r\.lJ

., ,":".;-11 J' U\.:>-i ~J.j LS ~)I O.}JJ ~l.".IIJ ~WJ~ ;;~,
,~., . Jl..')\) I 0jP.-iJ ~I)~l) ~..bJ1 J-l:....a11(l:;'J~ li..wJ
,~ LS ~I~ r J .\;~~I ~~I ~~I ')JJ.:;.. J~
.~L..:i\'4 ~~:JlJ ,)I)";J\ ~ ~~I ~Wl:ll_' JlAJlj ~I ~,)6.~
.:i.&.~1 4)A 'YS ~, ~~ I~ U-OJ. ~\ ~IJ ~I.d\ JI
. U,.lCl o~1 ,)1;'1 ~ ~Loj'.J ;~I ~L.~.JI., o~1

-:i.&.W
. ~1 I .'1\ ~\ 1_"1 ...w...U :L:,.J.:q \.:.) . .;, _;a:;-J
u>~ \.J

YA
,;s1 ~J(_:'--- « ~ 44 » L~~I J)~ ~1• (\) ~,
L.JfA-A
. (i,J-J("~... r:r Jl::.l1 J 4J ,)WI L~
oJL -'1~ 43 " J
. ..)J ~ ••
b.._,_• J

• ( ~IJ..) ~IJ ) ~IJI ,YaJ , ~J

v-l:JI ~ ;,;_;, .!J~ !on.:.,. : ~1.}'J1 bY J3~,r ~'''}'

~,
~}§ JJ~ ~~ ,~I~. ~i Ji'11 • ~Ij.' ~
~)JI 6~ ~, t'-' , ~~i J J' cUI}'j .p.. ~i ~J,) ~ ~

')I}' ..h....J ~ ~b L. 0r'liJ ~~I .t:f t.;li ~ 4_,i.J' JoJ..!

dUI ~ c)t ~l!Il ~)Jlj . ~I JfI....J ~ ~j ~_;..i
J) JJ~ ~~, ~ e~ t\_rJ\ J!~ o- ;~1 J ~I.}t
'11 • ~ ~~ b~ ~ J~ 41' LSJ..\,. ~_;"':JI tJA ~. a7;'~ ~i ~
~J o.,\,)Y A- ~ ~jtAJ4 ~ J.; r I~\ ~)J\ o~ c)t
~\ , ~ , oJI,r:.....IJ ~I r.~ t' if..)~ LS' , ~IJ cl_,1l
~~ './\o~ ~\!JI w\..yil.I a- ' ~ \...}LS}- L.S , tl~1
I..J!'>"'iJ . ~l.:.>1
" ~
• ,- -'..~~ ~,)W'.JI • J ce.C J
wl:.l.l5" .....J&.~I
~,... <.i'w
J IfL.t for
I.. ,'·
~
LA:.. ~.r 'I.it" ~t.f:_,,1 l:J1~ ..u
. -.il}' ifl}' ~ J ~4_4,>.J ~J~ ~ § ~4
..u....J.$ UI.4.b' ~,~ ("'! .>.i , 6..lJ\.:.:J\
.. ,.oj '0 . ~I ~ LlI b.l,.
,-,,~.~J

w\~k. ~,)~ ..\i \S ~.r c)§:; -UJ , r.4;J\ J.>\ JI o~L...l\

J ~Ie ~j_'~ ~..\JI~~I ~ JbJl ~ ~ ~I ~~\
~ ~ ~ .".jl c,5..b.\ ~ ~ J}-i ~ a-J . ,)~I u--j

. ~I)~ ~ Lo ~ d)~ ~~ \..~J . ~ ~,)I)' elLA..

• ~ ~\!J\ ~1)2j' <\) .
~ ~ ,::.J/-J L)"l:J\ o: OJ"j l.1~ ~I)I u.;aJ rfdJ
. ~ _r:... ~~ _,i.
~, UtI b~ J~c.>JJ\ ~.,tJ iJA ~ : L::l~' ~~'J ~1)1

• ~I ~k:J1 J>b J d..JL; ~ ~J ~ ~4 ~ ~I)h

· t.__.l;.\.) J ill ~I :tw,L;J I .:,,~ I tr .;n l'~ ~I ~ Y I_,.
_,t ~\ J~ t5J~\ ~I ~ jt.. rlAll I~ J ~jI_'; 01 ~_"
_,t c.»~1 ~4 ~.
¥,-' . ~~I ."T 4.:.,_..u1Jt ~.;rl ~_, e,S..'Il:.H.
, ~~ L._, ~ §~Y.. '~ll : J.L...:.J c)t ~ c.S.)l:l1 _,T ~I,
· ~l~ ~..'1 t.il, e'L",.tl JI tY':"}~ l.:Jjw ~ ~ c)T ~j
~ ~i I.:.:C..... '1 ~~I ~~l.::J1 ).J=:-J ~ if ~t.. \~I ,;/J_"
~4 \,.JA3' r :Jw ~;~ ..\i_, ) . ~..b.l\ ~\~II.i. J!.t ,j&-.
• ( c. 41"a.. Jlj- \~ ~~
\'1 ~ c!' c.>.iJ\ j.1C1 j L. ~.J..S~,

~u
.. lAb.... u..!6
4.1'" :{bIJI J :L6..l1
..• ~kJl' ~..r- '\ "L2; !I~ J
, ~\>. iflj~ ~p~I)I ~t JI I~J , ~\_,)\ J ~t
· ~,,,.~
, ...JWI
c oh ~.. · l.JI
.. ~.. ~I! (;~.. ...Jt-..C ~ tt

_,i <.I'~I , L:1L!i J..,~ ".i~ ~..'~)I c.>,)t;JI JI ~,

.. , d'..T \.:.iI,

Js- J~ _,'~L- ~ ~J~ ~ J !l~ ~J :w.~)J

~I)I J ~,J...4..lJ ~I , 4JL. J4 t:~jU d'~I.)t JI _,t cS..'It.. L!.)
~..f"L!.. § Js- J~ ...\i ~\)I ~t ~\ J_, . bJ~ tJ.-
lewl ;s1 ~ JI ~I)I ~ ~I e'WI 0"D ..It cll.lS' J
~ ~I_')I JI ~ L__;;,C_, • <C.c ~ Jt ~) Jail I)A

~\JJ l.;;)' c)l ciJ; J&- '-fA_, . ~ ~ c}ll ~I r!WI

. .. ~·i.)_;1l1~\
._.....::.;" ()A ~~ 01J ~I ~4J1 J>b J o~~
.l:J..t, P. ~)I "" J~I ~t Uj~1 jl) ~J J'
• L..,:.. ~

.,y ~,~ ~~ J' , ~~l; ,:j.._":'&' J I~ j\S' ~_,J.f ;_~

. (\) ~IJJ'
,Jt:.J, 4:.:;jA ~ Ji~1J;-' ~ ~~4- ~I"JI ~ ~J

U '::"~I ~I .rs- t-U1 ~)JI J 4.;Jfol oJ~1 ~\S'~~:,

J; (, ~)I ~ QA ~ ~~4--~._:oT.., ~~~ If' o~ )lA..
C)

.::..~4 JI J~ JI uJ)J1 l.i)wtl

~T ~I ~Pl _,It
.::"I.,b.
• (Y) o- jl u-- £; _;j ~

J!.. ~\)IJ ~I 41...;J1 ~ 41:.( t;' ~ ~~ ~'1b. !llaJ

'J!UI ~IJ l.l:....!j!5 tifl ~~IJ u~I)1 o.J...)ijL:-}1
J 0jH~t
.)_,.wl ~ ~IJ ~\.J.l..:! J.i c)1.llJ1
~~)I ~~L.:::;..'11 ~L.lli.:,I\_,
~t.:....J' 41J..1lIJbr'~lla ~I ~k~lj ~IJ}I ~ ~L4II
t.L... J :r.~~
. M L:- JI E."~ 4.:... 'it' ~i fl.~. , .l..u. W.. ~I _.:,·,Lt.
. ~J~I ~L.."..;l4 ~I LS~I ~I

~~I ~J-ltJlG!l ~ J o_""~ c)T..12.>.} : ~I.I o.J"'~'

.u\A..a, tY IA
.. -:weI ~. tAI)l"
.... tflJ..lIw~1
" .. ~. J
.J ~J~ ~ ~~J dtjl L~ ~'16.J1 0.L. ~ , ~I 4&.l.t:J1

VI. F. Ogbum and M.F. Nimkoff. Sociology (Boston. 1940). pp. _;,; t (' )
2S8-260 •

fCSocial Forcuu• XXV (Oct" 1946), 88-94-

.C} <:.JPF ~\ ~\ ~I ;J.t,.J o~ .j)~ .j; •..sJWJ ~J
,:l, ~I_ ~~ JI vJp.j' ~IJ \''1'' u.... ~ "-!.J> ..; ~"JWI
~.fll - ..b.H.".eJ11.4(" cI·a
~l::=-- J.:? ..b. JI ~.J.:",; 0J""~I ~\ . 0J""~I ;~ ~IJ J ~~ •
. ~ o~ J ~J.!.-JC ..\&.1.".;11cAr ~\lJ~t r
;~I ul.)~1 J \.S , ~,~\ ~I J 0r)lli clJ'; eJ
c!.U~_, , lJ~t. OA ~W~
~ ,. ~ ..' U 00
<!U,;,J t.)-I.:,.. ~ , ~I . ) ~ -
L;. ~\)? ~ o_ula::ll~~I ul~":l\ JI ~4 t.l"1'
c: ~ I~ ~u. r:fWI o~_, . ~ d'1.}t ~ 4-,1:;. ~
.)\.)j'-wr 1~..bJ_' l..!w:J1 .)bj oJ""~1 Ufll.;_, ~I • o')J-b... ~,;
~ J ~I ;;~)JI ~I o~ ~~J' if~'11 J-fl~'
. cJ--> 'I
~I . .)ir
' .r+'
<t ~..-", 1~ _.r' ..q
~I.....::::J.I J ~ " ,;;J""III
l J

fo oJ""~1.L.>~ J4hU ~~J • ~ ~~I.rtl I\l:>;o ~~

~J • ~,r.C1~I ~L..:Jl JI j),j",j' ~\ ~~I ~1 ~4'1
~I.)JI - .01)..'\\~I ~_ ':l w~.).) ~ ~ ~4 - J~
~J"")l1J4lJ1 !J.r:J 0 O,)J~ L,;l '11, .".':J1~~ J~ ELu ~I~
• ;;~,~ 0.r"T ~~ ~ ~ , Gij'; ~

• ~I ~~IJ 4.1J..\]1~ ..1J:;.. ~~ L. I~ : ~'J 4fJo4fI

~ '}J , d"~ \'1 ,lla.:J1J~t ir JD .".~I e'J J ~J~IJ

~J ~_'~I ~ ~ j:..i ~_, . ~Ij ~ ~ ~I ~~~

~~I ~ JJ;JI_, , ~..\II ,lli.:JIJ ~l:-JI rlli.:J1~J , ~~

. .;..'11~ ~~\'I tJ4 ~~ t.:...1~4 .)\.)1. ~JJ..JlJ ~~

t: ~~\ :iJ_,J.l1 JI 1...1~"« c;-bLi1 u~\')I» o)~1li c.IJ'; ~J

. ~ u=J1 (5.r.<J1~_,4J1 ~~I JI lei_, ~_,(:.Jl U. j~

I~ .)# 61.lJ4J ~~ ':11 ~ _;:JI ~ tP ' I~ ~I I)AJ
~I • ~I)I
:iJJJ..l1 ~\.4...., o- :iJJ..\]1 -u...fo'rJ L. !J.)~ ~T , ~;H
~y
t'i o~ ~:, C' ~J , d'l> t.J ,;r
.J.iJ . c.S..u1 o~ ;~
d"I.Jf> t:..~
• t..-Ai 0.r.-..
.. ,LSI".r-'"I ~ J' ~ ~ I.,.....::J
e,S..iJ1\.i. ~ 1:'1~J ' ~l.wJ\l1 ;~I (j>1_; cf ~ ;.A:-J.
4JJ.J.J1 ~l! - I~; ~~ J lA IhJ - ~\..\) lW..i' ~ ~ ~\L;'"

. ~\ ~~1 ~ ~ ~I) ~ '~~4 ~ ~i

~.i ~J . 4.lJ..lJ~ ~.fkI.JA 484., l.::> ~ U"'l:J1 cf ~I .
~~ ~j "l;wl.D\ ~J , ~...\.it jJ vlLS jJ j""T J ,,~t
~~ Jt , ;"'11 ~\ o- bl)i ~,,~ j~ .,T :i;\J-.J1 ~IJ.J
d'1)\ )J.l~\f~J' ~~~~ ~~~_,iI,:jJ; J~Jt.
. if~l JIC'" j)1\ ~.;~ )J.l1,y ~IJ -ulj , JW4 ~l:---
~IJ}I ~ if ~~ l) o- ~.e :u.,..lI1 ~; !.l)-u ~t ~J
'~\ c:-'W1J ~ )~J :UJJJI uafl-> ~ ¥. ~~J . c.S_;"~L
.J.i...Ja JJb ~ - l:J~:" j ~ ~i ~J . (\) ~1 ~

~IJ ,f ~~~I \~I J~i ~J.C.:S :iJJJ.lI.)i - t~).t

J'
. c.S.)L:J1 c.S)~1 ~I Jt ~I J!..
~..
.. M : LWI~, J j\ .r.i~\. ~...tL.:J~. I..~d
~~.,Y'J
-:(' ...lvl)'
• .J

JI I~ ~T ~> 0" IJ.j~i ~ c;i! _,i JfL.'; ~Ij}~

6.)..;-' I.~:' w~I.,.i.a
J !..16. u-.. I"...". (S" .... " ~Lcll
cr: ..r--" J. ~~
~- .......
~

~~ ,,~i ~>V" §JJ ' ~ 1Jw.j 'c.1..)t ,;r ';l ':',:}Ir.f

.~ Jt ~""'J ~Jb:'

4;.) JI ~~\ .,..i,. ~~I "LAt.i Ji &)p).1 ~ . ..\iJ

~~I r\t.; ~J ~J , ,,':},;.J ~I; ~~I L'b ~ ~
·~_;:; J.!_, • ~';J~I ~.rJIJ ""I}J~' ~l J)L!.. ~~.J
~_;, Lr ~1}' J-j ~6J' (.5\ J&-J . tl~':i\ ($~'J o~1
.0.i::"A ~ ~IJI ~H r~1 I~J • t...L.lJ ~ LJ}';'-' ,_";is_,
• ~ ~l;J1 J."l\.:il\ 't..§J' ~ \S, ~

1/Wu:.i ~ t:'La..~ ~ ~LA. .;A~\ ~\J J~I)J ~J

.~_; ~ <J' ~\_,f (yA ~ J-U ~L..l ~ JJJ . ~ J1

., u-~I)'':''~ t~~.;:u ~ ~\(l::..... ~ ~ft..w· ~IJ
W) ~,~ ~.J"jy.. c)~ ~~~\~ .. ~ o~) ~ (J_J::;-UJ
U :tl~ ~Lbl....J ul..-I_;:1IJli_,._A> ~,I)J (J\ • <!IJ~ IJt~'
..bl}i ",,-:4.a! l.."....}~. c)\ ~\)\ ~~, ~ .. ~ ~~"'~J
.~l!C\J ~~f.jIJ ~~I JUI ~\~6;\J ~WI
,",:,IJ""~IJ Ji\)lt
.~ U-- ~l> ':"lj~IJ ~ ~~IJ , ~lliJJ t..-1t;J ~ , 41
~\)l ~l,;J\ ~L~ ~J '~II~J • 1,/'\;,1\ ~ u~~ ~\

~J
~ U Y·\'j4.bIJI
. t.W,Jt ~.... oot.;..:.... J ·~~u\~oJ..
.. • ~
....
.:c...,. • '\lI\ (: ~~,
.. <.J,J) J ~ ..4..J.. .J')
£tlt \crt '\..:..\
.. J.
~\)\ .:Jbl
" .J

~~~, i;_rJ4 ..l.441 ~ :« o,JAj» t~lU I~~'

:..u.... r, .,
'-olfl.'V~C:~
.. • L".,)I.i'
.r~...
\.!..~. ~~ ~I ~U\C\ .
Lr
~ c;)w - ~ LS - ~I ;".jIJ. ~ JC.~ ~~,
I~.f crl:J\ r:r oJ'f ~I)I l:i_r.l.!J . 1;\..$" ~ ~.)~ u\i~
.:ti_,G ~~ ~I}I u....c,JJ . :L,I,> ~ ~ 1JI.. .\.At&. ~j~t
.• ~~'11 rj\ U" u..;f- ~J ~\J)\
J;;~',j&- ~~ 1..lJ. ~
~:y.~ ~I J'yl If o~ t\_,iiJ J\.Ui - ~;-LS - ~.iJ
"'t
 ~t;~ J.&. (..flAIl .rtjl." , ~j \!JI." , ~J~I rjl." , ~IJ" ~~
. ($~I .r )1." , 0",.!~, .~,.

~ ciJl J t....G., «~I) » ~)t.. ~~ ~\ ~I J]J

~}.1 v-t ~ r_;;; ~I ~~I ~IJJ ~J • :t. )..J.I ~~,
I..w. .:..J';:; ~.rj ~ I, 1 oj ~I JJ J ' ~ l::-'I ",:,,'j>')tS""
~ 'J clJjf . ;;-,~ u1ll;J~_,p _,l ~ ~Ijt .I)J ~'
~ ~, _,JJ ' ,-",UI .:r I-L.!> Jt 4~ u=J1 • .r"~'~').
4..._A- J.W I~J)~;" ~ Jj\ll J;- ~I.,) ~..\i t~ •
.~ ~L..... ~ ~.,D ~t III ( t~~

Jf v-
L...."t ~L...':i;;
.,.
JI J.:.!i ~l :'l::>~1~
I~ ~,
.lif, J~~
J.r

i'~I-,
J u)UI cJA : ~~Y1
. « JJL. rlti; » ~~ ~~I
...

.~t ·I;!tl u,
l·:lt• jj.A,H.. .......J1 r--~

,J JJJL-S"
~ JAJI.~ ($t
.

~'J' (U 4LL!l1 jJ4 . 1. J& ~~l ~ ~.,t..\i ~.I'JI ~"

~'11-,u"~'J1 ~ _;II » t.;~ .~L..JI ~~'JI f=ll ~ ~
J,WI.
.J":"
.,.lA;,
N J.
~
-'!.
LS, . LJ'l1 .~·:-LI~
c.I c-;- '"
l.J)Io.. ~ o:..tl,
I.L...J\ I.)~IJ . m « ~L.;'JI ~~6J1 t'-:-!'J ~)JJI .M.:l.1
(IJ)I if cill J~ J:f ;JJL. \.Jij ~.,J.JlJ•..,...,\11? ~,
I~Iu"~')' ~;JI if ~Ji.jJ ~~ ~_,(.=:-., . ~.,GJI"
lJb ..1 124; _. '71:.:(j1 I~ J., . ~IJ}IJ ;;JJUI ~, ~ Uj:Ao

H. B. Bamea, Social Itutitutions (New Yorkl I942). ; )l;i <\>

. '" ~ - J~' ~ (T)
.,l,L!; ~ ).:,"~ ~jJl !l)-.JI_, J-1\ ~L.1J ;;)_;LIJlG!~1 ~~
, ' • (\) .,..Yl
,~ ~ ~\J)\ c..r'\.:.Il ~~ 4- :~'j)'J o.dU, ~,
,~L:.J\ J,~~I )~)' (..j~\ J-.JI, ~Li-, ~1__,iiJ\
\~.~,'
J.,JI ~L...i ?_, . ~ ~ ~~~I ~~ ~J t~4
I\'_~ ~IJ ~ t.cl;J1 ::;...\fUI 4J;.i ~\J JOJ . ;;~L... l..hi ~.,i,.

~bl:-c- ~LlJ ~~\ l#~ ~ ~ - ~I.lI\ ~l.A.' L

,~ ,Uif _"'J ' (IJjl ;_,...~I;;~ liJ!l.J1 ~I I)AJ • ,,-~_,

!~l.1 ,\l2j_, 4.: ..... 11 o~1 r\li; ~~ 0..r"~J , o.rJ1 ~~ ~~ ~

'rU;5 ~ ~t;. ~ ~JS :0.,,-\11 J .)_,.....iJ • ~~ -r.'-J !l_r1'
.~_;JI ~~_, . ~_,.!:JI ~1~1r.'J' ~J l .l~
.. j'~' 4..._,GJI
~ -f ~t '. (,),;r J ~..
.. 1,;7j> .. _,...
.,,11

~.JJ;.. \.;~i ~~J • ;~L... ~ JI 'J ~IJ.J J' ~ crJ

~;U'J..UI r~ ..J.i~~'JIc.:t ~T~~I)J ~I)IJ ~L..JI r~J\
~I ~i ~~ wJ liJ) \~I~~ ~y '1J" .f-\t' t~\,1
:~L..J' ,)~' :~1I ~'J J o..\fLJ\ ~I U-- ~4 J~'JI ~t_, ~'.:
~i lS ~\) A.r"~1~'_,, lt1 JiL.., rUu .~L.~.ll :t.JWI,~tJ ~')
'rUiJ ( o,.b.I_,1\o')\ ()A ..6.\)1 ~)I (IJj ) ~~ ';)1 r_'JJ\
Ji ·:y.cJIJ~~\J ~ll.r.ll~ ",,4 ~.~ ...11 ~ '~l. ~J •~ J!~
'liP J~ . ..u ~\~ci.~·7 .. .LI..b.tif ~~ L..:.:,> \:il?~' ~\

L~ L.....;' Jl, ~I:t.~ ol,f J"_,,", ~}I ~~) ~~ J'

-Compare VI.H. Hamilton'. interpretation "InstitUtion". Bncyclopaldw (') .
of rh4 Social SCi'nCII (New.York, 1935). VIII, 84-89.

."
.
.("
lli.:S ~ .. .r-' • t; J L...,
("~~ t.$.;> .. _' • L..
" L.~I
.. • ~b..6..
• J.-J ~I> _,1
p ~_, .4.l1 li,.,.!' u='1 lj 4;Jlll" j;£L-J1 ~~III.i.J Lr'
(5,}-t 0}~_, , \~I" ~w, r!1_, ~L:1~\'f ~." ~T ~ ~Q ":', ....LJ
_~JI (t:.A14 l;.J1 c?.J! I~_' • ~I.) dJ6J1 .,.u J ,,0..'t- k..ll ~..4
~I ~~ o~~j". ljlJ-l ~I.P." ,)~I ~ L;~I-: ~T §-: t.$.ill
.uJ.A::j ~15, ~ AJ'j J ~ ,,1 ~~ 151~11,j1 J.,Ai b._"";J

,~I~I.r.-':II "t -k-lyiJl J~l c:r J6 Jl ~ L:f I;I_, , ~I) ""

~L6 ~_,..A.JIJI ~ ~I)I ~l) 1;\." . ~L...JIr\.tjl ..\...aAi uu

: J~~I ~ t.S"; ~I ~)J\ .1i ,":,,_,.L...)l1JI ~.i. ~L!\ rl1.:.ll
-' I ..u'tJY'-'
..c.) ttl .r> ("'! W Ii WI
."
' .ul,tjA....~;us-
~)
JI lir'"1;1 t!t

\;;>1 J.i~A WI; ~ ~I.)~~1~)iJ I~IIA-,' ~Ij ~I ~

,JI ~ ':l ~" . c)_;ll ~..\fLJI ~t' ~ !)' .l>1§ t.:J1)w ~i

:J <fU~r_i ~I ~I _,1 ~, rLlli "l tl"jll~ ~1
,J' ~~\,I ~ J.", :U"..ulJIJ ';.r}~1 JI ~ Wi_, , ~~I
. ~_,AJ' II..\. r~ IA ~ .)~ 1;1~~I

~I...=J
• 1 LfIl
I.. J.r_; ~ .:]\; ... &Ji ..b....1.
..JU ~ t ~,~ .. __..: a..w1 U~' • .,A -Utll
r--
.~~I" ~~~I ~; JI!.. ' « ~IJ)I » Wr ~I cll; J!.. ~I

.l'~ JI ~t. ~I_' ~;II ~\""~J":t.t.. ~~hl r~ ~I

,«~I)I» JIb':l :tJ;.:... ~I~ tJ4 Y~ (,)"'l:J1
~1 \...1 ~~.I
_,ll .:" "II )J.~JI'":"t...lI1J ~1)')IJ.r'')1 \ 4-:':; ~I ~)JI--,t

d' U~)I .,.iII Lf' O.r.-llClIJIj!"\'1 1I.lAJ' • -'!.~I)I JI t l.;:,.... '11

,j>b J ~~\ll ~~ J ~I YJI ~L}~I !)' ~.r.~I J&-
fV
~ Jt~L:J1 ~~I ~~ ~~lAl\ '-dJ ~ I.iCA.,. ~IJ}t
l de

, ..b.IJ)I
,ai ':J ~'~I

.J;_t
r v
..... ..r.::s
.. ~..
. <"' .. ,
.~.J~
oJ.. J!.eJ . ii_,rl J>I:I j ..1..,)1)1JI tt...:.....':JI.

:t.1J.\ u~~I~:
•
eft y, ~'JJ':
r~ .... '}/J
..cJIJ J.J4-!l1 ~ ~ ..b. ~ - ~I . t.J ~ tlJ .i,._;Aj ,:r
J :c.:,uAJ 1 lj (l::.:.w.J • (\) ~ ~ ~ I"; ~ L.... ;5'\ ~ JA:.. _
,.I_,_.~I ~ ~t ~J : ~'~I ~.:"" JI ~ ~l JI ,.tI~1.for

cf>J}) • ~ \AA:.. ~ ~\J}I V" ri uk~1 V" ;.).)~ ~l)~

~J W ~jJ Ji I..\J. ~J ..\S .>lUI ,Ui.:.ll ~IS" I~I \.. ~b. J.
• (y) «~ J \)~ ~i J"-... ':J lS , o,)..b...t
~_,~.
~J} J..:.. ~, ~~Y' J...!..uJ : ~w, ~t a.,.".Jl J)'

'Y'il -UJ . u~1 J ~I !l)...J1 ~L.~ J..4.:-11 J::b.:.I~

•~ l.IJ 0,)j;.,. \..1, JL.-._, ~~ t.rP).I \.iA ~

iIt;JI ~
c;-- . .. W..u
~ ~• WI . J "'.n : ..r:.
~J\...;.;J,~, _ ,

a.l.. ~I ~J ~ ~ I... I~ ~ . ,;rjl J~ ~L.J' ..b.'_,n

~)I (IJj Ji ) ~~';)I (IJjl )_,1;J ~~1 ~I~.)j' ol!;
•.L.~~I.) ~J • ~L.......iJ\ ~~JrJ.IJ (O-b.1)1 ;t)11,)A ..b.l)1
~ ~1 Y. rl1.:r ~l;J' ~~I ~l.i ~li ~~ ':"L.I)JJ~
~ L>?' J_,-,pi ~l J_, W,J-4i J ~I ,~IJ • ~ lM::.. lti§
.•,,;.J' ~ '1

W. G. Sumner, FolkflX1tYl, (BOlton, 1907), p. 54 : )ait <')

• At ~ , J...wJ.\ ~ I Hamilton )iUl <")
'fA
,J O,)~ ~ LIJl ~ ILJ :~JUl'~' - '\'

...:.-).)~)JI lI~J • "\""1)1~I J~ u~ Jl ~~

,~lC:.lI J o~' J}J ~I ~ ~lijWl J.,Wh rlJjl Jl(.;T
.J&- ~I , t...l:-JI J ~) I..;"t.:r ~J . JiAb)'1 ~j ~L.tJ
..uJ.). 4.i ..ill , (".. -J I.)~ ...\'1!..:L;li
lill ~I .J,J"-;'" ....1.... ~..l. \0,\ ,p'L....)
..
.~LI.)..\JIJ!..J. ~)JI o~ JI L\:..~ ..lJ!JP~1 ~~)rl ~~
~,.b.J ' (IJ)I J~ J ~~.i.J .!J.)L..;-.J r:r J) ~ iii ~I
.,-,~ ~~I ~~ J ~ , ~ ~r.- JI..J d~ .!.JJJ .j1.;~1
• en :;J,fWI ~ ~1 tl_,;~1 J ~I

B. Westermarck. Th, Hinory of Human Marriag. ( London, 192.1 ); <')

R. Brlft'auit, Th, Motlurt (New York, 1927); R. Bencdi~ Pattl1'1U of Cultur•
•(New York, 1934); M. Mead, Sa and Temperament in. Three Primitive Societies
(New York, 1935). ( ~W jl.I )
t".4l' I~ ;y. ~)\Al.1 :L...IJ.ill I~ ~v. ~.r ~ wt ~J
: l..,.
A. R. RadcJifi'e-Brown, Th. Social Organization of Australian Tribes
.(Oceania Monosrapha No. I, Melbourne. 1931); M. Fortes and E. B. Bvans-
Pritchard (Helium). African Politj~al Systtn1lS (O.U.P., London, 1940)•
.;.rt Jt ~IJ ~J~ _,JI ~li>W~ .)_,....aAI.1 (">
rWl W ~ ~
~ ('4"1 J._,L. .. J.!A ~ .,;.li~ ~ ;;~ ~ J.>IJ cJJ ~
• ~)"JI ~:,,,,:- ~J ('4)'1 ~ 1!lI.lJ ~ ~J ~~ ~P.'JJ ~)"JI

~,;LI-
.~~
LI.)JJI ~~":JI ~T J r~ LS 4~~~)rU~ c;# t, '§
~1i~4 I:v. ~l:S' J f+-J . ~ ~.i _,t ;~UI ~ 4s)lA.l\.
. \..~,,')all ~ ~,~.;a.:..~ ~ ~ ~t.j~\p ~I ~ ~~~"
(1_')1~I)I 4_1)..\Jl5 , J~ ~ ~ J:)J.:.U 1..b.IJ
~l!.t ~-"

~I ~ ,)~J (..,...4; (IJji ~ :\iJ.;ai1u\;~l ,> oJJ_,..;J~J...:-$

• t,.~.. J U JJ I J:..!l\ Jt.1.r":.:11rJ
.... \
_ju :ts:::lil
., r_j;JJ :u.•_JJ.\.4J Ir
J:._:J l) oJ.fLJ ~

~\ L.\)~ ;?-)I t!il:ll 00 J ...:...

~\j ~~ :J~J '
~j' ~ (~t/' J.wJ1 ~L.~ o))ill .41 _,AI I .,~ ~\;, o~LJ1·

..r.f- lkWt _,t ~'J}I ~J ~J J~J ~151 ,.\_,...". 1)"l:11c.JA'

~~ ~I o~\ J ;JJUI ~I ~\i ~14.&.4Jl J ~~)'
~J\; t1l~~J , ~ __,L,J~I_'" ~~ ~.:ul aJJic}>\ j~ 0t.
~I & § JI ;)W~I WI" ~ 4~\j1 o~I c:il_,J.
~ l:...~\ 0lS' l~li cll~ ~_, ~ W\'I r )1.1 .J,fUI ~L.i~~

~L..,tJ; fA ~i~. 4Jlj ,,~~ cS.l1I,,~ ;.lfl...J1 ~11'~

.~ !J_,LJll
\
, I

~,)~ J~
Ju\.-').. o..\fL,.. r',.7
J;J ..b.,.j : .-1l...41lJ
C" iioASU, 1""""'
"~':'""', .

if).1 ~)b\jl ~\;..:l\.1~.".;uJ1 J of JJ'J J_,;....\J\ ~ t\j~ll

"

W-- !ll~ _,i t.,,:JI 1~ ~ 0»1 ~ ,!ll._:.,._, , t...~)1 ,:r t~

~ u=Jl~t;.J\ w....J.\ Y. ;..~ U'j.? o.:v.J , ~IJ)I'
'~J\~I)I.
 ~L.~I J L'WIJ o..\JWI~I_' ~IJ)I ~ :ti)WI j!..:i."

• (,) ~J ~;:JI

, i'J ~~, "'~'

cJL.&tlJ MfU, ~'J ~'J)'

~_,..a:L:1 dl..4l1 u jj~roJJw' f' ~~)I

;
~ ~I~ .;......ll
_• .J.4...a.1
• ~I ~!r.~1~~~ ~~ [..~j\ ..... ~)rl
~U~)f~ ~~~I rIA;
~~~I~\'~~I ",";..\11J" J~I "'-"!liJ j ~IJ.-I
.. .
. u5:JI
.
tMl:l..1
..
.. .,4JI llai ·ijJ}I!lL.....l\lai
C~J)r1 ~J ~ ~_j i \
Ju'l cJ"1 J 4"'W., ~~I_,l , c.SJ~1 J.-li
Ui:l;)I_,i ~IJPm..~1 .Y- y~':il, ""t.;~I ...JI..u I J~I .:aU,
j:J1 J~"'~JJ,:,,)lI ~_,t ~_!,.;~u J'kJ1~lI--.J ~I .... ~lA:JI_,i
~J}I cJ~'i1
r?J)1 JI...al':i1,i~_,;..ll I ... .~I ..
~IJ~~
~IJ ~I oJ; I rUcl~LlLlfi.l.::...c......,:.;l1 I ~~I~)-I
, 4:o",>;:L.I
~~~ . I ~I..I.A~~ J)-I
i ~} ..
.
(Ua:;1cJ~ t.WI ~b~1 JIL;.~ ~!,AII, ;_,:-.JJI I
. ~~ \II CiV-1 ! ... ..
4.#1
l.IJJlI

: ~Wl ",:"b'i'IJ iWt !l..,LJ1JAUA...J ¥-t ~bW'

rl.J&:;lc,Sl ~IJ)IJ .• ~WI~'d!'".i..':J : .~, Of~W1~

l.;~ t)A J..::.- ~.;A J&. ~~IJ uP} I;' )II UO, ~
.J} & J) J ~.Jl" I.liJ • .!J)-JI ~L...lJ u~1 tr ~

i\
~J ~~I J ,.\.4::J'iIJ~.)bJ.1 ~\.r.-'J rWJI J_,l::J ~ J4:..
~~ '1 L...., ~~ ~~IJ;~ .)U\ .)I.).&.IJ
~IJj ~~I ~

~, w\.)w4 t~1 iA.A_ c.i" u~1 J}- ~-' ~};' 4j

. C¥, ~I.)l&. Jl,

JL..tI 4r ~ , \:...d'J ~ \:.• M~ wl.)~ ~_, ~ ~J

\~ ~, c/'J , ~I \:r~ J J..:...o.t ~:r:-wbWt o.l.t. ~';J d1~J'

~t;.J1 t...:..J1 \:Jb~ ,~, W
M.
.. ~ L.:.._t L. IP
~~.,
l:l'~ ~ ~\
• .) M
J.
~\ lj'b~ ~" ~J J\ !l\~ -,' J-li I~ ,\:All JL.jl Jf- J!.r'
4.~ ~
.. .~~
" '("l.,:.... ~
"M~
~11.a J • ~ 6..Jw';/l
.. ~\ "0 J~ ~....
• (\) Ul:H J - _:1\
M ~~
• J t.lr
U.rJ' ~ J).I\ : ~t t!lW, ~.9 ~W, rUWJt ~ ~,
(5)-' ~ ~ ..\fL..H r~' ~J ~ ~ ~I i>.)Wl.,t d'~ ~'-
~ l.. J&. ..\fU\ ,Ui.:.J1cS~J ~ ;"UI J J) r~t ~.:4:> J-
E'J}\ ~ ~.AiJ .. C¥' ~~,y (.r"':J1 W,JI o.}J W--
ub~ c.r-J &), ~ .. ~'p1 J> ~ I.#' §jJ 1~L...l.ttl
wl}~ ~J .~ ;.)~ ~J J,fL... illi.i ~ (IJjIJ . ~

wl>UI 4::1' (~ '1 ~WI :L.~ \..4.) ~ J..u' uL.~-, ~Jl,;..

l.:.Ji; ~, ...\.)';" L. t~i ~ r:.rJJ . euJS if' ~ 4r ~l

~ 'l tj11U J]J , ~Li,;r ~~ u.:w._,.... .J!L..Jl.
• ~1 l,:jl>~J;- '.J.)~ ':l~

JS'~ 0: ~L rL.ti » t~:Jli . _;:r J~ ~I c?JI.. I~J

.:r ~~ ~., . ~4'11 ~\j~1 J ~1 J:! J..WI ._p.
• JJ'/I t.:-'l:l' r ~Ul\ ,":,loSJI}A.i1 (\)
~JJI rUI !J_,LJI ~uu pJ ~ b,; ;;~ ~I ul.)WI
§JJ . (~od !II ~)fLaiI JJ\> , ~ L. ~ ,,1.))'l.)"l:J1~

~LtJ ~I JI J.:.-t ;;_JJ ;£WI ~t ,;.r ~~ ~

~LJ......
~I ~t;,wl .IJJ L.. JI .JSj ~I J'l.:.:::--'ll ~I

~
.bJl U--
, .A:' LS' ~. w,J~. ~ . UI r.r-
LA:' ..,\
(S""
~I)I
•
. .A
'-S
~L":~I
•
M

, ~ IJJ~I Ij'J rH'rJ ~~t ~J C)"l:J1 ~ ~jJ ~4

.4. ;;1.-1I~I." . ubWI ~_. I~... L.l.::J.1 r~ ~ ~ v.•~ -- clJ,; cs--
I...
J

. ~ ~t ~ ~ ~ WI." tl_,4l1 ciJ ",,\..4; Ji "~j"1l Jt ~~4

,,,,,,~I ~ ~ ($JJI ~1~'lIJ tS;~1JI..1UJ~ ;;1 ~J
Jt « ('Jjl l) rlla; _,t « ~I » r~ ~..lfj' 4it J~ I.. JC ~
~I ~ tP ~I ;;..lfLlI ~Ilr ~J ' .;JI j..J1 ,1Jaj
. ~~IJ ~~LA:;'JIJ ~l;.-11 ~.r.C1

,~J- ~J 4 ul,)~ U"WI ~. : r'-"1 :s.,u' ~UM

<i! t~1 JI ~b. J ~J • .o• .ut.,J1 ~I ~)j ~I ~I,.,w
r""':lIJ . ~I ~~Jt ~I ~;JI ~ua.. ~t , ~I.}';JI o,l,. ~
~l4.. l) Jt ((rUI !J_,L..JI _,-UU l) ~ ~ ~ JL, ($..ul
",:"l:S J ~,)\c. ~~\l1 ~J.. Jt...:....1 ~t ~J • (\)« !lJ-1I
,(~I r~1 ~J c! rWI ...,.ua.. » \."....)1 .;..- ,(oj
!J)...JI
:~ ulJ~ ~ ~-' • I~ J..~ ~ « rWI !J_,J...JI.;'Itt.. l>
,,,"J s» Lf'l:.JI l.-~ ~I ~I ~_,AJI itl~ IcJI l)

c: y.:;J ;;I~I J.:&, ~J_;JI!J_,LJI _,A~ J.IZ ~ Ji , ~

4JA Ji::.rJ ' ~.,Lb.. ~ t' ~j~ ~~).)~, &!J , ~.r.-:I'
~.fl' - Jut~1 ~4 ~.)J W" Polkways, or Jllorel <')
~li ciJl c: uA-' , ":,,..,L),IJ ul.,fdl -,1 ~-,..L!~J~ ~ JI ~
, o~.b11~L"ll ~ Jl1a.i J , ;~~t ~J)aJ1 CO Jd":-I ~.
[ ..... ; l.i.a !)AJ .• ~i .?'JJ ~I ~~~I J ~ _,t ~ ;"J)'J'

~ ~I (;l4!J1 ,J>-Ifj )~f ~ J~ 1.1'1.:.11o~ ~,f;

iWI !l_,LJ1 '.;"\13;.. 1)4 ;..~
w).b.l,1 ~~ J) ~J ~Jt ~
~LJ L ~; .j,~. "JJ"::l1 t.r'4-~ ~ (~I J.:.. ~6...U
lI:.J'I\l; ':ll ~ ~,~_" c$_;'~1 ~I~I t'_';' ~ rWI !J_,L.JI.
• en
. J.r.:... ~.• ~•.. ."l ~\l [,..uIJ
... ~")\;..~IJ~w'1l
u,
~ ~...

c.:ro J~J ~~ ~ IAJ) ~ ,WI !3_,u1 _!IU;.J CU~ Js.J

•
!)A Ifl:J1 4...1:.
.. '1
L,JJ M Lo ir:
1.._ L'_'
~
~t'
J
,
c-:- ., !l.I" '-:':!'L.l
•• ,~-lt
'""'~
Jlj '}.".::..J P ~I !3_,L....JI' ~L.,t ,§ j~~-, , ~lAiJ ":,,bl
~4 ~ ~IJ • ~~ J ~ I~..\:fd (.)"l:J1~ ~_,.(:JIJ ;~T
.1~)·J~}I,.I~)~ , ~ JI ~ ,;rJ ;:r JI & ~
:i.4l..::l1·,WI, !3_,LJ1 ~.L....t ~ ~~, \11 ya l.. l·•• "~ j ~}I:
J ;).r...ll ~\ ~ fo..r..:JIil.~l J-4l ~)JI ~J , (.)!.p4
· ~~i L1:!J.
r
U-- '1 W\ !l,;LJl ~lW. ~_)2;'\:'1 :.d~ aoliW CiAIAJI ,:,'.)1'
.i t.J~ .., ~Ij , .••
~ t. ~IJ;)'t5" W IJ'!l ~ I II fi La.. lti§ .:._:,...
5..7 .... ..
_;.UU Crt p.. J)J .' d'41 c..t.r ~ .. :i...k ,~I),'1S' 4JbJ\ ~~.
~i ~-" ,J'~~.\ ~ ~.? IA~.)~ JA' ,WI !l."LJ1
!I~I ~~_,), 'bjJ ~~ ~lA:.:)1 ~Ua.. wT Ji !J_,L.JI ~I_';.
• . i
,

FtOQl ]1olkfIJaJll,by William. Gtalwn Swnner, Vsed by permission of <\)

the publlihers, Ginn and Company, See a.1ao W. G, Sumner and A. G. Keller..
• I
Th, scUiIc,· of Soci#ly (NeW 'Haven, 192.1),I, 20,

it.
~Uz.. ,jA ~ ~~ ~WI ~b\ll ~i~ ~T Jw?_ ':J ~ r)AJ • J!..)rl'

_:,IJ,)j ~ p rl&. !l_,L.. &.;Jb'T~, J ~I . ,WI ~."wl

,:r ~ublj L..J ~_;ojlU~"':""'" if' ~ ~, . ",~'ll ~
. t~1 O,:,U ~.);"J, ~J U~ ul$~'

rLJI :J_,wl ~~ ~ lil::>i ~ jH••,"1I ~i ~ l.Sj"J

uWu 1..:;> rWI !1_,LJ1 .;A1lL ~i U"'L...i ,j&- GlI.)J • :iwWI 1..;'b'':;IJ.

J I J~ ... ~\i 411

.".....J.. .PrJ I ~L"....J--" J t~ -II ~I.!
-)1.;11
.Jla.. t..H I'

~IJJI O.fJ J!..: *-'- ~ jl} ~ ~)UI IlI..UJI.t • (..~ ~I.)r

I..;'b~1d'~. ~I.) J ~~I "I..\i) 4.! ' rWI !l_,L.J1 J'lUll.
1l~1 J.i ~ ~ ~~J,) ~_; oil I Jjii ~.,,:JI C;,)~jJ • ~WII

~ ~~~,~, ~IS" ji ~~ r J - 4.. WI ~1k10~J,):"

I

..b,;...;.JI A ~.lJ I IL JJJ . ~)J...A.o ~ l) ~ ~JL.:.oJ 1.Ji:.:.:....

, I·... ·~ j ,WI !l..,LJ1 .;AU;...~l ,;r ~ )~ ",.l11~,;
j ci1.) .!JJ..l.> r:r ~-': \LJJI ~J ~,~ J _,.6J1~I JJ~ ~.

l.SJA) u,.,J1 _,Alla... J~ ~w, ~I ~I,)'T JI )i:l l=.il7 4.1,,1

• (fL:J1 ~ b; :,11o~'

kljt if)j ~t \...1~WI "71,,';11o.l-J , ~ .)~ ..t.f ,i~,)~.,

uj>S ~It ell ~J ~lf I:'IJ , ~~, _,t !J_,LJI~~.
. ~ ... U.. ~
UA ula..::J.1
• ..::.J1f II_, '. .u·1J~._t~~q J1 ~ U' ~iJ
b.
& § .;,i ~ ru 'J W ')~~J ~ t~1 !l)...J1 ~.
WI . <\i..b.J J&- f'~~'t' ~I.) ~ ~I .0_,L. ul,)A J....:~:

t'~
~J' t~1 L ~ ..~ ~_;JI~.f'" ~..boll J&. ),r:-.~J...J"
~ ~ yi1JI .l.:... .uw., #- ~t; J' ~, ~'_,b'J' e,Sl;; c.r'1
.~b\'1 C' ~I ~l..r.'J&- J!...l...4:.I1~_;.l o.)~ -,' , 4.-~' ~I
.l.5.:u1~ ~1 J:f ~\J • t.J o~Wa.t1 ~\..t.' )S:::':':"'IJ ~w,
'~..w.. c.S..iJ1.JA Jj~1 ~IJ « ~ 'l )) :s...WI~b\'1 ~ uJ~
,'.t.:I'l')J ~U; J ~ c.S.iJ I JIt-,.."..,,1~ _,.J I ,p." , ~ \.!. UAl;~ t
. ~Li~1 .. L..:J\.
;L:,.) . .
-c? J~ j~;J 4.~ ~w\ ~b'1l ~ : ",,\all ,:",,11 ~
~.&I J&. r jAr 1.. ..b. Jl l.i' ~ 'l." . ."t.:JI~ Jt "lS'.l.IIJ~'
.ulJ:.._,lJ U)t,dl ,,;-,\.)'11J..~~' ,,}I~,§JJ' o.J"jJ ~~'ll
.~. W ....r -II ~I..b.~\J ~~I ~~.tr ~ .... r.r-('I ~I ~~'ll
... M

~ JJj " Ifl;J1 U-!.G ~t-::"j\' M

., . ~
• ~
J I~...)J\ ,) Wut..
~

.~ ~\~t ~~ .;.T & JJ , ,IJ>\'\ J~'l ~~

?. ~I ~J;.. II '\p..J l>.o- 4f~' \ . . [.JJ~ ~~I' • ~J .~

., JtI}JI (IJj 0';::; ~~ !llaJ EJl;J1 ~ ~IJjl Js. ~

;;~.u,)~~..\1 ~~\ ~~, GU~ ~}S1J · ~ r,sA'; l.~J
~~ ~l...A l~ ~..\t ~J ~J_;::..lJ ~4 ~\ jrWI J.t-
~, ~\ ~J • ~\ &j ~I cS) ...uJ ' ~J.,;:ll ~
~ ~,e')1 JJ . (\)~Wa.tLd.1 o,l,. J;- t.J ~ ~ ~t J_,.J
~.A."uJ , .u.S' ~WI J 4.-k ~ )~ !l_,L.J1 ~\t.. ir I~
~~I ~ j J.J l;,J\ ~}' !l_,ul .,. La.. U!'ll-, \~, \;j

& ir ~~ lSt.W\ ~1~'11j ~\ t_,::jII.l".J' ~u'l'

: "t\:5 .} JJWl •..iJ. J" ii,)~ ~'~t:...(\)
W. 1. ThOmll, Pr;mi~II' Bultwior (Now York, 1937)·

t"\
~UJ ~l) '.i...G-; ..;,~ J ~ ($_;-1 JI o,.,..j t)A J' ,;.T Jt,
GU~Jt.-)~ 1..J.:s.1-,!~ Ld_,..~JjJ ~ J..l.A~ JJ t~ 'il'
. WJI ~I :t.~.
" ~

:t.UI ~I,,~I JI ~I ~ : aJiibd' ~J a..W,,:,b!1

J:--r ~t clJ~ '7~t ~ ,yJ . «~ » ~t Js.. ~ ~ ~I'
u- ri ~,'7.)~' ~)t' JwJ - F-I ~)~ .;_r I~ I.)I~

Jt d.: ,.11 UJ>J' ~J '":")~ Jb. ~l J;- ~J - ~~I

c:.,1J~ I~-tl JI ~ ~~..,.,
t:.:T). A~·.'_tt t!t J........kr ~ ~ "~I'
y"
,~_"...!JI ~ ~ ,WJI.;_r O~JJ o~ (1.,,;1 JJt.:;~J.) J$-; ~t·
,":,)~~.a. (~~, d"J'W ~IJ ~I [jWlI:.iJW JI Jt·
Jpl lAl-=';J , ~)I tlLJ1l.;J....Jl , ~l: ~lZ JI ~~
· J:i w-- .u l:.i)lJ~ ,~ ~ ~ (,5.lJ1.~I UAjl~)l1 JT
.)lQ~1 Js:- ~6J1 Jel.,,:. ,y r~ ~ Yo ? :t.WI ,,:,,1.)\l1tGU~J&.,
,-,1~'l1
. ~...."ti y'WI u'J JUI _;5't '-'"~':Jl ~.JJL
..... ~.-' ~~,
..

~J)I c:;.,~J.rl1 ~W c: ~1,.,.41~4 lS , 4..-W•

JbJl t./'
. ~ _"~I o..bd.1u~ ':J)1 J

~ , t.)6;..11
~~I P. '":t..WI1o:"1.)~1~li ~_;.T ~ ~J

~)tA; ~l dJj u~'1 r:f...!J · .,.., JI ~ U" L~ I~ ~

~J J~T ~~ .l.:... ol_,..l1 "'-! b._,_..... ~lS" ~jJl .1WI ~~ L.e
.,r4l:.J1 ~ ~ ~~~I JJ · i.Jd1 ~ \J L_,_J.I l,kl...!i
~
, JeU c.r~1 ~ J~ ~ ~ L....TJ ~ :i...WI":,,bYJ ;"lJ\
~~I ~I~I ~ J~ , ;...- ~). lS , ~WI yb~1 ~ I) ~IJ

. ~I fl ~jl:-J ~l

tV
~\ 1.>.A f'cl ~,~. : ~\o;.?~, o~lJ a.W, "t'~~'' ,
~~'J ~I.)~\ ~...)J J=l1~WI ~~)4 JiA.:!. ;r.-_"'cJ~ ~~,
4\ ~\J~ WI.) ~ t~')1 ~(1, ~ ~1 ~~~IJ' ~~')I

j~1 ~I . .))1\ !1,.,L.. U" I~ .)oW

,
~WI ub~1 ~, - . ,

'::~\ J ~ § J;- ~1 ~J , u~\ J ~\;JI r~1

~
(
dJ~ ~ 4.-\> ~ ,,:..~, j)~ :t..WI ...,\.)''1\ 4.A~.h-'J,
.
. ..r"W\ \.....:.~j ~.iJJ ~4)'1 !I,.,LJ\ .k.1';
I>
.~ts' '~\i . t~1 J .)_;JI (\...)\ ,>- ~W, ,":,\')'11J.-r - ~
.e ~ JJ ,~ UA' .))11 ~ ~\ IfJW ~WI ~b~
.~ u-':l' \~ ~\f IJ~ , t4;,) Jt , ~t..:::;.. ')1~ J1 , 4 ~L.'
"c.k)J1 11. U" ~I)' t: ~\....ul ~ , ",;..' ~ r:r' .))1\ ~li
".~ ~\ 4.......,., ... 11~ J.J.'J ~...
"II 4..t.L.:::,.. '11~I__J )1 ~ ..ti.C1
.... j)~
....2

·~.,ll , l".I.k. \.e J..~~, ~ 4.-.WI,-:,b~I ~\t l~lJ - Y"

~I'lJ~~, ~~-' J(lJ' - c.r~':Jl ()AWl ~w o.r.~n,
,us: , ~I JW-W J '. ~U:>'Jc,S}-'J , J_,$".llJ ~\.)T !It:..a ' :t.W\
.~~ ~-,'t.~1 ~ o.r"~1QA _,.jlJ ~~, ~ ~b'T!J1a ~,
.o~ U" o~-' ~ Ll:;J\ ~WI ~b'Jl r:.t ~~.J) ~J

.,;;;;s ;;.,.-j §J . ~W'J t~\ U"Lar Jt- 4ldU ~1J.>11

.~~, J 4..WI ,,":,,\.)~I.J!'u c.SJAj ~, JI ~ '~l..Ar O.)"j JI
, ,
"
••. I
I'

.J'~ l...1.Jail::rJ ,~ ~_,:; t~ ~WI yl.)'J1 ~l) \tJ

.~ ~I o~\ ~~'.J ~ ~~ jli ~I ~~,
~~UI u\~\
,. . ~§JclJ.; u-e ~\
, '
Js-J . ~I.) J ."..jl .)~
~I ~~~I J~ _;;IIJ~, Js- 0)~J lL...L..i ;s1J I~ ~,
J ~I 4..W, ~b~1 ~li clJ~ (f ~J • .)'ul j ~ ~IJjl

r.P "':"JWl !1)-JI ()A tl;~ I~ ~jll ~'j' ~I fl)1

.~)~

JJ...} ~I . &L' )~ US" I" co.; J}i t.WI~I~'ll ~J

ubUIJ ~I ~I.~L.J'J LI,;JI !.I)-JI ~I_'; I)" 41-L.S
1I~ c), c5..r-J • ~lA!J1 r:'~IJ ~J.I\ _"\J~IJ ~1_,4JIJ :t:J..>': .11
t.~ \.S, ~Jf;St t.r~~ :l...WI ~b'1'J ~IJ.I' r'l:..J1
Cw~ ~)'~I JifL .r.~~....~
_t~ '" \('1 4....l.:.:.>'1' ~ ~"II .)...J .)t JI
. m fl b.WI W .:.f'

~\..Jl ~ 0~ ~..ul ~ '-jli ..s..iJ1

~)I 1!lJ~ Ju.. <'>
~~ ~ J.-.- -.;~~ ~, ~, I.A I.A~ ~I ~J ~ j>J I~\i

·~ v- ~~ ~ ')J ~JJt
 UilJl'J t_Ul
~~~, b~\J Ui\)l
'\G J t:...~1 ~ _,;......: ~j3~ ~1Y;j ~~1 ~,~
,j~ l:it r:J' .)}J4~' ($l, ~)h-'I.!".foll JI J...Ul1
• JI W
o- ~1i~1. ~[4j1 J . l:.il\11~I..:>
I)".J"&-".... \11~li~~

~§~ (.)A :.1)'11 ~ (.)"')JJ ~ o-»: ':"li~I • .a ~

d:' ;rl . ~ ~IIoL. Jl , :J .1 'ul,) .::"l:.flS'
.• L.
d..f (.)A
~
~ .r'....c.r"II 1,.7 r ~."... ..r-
~
.. J • ~ u.,.,,~ ~J ("" II t~'f\ ~ ,
.JfJA~ ("~ I;j\,;, ~~~1
... uli.:>WI
~l.::..
.. • \II t!"1
.r---'" ~ . li__P
,J t)A.. j ~ r: ~ ~li~1 I.)" J ..ij

~Iy:-~L.)~ ~~ t~)fl ~J~I ~J. (~;J::-,.,...Jl)

~J ~ .jt ~ 'J .)1)~1.t• ~~1 J.:-Or'.l WI_, :t4.)i~ ~
~ ~i l:...k
.. ) .i.;,.. ~li~1 .'
J~~~~,,---- . "\i~.,j .I _!' .

,~ 1-iA.,. lJ.~ ~ ~I ul}~1 .,t ul~)1 if ~ ~J

.JS;"J . ~II,)'" J-U ~ - l.:.l..t. JI4iW,'.l4 - ~ ~ '":'~

d..A, L. t~I
_J""': '.
u,u, j
~ ~
'f, 1 .. ~
J~. ~
..t •
~
;·11.\...k

J ~.)bJl ~I..dl I~., , .)I)~I ~)~ ~"""'.)~, ~ ~,.

~J
r .
L)""""'"
':'1\ r
...k t»... "'r
.. .:q j' J~ -
..4l ~t JI ~ • ~ .., uL...1J..ul o~
.. 1 J o.r-.J,
~ ;;;..J .('t '" ...,::.,i d.ill ~ bJ I J
....., ..... .r+' . \. .~ ~ •• :• s:-l..::>• \'1
w..r..i ~

• ~I_,JI ~~\'I
c)~I_,J1 .l1}~1 ~ (,$jJl ~_,L~4 ~ l.A JJr if~ 'il ~J
c)1~J ~\;j ~;.# rl~c)1 \)-.oJ . ~ ~ ~li~ J
,-",l->~I ~j~J'!l.,J-...U ~IJ ~I ~I.r.'\ ~W" ,),;Jl
~, '11 • ,)~I Yfll;JJ' o,))J.1L;I).,II ":':"~IJ ' !l1;.),:/I_5
J.;- ~_,....;JIlJl4l1 ~ ~ '11 SUI 0.).,. ~ ~ 'i t./-~ 'il
1.1..." ~ J_,....!ll !l_,ul JS'w... d>J - ~~I 4_,~I §WI
~.1L!; WI., ~ - ~ c)l ~ LS - t./-I)\ !5_,LJl
c)t 'uGT U \.::.....IJ,)J :iJu:JI o~ ~ t:4!J I~I~J • lu ~_,
.~\..b.. y-'I J, -- ""
.)..r--' ~,)\ 1~~1.::.,Ll...JI
•. .r" .. ~ ... J L.~ l....ur ("J.A:;
t_lIJ j~~1 ~j~ ~~ ~"-J ~)I ~lk JI pl
t~ ':II ~\l., ~IJ , ~I:' ~)4 'J.,' ~ ~ {$..\.ll ..:..i_,J1 J
yJ L...-II h~\
i .e. '\ _t
~ He "
:t;r. ~ H..
",; ,-,.,.L}:J1
• ~
....b..::.-...l
(' ..

, • ~~ '11 ~l!JW' ~ J.&-'~ JJ)il ~ JJ~

I -':11 I~ J l:.::1.;.. ~ ('''J
~l v-:-
,-..k. .::"L..,I,)
) ~, 'U· VO....\....cii ,,.,,......_ ,
H
~." ~
·~I o.l..(.]A.r
Ut!: ~
M
\... J."T., , Lhll ~
•
US' <..r-
':e1t

t!WI ~ j,,,,."I\,~~ , c.I'~'11 J:k:II J'~L;.. ~t I~

. Ujl)l_,

JI ~, : <" ~~ ~~ wl)IJ ~~I ~ (i)LJ1

I : 0l:::!\'1~I:.JUlI t.;... (),P J=ll ub..JL':l~
~~\.:.... c.J-~1 J..wl - ~~I
c!.t.,lJ.,1~ - c...Ab.1I J!~I\ - ~\
,'..lI\ - A.;ll ~~~i - ot:.ill\
, "

,~.,H _,t
~'_;.i~1 tiY-JI, ,~\;..I., ~~l...ia::.l' ~~ ,)~\ <\> '
~Ua.J' ~ 4J;_,..jl' Jf r .Ji\.,..J)\ '~ j'J ~I ~_,lD) ~ (j)J..J\f
.~)1t- ' . r'.,f':"'.I'J
0.1('
J I c.Sr-:!""'"
'I .. ""UIJ. uSl'
.JA
JI ~ ,,~.
~
-.:t\ (.JUI c:,t .).:",j
•
~I~J u'.lb. Jt , til) Jd :>,)J&- J.,u- ~I)I ~J • L!~
UlAH J.,U'J • ~;I> r.~~ :ti~ \JJ , 4.-.tij J>I:> J :>_;II ~ ~.
U _;allJi~1 ~j; l~liclJ~c?J . ~ )bJl .~~I o.l.ra Js- ~ l::JI.
Wli J.wl _,i ~..La11uJ; I~IJ ' UiI)1 If '-.dy JI ~ LJ!i
'L'WI~~JI~

~I L'W\J ~I)I If % L.fl') ~~'.I1 ~\;:>WI ~J

.::."Ii~ q.()\ ~ ...r-'
LJ'"
-"II JY-'",-,. ..1':"_, <!.U.) for.,.rJ..J
If', J" ,~~
• ..J...
d'~\l1 .t &)1~ l:..li I~li . e'WIJ UiI)1 ys ~~ '11

~_,:>. ~ ~t If c,S.lJ1~1 ~j ~T ~ ~J 0: urI:>. ».

U-- Jt , d.b,.,..:Jl tY Jt , ~~ ,;r Ufl> c:,A ..l_.4; • ~ ~~I
\Aft> ~__,G" ~i 1~1 (f .ul LS , ~ll J~I a' Ji , ~ ~I:
, ~\..:Jal §?. "",~\l1 ..\>i ~I \j; \;, ~4J . LbJl c\iIJJ o-
.)i ~ ~J , .WI Jt, d.,J.JIJi, ~jlAJ' ,pJ , &\::IJLu ~ Jf.
J-.rJIJ.~1 o- JG. r:lWI o~ r \r.~ ~I UiI)1 ~j
.~ or.ljl ~Iy e>i uf!.~J . ~jLilI J ~.u c:,~l4J1
~)J'

JJ~lj ,~_,;'~ ,:r;lIJ.bJi1 a' ,§ ~ ~.)~ ~ L1...~.J1J'

J ri'--) 4.~ ~J~ I)'tJ . o.)~1 ~1~ Jl!lIJ r..\J1 ~._, 44.

~ J~fo..~.lJ1Ji ~ ~I t)A Ij~ ~i L..I,.WI JI ~;:JI'

~ ,§ 4i~ ~
I
J4all !J_,LJI 4.(:;> :i_1.)~ ~; J&.J . uJ •

4~L'l..a.JJ l:.&..,_,j ~IJ • J'\..\1\ ~)IJ ~ _,..;,_,llw...J.1

~"c~~_"';')I o~ c:,t c:1l~ ~ '1 ~I.)J:, UiI)I ~~~.J"-

r.i!1 j."..~1~ Jw~1 ~~ . ~)~ Jt ~7~ iliJ ~)J_,.;J~

J-..!t -",1_,w1 u-- ~,)I.. ya I.. ~ (:"I;r ~J ,,-u.~1l.dl ~ ~
~l.}·;JIJ ~J)I ul.l.A:.!1JI , crAWlJ ~I.)j' ~,;JIJ JJWI
J 6~l:-l\ 1•• "'>"14• Jl ~j.1 rl.:.:A1~ .1;. . ~I U~)ij'J
4:.1' (~ u=:J1u1...".4L1 '-k".r ~J , ~~I l.i~~ ~I ~1
~ r~ ~I 4i,.',.J1 O~ • ~I_,JI ~4 ':all~I J.:.6.:I ~yl
• (.5~\.. ~ ya L.J LS.)L. .JA L.

.4)~1 J utl)1 ~' (.5.lJ1 .)J.\.I\ ~ : -U'j11 ~ ~

~I J4lJ1.i . ~_;II i;l:,> j cS.) I}':J I t._,.J ~ l...\:&. ~4~'
I~J' ~J 4..;:i ~ cS.lJ1~I.u~ f.r ~lS' _,J lS' UA
;:r ~\A....:, .:r ~I .).r.J .,.,...\11JJT dJ'; ~ .~\'I r..~~j T..\.:J..
J)"WI IY bJ.!. JI p.. ':J ~J • r~1 Ji ;.llJ1 ...J ~ l,;§ ~
. clJ..if f,4':';,41. r.....,
-.
4........4i ..1., .J
,.J..
. ",,~i,..Jir - ~1..-
'JJ '-"

, ~ ~' ~I ~~~I_' ~I ~~ jJ ~T ($JS J J4lJ1 ($.t. 'JJ

~ ~JI..cl1 wLJ.(IIJ , oC:..f'J ' ~)IJ , ~ r~ cS.lJ1j~IJ
.b.)~y. ~j ..L;.!T \'1, rJI.WIJ , .).J!1IJ, .W,_,.4JIJ , Jy:J1
§f ~ ~ cS..u1 Ui.JA ~,.Ijl ~y ~T I~ ~J • ~~J

. (\) \....-. .
.. ~LA.... Ji ...W~l
..
..~W~I
.. Jd' ~'~I" ~~ US
.. ~1::·11 I>
~• J~ ~I.:LlI...1.:.
~J
.u\i~\ t....)\.... ~ I)~li GUj ~ ~ ~I ~I 1,)'4 ~J

i.JA ~1~.J 1)"l;J1 I.)A b~ ~.r 4if <l....A1 J ($.1. ';1 , ~~ ~I

,)~J ' ~J.f ~J 4i1}tJ 4IlAl ~ ~ •~ ~ ~i ~ .)..\.:11

: J.i.bl' .....iJ_,..,) ~, ~§_".

~~ jiUt <'>
Jean Piaget, "Intellectual Bvolution." in SeI,ne. and Man Ruth N• .AJuhcD,
1942), PP.409-~2 and Th' Moral Judprmr of the Child (Bng.Q
ed., (New YO%k,
tr., New York, I~32.).

ot
JJ ~I J ~~jJ <4.i';"IJ~..uIJ~J ~ ~~'1' :\aW,~
.• 'Jy. ~ J=1' ,;51 JIJ~ ~ ~ , LJ-,J..
J'J.,ij1 l:r' l&.L.r1

~'.J:>,;r GU~ ,~ « li'» ~~ 'J ([ LJ-I » J~ ~t ~AI..~J'

.~~ ,)1..... A'j J ~I..yl ~ ~.l.~';::';)t!....1AJlS' ~, t.S§.1'"
-c..~ , ~I LJA 4J~ ~I t)"'\:11 ~}t JAWI ~ Sf clJ~ ~J
~t ~).L_' , ~ J~}I 0Yo'_, , 4 jl;WI UlJt f>i
o~ c' u\!i J'd."'-
.~ uti~ 4-4i J tt;; ~.l,J., • ;u,t; (J'Jl..ul

Jt CAl _,l c.>.A]' ~ Ji , cd,) Jl cU~ "':> ~J' ' 1)"\:11 ~

.c&. t.f~ 'JI '":"'a..:11 ~ <5.lJ1~I _,. I';"'_, . ~~ 'JI G:1.
~l ~J . ~ J);~ \~J~ ~t JI e,S)1J ~ ~~ (,)"WI
~~
...t·;~ ,)1).1 J)\> Ll> ~~ IPJ '_,.Jar J.i ~t J j;
J'- ~ (;A ol.J-M ~Jl ~t.J'l1 ...\!:. .~ ~ ~ J.:."j l. c: ~~ 'Jl
,. J.&.
\ ()"
L:J I .....
LJ..
.t:$ oJ..:.:. ~l..::=..
...
'JI :l•. t. ;','11 tS'..J• L.!J • .JI J::-
. ~I I

~L..:JI - ~li....J1 o.a ~ ~.;j. J ~ , '>;' a~IJ ~L...::Jt.

. ~, c:r-:-"
~ J:.l ~t ~ ,":,~c.; ~ : ~~y, olJ)W'J ~'''1
, ~": .." Ai Jt .)')~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~')I ,;r U_,;-"
IJ.,. J' ~~)lI
.. . :LoWl J)\;..U" U .r.]l
t!t J, !.- II
u--: ~ -..b t.r
I~
..
J
:~ JI ~ t.Jt U~) ~L.J"JI uli)W1 UA~~I ~~
uti)' ~ ~t.P' o.u- 4.! ' (\),":,.)lA:U .1W1_, , .A&.~ J,WT
j-'Jl ~IJ , ~I ~.; ~ _".J ":"JlA:.11JI I"..rt ~4}"" J .J&-~'
j'~'JIJ u~IJ ' ,,:,,)lA:l1J&- ~ ~\i . ~L:=JI JI ~~

L. von Wie.c, Sy'tlJma~ Social"" ( H. Becker. ed., New :)il1 (')

York, %932 )J p. 39.

'0
~ ~ ~1 ~~I L)"\:JI ~ ,~ oP,lJ . ~L:=JIJI ~\~_

~_'.4l' u~1 ~ ~ -UJ • dl:.J1 ~ '-:;'M ~I~' LS, ~~.

r+: c!'JA ~ o- l- '.JA,,~ \'1 J~ 'J 4.i!l1 \~J .L..:J~
. ~r~Jt
J ~l..:>':U~
.,. ()-'
1(". ~
~~
_l.~: a .,
"';"";h olJ)W, WI.. UJ, r-
..r, ,

GWJt~~ U" utl).1 ~ ~j:.ll J' \~'Jl ~ ty ~44 ..~1

;p::J1 ,y ~j:J\ I.i. eli'" . 4;jl.,Jlo~ ~T ~ ~~ ~.\J'
to).) ai'
oF
u.)L.m .>,; ~
..
_"rli. IfWI' ~ ..1.,"
.),) .Y'" "'I ~ J.r'
..1 v: 1''tS'
til t...,JJ
~".. c)t..."c C)~'lIJ ,.I~'.JI \:i..:,,, • ~JI~ Jt ~I_;S'I\~ ,,1
Jl!. , ~~'JI .:.,lj)WlJ c)lA L.. 1.#" , ;..~I l.....b.t ~
~~'~'11-,~_,_.4fl~}U" Jt ~~ ~,b~'J1J!.~ rJ",~' ~I clJ~
'~\J 6.~1 l:..~1 .,J c.i> ~I, ~ ~ ~..l%j ~t ~.)."i'~I
..b-' ~A'--\i ~~I" ~~ J ~~~ ~,~ ~JA ~ :i1'l..\u
JL!.. ~~ ~'}I ~ .~~ 'J }--'l'1 u'i).1)l..G ~)I
~li ~; j&-J . 41.1.11) ~'ll ~ ~_,JI ~ J ~J ~ID.J_
JI ~ ,§ ~ ~b.~1 4,0..0",,:,1'{ J t/' ~I ~J u_;.JI".IIPIJ
. .,.jl ':"\i~ J' .)1}":Jl~\j~ J # ~\~I)I o- oJ}) tl_;l

-,i \~~ ~b ~.r-.!l~ : ,)';J' ~ ~\i.)W'J t.JJ'".t1 -,. ,:

GlJ~ e",' .)I)~I ~ ('jb ~I u1i,~1 J clJ~J UiI):1 ~ J::i_,:ji
..:;--- .JI J ~
,W;l.1 ~\, ,..JA'I ~.. ~_"I ;;~ ~• c)J1(" J v::-
~ -.t ;;~ 'I 1 :l.... I !l~
_ _. A

~.:~·:
..,i ~I).I ~t ~L!ll_' 1.)1)15' 'J fl ;.,.j~ ~I t!W~
~WI ~I .
~I ~',.~"". c.>.lJI~I
, &~~~; ~~:I
~~-
~.)W, '.tj ~I~I JI ~ )air. ~~I ! J ~L:JI ~lOJIJ
 ~\1ijJ ~ ~Ll.~I_'~~'.ll ,.\;&. ~_,AJI Uil)I ~ ':"T> u=J.
~..,..~I ~1)4 dt ~I ~.r.~11 ul~I _,i , ($jljlJ ~lAJI
~~ ..\iJ ' ~\!II ~WI ",:,.rJ' J~ J4~IJ Jll~1 ~1 ,,']1,
~I ~ c.;l5' j.,JAJ .)lA:.>1Jl #..i JI j;~ 4~ ~i
~~~.t.
'~14l1 wIJU-' , u.;w,.~1 ~'~Ifi' ~ ~ ~
• I( Jdk\l1 J~
))clJ..if J , b~L:aJ1~I-, , ~\J :i.;.,IJI".
~~J~';-,4.:J)L.J ~-,~ ..I.; I~j ~t)1(.. §J .rjl.~,:;-J>
• ~ jJA.I. UiI.Jll olA ~jJ ~ :L,l> ~IJA I.J - 4.";;.\,~,
~,~J ,;_,.~ ~~I w-,} if lA ..b- JI UiI)1 .,~ t!:i'J
· ,)1~~1 Jt- \;~J ;J:J.::JI ~I.:ul ;.; ~ ~ ~)~ JI
~Uu J , r'JJ.l4 ~ LS , l.I r j:>\ll,..\;:':II J;- uiil)1 ~-,.
~J::> ~i .:.,I~U:;I)I .~ ~i ru '1J . ('> j;.;A)l ~WI Io.;"b)'t

.~4 \'1 ;;~I ~~ :L.IJ.) ~ \~ ~..ul ~t1.Ur~L,__

~J\...u. ;)fIJ ~li ~)I\ ui\).\.

J ~c"~! ~ t. IJ":'
I..... : -.lit T
..ft ~"--
_.ii' j ~I"
:IT: .• j1 ~
~tl &:Ill£.·....tl
.r--- ~•
. . --,' ,.' ,
~ } .J::-' _,_JI ..__ 1)JJI J .t...1;';'::_1 ~ t w-- c..d I_,..u ~ cSt
e'J t1 utl)1 ~I . ~I I.l. J ~4~1 ~, JJj ~l ~_
: ...._,ul)'IJ jr)1 ~ ~ JUt (~)
H. D. Las8well,. Politics, Wllo Gets What~ Whln, How (New York, 1936), Chapes •.
r
II and IX; for an excellent discuaaionof racial beliefs in Alllerica,~G.MyrdaI...,
~n Am'ri'an J;>ilI77mJG'(NewYomJ 1944), \'oIl I Chap. 4i and:for a 1ivel~ and

.lO\I11d popular discussion

.
of the subject)
,
M. Halsey. Color .BUnd (New York..,
.
1946').' fot ~ve iDust:atiVCI 0". A,mlrica (F. J. Brown and!J. ~. Roucek...
ed••• New You, 1946).·
'4 )_Y-!A ..r.f ~~ "",4)'1 !lIJ.)'J1 "T r..I'~ J~ r~1
jN;:;
fl;~J
.. W,.:j I....i I .. b u:.1.J..:J1 ~I 1- l..l""!,J
. Jr-. L. .• '..
• O~J
.. ..
oJ.A.-J
. ~JII.:...-
1..1 ..
W.,JA ~• ~J .. • b• ~ N r..ru'll.:i JrJ
t:.1 l:..:~ oJ J

~.)L;.. ~lA~ LJA ~I US). I I.."u. 4.0,,:;>,j&- ~ ~l ~ '.J ~

.ujJl J;. lAl~..li' ~L.jWlo~ • ~WIJ uIJ~'JIJ ~I..)ijlf
,.:..L.. ~).I J; Jlla; 4.> JjJ , ~IIJ ~, -,' ~I _,t
~.lJ1 ~I )~ 4ij)i~ ~J J JL..CI ~j.) ~ 'J ~I
,,~t ~ ~ l:.iT ~bJl o.l.. J~ t, J)J . ~I <..Ai) I ~
...u.WI '-'i) I ji)ll t.P .,,1 , ..\fW\ c..Aj)1~ Ij I~ LS u7!)1
r~l ~.).;l. I~ ~, r)I..J1 t} \i~ \ofJ .~, ~
. \b;J1JI ;,rUI o~ J ~'4H2~1 ~

.J_,-!ll ~\'b- J&- 41\'..ill l.o~ ~I ~b.~'J1 J>1.l.:i'J

« \ I".r":\II»' .. )\;.iJ,j uiil .JI'qJ
1~'t:.:JJ • ~ .....U I~..\..!
.. .:11)l!...v:
~ tJr
,ub.JL\11 o~ ~ ~I JWI ~I • « ,-:,,~)'I » J (t .J!,J.A::JI» s
~'l..UJ ulc,..~'jl.)~ u~ ~JfJ' ~J ~ ~
" c)~~)'1 ~~ c)l ~ L. I..u._,'~_,J_,L;.-ll ~~I Jt-
_,ojJl_, ~I J!.t' ~ J~ ~ J.)..j ~I ,UiI)1 *",Jut
-bol J rJj.JA J I~ c)~ ~I o- ~ T ("..\All .l!.. o: WI Ji:,..\1 -ld
~I ~ c.i "uJ • ~ ,.~ Jl ..bol_,~ _pJ ..1Lf/JI ~
T~ ~4 ~~ ~I ~~I IhlA j ~..bJ1 _"aJ1J ~"\~.J_;JI
.t)1 ~IYJ ~I ~.r-lIJ, oj:JI_, ~ij • til~)1 t.fJl.::JJ
J.A.J
... L.... t.Jl:..tJ ~I)I o.l.. - .)J~IJ ~I .'JJJl. J , ~l:.lJ
~L 'I .lJa J • ~ •
1PIIoIO
J~ .C.J"'"'"\.LI~ ~l.>~1
.. p1J u.lj' WI.:.:...
~ e,S..iJI'))1I ~~ ; .. w:2 •• : .... ~ ~~I J _,1, o~ ~
J ~YJ ~4 CU.i)_, , JIJ.::-_,JI JJL::.:JII..iJ. ~ o~ J oUt
($.iJ1 u1_,l1 ~I - ~I J (5_,>t ~~ !n.~J- (5,)}l1 ~I ~
, ~\: J}J t~ ~I:>~I ~ J ~ ~ r-'4 o~~ JI ~ ,
Ui)1 u-:J_, , o~ ~'_,...;.TJ)L;. U" 01) (5.iJ1 ~_,.ul c.J,u ~U
it ~
.),.-' - r l...vlJ ~
I....
~
'..
r..~..r
•... ~ I _ .) .:1\ ~ L.k.. lilt
- I:t,l: W
..
~..b.i' \+.. ~.tJ1 , ,~~IJ (.)#.~~I JI P ~)~I (.5.;J
· ~_,~ ~j ~1 u~1 ~ ()4 <!.lli"J cl:J,i ¥..

,~~_" o.l4M ~ ~T)lS, ~1.Jll ~I: t..JJ,,,. o~

~ L.J ~ e,St ~1~J-lI ,)~~ ~ ~J ,~_,:.. ~_,.

J~I c)lG.\l1 J ~J' I.'t, .... ~,4.ibl:.i1 JA L.S, ~

.. ~l ~..'. l:...-.Ar ~T ($..f'"-1 ; J.La"oj . \J 4.L.1f uL-..A;·
~ .J-'! ..
I"
cr:
~i:J1 J UiI)1 ~W l:ll '"LS)AJI ~J 0 41.r.-' lr l:..4j ~.
(.5l, ~)~ 4;...;s1 ~~I.# ~J ~ '" t J ~_;.:I"
L....:J~
•• 4.-..1> J W ul~ ~i ~ tI
L. I~ Uil -'I.rJA ul!,u
,..,.,. • ~ 0 ..

~ ;.w.i 4t~ r..s-

.. .rJ L...;
. L._ utiylj tlY . ~t .r \II ..,-
.~I J.t J 0

oL ~~J'~·~Il·. • ~Wl J1t"....l.....Ar

.... J t ~t;)W1 ~I L:-..!->
.. ~.

;;..lJ.~1~ LS , ~~)J (;~J ~WI . ~L.,.,-,~IUil_,il.

o
(i...i
·\::11 if ~~, ~li~ . 4Lw , t.;..J-I'
'..t W", 0 rwt~)\f LdTI
..
•oLA J!.t r:r u._,l> Ji ~~ ()"~I Jt ~4 ~~I I,)A , ~.

o ~b.';l~
~~4'11 "::"\;jWJ .c:....IJ,:) J JJjj' .; cUt, ~l.lJ1 ~ c!U'; t'J
_,......JI ~ Ji , JW':/I uil;J J,[fJ'J1 <...Ail-"".~ ~1 ~t.....
.Ji l.:.i..4r
J-, IJ"'~II c..dl yo" ,~ll
l GU~J • 0~ "'''.
~ 6£ ~.
~r".. !,~, J

.($r.' ("w
.. i wi'; ~1 t ,
J ~ 'I ~ 6.i k.k "IIJ
.. ~ '.N r.r ,~ .

• .rAjl ~ JT .)'j~1 ~ ~l.t~ ~4

: " ~~ ~,;Jl tJ~1

~,,,t,~~
(J".i t.f' ~t· LJA d'~'~I ~1
. yo.t L..jb • )

tkW
~.J \ Wi\ .JA
. ;~ u;\_,.., ~W, ~\_tA .

J-J:~'cJli)1 ~)\ ~)I

ob~1 .P.J.. ::If ~ .J'J,.:I'

c» J.:u.li J ~)I ..l~1 tJAll

JIaJlo.;ll:P ' ~\'}I ..l...:L.1.
J~~I ~I
c» t.~~1
t.J>Jl ~~I
~~)tl
.
, ('1') JWJI
 (t) J~\'\ ~~I J~:J\
~II ~\.2'- ~~hll ~\

(T') ~UI j}::ll

fl JlA:> '11
..~~j'11
~pl
;"")a;J\

c:a LJlI r~
~L.-a.l\

, w~~ IJ ~~ '1~j;~4~L>1 ~ c;_,la.:;' Uil.,.. - l!Jl:

: _,_J' _,,~,

'~I W\:J.\ o~\

~I ~W\ wPy'Ji
4A!lt (0) O~\ ..\AJ-I .
61.:J.\ 4A!j1 ~~
JI. ~)\
:.:.~I ~I
4i)1 ..\,iJ...1
U.~I ~\
'-.\pUt
t~
.. "11J , ..l..l.a:J
- I "1 -LlA:.:J
•• I J U)
• 1 J ...JAJ
M. ." t I.:.l...2.t _
'-' ,
~ J~ ~6J\ J J_,\l1t~\'\ ~l ~I , t~1 "1
JJ . ~~,~\~ JI ~ Jl!ll C)L'JIJ , c...d)1
~I_' wU)\ ~) ~IJ t)L1 ~I ~~ ~Y.. 'J
. ~.)I>\'I

:u~, JL>- J&. ~~ ~ ~ c:r (.)'"~I JI ~I Ji J\..:JI - or

•.l. :t..~'j JI (.)"l.:.Il\I~I ~) J. ~4J . ~~ '11
l,)"'L...t ~ , ~) ~I ~ c..Ai)II..i. ~))t"uJ . ~~JI

If~' ~t; I.- .,.......JIJ WI c.r::-b.~ ~ ~ ~t

• oW ~t;J1
". ~
~I

, J-AJI ~J ~.iJi ~ ~ ~L..:.:JI ..L..Ui ~ ~ - \""

. ~, L LUI ~ rj~ C;JJI~)I WI"

c...d1)1 ,)>'~ J Jl.L.!':a'i (1),)1 ~~I tJ' ,~ ~) - t

~t JI ~ j,. ~'JI~ ~ u.~1 \.:.,w,J§JJ • ~I
~, c.#..~J . ~.}-'Jl __prJ ~"'}I <...Ail~ ~ L.,~
r: - ~l..at ~.. J.....a ir:
,. J.,r--. 1.._ l:.ilA..!.l) ~I~ ~ j 4)wlL!.";i1

.~~)I~~'#-
\W~Ic:r Ji~1~I J .~I ('),)1 ~)rl (J4 J~.u - ~
r..r.:"" l>~\'• I.. • LW-,
.. ':ll..4J·I.~ ~I.!....>." ~ . ~~I
..
J .~~.H
J->-..\i' ~t J~I (f ~t c:r ~)4 - 4.-.;J~
~. ~ &)I~I ~I u;.,.. ~t '11 ~~ <.)"'L...,..\'I
• U"' L.:.-'11I;'" J&- ;)-' _,.4J 4
 ~ 1• .H- t.~\'1 e,-'r ~ ~ : ~1J11 ~~» C(

...\i_, • (n «: t.-l:5 » c)1.(.., t_,.,.4). U;I) I if I.r~LA <JA J:lAl4

~ ~ ~ tl.;;. ':JI~I .' II d &)J.;¢' ,-,1:5 ~,
• ". ~ J.!> ."......, ". c.-
i)"J , ().11 rJ4.J '~I cJA 1.1'1:11Uil_,.. ~ Jp. ~ ~t
1I.lJ. ~\ ~ rJ4-' • I_r.~j ;~I ~'')I 4 '~J , J-jl ~~
4......\ .)..uJ ~\.. I _t!I\
~"...t L...=..I ~L ~J~~.J
" 1<" .... • - ~\' bell

Hj~4 t~).II..u. Js:- JW c)i ~~'YI.:r ~t.).ill'~'

. t~'J1 ~ J d.i)UI ~~I 4JUI ~~ ~UJI

,O~'.J ~L.~I )'1~ ~I UiI)1 .)t JI

;J.Aal1 u_,!r ~l~
. ,",,~';JI JiDl4... <3~ t~,JA [.1'; Jt ul~ ~I . ~jJ
u.J'lUi.. UA \iLL, !lJ~ .), c!.>yl ~ J,-JI c:r ~ ~ll~J
~.J J~ (u~1 J ~.)~c:r ~I ~~ u~ LS-,. ~)L;JI
~ V"::"""b..l o~ 4.r' ~IJ J;- ~ «~)::.. » ~~ o.l;L,~1 ..b-~

: )Lt..JUt , J'.; H I..u. ~ ci.b:-l.~' .).,.u I.!U':' ~ J (\)

L. L. Thurstonc and B. J. Chave, Ths M'I:JJUf'"".m oj Attitudes (Chicago, 1929);
Read Bain, "Theory and Measurement of Attitudes and Opinions", Psychological
Bull. XXVII (1930), 357-379; G. A. Lundberg, Socuu Rssaarch (New York"
1942), Chap. VIII.

: J-;t I c.r'~, 'Ap ..w. 'H ~..u, 4:-i.rl' .)WJI V-J

.clifford Kirkpatrick. "As8111llptiom and Methods in Attitude Measurements",
Am,ncan Sociological RftJUm, I (1936), 75-88; R. T. La Pierre, ''The Sociologic:al
Siillificancc of Measurable Attitudes" J ibid, (1938),I7S-Ib.

: )..it t,_,..J.Jl ,Jpo ~ ~ ~ ~".rJ

Daniel Day, "Methods in Attitude Research", Ibid., V (1940), 395-4IO•
 utl)1 ~I)JJ ~6J1 ki 1.lA~t LJA" • u-_,JI I.l". ~ ~
. t.-.LAJ .. ~ lAll'!~ l:o J J 6.; v'r Lr.'"
.. t.k I: ~
~ ~ ~~ \.).)0

. .;.1 C.Jj I)A ~Ji ~ '-'i1)1d~ J ~~.J.. W". ~I.t ... ,

, ~~)J' ~ -:J e'."J1 J ~ ? ~I)I J b~ ~T ~ ($..ul~.
~~Lii)J t.J1.,kiWIJ '~I)I~ ':IJ . ~~W ~~~ if"'1_,i WIJ.
• ~J 0J'lliJl ~ J>"J ~~l WIJ' ~I ~:JJ . t.;lj_,t~
W. J~L.:;~I ~1_,laJ'J dl:A'l ~ ':'l..jJl o.l.t. ~~ JJ
~I~J . ~I,)I ~'J ~~ 01. ~_;::.;~T ~.
~I.i..~\ u>1.".:J1
4)) .J ~Jf-A: ~I)I. I.)"~ J ~~.i.. c.:t..ul~, J.,4i ~; r_)&.
()A w~ o...b. J :;J'p'. ~I • ~ ~~ ,.u~1 ,,1 ,))11~·~I
. (\) ~~I I.)..;.

, ~
• ~r') ~ . db'
~ •. ' .. , JIG,
1J" LAJI J ~I , 1< ~
c.)"
l:J1
• • I ".

I;I_, . (,,) ~IP'I ,..,i J.:.l1 "i , j~\lIJ ~~\I'u~J~ Jt

,;:_,~~ \I,' ~I,)I:;~, ~'~ 'i.\~~~'~~I u.))t
.', • J • ".

, ~~ ~U I..J ,'.;>)lIJ ~~'JI_, ~_,:JI l:J_,d , ~I W~ l;

~~:JI _,i ~~~I JI ;)l.j~1 ~.r.J~ CJI~ .J~_
:;p' jt ~t : ,/':J1JIJ-l1 c}t :;1~ ~;~" . ~ ~~ .~
w, .JA, v:;·~ . .iJI.cY....JJJ.JI ~
.JAA!. D!." ~)tI L.:J~~
., cJ'~h f.~

4.r'. ~I .)~I ~,.~t"..u ~\..i.A _;J.6JI. v,;.,JI ..; 4..J (\)

J.;. 4.r' .,~t 'o~1 ~~j,) ~~ wu oJ4-! l•• !•.,a',! leu ~~~
, .. ': ~t • ,;....sJ1
Louis Gu~ and B. A.' SucluxWt,n InteDaity and Zero Point for Attitllde
" ." ~ . (,

Analysis," American Sociological R,vi"". XII (1947), 5(i..67.

R. M. 'MllcI~er, ~ocletY: A t'~;bo~k oj' Sodoltfo (New : ~ .)a.it (~)
York, 19371 pp. ~6-2.7.
~~ l) Jt 0: ~..\.JI)) ."t 4: ~I}~.vl ]) ~ ~;..~ oJ~J'7 ~
, ~~, u-a1 ~ (fL:J1~ ~ « ~y::,J1 ,\}&jl » _,t 4: J-:1t
W~)'" .J..~ ..:r ~ ~I rJ"l:.-4i1 ~lj ~4 ",:,I_,:JI ~l) I~I_"
. <.t'~~1 ~_,~ ~_,Lcll~)I o"b..
~~ '11j)J ~~W UiI)1 ~ \.t.. ~\i ~~ LJA ~ t....J
~r.s! ~Ijl c.)"\:J1
c)A ~) ,)\}~ ~I_,.s o}JIJ ~IJ. ~~~IJ'
~f r_,.dlIJ ) . 0) ~I.r _,l ~~J~ clI~J. ~ ~-' J ~~~I ()A'

~jJ' J ,)) J) ~ ~~\l1 ."t ~~~I ~~).) ~ ~')II

~~ .::...w." ,~, ~lAll b~ ~-' • ( r....UJ...lI :\LtCl o..lCW1c.r.!J'
• ;..\..Ail
..:r.. ul..JUU'
LI~ UJ...; L. Uli
• •
~\j ,; • . ~
..r,>,:r .. l..J" ~ J
.
.::.,~I.
• cY r.JNI.J-' ~IJ...
IY...r--" ~ dJ~ c.s-
"'IUiI .,;r- 1,.-J • ~i..:>"::/I
... ~1) L:J~
"
......L-bJl
'-" ...
~J ,~ .;t;J1 ~I. J
J.u
...... .q,
~I~"::/Ic.r-t' *J ~ ..}-'-'"

uiJl)1 .,.l... , cU; ~L! \..."~Jdl o~I J ~I_' t.WI ~_?!l~.

.!.J.b::.:i ~I ~ ~.>
1.411 r.)A ,;y... ul:' ~I_" ."i U~),) ~ ~
~\Al.I,,~ rb\'1 ~IJ .m ~La;..1JfL.J,:r ~~Jr- 1.." ~
~.r.fJ y':~I)1;jP.-t c:.r ~1_' ~UI J~.) ~ o- ~I~I_"

~.I..~'''' ~_,.Q..!J' .)1}~lu~~IJ..~ ~I ;..lf1AJ1

~ &)){d..ll

..r.fs , ~... J \;JI "W~I

.. ~... w.:J1 u)lld;)U ub..)
.J Ji._.;\
• f JI .

:~
M, R. Cohen and E. Nagel. An Introduction 10 Logic and Scieutijic Method (New
York, I934). Chap. XV.

:~ JR;t <")
P. F. Laza.nfcld~The T.chniquB oj Marktti11g Res.arch, (New York, 1937) and·
Radio and The Printed PaglJ(New York, 1940); O. Murphy and R. Likert, PubI;,;"
Opinion and the Indi!>idual(New York, 1938),
.~_,JhJIJ ~~'11 o- ~}JI IJ...~\) l;~~ 'J \.l.a ~t
• .uS' uli)\ o~ ~\5' ljeJ jAj Jl ~.JL.. ~4~'J\ ~. t,S.iJi

,UjI)1 (( U"~ :& ;JJl; ir ":)S ~ l!J1~W\ ",:,.rJ1 I;J J~J

L.L.JL
•. ..
~\ .us"\..!.. ~t o..b.:il ~~~.. .J'-II c.r:::"
• ,..J ~... ~. II
J~ ..
J

"."wI (.$",~ ~L..y. w.JA ~ ~ ~t ..u ;),)':/IJ ~P'

,,.~~ tlk-I ~\..J~\'I ~\ J} ~ ~J.ul ~~'J\
,'~~\ ~..kI\ ~, J.:. ~_.4...!J\ ~~~\ ~;, I)A , (J_, Q ~'l'
,j&- \~ ~_,... ~y. \~ ~i , ~..P.-II UA 0: u~ » ~~ (.)4

,o.),s"~t ~_pJI wl..wltlj' ~Ijl Jl'iJ w,:/L-A;yj ~~_;...... D~

t.JY ~I ~Pl ~jlJ.1 Ji , ~I~I ~~H rJI ~. ~I

.~I ~"ll J JI~ 'JJ . ~I ~~4 ~..ul J ~iJ JT , ~

~JJ&- ~ 'J lS ~IJ - ~ ~I o)\?1 ~ u'u~t b~ J!l
,~i ~ ;JJl4J ~ l:il ~ ,;rJ l.,:.. ~I o.)~1 lGJ... ~~,

,UA \~.J.=:- ~_,i « c;~ ~~)~» ~J~I ~T)_p.- ~;!. j."'+

~F &I~ « I~ ~~.J.. ':J » ~II~ cJAj.v. ~t _,T,(~I
JI ~T » u~U~1 ~Wt ~, ~_,J..,)~I U" j. t. (Ji J" jt....
~t ~. c.S~i ~ IY &JJ .0) u~.;JI __
WI OA 0: ~I

~~J ' 4.i.tr WI li:>'kI,\;J cSJ} ':J uL.)J.1•.l.. J!.. ~, .)$Ji

.0.1. ~ I__,4;J u=J\ ~k_,...:,}\ ~ )~I ~\'.?~':/\-Ai\ t;.~~

..\AJ J.o\.O\ ~4 u-W' ~t~ ..'J urtl_,.L1 ~t1. ~, . Uil_,ll

[.~I~ ~blf- cS~1 J'..J.I)" ~ ~ (.S.lJ1

~I dJ~, wl)1

~ ~l ~\..".w.\ ti J.W' ~J ~J :u:,., ~

I .~ <\)
• ~l ~ ~4'J' r_,wl JoA'A;..o ~ J_,.wDJJ

"
r""J L1..Jt a-,;:> Ji, ~l wr ~ f! J~ Jt '~l
. ~l w~}I}' J (')&)~_,. J. J!.. ~IJ:w.....I. (,)J.i~Jl)

~L\l1 ~".:J ~>J..Ait ~lS' ~)J r

: W1 ~t)'~
J' t"p'"}1 ~ , ~)I ;.,b. ~~J.') L.I),) J ~I ~~':J'
J ,WI 1S1)1 :l4"ii... ~.rl~~yl u.1.r.-le,;I' o~1 .:..~~
:LG
.. _..;-~I ;~, _.:r -'I JJ •(Y) ~~.)~\ ~I':' ,,:, o:
..:"h\f "II:ttb:J1 ir1~L.l1

~ ~• ...n clJ.lS'"J.cf ,iii ~WI.... J6.JJ ':"~IJ ~ .,11 L"'''' F-~-

J ~ .. fS""11~r
r. ~I J.~I Ui\ Y'..
! ~~ JI ~L...11
.... ul..\>~!J.~

~_'J...: ~~yl ~':J~ . w.~ ~J~ J ~J)J ~)~ I.l..~·

~~ t~ ~ ,.,..-.,j,,~ LJA ' !II.) J1~UJII.lAJ .)~I t.5 iJ )~

~'j..~~ ,,-11~l1:.:....1 ~J • ~lLJl c:r o.)~ 1lc1r.-1 ~ ~_,L.i
J&-J' ~l::-JI ~'..y.lJ ~ ~ ~ ~io~ ~~l:.. J ~l.:-I~
. a.:...;
I..b- _ ~.. -..L.:J\ t: (; ~~ .~':J\ ~It\:j
r::- ~
~~;J
• •• L. • tl~

u...:..i ~t r:.r;~ ~Ij l. ~~\ .,J.,. ~T~ • .I....li:I1 j ~

.l_:... l)"l:A'1 ~\....i \~ I)A ~)4J . ~J § UA ~ ~~
...l.._.;s. Literary Digest ~ • d.lJ, J.L:.>\fl ..,
.u. ~ .. ~ "IA:>~
u~':J
...J' -II ~_J~ ~.) t:. u~1
. 4.......l:..J
.., WI (.)T)I ~l.bJl• ~w...
~IJ:=~II ~ ~I ~\ ($J.I\ rl:J1~I ~lj , \\t',\ :c...... J o..b.:.!.t·
r~ Jajl ~ P.~ '\tA ;c...., ~~)1·":"~b.:;4 ~::.u.
. if~~1 Lr ~_,J~ ~ u~ ~ ~b.. ~I JfL...)1 ~Lif'

Up Pront (Cleveland and New York, 1945) : .)u i (\)

~ t"....,)l 1..iA~ "';IJ ~ ~ t~~1 .) ~..t. J. ~ (\'>
: J' C::-J.. ~t I ~'J,) ~ ~.
G. Gallups and S. P. Roea T1J~Pulse oj Democracy (New York, 1940).
I

"W
.J ~ J~I ~~
L
~I ~1.,;..c~L
•~
-:1_". W.u .1.lI' I)AJ
•.• ~
.
·&))4~\j~~· ~.)~'~4~1 ~ ~ ~l:4:.:....)tI~" "",l:AJ1
($;'" ;.)~ _" . ~I~' oc.~\ ~_,dA ~jJ\ ~I if l.. ~~
~J • 4&-';_'. J.:i )~ c!".)~ ~~ ~ I_'~ &Ji ~ ~
~'j->~\ ~ J a.... eO 1.0 ~J..o ~J"A u~' ':"1c.l:4::.....'Jt; clJ~
clI~~ J~. lS - w;t- _"",::!.U- UA ~~,
I..~ __,A_' ~

,'~I_' I~ § &J\ ~\_, • .:.,\",l:4:..., ':/1 ".>.. ~ :l_',) J' r-._,.Gr o-

..~ '11 u.,.£ cJ' ~i ~I-, J-l::'.J (,$.lJ1 .~\ 0i '11
.y. .:.,\
I~ (J'p' ~I .r'~I-, ~.J.II ~ ~ WA~~, u.i1)1
.~jJl t~\ D"..
. ~ o-I<W\ 0.1. Jh;j
. J . d...A...;.,J1
.. .. I ....b
If!
.:.L... J
l---;-"
.~ Jb. § Jt- ~J • ~\.JM'~I ..)J;:, 4.;~ ely\ J~
...~'11.) T.A~a~ L..... ~.. i w..G (""l...:>~1 ~\ ~ ....
. ul joP~1 o-4J <,S.lJ.J1
-t:f ;.;:;s ~ ~__,..;,_,.. j' U"l:JI LS 1.) LS.;-:J r ~\t ~ olW' ,-iJ
.: l to.~.).i
V-- ..J ':"1.l::A:..,..,~ ~ ~~• .. ..u ~ . r: ':i\;.
~__,..
~bb.::;'.J1
•

\;''::- h.? t...J r!L..Al

~ ,.,.. J~ r"',:, ~i ~V-.. ... ··tt~~
~(S'" - •
~I ~t • L.
~ ~i , ~.)l...:ci\'1 c;!.L,) J <,S} IlL..1 ..r- ~ ,,1 ~p~
."",,_till tj o- ~T , clll4b~ ~l:il uc~\ ,,-¥ r.4? ~.).) ,t
.JA 1 ~ ~ ..t c!l::J _.:1- d ~ ~t
~
'~-'
• •
~.J
• (U \
.J:- r-- -' ,""- .. if"'I
: _)&;' <\)
",CThe People of The U.S.A. - A Self.Portrait", Fortun, (Feb., 1940).
A. W. Kornhauser, Cf AnalysiB of rCla8e' Structure of Contemporary American
,,saciety - Psychological BaBCof Class DiviaionB~', in Imlustrial Conflict:
...t P',Ychological IntsrpretatiDn G. W. Hartmann and NeWCOlIlb. eds., New York,
'1939), pp. 199-2.64•

• I
 .. I, 4.4..lJ I»JI t-:.:..
.. d'.r.:11 uLu_J ([4.b...... .JM.
.«....\A::J;4l1 .. cl....A1 ~ M
r ~

JL.JI e~J Jl.&.'!I1~b-,t elLu ~i.1 ij".! L.S ([ ~ » ~~

. 1-iUJ ' LA~ Yo J ;..b.:.:.. ~..b-"7 ..IIJ

.JI L.....IJ ~,_,k;.. u'i1)1 .••81 ,y t~1 1.iA L:...;~J

~.~ ,,1:A:
,u:J' ul ;'i~l_' u~)1 Ji - ("UI .1....:.11
~ ~ j ("L.~I
~f ~ ~Ij L.~~~~eJ . u:&1)1 ~L!.".~~
- ([ ~~)l1 ~I» j ~_,..l.jl c.S'J '-Ai1)1 u\!,r U" ~
~l:.(J1 l.1.v-o ~I:JI u~1 J ~I_'" ~ ~":. .. :uw.. ~J
.r v J ~
.')\.i~I.~ (f"
"II t..~..:All ~ .~ )1b• ~ A"'c-": ~t I.:..:.(.,_ ':J I.:ll ..bJ
\.
-

~->....!U" 01~
ul... \'I~~U;I)I ~~ Glj')J. :tl!....~1
~I'; ~ I~J

.~J' ~~ j tf"~':I1 j'lC1 ~~.,4i Jl,:iL1) ~WI

.(.J\tiI1uli~1 ...b..J o- ~:r:-~, J.&- ~ ,ji ~ ~I.) 4.M ~l)

. (,)"UI ~
.
~~1;~~16~J.\j ~W\ ~J' .

.~~~'Jlw\i~I~~t J-lI11.l..J ~Jic)t ~

~41~..r.-r J&. ~~.JA
,§ c)'1IJ ... 1..,._11 L'L..a..J ~I') Uily
.~I~ , ~~ Jt , :i.i~ ~i ~ ~I J2.:! ~i ~ ~L.J':I~.r1
• ~I _,l, 4i~1 t~""'J ~I ul..\Jl_,l, ~~I ~.rJ c,S.l.J1
..( V"~lc~ Ji~ c:f' OJ~ ~~IJ ~p~I ~l\ ~J )

.UiI)1 ~ \~I js- WI') cS.}w ~~ ':II ~J~I ~lS' I~li

.~I tl,;t ~W ~i rJl ~ , ;n J' ~~ ~4 ~WIJ
. ~l.::::-- 'JI ot:-JI J ~".oJ1~\,.)jl ul~
~\ b ~I UiI_,..lJ ~L!;l:... J : as" ,;..:J'", ~\.:.;1,e'~'
l)"l....t !l~_, ..~~';I1 ~... " ..r LLt ~W\ J' ~y) Itl§ ~
~,L.cll
. --'WI
C ~...~..,..1
. "1\ do a ~ wi r::,
.. v-.. ,I
~ <t...A; ';.u _r-..-,
U"
~ ~ ~\~~I o- ~ U,j=- ~~I .k:..:lII.l.J .:0 rl'J
J' , ;S _r... ~1,)J.i (,)"l:.1I ~\ ~ J_,A; ~ • JaAUI ~~, ~.
~\)I ~ Uu I.:..)\S' '~~J ;';JJ~ J.,.:b lo ~ ~ , 4S'.r:... ~I.lk.
~~ 6J6J1 ~J... J ~\! ~ b ,.~t U"'l:J1 ~ ~lS' I~I-, . L..l..r"
~J-!l' ,.~~I L.1J ~ ~ ~,o..b. ~.l),§ ~ ;}.p.".J'*'

~ ~ -' ...l.l.J
.... ~W• c;rr c""'!. J1~
~ ~,.Y'-l _("I.
~M
··'I.:.ur ~_...J
LS"" c.)"
l:J1' ~~

~'J..~I J~ dWI ,,~ ~-'

~\ . I".~~, ~J,) ~-,L.:J4.
~Wl J!.r ~k;J1 ~\_.I) J ~\ ~~ ~ ~ ~I ojt:J\
~ ~ ~~I J>b J ~L!i o- '7~1 ~ ~l.. 1..' '~L!:H
yl&. ~I ~I J_;; I~~' .1. ;;~~j-, . !JI~~~ ~ ~_,..~_
:Ub. J JL!i\ J:::- ~ ~~ lS" , ~.;..:... w...J I)~ ~_,G~1....
tY,..JJ JI e}1 j ~L.::.:l.1~1l...td...u.Ai Jw.~' J\::-J if ~,
lS"_r... \)..\-4.. ~ \~ j1 ~ ~ \f_;...:....
La. ~ 4S'_r!.
~ ¥. c,S~ LS ~\ J ~..~\).)'\
~~I ~ ,j'J . ,;.Li:li
~ 1.('
J~J
.:\S'" ~cto --lL=..JI~ .L!:l.1-lUI
C J~ ~~,~
L
~I cUr

w.o ' ~pl r'~\ ~ ~ L!:;LIc:'\-.JJ ~i ) ~A.\'-'=" L:...

:is',.;-:.... ~J,) elk... ,_,...:l 1,)..\..a.A ~p~,
, \~I )}' ~.
, .w.ol~_
JI t~)'1 ~ ~L.~ U'" ~~ ~~I ~I ~J
~t ~. ' \.:.la:...'1 lS ~I)lt . 1o..Ai1)IJ~W, ~ ~Li Jj-
AI~ (_).lJ1 ~~"4.);.,.:...~.P ~i ~ ~ ~J' ~l;.:.. ~,p
yo,.
!IJ~ ~i ()J.# .\1}1~ ':/J . r,:lW4 ~I .~ J6J1 ~
L.~I (~~ I~ ~l j~ I~I \'1 .~ ~t c)A IS'_;...!A WJA l-
.r'11 ~ ~l ~ uGJ,1 ~~I Lot • J..... ..t:f- '~J, 1S'r--
~~'JI ~~ <!.ll)_, , ~~I ~ ~L!:. Uil_,.. ~ ~p()tJ ~L!:.:.o
.e'LA.. ~ ~.P~l ~ d..~1 .\I)':JI ,§J_, . ').rL14 4f1.\ ~
..\>
• -'!,J • ~ ~~.. ~lC:- _.J ~ r- ~1 .('".. LS .1...JJ~
,.,Y'-J~. .. ~ .r.:..!.t
::':'

l..Aj.ll ~\JI~~~ ~1."i~~14!'1k1 4. 11~~J ~~

.. I.... (4..4J 1._
- : ~I>
.
W.

if ~ ':/L. JJ \II ~\(""11 c.r-:.

I".·.. : ~~, i_JAj J' ...
lo,;.i~l - ,

• a: ~4 ~I ~rjl '> JI

-l»lf ~ J ~».I.) ~&il .)I)~I ~ ~J

':/Jaw, "b:rl
P.. ~_, . 4JI_,JI .J.,. j p 4S.;..:1' w...J1 ~l; ~I)t C'
.~~J J!.) JI _,1 ~i J1 ~J... J\ o........T JIl4> ~~ ~i J "",\.:II
. ~~ C' (S'_;...:... ~ J ~.J~ ~\9 ~Ii..1....odl':J'W-- ~4 Jl
·~4)~~~ U"~':JI W-- o..b-J C' loiA_,
j,lf)')~ c.r'\.....:..':J1

- tlj~1 ~I ~~'11.;tjl J~ Jl(..!.t J J~J ;U-J~

,J d.Wl1 c...A.f1_,lJIJ~~ '11 ~~IJ ~IJ)IJ ~I ~~~t5'

-;~J1 ~~ ,y L)"l-> '11\.~"J'. ,.I.,....JI
~ ~jl!Jl-' :YJ)t1 ".jl
• ~\:CII~ ciJ c)A l.dl
J _;.~ ;;.)~'11~ ~14'1

I.l. JJl J olj; t, b.~J p11~' ~ ~.,~~ ~J

..~ JI ~} ~t ~ ,,:,~I_' ~1.....:.:l1 r~ ()t yaJ' ~I
jT ~ c- ~IJ ~~ '11 4' ~'MI4~l;J1 ~"I;'':JI u~1
.J .riuS ~ ~l....J'JI_' . ~JI_' eol....:ll - ~...\,.;, ">P ~,)Jr
-",:".)1I"ll.,i :;.r)1lS'-~} of) r~I J.,t J ~pjj ~ '10.;4;
~I., ~I ~L.:J\) \c.WI ;.S1 :;f j J ,~ ~ ~j ~".

U! "'::i ~, ~jJl cl_,JI J_, . :l..~IJ ~I 0..,..)1., ~~ ':/1

y.J . (.5_;-t Ofj tY- ~ ~ ~i ~ fJI e,5..b.1JI~_
~_;-t ;J~ s « ~ !I J!.)J « ~ » J!.) : ~; JI (,)"t;J1~_
. (\) II ~I ,;r ~.)\;J\ o.;4jl J) s «~~ ~I 0r)I J),

_,i ~I.J
JI o_,IJ.&. JI J~ jj J+-11 v- « ~ » JI ot-)l>1 jl
c!.U; ~_, «~ J) J bJlA::.I ~~ « 0~ J) -! .;..Ui jlJ « ~ ».
:;J"" ~I c- , ~L.::l~I c.)A ...b.1J J lW c.)A ;ft t.P ~ ~r j1 ~ cU "I \i.

~jJl II ~I » ~i - « <s~I ~I » JI ~.)J , :L~\ <.i>.

• ~I a-i~'
~..bJ I :;J Lz,J I ~ :r,::.; c.r' I ~.r.DI JSl..:.l.1~..b.1~ I} ~ J
.rjl-~~~J' r'L:.c. 0""," " •. a·:. ~T..u ;;J~I o.it.-.
rol.?i cl:JJi J) - ~,.)lA:.:.. l..,....Ai ~t ~~'J' t.~l J ~1.J.l~
rjl ~~~~ C:J , ~~ wj" ~ ~ ~ c...dA 4JL4=J1 ,JA'
J"jlJ ' ~l4!J1 ./' j'J , ~I .r)1) - :t..~1 J ~IJ.JI ;~..\.Jh
4liJJ t~\ ')b.i4 c.S,)y L. I~ - e WI ~ i_,Ai ~I
~ U'" ~I r'~~Jl.:: ~_, . ~~J J.i ~ ~ L. ~.
I II';')!:I 4.+ eJ ~t Lr ~~ ~t ~~ ~WI I~ J r.I..r.--i ~§'
..u , I~ •• II
UlAJI o~1
f..... ~J • ' ~I 1pJ~ J'; :6.f-!ll .
~I E~ L. jl . ~ I_j-J~ )_,.:.....I ,)~ kAb I)a> ~i.
~)\>I ~~ ..~~~I I:"· ~.-, ~~ ~.i; ~ WI c~y. .
. ~tJ _r,S'i & J ~,_,..a.J !'I,..wl ~ .: ;),l ~ 4..oW JT :i,.r"}J
. .
w....C. Sumner. Folkways (Boston, 19(7), pp. 1I-16, : )iut (\) .

vt.
.4r ~l:J1 ,,~ L. ~I : ~ ~"J r~ ~~ Jl .\o;.i~t _'"
'~~_)I ."t , ~I ."t , ..ylA:.:f1."t, a!J.l1 ."t 'uAIl ."t , ~~ ,l..:A1
.c~~ J(..!JI I~ j~_' • ~~I 4.,.1 hlJ J\!JI pi ~
I... if' )\>\'1 Jt c.r--
,r.s- ---"'1 J1 t~~I...... '. (.)"tJl ~ J l!:.:.....,~ ~ ..

, <.?.~ ~.L )L!:il) , tj ($f r:r ~~, ~ ~l ~ 'lJ ~,pJ <.ST

''''.r.1 ~_,lAS J.,..\l1 Lr ,;t' J w. ~ _,l , ~l::- .~ Jt
~ ~ ~_,ili ."t ~I ~l:.flCl J;- ~I ~J~I" ~_,.!:JI
.u---U (,)"l:11~~ .•..c'jl o.l. J!.. P ~t ~'1 , ~~I ~4JrLl
• ~ _;..!A ul..u:.l _,t ~ ul..u:.t "IJJ

.;o_;...!A.~ rWf ~~ ~I ~ ~t <!U~ ~ ~}!J

.~ ~ \
\:, I.) \.. J" 4..i·
• I.r..
~I ,~ .... u~ 4\J ~~.
.. J"-'U.. iI.) L.
.fr'> J~ Jt, HI r)WJ~. ,,(;I1~.r.J~ d~I
. I 16,.
.¥.:"':: • J
~.('.
Y'-::'!.T.' JJ V" V"
I( "L>. "~ ••
0.. ~
. Y~ LS J , c-;-
--...'.'-ll J
,;r ~I
·~A.:;:-.II J ~_;..!LI~I ,;r-~' ~JjJ (5J§ rl~J

~ J;- .l..W1 ~ c:-W4J . m c.rW1 ~I J ~1 J~ JI

hventon Wi Money : r.J-'j,1 ~ l::.) ~ F. W. Tausai&, ~ (\)
~." • ......_'} r .~.h rW4 ~\f' ~.r>J.1 ~I -Makers(New York, 1915)
,~, ;,ij J-li JI ~""! WIJ ..s~\... ~) ~ F~ r~1 ~
r~.i ~ ~ ~~ ~I ;;~l.......J1 va ~ W' ~~J ~I
I

r ~}I .>:f Jt ;.,tJWI 4..\&. 1!I~1__':;''}4~~ &-J • t'_':;''}1 ..;

'. ~'~.JA ~~'.,r;.1 ~J ..; 4i _,i~ ~, ..:J\.J.~1 :r !&IJS'J
.J~ ..w r ~\11 ~WI LJ'" ~,;..-.. ~() ..s..lJ1~)! • ~~~1 ~J
.,,} , ~J'j, ~ ..) ..J~\......_.l.1 ;r ~4 ~. ;__,bl:>.. ~ IV)} JS"
~ ;;.r"
LI,:;J.I ;iJJ ~J"::":'"
..("~~.. ..::..~ .~ ..:J.,,-~-
sr: .L....t I ~~..r..- ....J
~ ..u tJ.,.:J.I lJ.,. ~ .}L....:;. t~ c.Jt,~ \...~J • ~ ~
~J ~~ JS" ~:, .u.J r L.w.,.. : .u~ <.!u,:, ~ ~J'iJ.) ~)l. ~~t
• jI'..P.' JlI ~ ~ • \.ill;, ~ \AU ~ . .:.J~ L:....::..;
\~I §~~l.~ JjJ' ~I J ~~ §,rJ. ~I_' ~~
J~ ~.lJ1 u,_,-dl Jl ~ till ~IJ\fJJ.I' JI 6~f f'1~J_,4H'
~ ~1 ,~b.JI o~ JJ' .(5,))\ c..l:...AJ\ ~ llk~~ <\it;~.
~I JI r
WI IJ.. )""! /I ~..,,_, ~J,) :i..l!..1 o~ ~ ~_,.;u ~~
WIJJI C;_,Al1Y"- ()§:; LS .ul~ J 4 ~ ~ ~I :0;:..:.11
.L~~~\f (5,)Jid...k~LJI~~;

~ " J~ : ~~~1
.... ,." J
o~, ;·.~k,:'jIt~' era..............
~

L!WI e 4.: ,4%..!H e_JWI ,-:,,!_;:JI ~ J ,> J LJ,:/I J,L!.:.l11

~~ ~')J U"ljl ~ ~pju ~ ..') W . ~L!:l.IJ ~ ~I
~,jJl ~4 ~.1~ ~~ ~l ~l 4.::i~ ~ ') 1--, • ~L;J,\
~~ ,~\ ~il,.;;Hu~~IJ 4..WI ul~)!'J I.:JI &)~~, _,..j1
d.,.L-. Jt- <t.....A1 (../'~ ':/1!J)..JI I.l.. ~ t~J · 41=:-' !)A'

. :isJ~ u4--)~ J.>1" ~J J ~~ w,J eIWI o- ~..,.:J'"

, ~
.... ',
L.H ~~
.. ll L.)U
.' Ie-" W" 4.:.~'"..... I,~1.o4A
II
~.,;;..lU
""(",, I"')J ,

~ ~ uu L:....Uu ~ JfL.J ,)~ l:J"p" ~.l.ll C)"l:J1~IS' 1';1,

~I ~U;.. U..u.....J}/ 4J6JI 6~ ,-iJ . :t.f~1 ~t::15' t... ~_J:j ~T,
~ ,y ~ ~ J. o,.,-jJ ~~':lIJ JrWI UbJI_, 4.i1J...AI1_t
~ ~T clJ'; J&- ~?." · ,)I)~ ~4':J' ~.fdl ),)Lu t.;§
~J r
• It.;- ...... ~lit \~ §J 1';\ t,)"tjl t)A \i~ c: 4.;~ ~t..

J ~~ ':/1o~\ JT ~I ~4JI ~~ ~~I ~~ U" ~ ~,.

. • J_,...JI Lr O).J*4 ~,.

J_,.l;JIJ \~ '-..iiI)' ..\,jt JI J..aAII,~ J U,.,.;t~, ~ "uJ

~;AJ ~T~~J '~ J.P" J~ l..:S l.t" 'ij §.? J4lJ1 ~
Vi.
_,..jl I)"J-U l.~ GO.)J :.is"_r!ll e,:IWI J:i ~I ~f r J~

~\'I WI..\JI ~_,A11~I U~t J~J · c.r~ './1 ~w,u c.i-!)l::Il

4f)J - ~I r:I' ~I-, ~I ~ ~6J.1 (.$) ~ ~L.J'l1 ~
f _;..
II ..b.1J ciJ J ~ J::c!- ,f J J-y" lS '" ~ './1 ~LJ 'JI
I~l ~ ~1_,.a.:.J1~1..u.J , ~ ~I 4~1 J~J ~ J~
tS ~ ~ ~1.uldtJ JW'JIJI~~ Jl.-=t t. J) J ';'~I J
.ul..u.~1J:-T ,yJ ~ ~, UA~..;I . ~ yo <iII •.;Aft ~
J>1)1 JI , ~I ~UI JI 4) 4-eJ . ~ oJ..jJl t~""
r~'lIJ ~4 \l..::Jr.':I~ U'_,..wJ1r.rAi ~ ~W\'I ;;~ JJ,~I
~ J~ ~ il4J' J'-lA;IIJ d~I.U' ..~ t.,1)')J • <\> ~~
. WI)I ~~'.Il ; ii},,1I

~1J!·li.f~~ cjt tW\.J c....Ail)'

~lCl ~1~1 ~ LJIe)~ ~ : ~'r.J' :? ~,
SL....,fI ~ u~ ~f JJbd ~J • I.:ll}';J J"lWl !J_,l..J1U1;.
• ~~ ~ tf'LL;.~).w efoJ.f.~A cS.iJ1~yl
~ ~ ~l~ c)A ~ ~ 4;~1 ~L:l1 J!--) ~t u~ ~J
~I 4J ~l4U ""-! '.1-, ~.t.-ll ul_;i'J ~1..,. ~JJ ~~ ~~
'~I~ t.r.)~ ~1~1 J) ~~c!.U~J' ~~L:JI.:.r IJ~c)t t:.J4

t'; ~ }S11)A~..r:- ~_,;liill ~ "II r)A ~ 'PI 4Jlu4}A:JJ

cS..u1~l:l' ~ , J~'JI J;-~.r. ~ 'J 4)J i'.r.J' a- ..boIJ
~~l~' wI ~."...LJ.I ~I~'.~ ~">..I.. <\>
..)! .il! 4 ~.uJ1 \':_•• "':'--..; r~ ~ Yo <U.b.; ·~l .)I'J ' crA:..U
.~~.\f\ ii~jl elL.....J ~.)_;Jl dUI.~ t;.....\;.;;... ~~J' OJJ"..Al~
Erich Fromm, Bs&ap, /rom P"u/om (New York, 1914). : )l!.. )i.it

Vo
L"'\J Jlki Js- ~~ .~\ ~I}J G-J\:J\ u\'~ JJ , "d1 ~_,t
~?. s t.)~o- ,J~i ~ :)J.--t L. ,,,I)J 4..:...\01
~I~\lr ~I'
~~..,.J.\~_;tl j' ~1.u-4 (5.lJ\ ,)~I !JJ~ \.:lS'J . ~l

~ J=ll ~\~I :t..JJ.'A ~ ~_,..~ ~I ~I .. 4~1 Jw.i J:

• ~ _,L...:
• • I ,.. • "". • • "

f ~I~' I)" ~''J ($.111~I' f.lA ~ L.J': J"L...:i L:..WJ

J\::J~J " ~~J l.=.4ii_"; U" \~ eft"J!;J\ lS)- ~ ~ ~'

~'~_;"T ~.~J" :D!..,>';1\ !Jy.._J ~I~I".JI ~ ~T J_,~:
~ ~ ~ ~ 1.# u"1j;'i1 1.iAc)i t.) , r~~-'-,_;,
_;.AJ.
c:..Ai1_,..;' ()A ~~I ~)\ \~ J ~y"41I, ~.:~)I ~ L.,..

~ uJ'y, J oS~ ~ O..\rL•." J..tl-", o~ _"J..'" ~bJ ,)}l!'

~G\ ~ ~~~\~ JJ ·.~4~ ~LJI ~WI I,l,. J!.t.

.~I J'~ L.JW~ ,

~~~ L.~, Ui)I~L; ~
,

~~,~~I J!.. ' w...cJ,1~~ ~ ($.fT . )~i J_" u_;J1 "i;

• ~"PI Js- (t.tbJ\ _,t
, . ~ ~YI c)1J,_,4l,, ~
Jlli ~\) t, J.i
. !.-·L'WIJ uil)\ (.1~~1 !I.".L J! ~ ~t) LS~.'
, .' I

, 8\.wt ~IJJ :i..:...~IJ'j..:..11J •JJLI ci'J..\J" if" ~).r.lli c)~I-,

ci'~ ...u ~1~lif ~ L.~.~;. jl:.....n:.,\)J (.Gj--t o~~ Jt
~J . ~_'jJ{ Jt' ~Y\·JA.11 '~t~:fli\ ~1·Jw.i JI JJi c)i J~
~ ~~ (.G.ulS"', ;AuaH:JjLJl U1> _...!~I ~~I if ~
~ ~i c.i ~)I J\" ~I J' '"!l.t...iJI~, ~ \L.L!J ~.
_,i, ~\ J :;~I ul..j:-.t ~I J' . ,I_;::,..Io)ai _')ll JI (,)"l:.I.~
~'..r.ll t.f' ~'..uJ . ~,I JI _,i o)~4 JlA:l' ~I)~\ JI ~.J'

v.~
14;."... e.-) ~~ JbJl ~ L$ ~uaJl J..Al4 ~)I .)\G~I .I.)J'

~I ~•.Ji: ~T ~., ~ ~ hll;r.1 JI ,';> \II ~I.JA tr:

lli.., I> b~ ~i l:J~ _,T, ~ Jw.7,:.r- ($.)1~ _,i 4A~ ~.lJl
~4 L:::t~ ~ J ~ :y.J JI r1f>':11c:j'J.i LS , ~
L~ J J.-~I tY' J:lA: J.tl:1' JAJI J ljilij ~.)-' . ~.,;::.l ~.lJ1
~ ~I J~I _" el"..\J1 cllr , ~I elJ..u1~ ~l-...
,J.A;;J •.~uLLG...... '-='
. -"I J-'I t:.bL!i Wv
J~ v...... .,&. ~
... 1.lA.:...
" I - II.
'~.r.',y
:Gw.L:l.1 tYJI
I 'i..rl~.lA . ."'1
~c.s--
.1.11" ::-"11
~
~L..t.
."

J JJ6.; ")/~_,__. : ~a....J~' ~1,r.U~' ~~)i!J' t,1,,;f

, j,jl ,-,L:CJ "~I
U!..~" 4...l::.Il~L I!.·II
M~ V::-,-Lii
I ..\AS ".
&)t :tJl.::J14l!..~I\
~i IJI ~llJl ~ ~i # L:..~1 ~"'; ..*" ().f""\'~'". ~I ~.

Ij". J~ ;..1 JI ~., UA\c.d' ~ ~I ~I e:,,~_, ~ ~J.

~LJ':JI ~I~I ~ ~~ ~ ~ JJ ~>J , ,,:,1:01
. t.l> J ~,_,!>yl ~ ~I ~I ~J.)..vl.",

.--II
~~~,y L -1I;it.!; "t'. ~l) J.;} : 41~~~'
.. ~t&·'t
r.- _ ,

I~~ ~J ",,4':11 rlk;Jl JI.J>T'7'f} t)A ~L, 1.." Jl-T)I·

~~ ~w':Jl ~~I J r.5.)k::i\l1 J.WI ~l ~_'Pl J"t ~t
~_J_;'I_' ~ ('.)) t:J.)~ ~L.jl ()A~) ~_,~;.i:...". a~'
~I r).&. wlj L'Lz.. ~~ J) J;tJ ':1_,t~~ « ~,)La:.:;1 ~L.JI ).

r.5.lJ1~I JJJJIJ jajl uTI>I" . ~~~':JI oJ,fl4J1 ,;r ~~~.

u~ :Yt.....T) 1 (,l::i ~ ~I ~..u.1J ~,L.a:;\l1 ul~1 ~.
~t) ($~u\'I.~y~ ~~ a~..\&. 4'~ ~i.) I~I' ~..u'.l.

vv
~)I ~,,?.4..-41 c.t_,JI,c..i",
~yl ,)';I!J)-J:O ~l ~I,",="I
.".c-Cl~~tS)t!.. ~~I~I J~t)1 \.l.". ~ ~J\:JI ~
l>~" Jit ~ Y''' ,oJ.,....u1 Federalist ~ J ~_,:L.~
• (\) ~.fl. •
'" I jL!; Jl!..t·tJ" ~. A..\:J.I tJ.:> ~1,,, b..tt• J
.' J.JII>'_'

.:i;...l.(J\ 4..')
.. L.a:.:;';J1
~I ~1• ~ ~...J:!>J I~ ~ 'J.J.,rJ
6.:1.1 10('11"

.t..::... <t.....Ai oS.)\.. J-!. rJ . ~lftJ ~.)L. JJlS' u~~ uJ'tr.u

~I tl~ ~ c)lS' WI.", (.p}ll ~yl ~ I.e! ~~,
~.. .).\..T_• .),r.
- tl ~ . r...,.:...
-
~\S' 1.1..
~~("",,:. ".l.ill .)1..~ IJ..~ ....
.r ~ ..

~.;> ~I '1 ~L;,.;&--

.... ~t ~L
.).. 4.:..,.)l(j1
JUI ~• J 40.;11
~ ~)I b.1.. r)AJ • ~,)~';JI ~Wl ~.)t.; ~I~ }t:lf
~ _;JI«~,)l-.:i';ll J:f'1J ~4 ';II" ~..u'J ~1:-1' o~JI J~T
~~UI e:'L..J1 J ~Iy' ~ ~ ~.ilIJ ~UJI c..i"~'l'
.~ ¥. .6~ l.S J:b-:'I .l.cll 1.1..
J . ~ :c..lCl ~ _,..4 ).1J

~ _,....Al ~J ....J
.,.~I 44.::; ;;A ~t J~ 'J ~~t ~.I.. \S .JA
,4.,,:11 ~lj clJ~ l:" . ~~';I !l_,.LJl'J, o~)Jl~JtH ':"~I
.d..~~ ~l:S' k-.) ~ ~.)l..4,:i'J1 c::' L...a...U ~ L...."ll ~)J ~ JLL I

cr:.<".)L. 4t .f'..I.S ~,)LA5":J1 "",lWI

c c: ~ ...... ';J o:"11u781)\ ~..

•(T)«4!1I;.._)a; u~J»"i «~~\)~~~"'_;» ~~ ~~ GU~J

: ~ ja;i <\>
,Charles A. Beard, The Bconomic Basis of Politics (New York, 1934)·

.s. Freedman, "Stimulull and Response in Bconomic Behavior", in Indwtr'iG1

.Canjlict: A PlYchologicalInterpr,tation, pp. ~6S-279·
.u. \...:-i l..\1i _L..:. \~I '" '\ ~ , J..l..Al.1 ~Ftomm -";JUJI ~J
_ • ~~\SJ' ~ .)Ul)Ull ~J ~

VA
!J_,1...J1JI ~ ~ ~jJl [1:4l1 (f ~~ ~I:.:OI ,.'Jy, JI!.TJ'
• C...~ ($J~'JI ~ _;JIJ JLJ~tl

: ~1J! ~,r ~ ~ ~'---i~1 ~ aos,.JJl ."..l!&J1 - "

L-.:),I! » JI .,~ ~~ .jL..i'11 !Jy_ ~J} .1.:... ;;J~ A,

W"Wb ~J ~ "':J ~..ul ~I ,.~I I~ JI _,1 - «~L....i'il
clL; ~ ~."JI o"\" ~ . olJs. ",s. .§ ~ ~ ~~ J JA
4.:_.l()1 ~I~I J ~~ 1)Ij L._, I~ U!...ul cl:JJ~ W)l. 4.A...Jt.
I)JU ~lS" .jl_, , W)\.. ~>Jlj 'J ~)I o,l,.J . ~W'JI Jw.~.
(\) ~J.l.G Jl!..t ~ , ~~I ,.'J~ ,.~ ,;.t ~
-:,1::.(11 ~,

~_,AJI ~~ ([ oy_) » V'r- JT, ~ JT ,~) .).P.'.J! ~ ($.lJ~~

~J.~l ~J ' ~L.J \f1J,W OJ..l.:l1".Po'_,II~c,;ll ~ L,.,':A

~ u=J1~t.J1 ~J..rU 1)iJ ~.bJ1 ul.f-ll J ~J~I ~_A:lI·

~J ~..wJ1 ~I ~ clJ) (f u..1S LS J'~'JI JLClI ~:

~I;;I L...LlJIj''J ~W':ll ~ UI"uIJI.J>~1~l!, t~'J1

~)~'uLaj:-lI~ (JI? ~~6J1 6.\.AJ' ci'J"u'J u~6JJ:

~~ '11;~I ~JJI 0,)_,lIJ ~I ~Uu~J' ~.)lll .:"l4L;J.IJ,
.:"L_r _.J.J!Jr"""11Jt 1..::-'11
I!:\..,.J . J~ .':·II,.~l!,.,b... ilil.A41 J..........,
,L !!,

J' u4b.J~ ,) ~I J.:6.r :.,~ , I~ I~ ~ ;, 4.,0'" t ••

~~ '11 o~4 ~ J'r; Jjb. .)I)~I !l_,L. J.&- ~l;11 « .:"t;.",.:11).

: )I.!..)iJt <'>
W. McDouiall~ An Introduction fo Social PsycholOD (Boston, 1918), Cb8pt....
II and III.
 '. ·Jl:.:H J...U!I J u~)a.:.l1 • .,i.. ~ r+-J . (\) ~ ~~u- :,t
~LJ t~\'\ -Wt. 4! rli ~I ~'1J6J1 ~t ~I.) 4)J
~.)~ <.S.J..J• (~) ..A..)~ J~.)1i ~"b.A~ ~l-i'.J1 ~I~I :uw...
~I ~~ ~ t:r ~ J J....:...... .~ JW'J1!l_,ul c)t
'rwt ~ j'~'~ ~I4J . « ~I~I »~ ~I ~l.J'.J1
:~ • ~~':JI.1.,.1I M
t..r"1\ tl;W1
.. ;~\ Ji) ~I • ~ "I·J':''I: ~.... L..JJ

.of)' ~ ~\ ~IH'J , ( l- '+-.;~ ~ P J1~

.~I J'Y.J ' (~6J.1 J_,JI ."t) .t4.:.HJ .)~I Js. ~L.:::-':II
,j1y' l.;,?-iJ, ~.),;11Jl.(J1 ~I~~J , ~'l:J1 jly'~ , ~I LI'
!l_,L,> ~I ~\.J:l'.fo. ..)~ ~J..l...:t, ~ ~J . (0 ~I
r. I - :""
~~J~ I".!_ tIt"~,;r!"'I . ; ~ "~4..J .J~ • t..,.~~JL. I .C'""r ~L..i":ll

.r)\....J ,)1d\O\ U" L.:..I~ It...cS'' J.Jo""'';l\ J «J~~I» ~ ..,;":uwJ.1

:~'~~)l4j <\>
'A. II. Maslow, "A Theory of Human Motivation, in TfDmzi,th Cmtur;y P4)lchrr
.1~8JI(P. L. Harrimon, ed., New York, 1946), pp. za-48.

:t~':a"~~J
oR. S. Lynd, Knowledge for What? (pril1ceton, 1939), pp. 193-197.

: ~)\A1.\ t.~~' ~ J1 ~~'J' ~"'~';;':a'\ ~J

.B. Malinowski, A Scientific Theory of Culture and Other Essays (Chapel 1Iil1,

1944.. pp. 75-131.

'Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Soci,ey (Trattato di Sociologia Gmwale,

.A. Livingston, ed.; New York, 1935).
: )U t _';':'J ~ ~..u.:.l' ~ \)a;JJ J
_Journal of Social PhilosophY, I (1955), Nos. I and 3; B. Faria, Th, Nat",. of
.Human Nature (New York, X937), pp. I90-2.IO.

"The Mind and Soclety, II, 888 ft: . (~)

c.P ~ ~I}I JflkJl ~J ~ UZJ ~I .J&JrJ t~4
. -7~lCl Jldl I)A ~~ rY

if' ~J~ ~ ~I~ 1.11 J~' ~ J- l:A ~J

tS..iI1(.)4..''''

~.J fJ'. Lr oW...t:.:r ~ l. JI ~ ~T \:.l _.~

,a' ..\i . ("IJ ' .w...r
1ooT-..,;r- t~:

~ N"
tf.r.11 Jt)
( "'. ~I .1":'
. 'I tI~~
'1 . ~I Jli ~ ~ ..4.J obi
..,,~.
~I~' ~ l.: 'J~t ~r.=-o _;'~I ~I ~T LJ.f- J&- ("S"'L.t _,t
~~I ~
. cJ~~I':'I. ~"J~I J.. W-li ~N. ~ ,;Wi!.. .. ~·('),1
..b~ )\!..! . D~':JIJ ~I ~~I J J:(:j ~J.i u=J1 u~ _,:JIJ
.o1t~1 ~t ..w~ ($_,.AJI ~l::-l' J!-) .:,1 JI"p~1 o- ~ J
,~~I ~iJ' t.1.)Tt?' ~, ~ _,II ul.o~~ ~.;{ ~ ~I.J--Dt
.uJJ 4..o..ii-.1I <l4b'"" rY' ~ 'J ~ }IIJ.,. j!A' ~n ~~ ~I
,~_;;,
r ~b:-- ~ ~i.r.f . ~ Wolji ~ J.1 r~1 1.lAr~
? ~l4J'l1 j)~ ~ "",1:11 ~~ j' JI '-S""l:-1' I~ ~,) tS..iI1 W
.,~ J!l ()~'":".. !. 4..... ~ ", .:" Uf! ~i JI e:-.I.. ~.) J ~I .jl
~lS' II ~l11 ~I~4 (p)U I~ tI)~ ~ r l.J ulbl_,JI

~i ~J JJ • ~ ~I....~I oJ... J!.o i~ ~t ~ o-U'UJI t)A

~t LS - ~)JI ,,~ }~~.,~LJ':JIji ~ ~~ 'J ~t '-7.r2i
• 4.AJ~ ~,~ ~ f .ut ~ J..\i' j; ~ o~J.&.:i.l:.i !lL:..

, (\) ~~TJ "'!.J) w41:S J ~~w , ~I J:b::.II ~ (.~

: jiil <')
The Basic Writillgs of Sigmund Freud (A. A. Brill). trans. and ed., New York. 1938).
..u.. I~.. ..LA-J ,),\.i..
r-; I ~t .. ..;-'
t.:.:t
H. M. Kellen, "Psychoanalysis." Encyclopaedia of-
the Social Sciences (New Yor.lt. 1935). XII, S8O-S88~

A\
~ L. ~, ~~) ~.i. ~J • I.; CI~J~~.lJ1 ~I t_,;J 4j'
,A' 4l-i'1' 4..:.~1 ).;~ ~ ~ ~I ~m
JklI.,T
($_,4J1 ~~ ~ ~LJ~I ~ (Jb ~~ .!J~ ~l '0';:'; Js-
« :JI j » ~yl ($_,4JI.0.1. ~ ..\AJ J . .!J)...J.I WI..\JI ~ ..})'

_~I ~.JJJ ~I o~\ jlj.c;_f.T '0J~ ..,t-~_,lIJ ~J..r..11

".J~
~" . .....4;- JJ
L...L....' ~?I• c.i_,JI
u-- ~ U
..... ~l&.·b
J.. L...l )!J..(;
. JLi'11 !I.,ul~ 4..~%.!J'

oJA.:..,.. L.. JI ·~I

.. u.k:J1
..... .J. ~L"
~t~'II:i"p ~M
t!e', c.u~ ~J1,,_
~.JL:J\J _y. t, o~ll J 0.J!-!. c;.\JI .!ll~..,' ~yll~ ~i ~ ,))11
. Jw.,.LrLi "t.. I... ~....
I...~I ~I ~~'I \.t.~1~
J ~"
.' N ~ .)
.r:u ':/1
(n «.:" I::-!::J\
...
I... ~b t
])J"«:t..-4.:lI..\.4J I» ~, ~.J.. ~ -A.:.II ~ ~ II.q ~ ... J
~1.f.l1..,(.)"_,AlJ~ 'O~J. ~t~p~\.S .),tLI1~ i~ o-: J ".s
L.t' :L......A..:J\
,_r- ..
J.4J1 o-ila ~t.)J.J.. ,..A.
Y J
UI..u1
'" u~1 • J 4..fL!H
r~~1 J ("
_,.:JI~ j~ ~j'.) J\'ul J JJ..fJ wk~1 j4.J1 J .1~
)~ L. J)., ~l::-i tr ~ La jJ , ~I~I J~ Jt.:J1~L::t-,
. . ~ ,.\b;.i !,)A ~

~~l:(Il ;&4,,4>
~~ '11J~ (~ ..\i .r.-)I ~lJII.a ~i ..\A:.l.,
\.....~)I J;. ~..f."i ~I ~1..\,bL!.l1 t~~ ~a.:,"'",lI ~)2.~n
,§J • .l..JJ; ,y~" r 1.. § It,j...: r .)l) .)1.., , ~~) ~J.L GJ')

• ~1..\,bT~.i .U.)} ($..\1\

~~ ..) ~.;b ~~ Fjxation C)\J, ,o'Jl \ '.~.i <')

~ ~"JI I.S~'JI ~I )'a.it • ~I.) t::.lr ""-"t JP..ul ~l;;,....,'J~
~ , "or ~.)..u.S:.....'Ji • JJ~I ~I - ~, ~ J.".._' : ~ W'" ~~
• t:sl-l! ~;- ~\.....,~ ~I ~~ ~_, 4"11 c.P

AY
~I~I yL!(:_,1 ~_,JJ~ ~I ~I ~i .bjU ,yrJJ
u\..~~:.;.I\~T JI ~ ~~ ~IJ • \.:JWT..I)J ~\CI ~)~~I'

~I.yl ~bWIJ r~W ~I~ ~IJ• ~L-..;~I ~ 4>1.>.11

~lA 4~ .tf ~~l:.::....1 Js- J..=..!i ~yl .)I}~I 01:>o.)liJ

~JAU!...ul~lS' ~IJ • \.::--,;.tJP~IJ ~I .l,.k ~~ JIJ.. ':JJ
~ ~J • ~.).J.&. J:U ~ o- ~I ~I ultL!.(:.....1 J L.
,~~ ~I !l_,.L.ll ~I o- r.:r. '11~ L. ~I I,l,. &)1,; ,.~ U"

,J! .;."'11~.;kJ ~~ J~ ~l....i~I J-!.d ~>..boT ~ ~..ul

.o.)~~1 ,. -tlJI~..v
J!u-- v: .r )'\ ~ .. J r.)" t:J1c)1• ~ _~':-ll
c-:-
,~~ . ...J ((uYO,'I J U)I» T ~I
IN'l.J ,JI ..ul~N ..liJ
IJ,)} 111, .)..t ';} JI:lI J..."ll .J c;;- lS c}JJ , ~)..... '"="',~
.1l_..!.i O~J JCI J.L!JI~)I \~ :u..lS' ~).i c)&- ~ ~t
.w r.:r.- ya ~jJl ~I 'JJi ~ ~t r:r ' ~L..i':J1

i..:i ~I ;;l..!)lI ~:r.Jl~I u~~1 C), I!.W ':J : ~l:J1 ..lA.r

, ~ ~.".._.J ~I ~I t.J--'.. c)lJ &)L.;';}1~) r:r Ij ~ i.J.4j

,ul.:flC' ~J • ~~'J! ~~ ;bJ ~ ~_;..t 4;l~ Ji
t._...lQ; ..>tJ' l:S'_,LJ ~J ~~1 ~~t)I.:;.J;"~ c)J~ ~L.=::-I
L:Jw.t j ~I
.. i
.!'" ....
~"1\ --II
~--- ~t U .~I
J.~I ~ \e: L:......iilr)J.J:!"I

u..,J....4.a J' ~Ir ~I.J! r.~1 ~ ul.)k. ~§:J ,;.rJJ ' l;j1j_.rAiJ

• ~-,J1J ..~.)~IJ u_rJIJ ~I_,JI J!..' ~I.I. r.L...,.,f~ ~U~I

~t P JJ ~;'':JI)ai J rj.2.A if ~~A~t JI (~ til

I.l.J , ~ ~.,...s l:.)_,L, ir: ~i Lt c;.lJ! ~I .Y' lolAJ
~ L...Al~ ~4 - tL:i'J1 cUt! ,:rJ ~~ l.. ~t r:r ~
.)..bJ' ti11;~I J.tl~\ J....aAl ~t lJb ~t ,;r 4lt ~I - Ji~'
AY'
, (\) ~~J)J ~~ Jl!At oA ~_p.)Jl.IJ • ~ .:r ~ l:))-
~ t~':tl ~lJ&.J, J.::i~ ~J.M.~. ~~l:,-JI ~JPI-,
~~I IJ~t.-U .J.J..Jj 6~i &)~I ~_,l6J.IJ, ~~j~ Jl!..t
if ,.1la,;J I ~. ($.lJI·JAJI ~.~I :tk> (.~)' r~ ~l5::n
JJ':J..J . ~1..u1·!J)-...J1 ~~J e,)l:.1J ~..rJ1 ;~I ~';H
dJ~ J ~ )~J , (;.,rALl; d_~ ...:_:ilL) 1 ~ ~bt ~.J::-*a . .,in

~_;"J' rj\.;~1 ~ ..c&. b~'':II v..Ai ~ rJdIJ , ~I;JI ":,,i:S

~1~\tY- ~ ~L:H l:J .).JA~ ~':/_j.A ~J '~I~':/I u~
". ~411 d'-'~/"! I~c.ill ~'.:~~11 ~I
U ~Wu ..k..........i JI U ~I~I
" •
_e
J,'"
b~
~
IAa ~~ clJj 1('
I)J eJ
c$.lJI·~I WI~ :J~ . ~ l;~ ~i ~I )L!.ll ~~I JJ~
r' o~ ~I~\ &:J\51 ,.\."....., !I."LJI c..1-"=,,1'1." ._; ir ~..b:.
~ o~ ;;.. :t;;)~1 J .:J)-...JI ..!&-IJ~
~I . ~Lit ii~~, ~tr
• ~I
~.. ("~ o-1< . J ;_WI
. ~ u....:.:G"J • ~
r- ~I....J ':/1 4_'
..
4~:='-""~
L..ib. ..wI 1,1,. C.J'"L..ltf. J ~ ~. ....11 b..~c~J t,
. . r-- ~tl ~1..wi.:.:J1
.':..r' M

~IJ r~I:J~,> ~ ~~I JlCl ~t ~bJ.Jj,IA~)U

I~JA ~I u.r L..LG - ..!dl
4.:·.cq.> ~4 1!.U.lf J'''jIJ • ,.I~IJ

~\ o-iA ;:J~jJ . t.~ ~ ~. :"t bGl44f\l;JJ ~ j ~

4kLy' ~ a; f.. ~I WL!.!1ifJ_;J 1 c)A I~ :"1 J_,Ai b._,..a"

"It ~l, ..II ~ ... lA)J..\.I o.l.. ~i ~ - 4.,~ f\:u.A,J1 ~~ .... t~
t.:J*"'.. • ~-: '" •• ~
~ ~t- JI .~~J) ~~J • ~ J.f J ~~ ~yl JI ~
~~I ~_;."1' J_".. ')J~ ~~':IIJ d..WAU t.)1i' ~:", ~l

. : ~t ('>
J~H .. RobinSon. The Iwnd -in the Maldn" (New ydrt. 19:1:1).
;.n ~ ~Jl:Il Ij.,. S-OJ , ~I'pi ~b.1J C,.r,J1 .~.r..c"J'
(J'A ..\.i ~ • (\) ~L- J ~_,lUIJ)JI ~ ~I ":"~ o.J!Lt.
Aj...\._p.IJ
~Jlj o- l:,.:.i~ c,)~ ~t tr ~t ~15" ~) ,fJJ ;~\i .;s1
.~ ~ c.U~ J.&-~?. L. L'
~ ~I.,,!,II ~ I)A 1J.4.J ~, ya Lo ('_,wI ~~ J t.rdJ
4.JL...J~1
.. ~I... ~
~ ,,:,:'4; ~l L:.. ~. "~
L_tI lolA (),~ , jl.lf

J~
~.",:'J UW'JI
"
~I~. o..iA ~t• \.:.J&. e- ~.
~Ll..> ~ J
,

,rJ N
r.r"11 I.,). J 6c:J1
• ~~ .j~ It!:·
r j>
T lSII ~
• A.
I,)A
loW' ~ .T
~U;...

J-..!.i ci)1 ~ J t.l1 ~ J ~ 4 J C;~} o..\._> ~ :J} J) o~

4.- ~ft'J ~l:J1 o~ ,yJ . toWI ~L..i":J1 ~La~~.H
tJjll c)A Jit t~ '11 ~ l&. J 1 tF.'".,,1.J::-"",.,..J1
J) d....,.. ~ ;; Jfo
~WI ~ _,T t!):J1 wY.r.- "t ~ c,l-b-l ~ ~ ,-,.l.n.
c!.U~J' !l1~Jl ~II~ ~ .!J)...JIu1y' ~ (_)JJ\ JWj\,

~1.f'1)iJ1JI ~~ J)~J '.JJt~.JA t.r."_,J-'::"""'rJ1 i~1 ~~

c,)~, ," ·!J'~~"::"~()';At.fL:.J1 tJ4 u~~ ~ ~
~)b:JI~l.jWIJul).!~I~ ~ ~)lI~li. ~_;...!..o.J!L. ~

;~ u~ l:... J £;).f.::.... Jt v: ljl ~ ~ .)~ :tkL.,~ ~.Li.."." •.

~IJ . ~~,:yo ~_;;:fo-,ydJ OJ!L.,~ ~~_, ~ ~l~ ..

JT dl:J1 I)A ~I ~ J 1... l&.j JA::l ~\b.;..
~I ~I~I or-I}
ILJ . .)I}':il ..boT !l"L ~Iy' o.l} J ~ r:r « J~I )}
~I..}~I :i.i~IJ ~I ~~t~, ~ ¥'.s.dl e-J- t~~'
.),;11 ~ d.;~1 ~J - « ~~':/I )) ~)-,::-,",~1 t...IJJ.J1J.
.~I,
 ~lJ ~.;n
,-,lC~10'.J:='""0Lj~\ ~l\:J_,A~~y4AU
(_).lJIJl11J--Ull J b J;: t ~Y1 ~ J ~'-'~aJUl
~L..J':II 4 jT d'~ \'1 ~ ~J)ll ub.~':I1 ~ ~J.i

~I ~IJj ~\- J c.s4.l ~l ~J . 4j~ ~, ~ ~~'JI

c:,l ~ ~.lfl r.._,A11
~)JI if ~ ~i ~ ~I ~I}-,
.-k. L:.JI ..w L. t~ i .. "'I ~I
t,~ '11 r .. r ..
.J"-.r.N (J'
w I~I 4C...i
oJ.,. ir:

· J)L!.. I)A'

UI.J:?" &Jl..i\'I··~ti 'WI· c)A~,"""". ,~t: 6..J~1~':J~ "Jt..L:J

~ "'~, GU.lS'J , ~I JI ~ tiWI ~ ~ ~~J ? l:f~IJ
US .. u'iY..~ .., L..J 'l:.Jl.. c-;-~ti
.. J 7 ~.. ~\..:.. ..~~I ... ·WI 0'"
.

v-- o.!.J.
I'"_~ ~.l!,,}·:J1 ~ .)1.i~I
.r .i t..r"II t:~ - t I 6~ J .;-AJ
~I ~.. ~ ..b.;'.. "

, t~I ;.b.J ~~ ~ - o.,b.1J~L...f :uu ~ ~I~

~'.yl ~ ~ ~U, "J.,. . c.r4\'1 J-=14J t~4 .))1\ Jt.

C~ ~J... I)"~ ~ ...b. JIJ ~)~,.,...rl ~~':JI ~-'
• ~IJ .),tiI1~ ~~, ~ J> ~ ~~ ~ c.r4 '11 ~~
~~~I ~~ u- <sAl' JAJI jT ";"~ ~ clJ; ~J
L~~l t~ ~i J:i c.r 4.LG.!l1•.lA j~ 4l!....i o- t...u l. ~
..AV
i~ ~w.;la:.:.. c)4'..P.' !.1l.:... ~,lf..liiJJ • J..;' DAY. cr: t.~'11 » ~
...L.kJ1 ~.)i.i I...AJ , c.l.J~Jt ~~ '11 pi e;li J ,~ 1;-,')
.}.:J' l:...~..\i J. « J'~~I ~_,.A..)I'J~I» ~)j-, tr4'J1
~I :cl,~1 ,-",,-,,;11u4-! ~Ijl ~~ r:r ~.Jajl ~I". J j~4
• oC.- ":r.- JA ($.111J.-L!11 ~IJ ~.,.,4
;"J_;;S ,:,,\:.:5" ~~ : ~..\>I_'~_"j U" cU~ ~ §j.:.M!. .)~..l.
...&, :~\t1
,~It. 4.i)W1c..r ..,.~-~- ~•• _~ l!.11 ~..' ~ 1("", ,l;..tll;t JI ~J.J N o~ J~
pI J (,.J-dl ~,)~ L. I.J.¢'"t,)~)lJ1 .)\;lI.J • ~I., ,.:1)11

d l.:.il}i JI ~ ~I - a: 01,.,.J1\7:-)~_,..., J).,l -.~I

'~N)a.:.ll ~ JJ~ ~t ~~I t~ ":JI~11 r:r ~)k1IJ . ~,),

.~ I O.p." s .:r ~ L. ~ J"'!. .)1.,

,J.&- ~)tfI J~ u-' ~ I ~~ I ..i:..t : ~, e' .AJla:J, ~;a;:- ,\
• ~ ~
.iJ4 1... (".J-D!
for
.. ("lli5 ~.a·~_tl
JI c)_,J.J~ 4.i....~ M J'W
b sr16t" ,I
,J 0) J.~ U"'I.A_,;J!.o ~I ($.i.. 4", , ~ ~~~ LJ"~I
,~L;1 rib r:r (,)"'l:J! ~~ ~J '11 ~II.A' P CoWl ~~,
..)La.:i'11 ~
.~:~ ..t c---.J.
~~, .a·.'-li ~,jJ P"·~I ~,dJ J
~I . c:-;- • ~6J1•

. ~.~L,,:;'.I1 ~ J ~Y'T~~ (",)1 oT)1 i~ ~~~J J.)~I

~L-i":J1 .)~ ~ ~I!JI ~)ill J ~y",)_rl11~,)I.i ~ ~4_'

~I_, , spiJ&-l.:t Jik ~I 4.6..)1 J « ~~ ~JL.....J I_? JJ_, ~
~I ~~'.I1 ~6:--6JI.t-J ~I ,;A. r ",,~I ~,;r ~.i.' l..
~I J\ ~~).:JI ~.lI.§ ~_'.~~_,
~I, J ;~I rU;.:i~
.~t ,)I}~I ~ ~ ~I .,\jl.:jl c:r t.) J.&- WI! ~'O,) ~
• I ,
 c; ~~]) ~~ J r~l..\i cST) I \.l"J . ~_,G.JIJ. ~I ~ Jr:
~I "",;11 ~l::>~1~ J r~1 IS ([~I ]) ,y ,)~J,
.(\)
~\ j CS'"'~I ~I JJ') 1.;-;~:

I.l. cJt..t}, ~ t'_;;'1 ~I ~t 01.);' .)~I:.JI.:_.,. ~l) -UJ

JUt. l.W ~ r J~ J) '>.Y'J' o.;,;1;-J 4ij..Ld ~ .)~':It~
JT ~I~I loiA J ~..,GJI b ..b;".:J1 ~)I JJI..cl1 ..li:J1~ ~
~~]) :l.;b .t1A~"" b..b~1 ~~ J_,.aIIJI J..:::....JI.AA:.I11-iA,:.II~,
~A cS.i11~JLI ~I ~'u Ji· .~'« ~I ilt.:.J\lI~.
~L..~I o~ - ~I ~L..~ o.)_,.,J1JI if~)tl ~:
l,.l.a ~J .• ~I ~\ 1~ c.:,l.J)'I~ ~t ~ u..).,P.-J ,.;. _;4l~1
~_,:LJ .J&-J.; ~JDJ\ .:;.,\~I J wWJI ClIJ.rJ1 ~ ($) ~~H

.).)J. I~J , (.)~I ~I_;. .)~ Ji _,.lJ.1 rWJI -p.!- ~ ~~t J.,~.
J&- ~L..Jl ~~I ~l.J\l1 :UJ~ ~I P. ~l!ll .).}ll uIJ_'...ar:
.)iJI ~6J1 ~}I J d..~1 J:. cll..o ~ ':I Ji . ~~ \II ~II
J,~ ~_;.li; ~ « ~I » ~.kJ1 r.
1JI « i_,lJ1» IJP.-Y..,
10 cJ ~ l.:i ~4 ~_,~ d.lG!.. AlA., -
.
~I_,.tl ~
.
4"'., III;r U" ~ U o~.J.&. d.i!..i j~ ,~,;
g,t,S;1AI1 ~J • ~I:CI'

~~I • '
..li 11''1.
(.5¥' ~-.
.~~lI ~t (lf1Al1 4.t 1.:.." - ~
..~ J T _. ~ \""
. ....~ Jt- I.".)f-"-' L. ~." J I.)"l:J I ~

4l~ ~~J • ~.).:JIb~ ~) J.I ~-"'-U' ~J ~~r !It.:.J

~t ~_"...t." ,~ _,l , (.)"'~t ~ U"ljl .)1 01,)';" ,.~I:>. tj ~ i?

G. D. H•.Col~'BIntr,oductiont.o, Th« Social Contract and Discoursu: )i.il (\ )

by J em Jacques Rousseau (London, 1913).
 _'T~' \ 0~r.J
:;")j\ o-lA." • ~
..
,
~ If •
t~_'
~.\>', L..bt'l .;..r-'..
At r:

,'~'_' , ~I J « lfo~ » c)T J;i 0-0 .,1)1 ~ I,)"'\jl ~t ~

:~~
r··· -'T r-~ Yi> s~ ,..i\.G::-
r- ~..W ~ ~l..:::>.1
..... ok.. c.>~ ..
,~ L.~ .1.4! JkY\ ~ jl lolA . cU _"'-...A:" ,,~ j.:r if j. tJ'i .,,'
,~J • ~~I if t.....b.i ~I_' JWI ~~:tIL. U")i!J1
.)_,i!1
•. j
UI
W'JI )
_,b;:JI" eJU' J .T'",,;-.. . Jb. ~..1 ~ t,,_ w.-b-trI
.';II \,,-d...4.-t
't,_k:;J\ ~• \'" .. : eo ..,...olJ a" A"'~."a" .I:!', _ ,-
. ~t ~.. ~ + "~ ..."....

\~ ~ll~J ~~'J\ ..\.4.11~_}.; ~~T ':i Jljl \1 J.lA11

0

,JlCliJA ~j (4...~\5' cl:.A ~:r.-tJl Jl) F-I ~ c;.lJ1($lJI J

.d'~ 'J\ ..\.iW1;;'p ~J.i r..~Ji~luk ya ($.lJ1($T)ll.l,... . ($~I
oJ ~ , .r.S1 t.S~ J'S Jt , ~).J:! J-S ~I JI ~
,if~J ,)~I Jt c.>l..J~1 ~ otfl_?-i o.,b.J J" cl4t'ThJJ ~J
. .A
.f.:)
.~':-1I~~ ~I . .u~1
c-;- N J 4>
,~J .. 6
~ •J ~~ • .".r
I,)!.I .:1

.~);J1 O.aJ 0 ooAfUI~IJ ~IJ)I ~ cLL.iJojL$tJ , ,)1)':;1

~~f..~1J ~..,J ~l....t.:.r .~·:-tI
.. JT c-.- 'N.I N.~
~L.S ...N 'J ~JJI
r.J~ ..
t.r J~ d
~I J c.>~ ~ ~\:CI ~ C~J 0 ~)~1 ~lJ
• 0) c;_,...a.J1JICI J ulj.':;I." ~ )IJ ~I J!I.4r ~I "\.r.-\I1
$ }.J:-",.,._II Jil) I J!.- Ij}r Jil c.>~~ c) .J::"~I !n.:...J

.JU'11 Hi tS"J)' t~~'

Ll:-" ~""_' r~ dt~ J~ (\)
: ~Ja;J' •.l.A ~~p )ait 0 ~~

F. W. Coker) Organismic TMoriU of the Stat, (New York) 1910) and P. Sorokin
,(Contemporary Social Theoriea) (New York, 1928), pp. '00 ft.

: t"....."tl 1..iA1J".,.. ~_,Jl UJ_;Jl O~ )&i1J

,Otto v. Gierke, Political Theoriu of the Middl. Age (Fo W. Maitland, tr.,
.Cambridge, 1900), pp. 103 ff.
 .~J
Lt.J~
&)t I~~
~t ~ J_,..t ~b
c}J ~l.:.:A1 IJP.J cJ-I '
J ~ §~~I)~I
.::.J./ ~Jr.
w.L......J &L"
~.r." &J)J ~ U!,jaI !l~ ~, LS . (.5_,..4J1JlCl )_,..4j IS
~1:-!I1J ..\I), ~J ~_,.4aJ1~,)I>'JI ~l:4al4 ~ ~! ~l J&--
• OJ Ali}!J ~ ~IJ (~!-"

J _JAJw_ Cf""'I dt" .e - !._11~b.;'J~I.A..:'J 'JL..arI4..t-:.il

IW1~ • ...
~(.,...r'
l!.·'1 c)"
• J
. WI Jr.'<"t
,;r I....->. 4.i (" ~.
y .. ~ .. ~~:"! ~i ~c-;-
'J oW '. ..~·_·_ll~~'
J:- - t- ~.,b.." ~~ ~r ~).:JI o.aJ' ~u ~,(,.f ~
1-......~
..r.-::- J~ ~
., _- ~II olIl:S
,d.,"J~..Y' J j _L~t ~)t!.. ~ ~~,
•••

cSJ.J1, ~-'~ ~J Jl!..' ()A ~I ,.1..1:. lA~tJ ~~I ~,

dljll.l". ~ 'JJ . WI."~ (Y) (( ~I JAJ\ » D" ~~.
~. ~ I..
tr _ "
~ t.f
~I ~t ol:........\...:) " \J '~I §L!... ~t:
l:J1.tr (.,-.- w

c?)t.. .u)J... ~11~1 J~ - \~~..f. ~~l.j o~1 ~~I,

,t,.)l;.j'J.~ fr.f.J)IJ j~ ../:/IJ ~'JI A~ ulil.".. !I~~T:

~J~ ~ I. cl/> t:r' ;51'-..~~~ ~}.:Jl oL ~~i ~i J}-

, ,
,,\.k .l...-..P-t a,l..P~ ~\.....!A ..s.f-t.I)TJ ~t)1 I~ ~L:J. <')
,~~ y ~)aj ~~ c)1 :O_,lai\ ~~l;5 .r.--.!J ~..u\ t~")ll.
:~1'
P. Soroltin" crSocioc:uItuHl.Dynamics and Evolutionism", in TfJJUltieth Celltury'
Sociology (G. Gurvitch and W. E. Moore, eds., New York, 1945, pp. 96-I20.

""..u;.. .:f.1 ':1' .;Wl L. ut..=.l!I..i..A J ul.4ljl\ II.J~ Lo J\ ~J

~\.:i.....!.~ W'~ .;1...t.1 \.,.J ~J.JJlu1 J J...a.j : u'~ c..:.,.j o\.::..oJ..A... J,
- ~.rl'-
Plato, Republic:, Book II; B. Bosanquet, PhilosoplJicalTheory oj th,: ,;.; \ (")
Stat" (London, 1920), Chap. VII; W. McDougall, Til, Group Mind (Cambridae ..
1920), csp. Chap. I.

",
.!J_;...:... J-..-4" Y* c-' O)~.,:, ~ d- o.)~ ot,....;j ~1"J1 Js.
.~ ~_,...j4 ~I ~l.$~~~

..i4J1 ~)i.ie !l~ JA.J4 .,i ~_,...a.J1 Jld4 ~I ~.~I

~ .i>~ o- ~I ~.r'LJ\ ~.'pi~ ~ ~T ~ ~ 'd-4
~I
.c...4J_;t1~ rY.. tS.iJ1 ~I (\)~ "u.,-,J.,l ~I.:S J..l2.:..)ij LS
,J i)i LS.,. iil;_,JIJI "u)~ ()A ~_,..4.J1 Jt.1~ .ri u~1 Jl
-o:"11, WliJlJ~ 'WI v-
M H..r-.. A'll ~L. ~..r: II L}I
I·., U"I_) ~ l.lll
~T ~J t..,,-Ui.. U" ~;)..f:U .)).11' <r pj) r~:& ~I ?
.wt-::-i. I JI liL>t t!.~ ~t ~ u .IUI. .¢b 1< LJ U'".r-:.
r.
.. ~ '" J' c)AJ. .. r)'"
« ~)L::JI ,prJ J~ I~I ,~I » ~ J_,4.:.t d'~~1 JI l:r)J
,,« l.,.....A; _rJ,j ~LJ\'I ,)1:&.,t ([ ~ ~ ~~ ~ _U. ~f',)T:& Ji
I' <r ~ J..\j ( l.J) J,i ~.,.) _,T ~1 JT) ~14)~" ~·I» _,t
~
-'I . ~I.d~...
-u-I:i ~_tl~... J' ~J~ l . .....
.c-:- ..\i JI.r:
d~I."\" ~1&,
A"

. .
.J t.:....) L." • ~;)t ;U~ .)_iu ~.PwU o;,.T-~ ,JAJ • JAJI .,,1
.JJ ~."...:a,J1 JKI~ ~I ~Lw:JI .,i ~~ \'1 oJ'jl ,))Ql ci')'
.J~ J'~ I... ~
cs- • .)1~~I ....r ~L:.:l.1 c-;-'_".)..r.
...F ~ .:r. .L.::-11 I';' .t

.. ., .. . ... r~
tl:...a.... U:a...-" ~ ~bJi lhl. J ~li ~ . ~
, .~I..:.>\tl· '! 'Il
.u~ <.I'~ \'1 J-!)1 t..Ai..ai ~ I~ ~ r:fJJ • (~)W
~}I
.dlel ~.)} JI -~ cST) I 1.1. ,)£.j clI~ . Jd'4 lS~ J'S

·Oswald Spengler, T1I8 D,clit16 0/ tlw Wut: (c. F. Atkinsoo~ cr. : )'It (\)
New York, 19::&6).

:~ ~I JUl., ~)u, (~)

·W. B. Cannoll~ "The Body Phyeioloaic arid the Body Politic", in Soci-ey an4
.Man (R. N • .Anlhell, ed-, New York, I~)J pp. 2.87-308•
"o.')l}tJ~c)A ~." ~ c,5JJIIIJ.:;,.." ~ ~I .), J~ c)t JjJ'
~ .)1~." • <u u"~ \'1 J_,...ill ~ ')\.Y' L. uJ~ .)1.,,'
J ~;..t ;J~ .,,' , ~J.:;,.." ~ ~ ~I li~1 ~ '1 ~I c)~
~ LS ~I Jl ~ J_,;; ~T ~1 J..2l.1 <)"J • 1I.)I}i
l;J1

,.;- ~J:t;t_ii:J1JJ. ~I JI L)bJl _,i ~J~T JI ~I JIJJl

~I 1.S~1 ~J • WI."jlA=.. o.)I}' ~ r ~~ F-I
L:J1.t ;..lfUlI U" tj c,5~~~I .,,' ~~~I J J~ J&- ~".A.JI
, ~~'11 4;~1 J ~L}~I 4,;)WJ I~ w~ c)t ~'J
, ~_,_;aI1~)..:JI~~ c!.U~." . ,))11."
F-' ~ ~)WI ~." '1t
I... ItlAll (.S.
c.s- r _~t..::...'lI1 .u.J1 ~..~t:.: ~dl \.J 4..-.:.16L..GJI ~ t!.,\S'
..., ~

• 4;~1 oh I)A y~ ~'~,).ilH

J~ ~ _'-L~ :~ aJ)Wl toJ~'J ' ~'J ~)J'
~ M
t... ~
:iJ"T J l:.:i L.~
_,.
IJ'.T
..~ ~.c)A ~I_ ~I" ." t!'11
~.r-'

\:b. '1..u J • 4..Ji.:.::.L I t;.l..:.:>

.... '114;W I .)':'1
,.J.r ~....~bI..:lI ~~ 1~ 1,,_
.,~ ul..!(:..,l ~ c)_,!>L:J1~ JL. u='1 o.)~1 ~_'J.JJI ~ ~ .)1
(1'1,) """ _,J .J:-'_,...J I ~ IJ :;.:~:tijW'
:L\;.

Js- ~l..-J'11 ~I ~.i ~ J..A1 : ~1 o~b:S, - ,

~~J .. . L ~"'\
c;- W dJ.»)l1 • t ... ~. ~.
u~1 ~t J ~L..;)l1 ~ ~
•

u\i,wl ~ r:r ~)I J;J

J\.4b~1 ~J¥ ~I.e-IJ+-II ~ c.rd

: ~W" J J.,~ ~J A. Fouime ~}J\ t~"11 "llal !SlJ llA (l)

LG Sc;'nCB Socialll Contmtporain, (Paris, 1904) •

.. ·.0 .-! v~~, ..LA.Jl ~)ijJ ~_,..A.aI' ~)i.:J\ O,':o! y~ u1

• « \...ula;.. ~"..u \..:SIS" J ~,
ve ' Jlhll ~I J1; J !l_,ul ~ ~T u~ IS ~IJ ~4~~
, ,..1'1"(""1 J t-')I ~ GUllJI ~.J.AJI ;AA J ~I..J. ~I.

~}1.I1 ul~"J1 J' u..l..oJl JJJ . ~.&I 6~ 1_,..1;..\i ~I ~,

J&- JlCl J.:l-lli ~I ~.Ai :t.....J)..u1 w'J6.Jl ir ~b.. "t :06.. J.
b.l.. ~ lt~ .J.i; .)i ~ ...L4I" • <\> .) p ~4 F.' ~i.
: t..."),,ul u'1bJl

~WJI \~ 0~ ~l;.. cS~ wl~ _,...."lA )~lS' ~b.?- y,i

~ (..)"'ljll)4 o~ JLa_j'.J1 UA L.J..f'U ~':Jl J ~l) ~Iltu:--'~'
~.)i ~ r~
?- ~ <\jl c.tJ~ J&- '-!]J , ~l:-ll ~I
J ~" ..r"Jt.. Jt:;.. ~J • ~.}.411~I 01"'; J ~ JI db.
~. ~ ~ \A"A :t:.... J (r.J ~...l. J b~ ~LJI U""
bJ~. '.JI ~ J! rJ , JlA1,1.J1:.r.f.;;' .u ~l)J ' ~~ '11~l
r--
~
~I!: ~ •
.J c)4 ~I ~ .."
~.... l...J . t...J c.r-
. '1'"~.).~ Ji.
~l:.f\) -\it J&..)4,y ~,)~ L. Jf JI PM.)l) )~IS' ~i t~ ')II
'T ~
cJ
"".
.e,rMJt)A~.".......~
'Wl ~I . . clI~ ~ .t.r
I". l..:..>
.. J
. ~..
j. o~1 UA _""'J~ )~\) .)L._r c)1 • ~ J.f ~.Ja.! w ~ .
.m~ ~l.J)'1
"
~\,"., ~
.... ~t·WA La,..1~ ?'c-:-
•. "-£1

.)~I o" ~ ~ ~l> ~I u)'bJl ~T ~J - ~~

~)' ¢.lJ~ J ~'..b.1 ~ .)l5'J' ~~.r:=:- J "". ~ J I::A.•.:.::.n

... ' _1\
.l..J o~
• u
':1"
~ ,
'I ~""L..w .'ooI.':L~. 0'" ir:
• 1.1.:---
'At "",,_r-• t..rl
.c l
,J."
J J
~tJl

: ~~bJlo..v. &e ~t ~I} }Ut (')

R. BrUfault. Th. Mothm (New York, 1937), Chap. I•
• Wassermann L.l t"";' yo ~ eJl:l1 ir ..&..;.....J.IJw'1 I.l,i. (~)
:' )ait t"";' _,0 \~ :tAla.:.1\ c;'U JII c.P t)l._b ~ -'
Mayen Konveraatlonalezicon. s, v.
r « ~lS" » ~-' , b~JI ~I ,:/JJ , .)~ 4. ~~I
.ill . JLJ'11 !l_,LJI ~~ ," 1:.';",..\ t.;~ ~~ \.. \J1_"..t J ~
~ ~I.J" l~ ~ (;J ~~ ~~ ,p ~J 'C!) ~"r.; ~I.)

~ ~I~ (.5' ~~ lS' ~~~I ~ .:..;I.)_, , -l.lJ1 .'-",

i J ~ 1ft) .,\;J ~.t
~Ua:....1 ~" ... .:j~
C. ~_, ~..,....\.p. ~J •~ 'L
v• T J ~lj L. ~
J . ir: JJ -:W..J ~I ~L.:::..
.., '11~bWI ~. ~
r-- c)T

~J:A.)~I 4.lJq (.5.1H .. 1.i:J1JJ\;jJ , ~I i~1 "'~ da~~ ~

u=JI~.iJI:i.UlJ1 ~~J • c!.U~ ~L! L..J ~~<i11 ~)l}.II\I..u_,lJ
I~ [j~J' ~ ).?JI ~J ~W'11 ~ dL,..\l1 ~jJA! ~\5'
c)\) ~.)}_, ~ )~ Lf]J ~J..\::I~ ~..\.:&. ~ LfL....:,.. '11

.(\)Jl..il ~ J \~ 4.:k J_,!JI ~ ~ ... "t ~§ ~ Ui__,:.~

,<cUt»4Sb.I~~..b. ~IJ t~'11 ~I.J&.~ cJN)') - l!Ilt
~i:t:..... 4:.... ~\) lL;.?'> J ~J ~~ J:f.~~i ~ ~J

•
\'\Y"ALJ c.U~_, ~\ ~'-".... ..-,:;.,dJ~~ ":',4 .. ··sl.:.::..l...;~
'-='.....r
~ ~ ••
·W':¥I ~_, ~.) ("WS ~~ «th L.S~ ..::.J 15' ~ J~ JJ
.J..AS r ~~I J_,' ($"WI~'~) ~ e ~J' 4l:1:;11~j-~'
.,~wt_, )~~i 0 J if~ '11JI_;a1\'1I~ . c)1J::> _,i ~LJI c.S~
,~I '11~..u~J:i.l4lJ1 :J; «~~l,..]) ,.WI ¥ c.S.i.. ~.lHJ
·
.~.r--'
-II.~ C.
jWI ~ - ttl ~I.:LlI ~ ~ ("'!
.Y-'
~tl~UI
o: .
tr

X. Young, Sociology (New York, 1942)~pp. 5-8.

: J ~\.i ..~n~~J
.A. Gesel, Wolf C1Il7dand Human Child (New York, 15139)and J. A. L. Singh and
R. M. Zingg, Wolf Childr." and PI'f(JI Man (New York. 1942).
, (>~J1 ."T cs!l\ J&- ;..lI;' J:; r «: ~, » ," ; &='I L.~." . ~I..t-=-

•t.J y.:. I"'; lS"~ jJ I! U" L:J ~ ~;s::... ..t].." c...4bI_"J 1'cY L.W 0,)_T,&A ~ IS'_,.
~." ~I ~~ « ~T » ~~I , « ~IS' » ~b.. J ~J,::.. l:S.".
l$~1 :W." ~ ~ ..\&.L., ~;." ,If ,"'"c)A ~t ~i ~ t.:I1'
J t.r_,.. J:i ~.r"! ~L:.:t ,J'O CS ~
~ LJI ~ .) _,,.J ~ t
~ ~
4._:;W~1 4~ ... :'bl1 ~T tS}-' of « ~, J) 4Jb. ~.i'" . '~t"~,
<.S_;..t oJ~ ."t -', ...! ~I J~ ~ ~L.;~' j ~ .
• <\) ~ ~ ol:> ~~ ~I)~\ ()A (i...# tJA 1..b.IJ~~ ~

,.,...:J ~,)\)o\ll ~I :L.IJ.l Li..w' : ~~ IJ"'~~' ~ - T

J&- 4j')c..l1l)A ~;...' ~~ J4bJ1 ~ ~~\'I o~ .)\~\'I

;_,_.1; ~t-, • t-' .~.1I.".l_r-1J1~! dj.)L::il ~L...~I ~)UI
,-",L..:..\'\ ~ ~I'p' u- ~~ \'1' y. t, ~~ '11 o~ .)IJ..:..,'111

~~ ~I ~L.~ ..lliA ,)f:=A ~ JAlJI ~I • 4"'~~J ~~

~
L:LlI ~ T cl.! ':J-,. ("
)\.(J I ~ 4t ~
II
I ..bA:L ,.
L$, J,
l..(J I ~ 1M($'
-I ~

L.~
.... \II o.:.:.-J.
... u£::; J.JA:j
.. ~ ..<leW, J~ J ~." , ..\.l4.. ~ I~
~ ~\' Ji~1~If J J4W1 ~T ~'1 ..\JJ • IJ:-'J 1~-'J

~l:l:""J \'Ioja; J «Ojl.r.JI » J 4..01 (.S..I.t LoJ- ~~~IJ 1Y'~~1

~~ ~L> t~1 y. lJ.:..l." La). ~6",)y ~." § l)A ~~J~

b.i~ J I) Ij -' <t.....Ai ~ J ~ J i'jl -u-l:.)6... (.S.r:-r dl..iSJ • oJ..:c

~,J..\::J~ J~' u\:.)UI II~-' ' c!f ~ ol....Ai

..:" ~~M :i.b.)~

K, Davis, "Bxtrem Isolation of n Child,'· A11Urican Journtll of SociolOIl)', XL

(I940)~554-S6S; and "Final Note on a Case of Extreme Isolation" ~ ibid., LII

(I947)J 43z-437:
"-:=!-~ .j~ Jli lS J • (\) ~.J.a:jlJ ~.l:;..T)lDt (.)~ .]A (')\) JI'

J...IJ:'.; ,JA;- .1Y;l1> JI ~I JJ> f.,.:11.PH J~, ~..\>

".r.- y. <sJ.il rWIJ ~)l1 ~ WlAIl « ~\9JWI ~ .u)\> (.]A Jr._

~_,4i d..}-5U .jT L:........; u...:.:G.. ~ JAlJI ~ L.~-, . m w
L_,L.... Js- Ij.)\i ~ ~ ~.)} rl... ~ J LJS"J . ~_r.:..:...
~ .... J...lAj .).T!'A <4.ii..wJ I.:LII ~
...~. JJ 'Ii . (\") ~~... ':II u\i~1
~ J ,J.Qj lJS's , "-...Ai ~T 1)4-' ~ ~bJl ~.l".J ~ ~J'

~)b;. ~LG..t (~ c,)T ,y- ~I ~I_; ~.P 0!..}-'l1 t: ~I'

~t) ~ ~bJ.' J&- J-: III)J ' u..;"~1o- ~ ~J_,L. ~
• (l) ~ J_,:........
~Jt4 ':II ~ J ~r~1 ~ " ,,;.:il o- ~J..;;;5 1.)".)~..>.iJ
,;_;~-' . ~4 ()"~':II _,.J ty4.JA ~~..u t.f'~ \'1 ~j.

r)b.' J~ ~t W) jS J4lJI ~ ~i ~ .Ji.~ u~ i ,:r

ol-klIJ ~ ~?YJ ~t cUl}t eJ uJl~4 ~ ~l::TJ4lU-'I'
lJAJ -
• (0) 'y-.ul;> j 1.9~ IJ\J.)l- 1I)i3 ~J ~ J~~I <.JA ~~-'

Jean Piaact, Th, lAnguag, and Though 0/ thll: ~, ~, ':}..:...)Li \ (')

C",7d (New York, I9.a6), Chap. II.

Jean PiaBct, "]n,lll"tuaJ Jlf)Dluzion" in Sci,net and Man,pp. 409-422 :~ l (")

r~ 'i ~,)_;JI .J-l w'i ~:'.J' ~ JOY ~I o-iA (\"')
• ~~ ,:/1 o~\ c.> ; J-\AI\ _,..; ; .)J~4>
• ~~ ,,1 ~1J ~.J! L.. ~.,;ll ~ 4.:J'l:J\ ~l J u-tJ
~,;t1 -
: w;l.i (t)
Jean PJaget, Th~ Moral JurI,mlltt of th, Child (New York, 1932), Chap. I.

George H. Mead, Mind, S'1/, and Society (ChicaiO~ 1934), pp.: JUt (0)
13S-2.z6.
~,'li ...\9 - ~I o~1 ~ :r.P IS.)JI~l~Hj ~~I 1..\... ~
. - _ L.
• (Y) :c,,,wl 4...J..jl66:..~~
.... . .
: ~~~ ~,~,J' 4ile>,,_jJj • ~ ~ '-j ~Wy, _ ,
~b\ tJ. J_'~ ~\ U,), ¥~I 6.;)lJ ~\:; (j_,G" ~j ~) § J~ '1
,~ J) ~, ($) l:;l; ~~ J.,t_, . ('n oJJ_, .. ~ <)A OJ;" ~\t.
,.)}1I ~_, • :4.;~ j u} ~ J y.' ;T_,.I \1~) ~l)l ~I~
~ o~_, . oWl t; J ~ .r- WI _,'~I..i
M .. ~ .. Ji ~."-\l
... ~\~J
do

J' ~~ <.i> ~ '1 ~_, , ILl _,....J I J.c- ~.l~J ~)~_JM'

.&L' ,> .)I}~ ~ ~ (SolA

~;:JI ~ _;)i_, , ~)_,_,..;, ~ 1.)4 ;n .~~I j"J cl)).,

~l _, ($.J!"j J'.~ '1' ~I..JL,... l:J1i~ ~I . ~ ".J- ~"~r.r=,.~: "II
& c..i ls..\JJ ..\.iiJ • ~ .J-S ~I d' )~4;)~I 4.;~ c.JA lJc,~JI
Charles H. Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order, (New: .)ut <')
York, I9U) •
.&"All ~ ~..,.;J\ "_;;y t..~~('U~\ :;~~) ~\ t» )i.ii (t)
It Fam, The Nature of Human Nature (New York, 1937), Part I. : ~,

: J ' J~ \
I..lt. J c.r.!r.-:J\ ~I ~ '~?.J.
G. and L. B. Murphy and T.M. Newcomb. Expmm.ntal Soeial Pt;jcho100
.(New,York. 1937),Part IL
: )3l t • }J.I\ o.l". e,.,.:J (t)
Emile Durkheim, L6$ Rill" de la Method. Sociololifu" huiti~ 6dldon•
.(paris, 1927), Chap. I.
~ ~\.:.ll ci_,J1 J ~J , ljl~ ~,)I>~I o\i~ ~,)~

~ ,.CS'".. ~.;:u '71 - :i...L;.1J.i1

- d..JAJ1
.. l;j'J&. •• ··_tl
c-:- . 4I~.i;..t L.
tJI
~ (_)~I d"~ '711~I;JI ~Wlr ()_,G;.J - ,.~l.jl }LS
~I . ~.1,.J I;';.. Q;"; Ji;y.. ~i , ~I ~)~ ~ }.,.:-~
..l:a.A; v"=' ' ".b.IJ ~J J ,)1}i5' 1.:.r\,)1J...:.:....,1,y ~J ~.)~ ~\

~1_,AJ4 UL..I4i~)~ .hd ~J' ~I-, oJJ;J1 LJ#_,4J1~~l ~

LU ~I~
u-:!.J J l.:.U1~ ~ ..... ~ T WIJ , lS.I.r-. j .u;.\...\j~
M

• ~
.~ 10 ~ (i.j L. LWI
,,) ~...r":.. l:.t... J.ru'
lS _I .

~}l1 ~ ~~J.iIJ ~L.~I 4).)'-:=11 (i~1 0-41 L~)I.).)\ ~I

~I :;; .)..Jf-" .t, . l ; l.&. ~
_..1I ..r-.) ). .)..w ~ ... ~.
. ~l.:.> ~I ul .r:"'IJ
~I~ ~L...;~I ()i clJ~ .)_,...ull ~J . c.I'~1 ~I.J::> 0L,..j~t
~~1 'JJ . ~\jl alA o- ()~ L un:.. JI}~\j , U"l:.Il
. . ~-
IYJ .~·:-lI , ...~L>i rt....Ri c.r..
JI ~bci·~ I~.PII J'Y.. .. ()L.;'JI ()t
,.~ cSfl.
.('.,... d" ~I . ()Li,)l 01 Y'-""
~--: .t, . i 0 L&. .wI
) ) • " ~ .I.. w. ti'\alI..!.JuT.
, ~-•• ·.·_tI ~ J.~ 4.ii ~ WI J d..Jw'JI:L.....JJ1
.. '"
J ':J c.r.;-
'~i IY...Y-'
. _("'"!,"
.~ ()i :>_;II ~. A~ ~ 'J , "'"~ \II ~1~1 ~ ii ()J~"
4of6 ~ ~~ ~I ~)i:J1 ~IJ~~1 ~ \JA ~'J ':')JI
".£,..
y""",dJI .1'.) .:"
Ioj..r'.. ~I" ~ .. l.:b':I : ~
U aJ)WI Jj->

~I ~}J ~.i)J ' ..b1_,J1 ~~I ul~ d'~\l1 ..\.4..11~p

,)~ J~I t)4 "'dl #L.J . ~~ ~."r ~ U" ~Wl <S.J~ .•n
~ ~JT ..l.A.IJ• ~4 '11~~I j ~.;rl lJ..\.I If) ()"G" .ji.
~~, (_)j l:.Jj lA ~J • ~IJ .),;11 ~ ~~ uL;L!C:.:.....\ll·
\:;.,,:()' ~I: ~~
J I v----' Ll:.:>
.. ~
~ JI ~
Ell.. WI J ~ 4.;)W10.)",..
uliYGJJJ ~I ;;~ _,J ,WI .;thll ()~I ~ . ~l4:J1 ~
. t.~IJ ~ s ~ l..JJ , ~ (.]A I),)\)l ~ ~1AI1.
~,;J1J c.I'~~' ~.;JI ~ ~ Jl,qJ1 O_'::-J ~b
.. . !Jl;..
4r ~)~-' . ~ ~ c.J~\ ~_':;;J ~t !J~ l}JJ' lS.,.a.J1
J;\i JI .)ut ..w , t..S~ jl(! ~I JI P ~ u.r.f- ~l
r §.r _,i (( tl.~)) JI A. ~I ~I JL; ~ ~ ~
.~J~J ()_,p,. U!.lJI ~..b.J ~ ~I)~I ~~ c.u~_, . (\) ~ JT
~i ~ (I:~ c.?>- u~ JI li.)lGiJ UfL!.. ~j ~t ~ \.:;1

~J;"~I~ ~ el)1 J ,fJ_, . \.i~ .. _,i ~\..f' ~_;)~

.,~ J) (j'p c.rJ.' I~_' . \i,.,lGT_,t \;.rl.!.. L:..... I~ jt
~i J.~I u-
1.._, ('()
0"~I. <.JA lI.l~ l..c:. J.~ J, \¢> W'" S_.
.... r----;
~I}~I ":""'~ j .rS t.;1• :;s_;...:...'-~_' ~l..!:.:.. )\G~l,., .rL!l1
JjJ .~\ ~ JI J~f...J'1 ~. Jb}1 .jf...J, \.)I)T ~.f ~ r.:re
.,J&'JJ ..lCiIJ • l..bol_, ~ .juA ~ ~\ J,.,al JW1J Jit:J1 j.iJ\
I. tlS' 4A, L. '1 , s ~• .. JI
.u-:.. ..r. o: l:JI...l..!>
I)A ~
ul sA »
~tl ~
. ...A

.U!.~..wl ,)\)~I c:r .)} ,§ ~ J ~ ~IJJl.1 o..i.A ~I ~ r.:re

~ » if \:..K'; '~I_' . ~I !ll~ s ~I 1..iA~ ~Aa.lll
til. J~ ~l J, J> t..St Ji.:j~_' 'J::1.) ~\ ~JJ ~~ ~«4; fjl
~jP"_,i ~._,A.~J ~fyl G~ .)I)i Jfo t..~ 41T J&- JAJI
•.::"\'~~' r.J>'t vi ~JJI ~~t JI ~ ~i ~l Ir <\>
J ~.3.}Jl .,c-A;Jl yb.-1 j~ r:.r- oL....ij ,,- u\S' LS _,..A.J\ ~,
• o~

~ ~I o~ ~ ~~I~~p'".,H 4......J-U.\ ~, J-l:-!. <n

I ~, Jr 'O:{.,.:at It :u.....JAll .J- t,_,; r::" r..)l:j~ ~ J I~
~}.n •.-:.n
,,:-, u' ~
1J"1.:.n ~.k>J u..f.l W)
'jJ • ~ J tU
. ~\.!l' ~\.,J\ y~' J)l:> ~ Jj ($J.ll LSjl.:Jl ~\ 0"" ~\ JlA
-O,-!"JJI\J b~ lJl..cj141 ~,)~ In ~ u1 L:.iL..J J ,.:I.A..;J\ ~~ ~_,
• ,)~\ cr t...eAJ ;;.b..:L'
\ ~ .
. x
~..:f"CJj. - ,4., \..!:.. ~~ . 6.:.....1
. ~ - ,. \.S , ~ . L!.:.. ~u..G'
~ -"::f.~. u ...

• 4S_r... st ~ I..!:.- ~ l.&.

,JlCl JI ~~\ « ~ }) \S ~\ JI ~~ '1.)\))11~I

~ _,JIJ.)_'. ~lf ~ ~ ~I ~~)I J,W,;JI fl~ ~I : ~_,..2..}1

~)I
,(.).lJ1 ~I ~I-, . '\)~l c.ryii ~ o~1 d'1_;'-, ~_,..4J\
,,)l..j I J)b. , ~ ~ c.r__,A:J\ ~,i,a ~ JafJ & ~~,_"J
~~ cJlSi .I~ , ($';'~IJ ~ ,§ ~ Wl4Il uli)W~, ,)Ldl_,

.~. _JI L.t_fJ. o:"II;~ -II ~

...J'.r.-' ~"11~' J • ~ J.).JA , r o..u~
.., ~l:jJWI

~" .)I)~I ,."1jA ~ (till t1rz.l\ ,.~ ~ ~I-, • ~I)~I ~~

~
-. jl (.~
~ I;;t .........
• v..J ~l:rJ ~ t.i
- -' ~ -' ,...- • JJ \'-
~L.a...
.,:r I,.:r. ,)I}~I ~§'":"":-! dJl, ~~-' . otil..v.TJ
~1 ufll;J
~L..i1'1~I j,,, . YI~'-" wY-JJ e'Lu ~b-:,t ~\j ~,
~ ~I" .)_;JI ~ ~)W' j' . oJ..>" ~\ J e-:A':jJ .J'I'~:;J
. t....:.. JS' ~ '.SJJ~ ~ j\ • ..bol" ~L:-- ,y 4i)tc.

~ ~ _,.p6JIJ ~1l1 J (.5>}l1 ~I ~b.....:,t ~~l:S ~"J

.4)"1...1 ~T.J ..ill . ~IJ .)jJl ~ 4J.)~1 4;~1 o.iA ~ Lf'
.C"'1:.:l1,),;11 J J.. ~)I~ ,J.?," Li:_iJ .?- CUI 0';11 J ).~
~,»)11 ~4 l. JC ~.)l-~ J ~I .)lS" ) I.S ,)~?
\b.;J1 ~ J&- ' \ _,JIJ • (\) ~ __,.JJ W ~ ~I ~
t.)"Lt
.~IJ~ ()* .))11,)~ U. y..L..:. I~.)j ~ 4.;~\ olA .)~ J
.11 Co '"
J.;iU ..
wi
j ~.. "~
""IIl,:j~·;.
.., ~
0
J~I..\.._,:,l'-'• J ~,~.
• .. ~~L.:.c..~I
• ("Ui.:J1

..Hobbes, cpo cit., Chap. XXI~ and Mill, On Liberty, ptusim. :)4;' (\)
U!,;:;.LI ~I)T , o)L4i1 ~.~I ~~i J..:&. lb;J1 ~ ~J

'C,"~I ~ \r j.A_j' ~.).)II j~ .£ ~~ (.pu W' IJ,)lit)!jJt

~~ JI j~-,: ~ ~ u_,...J:AJ1 t~~~~ ,jA c.1)1 Ji
~J . ("> A.)')~ ~.) l~' ~L...bJ1 jJ~ 4.~~ ~I~ J .u ~~.
Low :ir).L.;:f.J:La...ti ~ 4i1~ ("A C~I ~i c.1/~1o-iA J!..
,-;,l..> ~ ~)J , ,)I)~ )a.l ~J.) ~ ~.T~ .u.)~ ~IJ , l:J
~. ~ ~I , ~I cr .ul ~~~I ~ J c.S;J blJ . (i) ~"l-.
~J ) ~ .,,)":JI ,.,t .)_;II o.)L....., ~ jt , ~ '-;l.;i)1 o-
.?J ~~_,..« d.A....~» JJb. Lo~J • ~I ~ J (~~
jlS' J-~jl.:JIJ ~IA.II «~)a.:J')) L)A ~, lA 'J.rA: ~t ~,J~)l
-~~••• \'1 t.::-iJ
..
~J
,,) _JJ
~l:S..ul~"r.r- IAr_
.i...r... ~)~I c.U~..:r ~~

.b!1..:....;;J1 ~J.r.- (JA I!U~ Jt I~jc ~~~ '/ l:,.c. WI (')

<l...itA. l. ~lta ~ ~ WI) , ~ ~_,&._" 4J§ ~ &- ~4":J)·
. ~.)jJ~ )\...;.oJ"'t ~ ~ ~4'/1 ru..:·11
~t U-- ~~.
B. Kidd, Social BfJolutioll. (New ed. New York., I9Z0) and : JLi.n (")
Principlss oj W,se,rn Ci'VilizatioTi(London. 1902).

:~ ~ ~..u ~~ .~JWI ~IJt IjlJ

Banquet., op, cit., Chaps. V and VII.

~JI..)"-~~ .)I')J~ \f'.)J,) "::'~JJQ.:J ei\_,.I1~ ~ t Y' ...l.&- (r)

: )&it , l>-~J :uw.J1 o~ o')4,)J • ~I)~I o~ ~ J,-,,:..:l''v',J'

Aly A. Issa, Tn, Mltllod! of Social Anthropology An .&ami1zat;on of Cumnt"
Id.as and Pracnel. (Unpublished D. Phil. Thesia, Oxford, 1950).
.~~ J-11 ~I..ul ~ ~)WI ~'1;'~ ~t 4;:""" ~ ~
.m ~J~~b~J~~

..!lL;.. ~i Js- \~ &tlJ .l,til) ~_,lajl ~ .;A~ ~~IJ

. -M "11 4v~1 L\fl ..::..L.L..JI cllr ........JW" ~jlJl b..i.AJ - ~ ~~
\~t.r "f'.. I.J' •••

~1~1 ..h..jl J t~IJ

Jtki 'y-I.) .)_;All~ .,T , .;>TJ ~} ~

lAJ o...\fUI 4.J1; J "..utA;

.. it"'.• _-:-1I L..J . ~l...:>
~c-:- .. • \'1 ~W
" ~I
~

.,f J ~~ ~ Jfv. ~~I rlt.i \'1 ~ ~~ 0"""- lr \~

. b,)I}~ ~JJ~I CJ)IJ ~I ~~b. Js- I"'~ .J-AJ , ~If."l
(; ~l:iLGI .>J...\>. J' ~~J ' t,Y'l:.J1 ~ ~~ ~ J~ ~J

."t '. . ~,)l4t1 JL:,..':JI JI :u...J1 ~b.L::=a.1 .u)\>.~"r~fo ·

'"
~tiill
~J
d.;~1
..'
JI J!i.:J1 ~
...
,li ..
1~1~I I~ ~ ~lJ ~l ~)
. !ll~ Jt ~~I I.i. D" ~IJ s_,if I ~

~lJ .).)Al\
.J o..\J...r':'1 ~~... './1 o-b- y-'\~ : ~~y,
... i.l>.ft
r ~ ...

.o~ .r-'I b.l.I ~ u. . l,..l; Ii \~I ~ ••~

)IlL! t ~~J~J
. ..) T • r" -. •

.JC1 ~~ •'.r.-)lI JT ~lJ.>_,u 4J.L;} I ~~I Y. JI ~_,l;.i I~I

,~ J ~I ~ ~.1J' (.)~' dlOl .r o~)1 t'.,,;T JJTJ
.LS_,_..;JI J~I J _,....Aj ~J . ~tJ l.S bJIj. ~ \b;.. .)~CYI

·G. Gentile;"Philosopbical Basis of Pascism" .PortJignA/lairs': )U.. )a; l (')

VI (X928). 190"304~and A. Kolani. Th, War Against thl WtJ.I't(New Yotk,I938).
: }i.;t ~J
oR. M. MacIver, Th, 'W,b oj Go""nment (New York. 1947). pp. '243-"55. and G•
•Galdn. Th, $cDr:; oj U,8 POlih'eal Philosophm (New Yorio I939), chap, XXI.
~."..J.n OJJ..lIlS"
- ~ UJ~ ~I~' OJP.)I\J~L$\JIJ ~~~

~Li UA..lUi 4. ~l J~~ - I.,.. ~J ~I j~l_j ~~IJ'

(~lrJlt clJ~ ~_,) . ~~ J c.5~1 JUI o~ ~
iJ,flj ':J J~i~~I ~L:J'UA ~~ 111::=--'~~-'! uO" ull" J-,,~I .
.u(_! ~J , ("j:iql ~J 0"\:>')',:r .;.1 t_,i !l~_, ( ~.
~ ~ .J!.~' ':l dJ':Jl ~ T <..i~ L:15'J . ~Li~1 r-- 4.11 J if bJ t
l:.:.C_, . ~~, J\.(JI ~ e '1 ~i LS , ~ ~ ~ '1.,.
4..~. I'll ~I ~.r-'-~« I,)"Jj1' }) J ~~l) ~\ LA.I.r.-l t.S},
~_,k UA '11 W ~ '1 , dl; ..t;fJ ;..~ ~lG,;r ~..rJ1 Ji:1'
~J u--~." . ~J c.5~1 ~'JI c$~Ji tP ~,§ ~~ L..
oJ.:,...".-1\ J ~~,...... o..b. J'-II ~6..~1 :r.t J i c-;-
ct:1· ..
~~_l, 1..._ •
r.s-,;> '1.1
• C[ ~~\ 4.J':Jlll _,' (( Jl-.~I r J:l~ )) U"~..b::i W!.. ~J"'4~n
dJ~J tl_';~1 a..Lt.if ! jT
j..... ~ ~~ '11 J-!11 ,§J."
wiSl"...I W'"
• ~_, ~... . L.~ ':JI~t;~I. !)A &)~ -: ••. c$.lII"'-""""'"
"1 ~f..J'
:u;.1...u1~1..b.)1 § ,,1 ~ u:il_,l .,,1 , ~~I ~b" JI}'1l
~.i11 .)I~~I ~Jl"4AJ U;1_,l J1 , ~La.._j J'~'11 J-JI J.
.... UA ~i"
~~~... a...w\;-· .' ~ ·'1~". II
~'..b.)1 oJ..,.,...:...~'p ,.-

J~ ~ '1J . ~II~ J ~~ ~T ~ L." ~i JI}'1\1

~ J91;:J1 ~ 1~1 1..Lt."• ~~ ~I • .:u. ~J~ ~~ ~I o-b.)'
~ 'i.yl 1.iJ. [.~ J J-._;....J ~i J;tJ . I.:..C- ~J)JI." r,"
c$.iJ1~':JI ()L\,I lolA~ ~ t.S.i11~I ~j ~i '1-,1
. a:~.))11 })Y'-" ol; J~
~.)~ 1;1.,.~ ~))li tj:' )-,::"",_,_II ~\ ~: ~Jjl1 ~
. C~'11 1-lJ ~I ~':l)..lL\.

, • 1.
!t~t \~ .r:i~1J ~, ~.))S' ~ - ,
1.:;1 :

~I JW':JI JI ~,~ J."J~ ([ ~,)';I » C)t1.•~:Yl

LJ!... ~ ~r j.,G_, ..u rl~ \'1 1.iAJ!..J . .;..1~~ Lr ~~
.~i l:J. ..>~ u - ;..u-b.
(ft"" .. ' »),
..i.:.. ~ ~
.." ,. (J""
"II ~1.;"L:11
• ~
I.. olG..1s
•

J~i !Il:.A? ~.)) lJ ~t-, ~I}l b~~1 )J~I .,.iA ~~ ~

d~
~
~
~-'
W,.\;i1;'. ()A .i."I.C:.:J~ IJl!..ot ~<.r...
...~ "11L..\l1 v-..
l~.. AW 41._,
...
~ .:J~ dI.ir . ;51 Jt d,.,)) JI :J) _JA L. J~ ~t JI
.j ~I)~I ~ U"'cZ~ uk~ J !l~J ~ ~I ~tl~1
- t_ljJ.H_, ~~I-, JL...i~1 J!.t - ~ ~~ uf~J ~bT
.~I J~ L. ~I&._,..::JI 0" t~1 1.1. ~t u-eJ • u._,....~ ~~
.4"6 .:all ~,))JI ~t~J~(1!.~1 O~. ([;Y~).I ~.rJ1 ~4»
,~, ;;~I JI.U~b._,...;_, Jil ~.)jfl ~tJ' ~)..ul J J} ~t.....
.~ « ~.))il l) ()L \'1 ~ ~ I~IJ. ;~I JlL!~1 J ~
J' ,_UI o: ~t1U:J1.i ' ~I .,~ ;..1 ~~ clI~~ t!i .)~I
\I~J , 1..b.1)~ ~~J C;}--~I J t....:,.. J5" ~ ~~UI
I~I l:!}i ~J.)ll ci- ~~ ~t ~II)AJ . l.~ ul..\p..)I..\.W'

.~I) t.J J8 'J ~I Jt ~I ~ J ~l::I.l '_~:YI ~ lA~

• L.~.)l.>1..u ~ • J ~ . ~I..u ~
•(" ..

.e,;-ll I~J . ~.; ~ J. ~ \'j.>... ~.),;1l )~ 'J -UJ

J ~..> :Jbjl ~.) A Ali _,...;t lJ.f wJl J~I ~I J_,;u ~.t~
ul};..u ~~~I ",:,."Lt j ~l.iI.l ~ b)~ JI.)jIJ 4..-A1 4~
. I~.J...;
.c:r.. ~ .. c.,
... v-. 0.)\A:..., IJ 6~t, . .)I~·I
J
LS , ~... J ~I
~1.JA)l1 JT(VI ~~\4:.:i c.s.lll C;_,..4J1 Jl(JlJ . ~lAJl ~~l..
(]A lbJtT ~~I
c.J~. (_)jJl c;_,..4JIJLCI ~ :t:.)..,AI1 c!W1 ~
~ ~.lJ1 ~,.,..4J\ J\.(JI." •• ~ _,t .)~I t: ~.)I)~!l~ 4
.~~I c.JA J:li ~JJ <s.iJ1_,t ~I ~~W;~I o- ~ ("~ jt:
dJ~ cJ4 ~ ..») eli' ~I c\AfU;_, ~ ~>J:J~~ ~§:;~l.)1.(j tilt-
• jL.J~1J!.. ' ~L> ,;!S"t_, J.)' uL..~\' .wI.

c.P ~.)."AII t.i-- ~ ('J.&. : ~.~,}U .?,r ~,-J' .;.aI' - '\'

.uJ~ C~\,I Ih ,~ ~T ~).".r411
~ ~ ~L...i\'"
r I~I ~ ..)) ~ J"~~I dKJI j\ J~ ~ . ~J.J;:-'..,._Jt,
I~ ~ r I~\-, 'It~..w ~~ ~ -,i ;;1S'~,).f'!.A.o_,L~_
~y::; ~ l.~-, , ~.)_,4114i'1.)W ~ Ji ~I O.)WJ 4..J(J1 ~
J. ' ~l...i-,.l ~.~ ~.b. ~~
~~I-, '11; ....II ~4~1~
~~ ~Ih ~_, 4f _,L ~I;.t ~,~-' ~ ~4 ~ Lo~
:t.i...J I ~ ~ ~).J:'"'" __,....J I ~ 4 ~.) }.II_, . 4 L!; J..I~ rJA'

~ • ,~ ~ ~ '.) ~ •
rJA .;W
.("'15" II' ..
)..r..J ~ l,..~JI
..r-
~ u..ru t.r"I~·
'~.)h;.J\ ulJJ.Jl ~~'1IJ ..bL.!.:.U If .;A ~ cS.J.,J ~ _,...!J_
~ ).)~I ~I .1)-, ~ )~II.l._, . L\;JI ~ IT '.ro-'
«d"•.• ".;,..,~\» : J ..JAJ..
'"~ l:......4it JI.JT pjIJIl.,..l....i
..... ji ~ 11"_
4~~_,. u~1 J :UL,\'I ,).?M ~ 'J ~ ;.:"a~4 ...h~'JI_"
4~.:I~I ($) '),;u uGll UA:;t ..b} -u_, . cfJl ~".:u1Ii.:.u ~

oU\_, , 4i L..j ,,1 u\A...:, "l (J) c:r ~I-, I~

O.)~ ~. ~l ~_,A1I'

.~\' ~) ~. ~t jf.J1 ,j4 -,l ;LS6J., c-: oU~ '1 c!JJ~ ~

. .,ruJ1 ~~ ~L..:,. ~ ,p-, ~,.
~ ~.) ~,)..,All .~,;1 ~ IjiS" 1)1 Of) I .Wa&.l~l ~.J
4.f,JJ • ~ J~ ~T ,:r IJ~ ~, JI GU~ ~,)tJ u~I.,

~.I}l.jI ti4 ,;f' ul~'11 ~).) ~ ~ ~.),;u ;_r11 d.....:,l;.)\-

rl:i e ~ ~ 1.4:- .>)11 c...tA '-4 ~ WI." • t)l ..jl ."T
.L.~." • ~ rY..?-'l1 ~lb... ~ '-4." . t1..?~1 ~J ~ ~1t~1
"~J_'_,;JIJI.J>~\ J Ji~1 ~, l:.:- \S'__,L :t.. a.ic...!J1~~ ~
.cll:'I_~.u I JIA.- 'J, (J'~.
cr: (_I II .b;':/t
~
.. J ,:j_j>"
. . ~I L"l..A:.:l.
. ~ \ !J_,L.J 1 l..i.b ~ "-A1 Y. ~." , 0_,w J.j ,y_.}-~I ~ t .>.r.J
.iJA 4J~ ~ .utt , cl1~ J&- t} 1';1'.11 , :!.hUt ",I)." ~ L.~_,
-.~ ~~, ~§ .>.r.J ~ '1." J-k ~ ,-:,1J-4! ~ ~~
~JJ ~\ . ~~,) j J l;..~,'1" 0!?-~I ~I)T~ ~".> J..A!. 'J ~J
.LSJ , j_ .• -II o- l~.. ~J , ;b~1 ~J ' pi J Jj\A:....,:/\ ~

~ ~ ~I ;..bJ1 ~J « Jl> ;.; » o~ ~li_,l.J1 ~t J J."Ai

. 4.. Q~'" ~,)} ~ J') W ~ .:"LWJI o.ha if
\ .. ':/1_,..1~-~-'1 ~ , U,.La;
•r.f...r> &~Ja:,.,u~i ~~ f ~I.~t,,:1-- ~,"
• ("'t 0,)I ':/1 ~ ...k-;i,.... ~,)':II I...P- ~ ~ 1 v-~
1::: _j I,jI
~.r.1 ) ~cJ' .~ _r.
,~t ~ ~
.:i.il.:l1~..\AJ1 ;jUI .. ':/J . 4)1 .it ~ .... d..ul clJ;'
.. ~ M ,J '~'"

., ~~."';;. ~1}l1 ~ ~l) ~)J f'CJI o..u. J!.. ,»)11 (,SJJ ~\) 1;'1~
• ~ ..

~l c?J . J~ '11 ~.r- 1.)")4 ~l~ ,)}l1 o)~ , t t:;:;'11 ~lf ~t

.~ ~ ~I IJ.,. l. .)~4 - ~,)}lJ ~; J I.:- I~ jt ~':/J6..
.u.._;')'I':"~l&." 4\i~L;J ~4'J1 Jl(J1 ~L> ~l. ()..iJ1:t.:.~1

~,),;Jlc)l \~ ~.J! ~ f-ll !,)A : ~IJ ~"~I ~ Jj'_,:J' (~

.,UI..lJ1~~I
... •
J (~.. .:-J
.1
~J t:l I_JJ..~t:.; .,r~
) I~ . f.I' l.S
J;~I uty c;J..A ~}ill . ~bJl •..i. t....,_; ';,.# ~bt.!J\a_,
J ~_'~I ol,)~1• .1A J4 J&. "t , u.~J ~I ~_'J' ~ ~,).;r11

~I ,t_,..;,)1 1.l. J ~ rlc. J~ · ~I J' )LO~IJAiJ ~~.

J » i+.CJ F-' J {(;"b.)1 » £;_J.iI1:i~J ~ r..py ~ ~I'
~_, • (\)« ~~_;J' _,...:J ~JJ uJ_;M J.~ c;_"it ~ ci_,J1 c.rAl
.~,:_ll~ "..c.r..
c-;~ "'I o"uJ..J1cS .r-
• ~I ~I". r.rIft....J tall JI u.....;,;
I. c.J'i~

';,~ tl_;~ .r.:? JUz3 J&. ,),.,ifl~ F-' I..i. • ~..bJ1 Ji ...\4JI·
~'Jjt4 j~~J - IJ"'jJlJ dW'J oJl J u':/L»':/1rY I~.
~ UL ~.,').)A11 .•V';-
"'\ ~ ..J""'.'9 J.i It! '-"'>o'.'",i~'
• •••
• r. U--
U"'-"':'. "11~bJ1J t.WI.

, « ojt..... » ~ _,J _';".J-' :uL...) r.-l) )J') ~ T~ J ~J , t..J~.

u....I..J • (Y) ~'I~ J,J> )JJ.J « J'~ ':JIJ..a.II ~ )) ~,~

~~ ~ 4.!'-Y1 w~1 j ~i ~~~1 JI _,r.J.J ;J~ r..lS')J~

~. "JI _,L..:.J)'IJ ) ~L!ll
..;,.,-. .......1r 0 L t J c..r-'
L -II J
~ .-.
J )J.,')."ft (~WI ~b'iJl_' ~IJ.A:=J.I ~ J~ J_, ~WI t.r:!.>'
~_;J' ~T JI \;~ ~ ~~~ ~_". ~l.:.~.:~JI
~t.:ll·
r. _IIJ ~I'"
c.r- ..j'oA~ ' ..~• Y....~ l.J.1i' _rJII<'~I~~IJ •
- ~l...:=:..• )f~1
~

~;,) ..h~,1~ J..ai '~_'. ~I.J-".,b.~ ~ WIJ ti.!!;J1 J&. ('_,AJ~

• ~,)_;II rJA ~~

'~ \S")J.) 1..... !;S\sj I 4,ii)icJ\ .~ _,.r,?S ~'J-:!':") ~ _,.... ~ t .liJ

E. Sapir, '(Language" Bncyclopa,dia of th. So,ial Sci~u (New York, (I)

I93S), IX.J 160.

Emile Durkheim, DB la Division du TratJail Social~ translated by G. (Y)

Simpson al Th. Diuision Qf Labor in SOciBty, (New York. 1933)·

, •It.
l)"'l:JI§ fll~I ".it r.,1S" JJ.)~)ai~J . m ~~t,J' ~ I~li 4
'~IJ' ~L!.:.. ~~ 1#." ~~ ~p'I_'~_" ~I...!:.:... ~~
'~lullWI u...ii 1_,y1'>IJ';;-.\>IJ~Lt...J ~L4.. ~.:;IS"
~L.;\,lii).,~~I~1S" W, u)b;.1 Ji<i'I~I~.-,.) ~1}~11
~ 'J,),)J-'

'JJ~I~)."h:l' 1+:6-rt)"'!l ~'jt;..l4~~lA!fI~w Q.f.,,4J..;l ~\Jij ..-t

J ),1 el:.ll ~ J,)~ o~ _,i ~. ~ ~; ~t ~ ~\S' 1..-,

~_;II~I} ~ eLJI J)\.fJ un 0?-.:11 ~; i.;JII)AJ • .).)1.:11
J.:l4'l
Jf ~~ 4~':JI o~1 ~lb ~WI ~l) } ~'1J- ~.)_,AJI
~I ~W'jldWI ~J.A:t'J." l.·.l:",'a., ~ W.J> cS.lli ,)'p'}I·
u 'jki'jl Jr- "":4.. ~~ §~'j_', ~~"':II &JJIA.:lI
~ ~

~IJ oh~1 t'ji l)" tj J) ~~ cJA tw, LS, 4~'Jl

..L..>IJ uU J UO'~I ~ :i1_,6..0 J5' 4..Jl4..J ~~IJ J~'JII
'h obll.1;..\;-
.. J , r ..\.4:l1.J'.~I
v: r ~ ..I-L.J ,~Ir ~WUl) ......:L.l-J
~
~ J~
UO'..u1 t).)~ ~jJl ~I ~ ~)I _;+l;lIJflAIl j_,lJ1

c..t'~iS' ~WI <!U.> ~~ J.J~..\iJ . (( ~la ~~ rl:.» ~1;5' J.

~ ~~.)J ~ o~1I J--t:- ~ aJ.)\i ~J J) ~ ~JL:.. .
. ;.. T JI ~J ,y ~IJJ.A...Ll ~l.r
~ J! ~ ~.)_;JI_' ~I ~ ~ ~ cS.iJll.a L:l~ JJ
~ ~ ,f ~ ~,~_,:i\j ~ ~~I f~I.>IJ• ~J~

: ~)iUt <'>
Herbert Spencer, Principlu of SociDIDgjl (New York, 15116), Vol. I, part II;
O. Simmel, rIb., SonDl' Dijf,."nsi,rung (Leipzig, 1890); F. Tonnies, GmI.",diqf,·
WId G'lIlschqfr (Leipzir, 1887); r.M. BaJdw:iJ:l,1'hs IndifJidual and Soci,r;y (Boetoa,.
%9U),es. Chap. I; Cooley, 01. cit•• Chap. Ii R. M, Madver. Communif:)l. (New-
Yor~ I939), Book nI~'eSp. Chap. rrr.
~ ~(.$.)\All ~T .JS_;l1 t)A : ~'J ~.}J'~ ~JIAJ' t..y .)~

~i ~_,~- ~_, 7JSlfo~l-, ~,.),;JI~ ~~§ ~ : J~4

.)~I :t.!;~ ~ ~ i-_;.. 'ilf)'- ~ § LoU.i T~ r:r ~
.
. i.l...11IJ.. J
.,.,_;..~ LS ~'~I : ""~ eL.. ~ ~~~1 J.t~, - ,
I¥.J' ~~\ Or) JS' ~ . .).r=JIJ~I., u~L!l\J~k.jhl4
.!J\.:..~", e
4.J,Jl.:.tI_,:i.. ob;.},1 WI ~ fb tl_"",\~, .,rot}1~

·WI;1I r:r ~L:JI ul:kJl" .)lk..~\J '~I_,:jl ,.IN' _,.Uu., !J~ ~I

I.,i,." . ~~)tAJl u~ l... c!tJ_,i ..r.f_, - J~)l1 _".UL." .)~IJ

~.~I..:.>\11
. '-"" . ..b"..tS c-:-
l.l(;Il ~ -.'~""'UJ .).:q.
.r" ~
'!A\."II
1..7'" ~
J .iY.
,,~
. .uS"
~.~ '11l.a -'v. ~.. ·11 J :tl;..1.ul~l..:.>
'. ~l.;:~."~JI jlJ ,,1J)l1 ~
~ . '11.)A..r OM

.~~4~\ ~~I"i .;Ojl ~ J-.; ~T ~ cJ' ~ ".)~

• ~• ~I ~ !.- 1\ sr:
l~ 0 L
..r-::-'"

•.)>-!. '.JJ ' I~l ~t· ~.A.'.J <..1'4'.JI J-1.6:I1 ~i I.:u. ~J

.~l PJ ~JN'.JA o- § rj ..L....i., • JI_,>~I C-H'~ J JiI_,:J1
.~ ~\; ([ J,,_!.JI rUi:J1 )) ~I ~ lA,U,i ti'l ~)j'l:S"
I... tJi .fo , . ..&o~ ·~1Il.\Cl1
. eI..L " eIlUil·D" ~ •. t?r:J I::JI ~
~ I....... J• - u • sr:

•.• ~I J ~ ~T .~ .. L." bJ.1J ~~

III ~ L~.D" 4J~1 ~l-::=.U
to
J- ~. ... ...

.• ~~)'I .:Jl..j)ll .:..li"T J , ¥\~I ~L.~I ,y O_,.....i..ul y.

..:"L..~I ~ ~ ~,~.))lIJ ~I J-lG' ~~ I!U~ uJJ.d cUIJ

~Iy', ~.AA c!U~ ~~ JI ~J , r....liiII~L...;~Ie..>li' J oj)~I.
, ~IJ ~b-JI J~ JI u-II'
~ ~J ~ _,-!: r.)} tSt : ~)J' t~~' ef - "
.~'·_ll cL..-k ~'
? c-:- .ai.W'" ~
.Ic..r"Il..\&.lyo'
M
'., cUt ~L:,..\I1
" ~. J
r~ Ji ~ J :t.WI~b~1 u~l;.ll ~ J ('J~ ~ ($.lIII~J'
~~ ~I ;~ ~~WJIJ~I ~ :>.f:CA JI ~ ~ 'i ~ ? ~L.l
4...J~ JI ..L.W uo, . u~ if :,~ Lo ~, ,~ , ~,
rlJa.:J1~15' '~I I:k J!.. clJt J~ Lo J' u~lJ , u~6JIJ ~IJ.,~JI.
f)AJ ' (J1..w1u-- 0,)~ tJ.i.J ~Ud." C;~ ~}!, <t.....Ai <..f'~ )It·
c)~ 4...:.Ai uA:1 ([ ~tA>\II ~u., » ~ r.~ JI
? o..L..:JI.w1,;
I.:... u~'~u r .~'~-U
~ . J,;r• ~ J"
M c-;-
.u>.b J ~yJr.rr.i,~~
\::~I
,M 1:1..w1.~,:-1I' ,)WI c)t.~ .to' ~ l,jl

~ JilyJl t~ c..i t, lj ~, r.'r.-~I ~l:=11 .lAJ' ~I ~-,.

c).~ c!U~." , ~ ~ o_r.11 ~ LS J~ r:r ~IJ .)_,&JI

uL.......JlIJuWI W'" ~J.J~ j,:.-~~.wl r WI J..uJ.1 ~I.

u=J1~IJ JUu ~ oWl ~~ ••JI." ~,)~\l1 ~IJ)IJ o~l·

~~ J ,»)11 ~ ~ ""a a';"::1IJ <..4fU; _,II ~ Jt- ~ ('_,A)'

~btJ ~ ~J . ~ ~41 411 J 4: ~ .jl:.....i » .bl
~~I Jti '11 4j '~ ~ , 4", ~ iiJI:> J>I,) , JI JW.! ~
1.# ~..bJi ~l::> J ~L.J'J' o~ LS..\JI&l' I~J • G_.:>} J~':l:
'u~IJ)I ,.,Al _jAJc)~)j'~JlCl .)_,..L...JIJ (J.J:"~aal\ .u ~ A t_.,
I)"J • ~LGlI Jl , f+:'1 ."t , t~)U1~ l..1~ J..~ J?~ r:r
'-4 (J_,...,)~ t~ \II ~J ~I ~ J ~yl c;) c;,;.t ~G.
\UL:.II u~_ ~,.. ,).r.:11 ~ :i.Alt;.J1 ; J'"
-:11 J t,1J.s-::/1 rJ) v-- IL~'

,,,
.,ji ~jl ~J J <.r::1 ' <D ~,..\:lJ1~I C;~I ~I ~J.j (,$.ulJ':}I
, )~, I~J ' C;J!WI ~I tW;,.)r ~JJI ~~.)JI )~ J"~
,JS'L!... iJA o~ ~ ~ , ~l:CIl I~ e.1_r.-.T
~ J~ W'
(j.lll rl.....:.\tl ~t .J~ ~i ~ l:Ji \tl . o..,..:'W\ ~4~J ;~1
.J ~I J'~I ~IJ j ~ '.J ~_,.al o- tY....# <Y ~I j>..iA lItAlr
\.b; cr:
....,
M 1...- ~,) ':'1
..,r ~W...lG I ui...!G <4.J2.i ~r ~..l4::.. J
~ ~
••

.~~ s ~ l..!ll_, J':J1 J..-li ~ _,.L.... i ~"

~ cl.!~ L..." , LIJ
~hti'l ~~I o- ~ ~J - b~1 ~I) J ~.;:-11
.~t-.¥ I t)A .;:;5 ~ ~A • .J"'"" J.l; ~ t ..u - J'IJ.:-l'~)I
.~~J..

:~f.. clJ.A)" : ¥~~I i~1 O~~ .,$.)1)'Yl~,~t _ ~

.4r 6)1)IJ ~I ~)I Uit,JA .u d'~~ L. (,$..u d~1 o- ..#

.!lLa. ~\) ~J_' • ~ ~ ~..ul C"'~ iWI ..h.:J1 Ja4! J::Wr
_,.Ui,.. ~ftyl ;;~I ~~,\'}I J c.S} 1....).;;. (~J':JI lolA t.J-'.. L..
"~ -II :iw~..ul
IIIJ' .. J
~,)\.J.';/I ~ "'b." ~l.:.> . ~I ;WJI
..
~~..~ M .;..,w
...

•~L:....c:, (.\:.:ilJ ~I~';/I u~ ~I.i. 4l4J.A; ($JJI ~)I JA-li .1.l:JIJ

~I ,,~(,)"L:JI J~ J.&- o~J u.)j ~_, . ,)J~y. J ~I

..rI WI J.Jl(J\ _,_·.·~ll. II\"

~- ()A (.JW 1-':lW
~
J ~rJ"
I._.' "II ,) .bJ1"
J ~ , N J'
: )U.)cUt (.')
:K. Young, Psrsonali,_, and Problems 0/ Adjustmsnt (New York, 1940). ChaP.
:XXIII; Industrial Corifli~t: A Psychological 11'1t.rprnation (G. W. Hartmann and
T. Newcomb, eds., New York, 1939), Part, II.

; )&it r ~,)_,iU ~, ,)\.,;.~I ~ ,_; o~ ~ rooli' ~~ 'iJ

'T. Veblen, Th. Instina 0/ Workmamhip and th. State oJ the Industrial Arll
ti(N~ York, 19I4); Stuart Chase, M.n and Macmnu (New York, 192.9).
.r.-I~I r.S~ 'J ~ ~I_,~t-,~L •.~JI JL.1L)A~.A> LS, j!J1..,
~.)_;JItft..(;1 JI 1-iAJ) <.5.)1~4J . <\) ~..P" ~t <il'
t.:.;f '~I :iJL..J.1j).iJa ; J# ~ _,
.W c:.f' \A~' ~.J--==''''

~,,:_"11 cJ")all V--

L!.aT jT - _,...E.i ~.i.:... ~WI
-.
. .a....
\.J .•
~ ':J I.S -

~t JI ~k.> _r,S"iJ ~~I ;L£iT t)4 ..bol_,~~~ ~} .,L._,

'r-,=,I~ I,j8J . (r)« ~.)~I ~T ~.)_,Allo- .)\;T ~ ~~I ~I l)

Jets" Jily tSt J Jet §~I..w, J.o ~L..j J jl.) L... ~_,t ~
~L.. ~~I ~~~I eli}J Jlj 'J c!.U'; t:_'. F-1..,~.).rill ~
ci'JI j_, - ~.).rill_,....:J (S"'L..T .1_r! ~ti (,) : 4' rL.t
I ,(,," (-..) , ....
~ J,
.-b..i..
""! \--~
. 'I
-,Ir "':! ~ .
-' i~ ...
• ..J-.M.l W. ; ~
·.,_t,
1<'1 j, ~_A
.r c--:-
. ~I ~_, ~ fllbJIJ .1;..~1.>bjl ~.)_;II c..J

~ I 1..iJ. J ~l:..o f _;::-:

«~.))l1 ~1 » J ~..,).P

i~ v.J l:.ii ~~ ·~_t,

u-' .•. err s 4J.)':1I • :!. ~bL::l1 ~)WI J..f>
....r LJ.'
,ydJ J...a.Al ~ ctI~ « tp_;J1 ~.ill » (~'JI t._"";)II..\.. J

t\;..ul ir:
11'.)l..::..!.. ~
.
_A·.'_tI d.,.)':11
~t C-:-_, _r ~• ~)tJ1 t-l.A. ~ •.
• cS')_;II ~.ill ~4 ~I ~~ t.i'l ;;~I ,;r
cSJk...lf1

: .) o.)~)2.i "::"~J V" ~I O~ ~i .»

Prinf. Ramo and Film itt a Democracy (D. Wapples, ed., Chicago. 1949)'; and in
the .report of the Commission on the Freedom of the Freas, APr" "na Respon-
sibl, Press Chicago. 1947).

~~,K. Merton, Mass Persuasion.' (New York, 1946), p, ISS.

J.S. Mill" On LiberfjlJ Chap. III.

~J}JI J~ ~;JI ~I t.)\; ~~ ~l ~J;) .:.r ))j ~J

ulS' .rJ ~ ~ ~~I ~lG ~ ~ ;s1_,T~UI :i:~t

,~~U~IJ d..:-l:-'I_,~..ul ~\b.L...U o.)WI (.5,))11
~..ill elf I
!l_,f ,j.p.- J \!..i cr ~~ ~I ~ 11\..-.. ~ ~ j ~.lll t_l..r~Jr I~ J

o~ rib .u ~lS" , (J.r-'k "",\....iJ ,~ ~eJ ~ \.)1.,

~~. ';/J • ~~)tl ji~\ d ~.)j11 ~~\GI &)A':"£"'J - <s..ul
..:.:,.i_,flj 4i'\&.;) &)A ,jJ§ ~)~ LS , ($,))11 ~.lll ~l Jyl Lr
r'il ~~I ~~ ..b.IJ ~~ .:.r f.S.J&-,) ~~ j ya , ~bJl
~~ ~L...l (J.)~ :t9~ UA ~.,)_;JI ~J ~ ~J ~I ~J

u)l- oj\,)J ~~ ~ ~..\.:J ,.).1 w)tti:uu.:JI b~-' ' ~:>O

:J!l. ~~ \II \ _,.wi
~ 'j ~ ~ 'jl ;)~ u,l::.:.o u,lS" :U.....l6 f.S,) _;J I ~.lll (JID

I.S , ~ ~..~) ~'.A.,ji ~l.J1 ~J j ~J • )~,jT ;)J;41~

<!.U~J • l4lh.. ( ~4- ) ~I~I ,jA ~T ~WI ~J J~ ~T
U!..lJ1~J' .;.'11~~J j-~I j J! ~IJ ,))1I.:r~ ~~
~ J_,i ~Li'11 ~..Q~I ~ lyJ)J ~~I ~.)j11J l_,9p'
~~ ~ L,G.lJ1)J"u4 ul_rjU (JJ~ ~, j o,MUI ~,
~.lll ,ji pi E_!.)t' ~.-' . ~,)J ~,))114... :; J oJ.fUI ~IJ
1JJ}.i ~ ~~~, fo.. ~.)_riJ1 ~\,) I.. o..u'UJI J) ~ r,S.)_,4I1

~~pa-..;:;s J -b:- IS ,~.»)J4 .)~I ~t5' I~I ,§JJ • ~'J

~.lll J.A4J , ( F.I ~ ) ~ el~-, ~ ~ , t.S,)_;JI~.lll

<\> 6: ~~'11 I)" I)~ uLJl J.!- .:r ~tJ d.4JbJl 4,';'; ($,)j1\

BncycloptUdia oj th' Social Sci",c" :..) A. D. Lindsay ~ (\)

Vol. 7 Copyrisht, 19P. by The Macmillan Company.
• &!..".:oW I ;,r. 0.l~ J_,a.:... ~ \ I-Lb
•
~
':.i\
I.T _,....
_nil i.J..... u~~• ~
·IL
I -...
•
--II,...:_....;
e:.: t. ••
'-$"" ()A ~• «: ~ J

~I..:A\ ~ ~J • ~l;' J~ J O)~ l50MJ ~'_' ~~..ri'l

t.js:JIJ~r.J' ~ Ji , <f~ '1' ,\Jaj\J );il' ~ ~~I J_J> If.r
ojJl t~_,l~ ~I ~~J ~~~J ~ j~.4 ~~ ~.i~
• I~l:-- ~LArI O,)~ ~

~~i § J ifo: a.~lJ aili:Jl a......,lJ,),} r~~II;r ~

• « ~I~I ~.r'lu » lil:>T ~ i,_.;i I)A <..Alb u~ ~W,
,l;).4:>. '-" ~ ~-\-:-! Jlj'l;';~ _rj o.)WIJ u~1 o~J

jl.(_.,J' « t$.~ » ~f~'.)_,:.cJ1r:r ~~ ~.1J1 {"1";\l1 ~~ya

. Ul ~.
r...r- ., =-"" \'6... ~LJ')I r _.w Iy J.i, ~
.r~1 .1...::J.hc)l.o..\il
... .
J.?"

.Y--"-
-<'lll:i...t.~ '11 i.Y-
: ..(::.._. . Lo~ .r'... .LlI ~ ~~I c)i"~. J
\'"

« ~~l4!11» "i « j-,:,,~'l')) ly'"P~I

c)e.. ~ jl~ll~
~I...:>
... ~I rJ
~I J J WI ,.
~ o~ J)\> ~I 'b
-·...
...i!.J1I.,.-.~
.I~: • .irl

LA~uu IJ...\.lI~ ,,1 \AJ,uL!. ~i ul.J..4:JIJ ~w, ~b')t1J oJ.fUI

L?~ ),1 c.F."'_,J YoJ p~1 (J'~ 1~ _,....!J Ii,)A y::! .)J.t. ..\.:t-
J 1:.:;..1..\iJ .

Ji ,-;,,_,_!JI ~ ~ (5T ~ L. § Js- (J~..UJ « ~lA!J1 » ,WI

o..\.fL.., ~~I fiJ' w\.o~J ~,,~, uk~ cr - ~ o~"i
4i~W')' ~ l.. JS' ).A.:>4J . ~ ,-;,,_,L..iJJJ~J u'J~iJ
~ r-' _,.($.lJ1 , I-i. 4I.>~11f." )y.JP~1~ Jlk!' ~J
~_,ly.JP~1 ~ « ~IA!!I}) :wG ~~IJ. en .ul.)p ~ tP
cr" , M « l.o ~\Z ]I Q
,).W:. \....:.J
... ,~ ..~• II . ~~
1.:"
';/1 .!.II.r'
..,\ v-;-
t. ....A
o:" • N

R. Linton, Th, Study of Man (New York" X935), p. 78 : ~)U <\)

"0
,~ ~ "-e"b."",'". (~':JII.l.J .~ ~ ~~'11 ~1;Jr
J L.i • ~~ ..r-'<T t.lb.;
"I.
otl'\) 1...u~
.. r-'q.~'-:'l:C1 Ii...
~u
i

•<nf..i:') ~JP~'I ~, r~ l:l Lt t~1 ~I 1.lAt)A ~\

VI~I ,":,,_,-!.U ~I)~ J~ Lot' lSl).>1~~ J J!Jp)lI.!l,)~t

~ ($T ~T 'At :i.S1.ii!J4 ~}I
..\.IJ • ~ ~.,AII6,;jk. , ~IAfJ
,.c.. ~.:r.~ (5.lJ1 J\A!JI Jt J'4)'1 ~.rU JT~_;I14;~ ul"
4.:... JS" USYJ J.CIJ "..r.J1 . ~ ..;j~1..=l.1:i;~ lU~ .....-~ ~
.'1J--1- u-e tJ...# ~ d..: •.))1 ~I ~, .# -UJ , j-"\II J&-
«,.....4; t\...:::...'11 \'"- "11 t.-1) I 4..lW1' l.-Ai
....k. ~, . J r..r M ..
. -' U 1 ~ ~ •

~.liJ . ~~'11 rllWlJ ,)jll ~ 4j~1 ~J ':J' , b~ ul~

~, » : 4.:JL..J
"
YJl;, ~.
.Ie. jt,
...\.:..... uJ...b.. lUu' 1.lA u-"
1"·I..oI~I.,b.T
•

..l:,c. Ji;J1 ~I J ~.; ~T ~ ~LQ!J1J 4.:~1 ~ :ti~,

....k. '""
r-- .4 ~. . L.::..• '11'~
.,\ WIJ tJ:::f .I "\'IJ'
J' YoJ.,rJ I.J:::!:" .JJ ~ . II
J-' o+
• (r) (./'~ ':JI~ I

C. Gluckhohn and W. H. Kelly) "The Concept of Culture", Th' Science of Man

in World Grisis (R. Linton, ed., New York" 1945), pp. 78~I05·

R. S. Lynd, KnoUll,dg. /QT Whaf ~ (princeton, 1939), p. 52. ( '\')

E. Linton, Th, Cultural Background of P".sonality (New : !))U (~)

York. 1945). Introduction.
<.I'~ ')II ~I;JI , ~ ,;r , 4.. 4~IJ ~l4!J1 ~ ~~I ~

JT ~J_,_! ~~ ~I_,......tJ L.;'}~=-", i (.5l11J , ').;14 ~I j..L!J\1

L.S 4~ n%..!JIJ • .).;u :u...lDl ~I cS;.l ~ ,yJ · ~J~ }f'

~~T j,A ..,-dbJIJ~UI J ~J~ ~ ~_;J~.r IA §~ ~

if..ft L~I ~ ,,%.!JlS (,)"L"lllu ~J • oJ:,..§ JOI I~,
fd' J(ll }) 1.1. ~.;:-; 4~ n%..!ll ~~ clI;J . ~,)_,4l1 L.r' ~_,J..l..
_\4:11
~I . 0) «.).}I4 ~I ~I t:/':J6JIJ ~,)I.}:t\ ~1:1-J1~,

c.St t)A p1 ,)~ :blAt 4._~ ,WI ..k...:J1 ~~ ~J~4.. "~4 4ili!J\'
~ ~JJ-,-! b,.\,.J . ~~_;JI~I ..~~,H ~)I..b~I.;.T J..~,
• b.)I.".:..-1 Jt- ~~~ J,wJJ JIA!II ~I r:f'

J;- (.5~ -tit ~ :,,~ 4\:111.l,. "cS;l4ll ..r-k :"i ~ UJ

JI ~ .uJJ , 4..~I-, ~lA!l1~ :tk.. ~e Ji :YT d.;~,
• W•• b. ~ .. ~.)I ~,) .:11 4..:u L...H I.::.:...!i L:... ~ t.:J I l.la
~• 1..P.-cJA N ~ •
J oli.r('\;,
~T ~_iy.JP)rI,.~ c:r 6J.l&. ~L. J.! ¥.J' ~bJl4JL!.LI'
: ;, "~I-,
M
6.tlA!l1 :,u J.)L.:i1
~.. )j ..ill ~ J ~..b.
N •
\"~I ~~ ••

.:,T~\ ~_,._..!JI wlS~;~ J') c.r.-_,}.f.Jpi ~:t»

r J . ~JWt::.. r~i ~r ~~ yw; !l_r-:; ojP.t .'II)~I.
;J.4;,..

JJ}JI ~i:....i ~T ~lb:.....1 L. ~u: &).1 ~ ~ ~I..\AWI J"u'

. ~ ¥. "~J ~, r\tti. ~ ~ft~.)JI d'~~ ~ljLl'

~ ;;"'~I 4~J!} ,y .'1';1~ [~I ~lL.\'1 J v--d".

,: ..1 l..,:...
• ..F,;.';rI:L .. Y-W 1('
",y
1•• -1..'4'
.. ~
"11"~~ L11..w-~
.. •
I., ~
&.r. ... J
~1A!J1!

"y
 .
~J:l ~tA!J\ .1wl 4,!i~ 4J6.:....1 oJ.> JI I~ ~J :i.;jWl • ..i._,.J
• <\) ([ (5))11 cr4=J1 ~ ~J\..J o~l.r
.uLSl.!:S1 ~~ ..,J.,1,Jp\'1 ~ : a:.'-'~1J46WJ\ Ol--M1J,)
.~~J ~I ,~ a~1 .JIUu" :i.!l4!Il..1Wl ~ ~)I ~~ (d~
"7~1 j-Ji v- UJ1:.:U ~~I" ~:lI_,J1 ~:l\J1 J"j : J\ ~

,J ~)" ~:l_;ll ~jJ ~}.:t\ Jr~I§ : JI ~J , u!fJ1

'~.J"\J" o~, ,u~)lJI J l...~-, 'c.i_;J1 JU\ ~i ir WI.:.1I
,'?L!:lIJ~4~.)~\' o~~1 ~V" ~.)~ y'J.)~i ~J
'~I}~.~IJ ~~!,lIJ J-J\ ~ ~J~I (,,) dJL.§: JI ~J

~ crd J • ~'1~ ..r.f- ,y_.,r.;5 ~

,w\jl..!::S'J I .lJ j&-~' c:,i '-;' J

~_r.~ ~i ul~ t.dl )WI4.;)W1 ~t IJ.J..~'1~ _,J.,f,J?)'1 ~

~~ d' ~, ~I ~liU:.:f':J\ (jf..) c.u~". ~I ~LJ.J ~~
~ 0'" ':J, 4.;U!JI ~ ~jJl~' JJJJI r? «: ~ ;U~i)
4..,a.;.....:.I1~,;J ~ ~ o: J. r. ~" ~ !l)-11 J ~~';
~I ~~.)l:11 ~ ~ wl)l:=>)l1 "I.f!"'J J~ ~I.i . -......AI
. ~W)'I u~1 JL... r.P ~ ~lGl ~.,,:l&1' o~1
::~"11li..w : a..". ..lu II .!i~ 4b~U _ ,
c+
.. ,(, ,4
(jl 1.3 ~
,LlI"
~ .. ' •• ;'~-''''wI-

, \!.~ ':JI ...l.li:.:JIJ~ .... if"

"II .. Lli 1~ o..\l.,b. (1.)\ : JI~
.. J.. "" ~ IJr ~ ..' .~ .
,~k. ~J~ bl~T e' 01 , JLik~1 ~j ~L...i J ~ ~I
~~ if .,..l; LS & Jf J • ~t4!J1 ~UJ.I e ~b <..dIJAJ
_r.IIJ ~ w~._':':""'" ()A JA 4 .)~\~r.U&.' « ~ )) ~.)~,

R.Bcnedict~'Pattern! of Culture (BonOD, %934),pp. zS3-2S4. Reprinted (')

l1)y permission of the publishers. Houghton MiffIiu Company.

• ~~"':ll o~1 ~~~_,JI ~~ 1o.;I~ ~ <")

J>b J ~_,J.i_, , oJJL.J\ ~I 6.ilS::. t.J ~ Ji ~k. ~bT _,1"
~~ ~ ~j-J ~I .. c!~ uyc:.; ~,)I)~I ~ F.,.
L. ~ J.&- « \jL!.i ) ~J~ ~I}t ~I C}>, ~~I ~WI ,y-
Lf' ~t:-II ul~':J1 I.l. A ~I cS} u~6J1 ~ J l:.) jl_, ).
~ MJLi...HJ·
L ~
yo-- ~1.
'. c:rJ ~e • tA I ~ ~..b:J l.J!.. ~)I':'h
.... M~
.. !I

~L;JI JLW~I~h_, . (~I~I ~~Ilr.r,;s J, ~I-,-!l J

. r-'':J'' ~
(f J
. 1~\jj\:::;.I~,
c:r ". -'IIJ' ",,)WI ,!.]_,L.JJ
U .r""'"

Js:- o~IJ ~I~I u~1 J ~IJ I~ J~J • ",~t.) ~~'":

~I ;_'I)~ J ~""..P."l.~ ~i d.5li!l1~ ~Ir.i> ~ ~1_,....Jl.
,JA "jS ji 'Op! j;.~'J T~I l.a ' 4.: .,~, ~)'J ~4 '.Il-
~ L...;l_, , fl (.)"J~ ~T ~ ;.. cl?e ,~JI_, 4i1___.d!l1:
;jJ~J\ ~~I LJA ' ..t>~~ \...,.:A J) ~~ ~ ,:r ~I )i.:: jj.

r.J»1 ul:;..:i=>J J ~~I ~ ~)J , ~jy'JP~' e.--'r J

~) y.JP),1 l~ """,:c..... JJ ' (\> ~ ~l.. _'~~••i1.1. ~l:....~I.
u\j~':ll. (.r4
a..J....., .i',) J IS' \ I~ I ~. ;"1 ~
IL tl_, ~ .r--::'
_N. I UL..) .
.. .. ,II L .. ..I" '''III "I 1 .:t" ..• d
".:1,. "cjNH <l....IJ..u J!f' c:r' ".. ~I_' 4it.4!.1 ~ ..
4.t.,}\IU1 if '\) ~\l
, (V> ~..b.:L(,
.. i~_;
.. ...r;...r UI.4 w~
J ... •
o~. if ~._,..-..
··("'1 I
.r..Jlii:.U'
~ ~I ~..\A; ~J - ~ ~~ uL.I)..01 ~~ ~.i. ~_,.
LS, ~."..~t JI vr:
L~ ~lZ ~1< ~i - o:10\.4:11 c:• .r t.rl~·
.. ~.
B. Ma1in()ws~ A Scientific Theory of Culture and Orh.r: ~ Fl (,)
Essays (Chapel Hill.. 1944);
~lWl J~ ~ ,j:-,H'v. ~L....I;,) ~, ~ ~ )a;iJ
A. KardinerJ The Ps:iduJlogical Frontim 0/ Soci.Jy (New York~ : 4.!.~IJ!
1945), Poreward by R. Linton,
Th. P3Ycholcaical Prontiers of SOCIi'} : ~ ~ _,.. ~L.,..I;.UI .~ n')
A. Katdlner, TM Individual and His Soci'ty (New York~ 1939).: ~ ~ \.JA"
~L..a> ~.).A ,:r ~A. d.. ..-.'",jJ ~l.,." ~~~ JI ~
..« t, ~~J>'~J .' 6~L..J1 ~ J...L!JIc,SJ.1\ e 4.0'''11)) ~o ~I

ir .r.S'~' >.lJ1 J..:t. ~ ",~I , 4..:+4~ ~II (S"'L":JI (~~I I,l,.J

~1 1..\.J~I}i ~ ~)J_,..;J~ ~J ul.ll~,)~ & ,)l)i
, ~\4: ~L!:.:ll_' :tip! ~ ~ J ~pl
~)~
~ ..,.,
~
& _,AI I _,i ~}.QJI ~IJJJI J1 JI;JI ~ ..,.:.~ c.i- (5~ ~~

. ~L.~I
of ,; ~ .. ~ r~ c..fW}A.)J:- J ~~I j\S:..J1 JI ~)2li
~.,1 \.S ,~ ~~1 \.)J') ~, el...\.\l &)T~ l:-!.P J:l,) (.51
~.)~~ , ~l...fiJ ~J} ~~~ A lS' Jl , c.r \;...:~ J
,Wi c..fLS} .. ')J': &)lG... c)i ~ ~_, . ~1 d'1.r'~' (.)"L...l
, « ~)Lq\ » o.).wJ :t..l) ~ J ~ ,:i_ '-:JI jW~ &)~
'~,yJ . ~WI c.)A~' )_rJ4 \tl j?! ~~I ~)-J
,t.:;.r J ~\c.i> - Jl.4l1 (]A 1~ c) IL.JI ~~ J..-A (.5~. ' '" _;.l
;}i J:'_tLj1 }>J ,WJI ~.)..\i ~ - L.;'~~4 ~J' jJ~

d t.; .»I ,-;,,,-!ll ...\.:$. :(.. _wA.. Jli ~ ua.. "LJ •~ ~ §,;
.uS'" I~ ~ j_,::j ~J . .All \~ §t U"JWJ~)I~'
,okl.';IIJ ~l.. .rJ.ltJA ~ t'ji o..u. ~I _,AUi.. J'p"~I)) : .u_A
. (\) « (.}..iJ1~ j J6J\ ~ IS ~I o~4 J..4.7
,-
~_r!J1 ~I J ~I )-,H & ~k. ~~)U\ ~~ Ji
., ,I;:. ~ y. ~ ~ u~. ,)J~I r.r:J jl ~, ,..:v. . ~~ _,.JI
,C)A ,)) .§ , (."JJI J1J J.JI (JJ JI c)_'}':i~ ~~ o~l}lJ!!. ~
R. Linton.. "Potential Contributions of Cultural Anthropology to ( ,)
'Teacher Bducation", in Oultur. and Pmonality (Washington.. D.C. 1941), p. S·
_".UJI!)A ~~ ~ jll~~IJ • ~;"~I J~I J ~I) ~>I)t
,-",b.:..!l ()A ~I ~ ':J I~J.l..!.L:...:'~ J~ L... 'y*J ~I_' ~>WI'
, &J__,!>YloJ'; lA J;. jI~ , ~~I IIl.-J • ~, ~I_,i ~::.J:.:>J
~ jJ.)'S' J_; ~ ds-J . c,S)_,J \11~ ~l-l:J1 4.:4%.!J1 P
u-J lAb~ .:.,"'- ~I Jw.1 6" ~ ~ tA!ll ~ I..~ Jr.1Ar 4.i ~ .us' ~ _,J I·
~Ll:Ji :i....,->.:..!lr ~1 ~;JI 11._,. ~I J J..a.ll 1)4!\A.)_,

~JW..;:f t.._".,P.- J ~ ti1IJ' ~~':JI.))I 4itz O)Jool: ..u~.

~\....~i 4.. " =>...!.I I ~)JI ~ ~J • (\) :YUI W\:J.I J&. ~rt_,.
I s- t.
u::-::"':
~lL...J <..f'l....L.,JAJ
("''I J \'\;\:.11 tJ'.
I~Ucr:
I"A ~ ... c.S • i,-,
J" ..?--'..~
,.,.......
u~1 eo.a !)A c+: § JJ - ~.r-l:J1 ;..bdl ~~\'_,II J
o..l. tJ....j_, . 4; .,~I [_;_,...;_,(il4!11 d.:! "lkJIJ 1;..)11,~ _b.~_

~_;U ~_,.~, o..b-JI J&- ~I j~.r.l~~jy.JP":11 wL.I;J.H

.r.'J;
t.fJ ji '.I ~t.) : « 4.. ?;.,tlt .:;~ \I' » ~Q:J.l J Q\"""J.,)
..b...i. ulilA!I1 JI
'~I'
. .i o: tY':-.)L \'1 ~... 'J LL}~I:t
.. ,,';"..!11( ')W·
~\GI ;_p ~1y" u., a~1 d"~)'\§ j.)'_, • 4.A1::.;J1 r.)WI ~
~. j~ cST, lj\A!J1 ~~ r~ !)AJ ~ :r.f? ~ ~Li: 4......1),)
"",lli... ir
,4 • .Q';"...!11 r.' .)1)' J&- J~ lA ~11..4t 4_,T O.)\.S
()A ~ L.J (;l4!JIJ :i.~~I ~. j_,dl ~)I jli LS,;.i ~J~"
~L.1:. ~J G: 4.. ,,';"...!ll Lk} (JA » ~I .i4:.i jl ,§....t.. ~.)~ :i;~

Cora Du Bois reports this group in Th~P,opl.of Ator, (Minneapolis. (\)

1924) and in The Psychological Frontim of SOCl·'t;Y. Chap. V.
J~I , dW\ ,-:,,~I I-L_.. , ),))1) tL..u u..u, ~ ja;t
·\,A.V,"\

,Y\
I\)\) ~'J, ~I U,~ ~~, c:r' t_,.:.l"~ ~, t~~1
. ~ ~ ~~ til' ~ ':"6.~1 4.1 ~,.,..~

.~\S' 4) ~t:JI I.h. J c:,-':f~'J\ ~ it; ~I ~iJ

~L...I.).1J1

..j~)."u-, ~l...i .t 0" ~ J.:- ~._,...tJ 4.)-,' J (_)J.:J ~I C~I

~J;- ~ wl~ u-> ~ .J..P if O.)~ ~J' ~~j
';~~'~i
~. ~ 4:k ,> \..J ~I o~IJ ~)1 0.r'~ ~

..;..b::.11 u~)ljIJ l;:iIHJI ~..cl~1 ~~I O~j ':""_..bJI~

.~..)t.:.IIJ§L.!ll J_t---> ~;. uW\.:... ~ lJ.,. ~ (.)I.J I.)ajJ

,~I ~.J t~'J1 ~ ~ JC <5.,..<2.A1I ~~I ':"I~ ~IJ

• ('
L.4J1 c.r
H
W "II Ll
I~ ~ "<.r.) .lJ1 JI ~ c::-j • .jT b.iAI J..U , t.f'~ . '::/1
.( tJl..J':J1
.. ~"~I:.--'"_II » ~W 1..\~1 t...1~ 'J r.s---::
(" tli .)• J U" \....Jl.• ~ •
.~~" • 4...4~
.. all u':JlA1IJ Jl~L...)li . :UlA!JIJ~H..~' ~ J
_.)\)~I ;l:> ejl; ~\I\ ,>J , u~IJ u~1 .J!.J~J f6..l1

.~ ~l!Il ~I) t~)1 I~ J_p- 4.~.0~1 ul.f.llI.c......Ai c:

,~
1(" ( "\i .u
t.?'.,e-AJ
'".J c..tr ~'1:11,U--..P.- I~ t t..r-"I 1.iA.
f)A
ulJ.l., , ~~L··.

',rC:'4Ui'j ~l.A..J ~\_,. - ~I~~I o~ if U,..!(; ct.J_"

.cll.l)J Jl..r 4JA ~ )j~ J~ L.J , 4.. Q~I ~w..J

.olA :UJ~ .j\4ljl tlla:....1J.iJ • ~~1 ~J10" .u\kJ (.)~ .. l..

.;,)~IJ ~J ~ o%..:JI D!P ~ LJ4 IJA ~i :l~'.jJ\ ;"UI
JI~';l1 ~ o~1 ~~ 'il ._;.-j\ uj-l ~ !JfJ , ~P'
.d ~ 0.,p.J U" ~ JI ~l4JJl.1 ~ ~ ~j ~J • o..\J,.~1

~~ \j 1..J.i t...;i ~ ~ 'J \.....jlt , c!.!,~1 r' r~' ~~

~;, LJ4 4..: 4%.!1I ..1wlj ( ~lA!J1 » u~~ ~ ~J6J. WI;

,tn
L~I) ",:"i:S _r.;.l.:...J .m .)I)f.jl~}-J~ .. 04"'11 ~ua~,l..:J.'Jl~
J~ LS , ~JUI b"u' ~ ~ } .J::""".,_J 1 U&. L; ¢:<.)"lj~ I:
~I 1 ,.\1
r.F"..r'" ~
~- ~ , .J..u l-i ub:J1
• 1..iAj ;..\,,~
_, uL...L:....
~J...ll 4..;\(11
.. ~I..ul 4....1)J cs-~-
.iJ I ~ ·tt· =L-.l...::>':/I
L" ..
r.r- ,.. oW
_
,I~~ c!.Uj_, , ,jIA!JIJ ~4 ':/1 ~I ~ ~ ~.klJI.
clI.:\5' J . ~ L\;JI •.::.NbJIJ ciO:Jl ~ Lt,jJl.)I}f.jl Cil:> ~;Lj
~ :l..~1 §L.!.. ~ ~L.y. 0.r"~ o~1 j,W~1 1).6-
wL;li~l ~ ,j~IJ d'~)'1 tl__,.aJ1
~UU IJJY~ ~ • LA)I}i
w'J~1 I,)A ~~_, J~I l.a J_, . lJ~t ;;~ e;U' t.r')~

I~ ~i ~I ul_,.!&..i:... ~~ \'1 \ _,wI J ">~I JJ~_

d..-olJ') ~ Jl ~ ~}lWI ~l J.n_, ~ ~) c,S.,iJ1 c.b--ll
.m 4..~~IJ ~lA!I~

_r:,L,J1 ..:..i}1 j ~_,l:11 .)~1 ~.f ;~~ ~~i !J~.,

~\lJl rU~1 J_,> J_'.J;., , II ~.: ~I ~_;, I,)A]) (;1ZJ1LIJ"'u.

~ ...~I ;..bdl ~~'J_,JI

_;ll J,P'J ' ~ ...) J ~IJ .)-,-11~.

W. I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecld, Th, Polish P,asant: '-;J\.:f ~ (')

in Europ, Dud America

1-4-1~ ~ ~ t.)I.l,)lJ J - ,'\ ". r~ ~_,k......~ ..; -*" l.. JJl

: )ai t "7\:.(J t·
H. Blumer,~Critiqt18Sof R8J'4rcll in ths So.:ial Sames! 1 (NeW York, I939);

: ~..u ~1 .;J~I :L,\;. ~ ~tJ

G. W. Allport, Blumber, M.M. Wiley, C.P. Murdock, R. Bain.

4JA t.~1 I..4t. J.!.- ~ ~I ~I JS"L..!l.1 ~ 4.....ti\.:.l (")

L Cottscbalk, C. Kluckhohn,: JU1 ~jt.:....... ~~.I ~,)l.~ t~}lIJ ~t
and R. Angell, T1uJ Us, of Pmtmal D"um.nu in Hutory, Anthropologyandl
Socia/DiY (New York, 1945)., OJpecially pp. I17-23~.
~ I.,-4J!)A.boi ~T~.rJ ~" . ~".)I ~(J.. J.>l,) J ~,
;.)\11 Jb- ' ~I ~ j ~t I <3 .,~ ~l)_,, ~ pi J..)li:Il .,J.,.
..~j J ~}I ..r"lhll if~1 ~ .)I)~I o~ ~)~ ~I

.&Ji ~> ~lS"J . oJ.:J.:.l1~~'}_,JI ~~ j ~..u. ~I ~~I

~ ~I ~I ~\.?"~ r~_, , oJ.> J&. ~ .)t}"11 ~
.c}bWI ~,;II r..A..4,,-, uw.(·,' (5;.t JL.J L...\A."" .•
M'l 4.....:,l;.
,~.lJ1.t._}:jl I~ . olAA J4:!J ~4l1 d'L.:::-~I ~,;II r~ c.s..vl
~ 4...J>" ft. d; ~I 6~~I I)' /j~J • (\) ,))':/J.)~.P." ~

~1.._,l.aS 4" <3~4 ~I 0.)111\\~I ~i ctl!.. 0..6.;." ~,

.tJ.J_ '1 ~ u~t ~ , ~I uti~ c:.f ~I J 6J'1..u1 ~)
..£.1...::,..'11J r....
IE~U-' '-'.... ..
II ~ L4J.....:JIJI :i;)W1 ~ c!l!.U 'lb...
•

.4, a~1
••
r.~w ~l ~
~
J
.Jl
L.~ '-'. .oL;.. '--
~ &!1 I.l. c.S J.iJ
..r-. •
.~
.•
a.:....tJl
.~ , l::3.) "i , ~J _,i , ~ ~ JI ~L, ,.\.::J'l ~ ut;.,r
.,.1·
~ 'I t..r
Ie: .). !. 1\ I". o..\:.\4f1
~ 'IJu-::':"' ~
.~ "L1;1
~ • e , c-;-
•. ·.·_ll~l4.J,.

'r~4 ¥I wi ~lyJl I)A ~ ~T ~J ..ili dJ.) V";51"

., Ji=lJI \~I J~ lAj~1 pi ~_,:ill ..1_,k;JIJ' ~UJ'
fl)1 &)~ ~jJl .)1})11 ~I.. 4%.!, ~ ~ ti JI .>.:::-rJ ~1~ It1
~ ......'1 Jb. ()-'
1< u-
I... • tkll
J .. ~
t..:.._l,)J W::;JI :L:.\..;.:...'11
..~l.>• cr: ..,
~~ ~ 4,. t?~IJ ~~ ':JI ~ _;II ~ 4J.)~1 :i;}W1 c.11~
.J ~.?"t u='1 cS_;'~1~~~I il:.:i !)A .:..! t.S ~~I ~I

John Dollard, Cast, and Oltus in South,rn Toom (NewHaven, 1937).P.17'; <\)

• ~ ;;?-_jA t.:J\.:.l ~~ I I~ IJ- dW I ~ I .~) \,ill Jir.:.:.U

4~1 ~.~ t_,...9_,J.1 crJJ .) ....;Jj1.1 ~ ~.) ~ ~ \... clUJ$"J
tCrit.ri4 for th, Lif' Hiltory (New Haven, 1935). : ..}

,Yt.
 '" J . (\):u:::,
...L>i J r-' M N/ ~I ;..b::ll ubN\' .J'.
-'L lA~.. .J ..u~1
..J:! .
~lkIl J ~~\'I 1I~ da! ~1.l..4 ~t(J1 '..iA w-- ;~~I J.t·.un
~,; ~TJ' "'! ~.J...4i 0'1' ~ t..;~ ;}).J 1..J • ~I-, ~lbJ'
• ($~~I ~ ~:.o~-!JIJ ~lA!J1 o- J) u;_j
~A l..:.:> . 4.. o';"...!1IJ 4!lA!J1~IJ;} ~>J ~~~, ~
o~:i.}:- ~4- J ~ 0;\.At I t~)'1 ~~ Jt ~)y.JP~1

Cute and Class in a ~\_,.:.£ ~ ~J"IJ.l ~ L. JI ~~"I4 <')

: )AJ' Southern Town
A. Davia and J. Dollard, Children of Bondaga WashiDgtOn, D.C.. 1940);
H. F. Fta2ier. Negro Youth at th, CrossroeyJ(Washingto11, D. C., 1940);
C. S. JohnsOll. GTl1fI)ingUp in rhs Black Belt (Washington. D.C., 1941); W. lloyd
Wilmer, B. H. Junker, and W. A. Adams, Color and Human Natur, (Washington,
D.C •• 1941); R.L. Sutherland, Color, Clms and PlI1'Jonalif.)l(WashiDgtoa, D.C.,
1942); A. Davis, B.B. Gardner, and M. R. Gardner. D,ep South (Chicago, 1941);
and for New Eogland's "Yankee City" ,see W. lloyd Warner and FP.S. Lunr,
The Social LV, oj a Modam CommunitY (New Haven, 1941); W. lloyd Warner
and L, Srole, T1u Social SystlPnSof American Etlmic Groups (New Haven, 1943).

( oW.;1.1 )
: i~}\ t!I~ ~I ~ W' ~ W. Uoyd Warner _)\;.....'JI ~l .l3...~J
.Democracy in Janesville (Harper & Brothers, New York, 1949)

J-.Y. ~\.).) J~ ~ ..; ~~"}tl ~_,l~J_;.;"Jl ~.R

~t~:;) .;r' ~ ~ ~J • ~I 4--~ G~' ~LwJI ..:.~I
jj.)~ ~ ~ ~1J.:.l1 ~\·o·,!"....u ~4'i1 ~_,Jy.J,;;"J1 ~I.).)
~tJ • ~_"''JIJ ~')J"J\ • ~.bJ1 ":"~I ~ o.)~j WIJ ~I..u
~.rJ&!lJ~ '".w ..w JJ'JI L....l.).') ~ ~~ \.:aJ 1_";~ ..u l_,ilr 1.)1
L-J . UJbJJ • 4..."....r
dl ;;J~\ ~I'\ \.; I.-~l..b
. -,- I.)., err:
.) vA'P r
........ ~I.- ...
~~"I\ c.r.}~J';';'Jl ..JJ\.r. ~.ll) \~ w\S" .}.)JJ ot f.1J..
~Jt"uJ ~.)\il.l t4~' ~ ~I ~,)\.. ~ ~~ \..a)l.)J d~.r.l'
~.;t1 - . 4~t:r .,;.s1..; ~\,r4 ~~

'Yo
~ ';/1 Jt~~1 I:JI~\~K:.... Ji ~_ki~~b4LJ4 k-i ~;,-:-
~I::> ~, ~J~. ~JJ ,~~ ~\ .s;1~~ ~I?I d tA.'"
r~ ~,w j~ 1.)1« JC) ~~» ~J.. jT ~ , ~~ \,1·

l:f~yt ~ ~ ~Td1~ Jt- o.)~"j~ y.J . ~, I.l..,

tS_;"~1J :t.!lA!lIJ. 4,:aUI <.)A § ~;!;~l J)JI ~~'11 J~

(./:")y.JP~ltS..\.I0"'~J . ~J~.~.:u\ c.::JIJ tS_;'~1~ ~ Ji

~~ \11~~I .01).)\ Jl c::-j <ill ~ J,))I ;...lfli!14JbJl o~ J
~I~I ~l4!J1 ~ If' ~~ ~ ~_,JI ~ J 4~J 4I.,...:. j.
JI t.r.).,,~-,P\J\ ~ ~ L}JJ , .)_rLl' ~ ~ 0.;;..:11
L !l~ (.J::>- ~ • ~.I)I oL ~, u!_;J1 ifl,;J\ ~.'
4Jlii!Il ~ J c..r~\'1 ~I ~ J un a~\J !?j~.rJ1
ul~~\ ~I_;" ~~I \~ Ji~ ~I ~4- J ;~",~IJ
t.)~J . ,~~I I
W o:
\4~\
••
I,,_ ~
c.r ...~lA: ~J
.. ,,:)~.l:.J.)_
6~ ~ t!.U.) C:-' . ~ Jl!.. <Wi ~ ( ~ (.)w "t) ~..:J.. .."U
~ JI ~bJ4
~.rU ~4)'1 \ _,wI J ~" ".;..:il 0" o"~j_"
(;lA!J\ J,W'"l~c:rv-r , I::~ ~ :b. ..u (H '.._..q ...':-lI ~\..\..l.j'
.J, ~c-:- ..
o.u ~,').l.tJ . JJJJ. u!lL.§J ~lil; u~ ~ 4.. .,~IJ'
~~~ ~ I~~.,,!~' JI ~~':J\ r_,lJ1~ a>':" ~6J\
~\;L!.(;:....I j .u_,~. LS~I Cyl \~'.ll lolA ;J~ J ~..\.4:i~
Ip-, . (Y) ~~I !)A t...~J ~ ~ ~I ~~I u~~
r~_I ~t, ~ L .~. '!"
~.. WW'lIi ~I ,.. : ....~\j
,_,-.. ~l~_:..:....o\.) la (\)
• ~ ('\.illl U,\"'I~ ~W'11
~.;11 -
_,.lao ..u ~W'lll ..::..\
... :~ ~JW.1L,....I,)..ul~ .~'lI1 I..Ls:.<">
..
=Wl..wl . ~~, ~ J\.~ 'lIJ' ~4'.1\~ _,J y'jj~~\ ~ ~\.. JJi
 )l!.. o.b::il wb'1~ J''I ~lA: ~I );) ~,J'
I .. .....
~
..rl :iJ.f411 wL•..:r--"
l..r
.__ If

'~I ~l:J' JI~d- "-:'~ r ~I u4~1 Jd" ~..r"~

<!.Ui,
.4....1;;)~ I.. lc._,i a~ ~ wk.4- I-,)~ ~i ~'1J.o;T ..w
4.. ,,;"-!JI ~ J ~La> ~ ~, ~ Ip l.. ~\) ~lA!J1 ~~\4i

wLI)JJI }.>i ~ c)"-' • Ji~1 ~I c.r ~~I J ~ Jit ~?=. S

tf ~J li_r.J~', « ~ J.I:.:.I-Lo» ~ .. 0lAl..:i ~l:.::.tl ~_,...,
s- .'" I~, 4J' o:"II
~,) (, ;~ ~..L. ~~ ~l4lJlI ~I 4:iJ , \,~ , "",.
~~-' :;..b::ll u~'1}1 ..L.IJi J o~1 ~..ul UA~:tl!.... ~
• ~ 1::_11eft'J'J J'.J.,rJA'~I 0,)"'- t....~ N'I ~I
"(f',
ul;)l
J ~
I~L •

,.b.Lji'1l , o~ ~~ ~~I d,...lA J ~\i!11 .1W)"'-.,:A' -liJ

• ..J!! "_,...\:..i. ,V" ..::,.J.J) .,T-J ~ ~tyo~lJ
~ ':J ~ • J v--
~. J.)L.::11~i:J1,. .oA '.

,,"wi fii JkL:.. JI 0jW,;/4J ~I ~ ~~ 4NA:~ .•!JlJ ~~I

.:.L
(._---;-N ub..\i\
_ ~"l
.. J j ~ to.
tJ"'
.." ~
J l:1.L b..lo
.. J . (\) ~.....r ~ ;~l.. J
;_,s
No...
~ ~\...:...
....
~ t.... , W.""..J'J
"M w Ult· ~ . ~I.(.",;)~

,4.ll.~ d....1)~ ).)J-' ~_,J . J r..r:-.l~-'P~\r\; ~J . I,. ~j o..l4-

~~ :L,.\J..ill bJ~ ~~~~ ~ J~ .)~JJ ot.:.CJ
I...
u- ~..
..~-' (...~
~~
.. ~I) ~
...J ~l4!J\ ~. . c)A ~ J ,d...\i

:Y1.r--:lIJj~ .c.:.:.....IJ')
~ ~ .jAr. ~.:II.) ~ W" ~ ~ =
~)\; JaJ LS ;;~I ~~~ ~I.yl ~~I ~)~ \.iliJ
.•J.:,.W'J})JJ ~.r.-i ~.P.' J!.- ~_"''YI ~4J1 I./' ,r..)Jl.1. ~.,:)I)
~.rt1 - • ~?' ~ ~~I ~

: )i.i' <\)
R. S. and H. M. Lynd, Midd14toflm (New YorkJ 1930) and Midd14toom in Tran-
.Jition (New York, 1937)j and R.S. Lynd, Knowlrdg, for What? especially Chapt ••
III abd V.

\YV
j...u.\ 0" .;;s J ijJ~ ~ua.. ~ I»~_' - ':'~~I <)A .]A] ~

~:ll j ;U;" 4.....IJ,)Jot. ~.,j-T) Y" \~i ~ ell) - ~f~1

~~)'I ~lCIJ ~~I' U"~~I., ~~ :t.WIul:-!;JI C_r!J-
~lC... ~~ ~ ~~,~ wk.4 tJ..b.1 ~J' ¢: ~ tfJ~}) J
:t!\A!J1~ w\i~1 J~ ~ ~~~I 0.1.., . <\) W \v ...
, (,.) ~~I w~)')4 ~_,.4> 0..\:>.1_,~ Jw ~..,Q%.!J\J
J Ji)tl
;).j":J\ ~ 0='1 , ~l:J....:J1uLIJ..\I1 e ~ JI 4 CJ)L.. J.S_,
:i!~IJ :i.!t4!J1~IJ.) J~ '))J ..\iJ . ~UJ') ~I ~lla.:.U ~I
,¢: ~ » :U~ ~ ...b. LL:,J J J~J'S-' .j,.,::J u-- §~,I,; ~I'
~ \,,-c:u"~J W 1'.1~\L .)~ ~.....~
~\..!1:. r.:r- v: ~ ;~ ~ " ~ J
.. ..f ~I ti.b::.L\ w~)'.rJI J u
.L_;.tJ t.G -.~q J JUl'~ .)..bJ'
. Y-:'" N J
L>
•.• ""-'Yo -' _r--l...
4')'1 ~ l.il.(.. ~~WI• c).1~ t.J1 1.- "/1 0tiL!:5'''j1
.. u-J u-

~I ~'JI IJ.}" ~ rl O~'j...jJj')JJ ';"""";J.,f. wf ei'_,Jl (\)

• I ~ JJl.J.. II ;\a::....J.\ 1""""':11
\.l,s. ~ IptJ b ~.).) ~\~..wJ
W. Lloyd Warner and Paul S. Lunt, TT" Social Ltjs of a Modern Community; ):U ,.
(New HilvenJ Yale University Preas, 1941), p. 40.

Jonesville ~1 ~ JUt' ~\ ~ .........u ~4 ~.t ...w t.. \~J

W. Lloyd Wamer, Democracy in Jonesvillt (Harper and :)i.;'. ;w......,U
Brothers, X5l49), pp. XIV and XV.

~1.:.:.O'-'.~_r4' ~.J..A o~ ~ ~l:-J\ ~ .)~' 6~'Jf j' "~J

~ ~ Jc ~ ~."...~I o~1 ~~\')I ~\(..., o~ .)~ J~,h
~,;11 - ·} JJ.J
..
: )a.it (T)

Warner and Lunt, op. cit.; Waxner and Srole, op. Cit.; also W. Lloyd Warner
and P. S. LUl'lt, Th' StQtus Sys,sm of II Moddrn Community (New Haven) 194z);
and for an account of one aspect of "Yankee City," W. Lloyd Warner and J.O.
Low~ Thd Social Synlln of UltJModwn Factory (New Hav~, 1947).
~ o.r!l' ~ .l,,=,,,,, _,.....J I 0 ~ ':ai' jI~ ,. cS) lAJ I ~ j ~I,ye; J
&), J.l:a . ~.. )~- _~I, if'"I'_J) ~ • JI A
~.
1:.: <b. •
_J)
~T .:..iJ_It ~
'. J.
« ~Jl::J..l4 }) ..::.JlS1 .. t_,..... - ~).) u=J1~1 ul&.~1 o.l.1)A j.)
, ~WI ;s1 JIZ..f ~ ~ ":r. - « JR. » ,1 « ~Jl:iJ.L. :& ,l
• Ji~1 J&. ~_"~I & J..tWJI If'~ -:II rUi.:J1 Js- ~_
~,;JI Jt ~..wJ <.I"~ ':JI ~;JI c J:.~J tA r-~I Ja....:J11J..
u~ :t'..o._I1• .i. ~L:JI c)A..b-t ~ r J . O.)J.A:..u~ ~I'
~ ~.)~I uli)W\ .)~IJIJ::..i ~\ ~~, :W\).)~T~ , L.b-
~~ » J j.\(:J1 ~l:J1 ~~I ~ ~I . r~1 ..la...:J1"~I ~lA!1~
l4~JI,."....
i......
v::- JJ
J\Qi J ~ ...Jl ~t. v+:
.:.(. ":&)t ~ • M" ':J)l!. ( r.r.:-
..

,.L,.. ~lJ cJJ~J , ~.J..JJ ~ ~ ':JI -:-:?;JJ 0J}i' J.f J li.f" ;) ,;ill
j~ d.AJ1 ~.. ·11 CU~ ~l.:>-:l1
.1' ..•.• ;;L:-.ll ~ lL.J ~\A_. '1 -S "11'
... .r"

~:L.~I~)JI •.).,.~t~.l) JJ.:JJ.~I~I u~IJ ~~,:

)J..\JI J...r ~tJ' J=.r « ;~I ~I u~4J1 » Lal).) J L,b;...
~.)IJ-':JI ~I LIJ Jlh; Jr- ~ ("~ ~.lll ~':ll cry' J~I.
(.:,,~I
M
J C"'-~ . ~ r.r.."II U-II ~, ~~.." J T c)..4:l1 ~ ..·1,
..r--
l:i~ ll!_ ~\:JI « WI JlA!JI _tdl 1) ~ljll.S (""II '+:.iJ;.,., .;~~
- ~ a r ~ ~"-.
J.-i' ~, J)J~\~'11 ~t ~) 1.1.Jf ~~ JI-, . 4lS" ~4 ':It.
,. ~~I ,:;-5 u.~ ~ ;~II ~I ~~I rw-'
~

See under the pseudonym "James West'" Plain'oill" U.S.A. (New (\)
YQl'k, I94S)i and Th. P$JIcholoaical Fronh4rs oj Soci,t.)I, Chap', X at XIlL
<L.iJ..ki• tar"11 ~I..:..
-".. ..\H ~.. ,,)l:11 t.r..yu
1.1 --II ~
:.t..••
I.. ~..., i'.C'" r\ •
()"-"-" u.a

,J ~ JT , :t.. aa...!ll Jt :til4!U ~'!($i r~ )~I r:r ~~. 'J

.~\ ~LI.)~I b.L. J )~ !l~ ~lf l..,..i clI~ e J • r~1 _;..T
rt..t..J1JI ~\~ \.:...J.iir ~lj 0r'WI o~1 J ,~a i...!l I Ji :UlA!J~
'.~\J .)}lI~·~:>WI.Y'J.' t~'11 ~Ju-!)I ~IJt_;'J
.t_,:)1 I.L. J '~L cY.•..iJ1~l:.:C1 ~ ~t ~~ ~j;l1 ~J ~J

~ Ji' ~IJ .))31 ~ ~IbJIJ .l;..':J1;~ ~i I-'~J...\.i :t...IJ~1 <)A

...~, ~I..;JI ~I_,i :t;~ ~ \'~ '1 , « 4.! aUI_, ~~, ~

.
.J' , JiIj.:J1 ..\Jy,. lS u~1 ~~ ~i ~ o- ~\
.'

~~ clJ~J
• ~JL...-;:jl. JI . .J"~ LS tjt::.:.llJI -"'~ ~I .)i ($.;.t ;;)~~
d~1 ~I ~ ~t ",:,\::(11 r:r ~I l.a J~ ~~J
.;~ J ~~ LS , t)\.:;JIJ ~~I..:.:JI\..J.J~.))J.I. ~I.~~
• ~I)~I o\:>J ~I
tj\.::l\J ~ JLA\
. I~' .. ~i
.J.f ~ ~ d
•.t.':...... '1 : &.:r..
~I (.~ ~~y, I
~j.." J,}
• •

.t:'WI p.IJJ~I ~i o- J-li J l- I§ ~ :,1 '.~JW'

~t~.~~
.~l~ ~4'J1 o~1 J jJt.:U -o_r,;S J~ !Jt:.AaJ " ~~,
:~) ~ JI ~I rY :1.6.)14).,'u. J~
.J'ltL. ~ ~l:i',&)J~I ~ EJ~ ,: ~~1 .j,,\a;$, - '.'

" L.,... ~\). .; ~~ JL.:.~ LM 1)"1:J1 ~. rii!. ~I .1U!1t

.. ~ J~'\- ~IJ' ~ ~IJjl ~}JI ~.?'J- ..' l,... ~\J

_J.JI j"':~!J ~ t.iJ ~..?. ~ .1Wt (.]A t..".:1\ I.u. ~ JJ

~J J~~I J-'- ~ : h5\l ~Jjl .>.:.-, J~ lS - ,~~,
~G: \..l...e I~ c:>t ~~ (,)"l:JI c:>' ~ ~~ ~T_' - ~
~ ~ _;..!J_ (' J • Lt..}-'}I If' :uf' J J i~
_,.LU;.. ~ J L..a~.t I>~ ~ i
~ r.P ~ oJ}- e ~) lP,-J ~ ~)I ~_,) ~c..J \..1 J...JI J.
~JI.a:II~_, . ~;..t ~~I ~If clJj J ~~lelJ ' J..-II ~bt

IY _,~ ~ !.l'_;.:.;'i4 o: l:.JI I,)A ~) c.S~j" ~ l:l',

~ T ~
«J.frJI..l.!) ~ J ~~ lS· O~~ ~~~ ~l~I # ~~
• c.rUt}.\ ~ ~Ijl ~ -b-IJ ~ J (.]A p1 ~_,l.:! ~ Jt

o+~~I J:f ~J l,.:J I .:;.,:;.;

()J..:-: ~~'.J'!. ~j\a;h - ,-

~ ~~ ~L!:.. J.!. J~~ c.)"WI t.;,J ("~ til' J,l.!.:J1 ~L

,(\) J.JI ~ i~ .f~~t~ ~tlll>~,j . ;.1., ~ ~ ~

~ • ; "C::J . ~W~I o~1 ¥. J ~hll )~I c!U>

i~1
• j;.r"~1 j_;...! ~~),j ~~~I ~j J _"if,'"_,f~I il:.:i'J'"J J4...l~
-bo-t ~-'I ~ .1.)'"
lit.bol ,j ~ R
J .. ~ clJ.i5' (,;
~..
6(;:J -\il_j'
..

Jt, oJ:} ~ § ~~~ ~ !J1~~4 IJ~Jd,;.~t r:r ~

,~I~',j ~_,GJl J J6JI ~ LS , ~UI JJ . 4S_;..!.A ~~
,-,a ".-:II J\ ()"'L:.l1 Ufll#,j~, ~I ,:.r e,J.;J1~lJiA J~-,
~~I ol:fJ1 J 6.~J fiT ~.)I>'11 4-1' o-iA_, • ~ '".. ~
~IJj\ c.i ~..uJ1 JrL..)1 .If.J1~\) c)IJ , ~.J' ;~I J l?-

i~' '4 ~,)L...:a'il l"

~~ .• Jl .)w,t ;.r JJ' ~ roll ~\) <')
: ~ .'~.,jl t.41 ~u.. JS'" ~~. 1S.lIl ~~1 ..j~1 ~Y.._jt
Th, W'alrh of NatiDns, BDlJk On",

W. B. Moore, ImlfUrrUU Rllatimu and th. Social Ortl" (New YoU, 1946)..
Chap. IV,
Jf\""'J ,;r ~~ """l:.H ~ ~i l~:·•.::l~,jA ~ u'l';Jl rl~l.t
. L.:J
_~l..:>• \'1 L -II
~~
1e.- ~
...
"'"If o.l,s..b.
_.

( J';11 ) "-'.; _,:.C:JI l:....,u;- ~~ ~~\ J.f. ~Jl.:Il J"p- ~1

)i1J' l:Ai.) 1.)1.,. ~lli )1., ~I.)IJI J \.4. I..l.AJ, ~\ 4':"'; ~

...\.iJ • 4.:,l L..J~I ~~bJ' }J ~ J WA .u l:--5' A ~I.l. ~llJ~ J

dol" ~\ ~..bJI-c¥' J~ ($.lJ1"}I1 ~t J r~1 fiT

JJl.:f\ .1L!;J1~Uu "" I~ iY.. § "I"y'.' ~u,":"~~
.l:;.~
.. 4o:t_,J1
~IJ}I .:r Jy.:.. « ,-,4 ~ » JI l~"lot ~ J~J 0

~~J ~ ~ ~i JI J''JI~ ~ f ~~, .~,~j ~I

1J..~ ~~I r~' "1,,j ($.ill~\ J&- ' ~I d'ljw ~)~
~.lH ..fJJI I~ ~ ~ ¥. ~~ LSJ . (\~ rY.. ~ L.Y.. ~
:l;J ~
.l.d • t.i L.;/~Iul ~ ';ll • J\ L.l..r "" P...~
..
L...b. 'l
), ~ 0

..~..wl ~\.;:fJIJ ~),..uIJ ~\.:.()I ~l \j \...j _".-Ui... o- 0&)1J.,Al-, ~t

.J ~ a ~I ~I" , \.I..)IJ)J I;~T ~ ~Y.I &)Jl.:Il JJa;.. ~

~~ (.]A ~I JI ~ L. ~T ~Jj~ ~~I ~\J ~,o~

.~I JbJI t'y~ ($jM I; u,y)1 .u) ~ f w~IJ j1JJ.J1

.JI rWI ~~ ~I ~ ~ ~~ ~'J' 4.. a~tI ~ ~1

I-
~~
,
• \ '"

,','
,
c:t.,a ... '
4ea..·cs;Lt~
l~

0
,1'.'

•
~
.!llj Jf
~..JA"'~
...'" "''-\
~,'" ',\t
J"WI ~ t~lI~J
. -("~, .I !...:.

..I ..
.~..."'::").)J 0,)""-"," ~~:)
l .. .. I .,...t: '\.:;11' ~_l!. • ~l~"_"'~,
• .,-~ •.... .r
d, ,i ,Lor
"'T O
0

.~ L Wb ";;_;'.J'}.:JJ '0 ,;.1'J ~li...JI'~ ~ Jl..4r1. cSi J 04rjl.A:.:..

.' "

: ~~I' ~JoK:. H:or.ll.cy .::.oW_;.. ~)i.i' <\)

Tiu N6Ufot~ p".,~ oj Ouzo Timp· (New York, ~937) and Our I11tNr Cq'fflictl
,(New York, J:94S).
,LS I·••':'~ tJA ~ljT ~ ~J • ~lA:!IIJ ~4 'JI JI_,:--~I
.($1c)l; • ($,;.T t_,_,;T .c... ~~ PJ , ojJ~1 rlt.:J ~4 ~~
~~T~.lf .,.;;..;' ~.\U'JI WL:!I J} ~J ",:,rJ\5" ~ P
.~ y.. J,L!; ,§ J;- ~ ([u'"~ 'JI tj \::II 1) ~I • ;;JJ.".aJ4
d.... ~~.)~~j...,J. ~u~~.;.T ~L5i..w,~1

. ..)t 'ldlJ
. .r'"WI.;j, "LlI
J""".~) y'l:.::II

_J~,)I)\fI($~ ~ ~~ltjL:.:JI~~ : ~f.:I' ejl::J1 - ,

,~,,H c.S~l~ ...f?. L;..)L. ,1..c:t.1 ~ J&. ~ (r _;II

.ir ~I c:~ ~I ,I~'JI t..1J • ~ d-'.) Jr, J_,....uJ1
.t1~IUA.# y. ~I&...VIJJ.>.:JIJ
~lA:J1 ~.;, ~ ~~ ~
. .r,51 ~JJt; ~ J~ ~I ~.\l...i.:i'J1f jl ~ ~ \.;; cS.iJ1
.~~)tl ~ J 4~'J1 ~~I ~ (,pLA.:i'J1 tjt:11 j~~J
.;)_,!1IJ Jt:rIJ ;j)i:lIJ C_,..4.y. ~~ LS, ~ ~ttjl:::.UJ~~
• ~.r-=-JIJ

.J...,--;.
.ad~ ~ ...,.rJ" • UI
• .. tJ'l:;jl ~~: ..
.#- ~\.JI
-1-. ~
~ r. jL:.;J1 -
~ "

.\J.,. ~ l.HJ '~LAA ~ ~J ~~,w _,.}t Jl.\I)~

.c!.V~ ~t ~ .J'IJG:.-I '.. ~ ~)J'~ ~ t_jl::.:J1 u-e t_,:.ll
.~_;rIl:J ci'foJ . U!';'~I ~l.wu~ ~J.\ dj~4 'JI ~ J
,~I.. WL:.tIJ ~_,WI rJ~.
..~U; c.,.Il:(Jll.a I
J ~
11_: ~~ ~ •••
U

,tj\lJ'"\'1wl:ll t..J ,t~~I' u--t.".:JII'~~ ~I_,;l~ ~~)..u-

..I~' •.)J~ ~t.f',;I1 '. ~c..f'ljt J&- J~ ~I}~I ~~
.0~ ul~ ,T ~ ...)lS1. ~lj~1 " LdL. iflj~16.l. ~l5'1
~J>-L:r'J cli..o "",.~ tJA Wt.ali · ~~ 'J~§)~
~ rt
W1_,, ~I)-~ ~.i._,. J.&. J~ Lt';"~' J.JP. J 1~~ ~
. U!?-~\ r~ J i~~ ~~ ~JS.

~($)tAJ, fJJ Jt~ t)l.::J1 ,:r ~\ U!.~ ~ j:J ;\ ~J

. LJ.f.fl' ..b..' ~ l:f~1 \t.j~ ~L;~\ ~ !J~ t_1.r:'§ t.rJ ~t
l:.r~~JIJ~)JJ ~ywl J.:f..i;'J u4~1,j&- ~ tJ~ [,j~
~.;M ~l:J.1 6~ .f~ \.:.WJ • \.:.il}l co C)ldl if;~ JfL...~
"'~ '1,'tJl:::J, ~1. ~ ~u=Jl ~\ ~I c: Wl~' ~Li~'l
c)l ~ ,'!/ U"'t:J1 o- <.S}-'J i)rJ ~ " .f-1." ~) ~ ~1Si ~'_,__."
~J ~\ J .)Jl.;.}, ~ r l.J . & <.Si ~ Y.. ~ p_
o
~
.. .)i.c.e., 'J err:
M
_~'~_l\ ~li '\;:J\ I~~
t) r.s-
U-- ~Jl,.:ll~' : ~~y, .~, ~ tj\:.'o::J1J~J\a:Jl t~l
\a.. ~~ ~, ~_;JIIYJ . ;"'\r. ~L;'11 ;~IJ UIJ.!Ir:'l:.aJ11
~~(.)_';.~I ~~ J .k:-j'W",., . J,W\ b-p."J,y.;:;s ,)~ J.
c!U.lS" ,
U It~
~L.'
J
J
t:
_'-'i..-J~6
\4~\ L"J ;_,~
......... 'l::HJ ;;Jl.:l1 ~... I.,6.r1
.,b.IJ .:..iJ d J-r ~J.JlJ
tl.::>. '1\ rJ\t. J ..bJ,
H
- J .
LJS'» : J~ ~t:.JI'.h. J J.f ~ ..uJ 0 ~~ '.JlfYIJ 'll}~~
~ l-d .)JI..:I~Jtj\::jl c), \:5"),), t.~).1 ,LA J )i.:J1!.:Ai>
~~I a- ~ J-!J' i..b.IJ ~J~>\ ~ ";~J \..".WIJ , ~
~~ ~ ¥. ~jJ~ ~ u-U1..;t <!lJ) ~J' (\) WI.»
,~ ~,) ..,J\ ~li~\ J t.i->J . .1M ')J.J.:raA ..b- JI ~I.,,:..~~
, ~UI It:tU#)l.:;j .:=.tuJl !J\.:Ac.r'~I~
&,~I ~.,I\ ~'J)IJ
t1jl JtJl ..;\. ~Jla:l.' l'}~ ~~ iJ.>lJ ";A 'J Uj'". Jl
.~\.P.'WI ~J~ (.]A ~ 'J • ..1""';11 JUal ~b (".,A!, L. yr.J ~Jt.:I~
C. H, Cooley, Soeitzl Proem (New York, 1918), p. 39 (\)
.J u)bJ I ltL J .,U:.:il.tJ4 J.....::.....,
H. ~ • _~ :t)~ .. " L.uJ
_ ua~ '11j
.<JA ~ WI.) ~ ~ ~t Ju.':1 otjt j~J » . ~ J1A.:l.1 eUJI "t cSt)1
1)A ~ L~ JI 4 J-! ' 1.:1..;"~I e o~ J c)i.::J1_r4l:&.
.J..\i ~ ~J e-> ~I . o~1 \.:::.4- IJ..C. • (J.)t:.:ll o~UI .r'~
. (\) « la.. IIPIJ ~I ~"j.&. ~J ..)I ~ ~j 'CU~~

.GlI~J'~_,LtJ ~~ ~ r:r r"- ~.f. .)J~ t)t::.:Jl! dI~ eJ

.tJ'l!:Il J6... I!._\.) J L.
. (J" ~
• r.r . \.-:.J_&)1 JI ~.. ~
lr_ IyJ I L !..':J
·L:.:l1J.r--

, ",,~'JI tjl:.:ll J~r t)A J(...t ~~':J ,1 ~I jJ . ~);"J

'4....;,~)IJ~J J~I ("1, o}hll ("t, OjJ~l) ~) ~J ~I.n..I..,....
·~.)LA::;':JI or] 1 ~ ~~ cS.lJ1 clJ.l5' ~~ ':JI..rjl ~ ~ j[.j' ,,1
."y ;n J1 .,.t.. J;- ~J ':JI , ~..ul J1 ~~I. Jt ~Al\_,f
l.jl:.:lJ ..L.:»I JL.!.II &)t _"~I elJ JJ . JJ~I J,WI J'lUt.

~ .)'J~
,
cSt.,:,r .).r.J1~I
. C:.J~I~ ..'b.~ ~.lJ1 "",4)'1
.&.)A tj §_ JA~ ~t JI _,.)II·.;.1 ~ '";".rJ1 ~~ clf~_, • ":,,,;-:11
"s la:.il J~W ~t ..\p.. .J'"'1 c..U~'.4)A ~ C""_lb.J . ..\&.1,.,-
.~·:_ll j ~
'or.;- .::q
~J~u c..U~ J&.J . C)l:.:JI_t'lL &)A pt"i ~ ~ foi ~T ,y::..,_
.~lA!lIl) ~ - ~IG § J Jl-;~I ~I ~ '~)t::J1 ~ (.S..iJ1

.JJ' k.J! r""~ ~J~I ~I ..)_,.:JI~ «» :'JI ~ « ~JI..:JI

~JtJ.}J1 Jl....!Il Jfl:-i ~ J.:=)1j" : .JI ~ ([ ~\;,:jl ~lii!J1 l)
,,1 ~.. N""'~I
~_'J J WI ~~.)La:j':J1JJ', ~~I u~'J)1
~t;J oj\.:.. ~ _#.j './J . cS;..';J1 ~';JI ~ ~,,;~I u~.)L4:i':J1
" . -
•• \i.l_w;,';JI ~ ~ ~.)~ ~ Ji ~..ij)rl

• 0",\ ~ '·.)~I~' ('>

J!Ul ~1 ~ La} I.:Jt ,(.))lAJ1.11.. : ~'t'_,;t" ;".,\.;S,
o ~I ~ ...",,~!o~I ~ J=.-!ll ~WI_' ~l 0.;.1\ ~t..cll ~Wl c:e
• J_,l.:.:J1J,WI !)A ~_,L1 cJl~ ~, ~ ~"'.,,:JI~,~".
~ (.)"l:.I\ ~t ,~I_,J\
L•. c)A : 4t~, ~'J ;"J\a;S1 _ ,

:brUt 6.:u. ~ c)J\-:l' JI ~ ~_,~,~ _r... ~ ~J'p:.!.

,;r ~ ~l JJt.;jl J.-li c)~ ,)~'jl J::i ~ '1 cJ_,iJ~ ~'i
~l:.I' ~ J=.-!l' w ~, ~.)S c!.Ul ~~ JI WIJ , (,),)I)l~' J.-l\1
if ~a,) ~\.:J\ ~ ~, ~ ~_, • 43J\.;}.\ ;_;(JI 4.)! ",L.:.-I J.I
;~I _,' ~":ll J' ;..,.-~I'-'" ~\ ....' .,11~\S1 ~I",_ , l.. 4..: ;'t,
:..~;'JIL~JL.:J\_'J...J\ ~.\_,... J ~)~ )_,...:.JI "f: ~ ~J,)' ~\

~ , ~ _,:.:.lll ~W, J l..)_,~ J.:.J' u=J1 , u\.lJ~ ci,_,..\J, .~_,.

4..~ J...JI JI cJ..~' ~J"~ ~ -w.ilJ :;,,\A1, ~~ c.r'"
• U!,..l.I1_,i ~.r.:J1 ~, .,,1 ~L.::::- ~I ~I Jt .)~\.
.j~ '11J,WI \~ .l.Al_, : ~L.!::.l1 ~'J ~j\a,;J1 - ,.

L)"'Wtt . ~',,::l'''' ~Lcl' ,)')~1 t:1~ _I)J l:- ..foi ~j-~

,~)~lukJrl'J ~t:S~ _,t J.J' ~ f)A .,,It,u c)_,.:.:L,~~
.~ ~I;... J&- .L..4AlJ _" , t.."G-Ji (5..\1 ~ ~ u--"
,
J~

'~vl ." Js- ~, ;,)~),J, cJ_,.f 1.. ~ ~)~I J ~_""";\::1IJ'

L.4l) c!U; .:r 0p" '1J ' J.:-1'_, ~~I ~ ~ JI ~~~~.
:WI _,:.. ~ LA.. c)_;::;\. ~ 'c:rJ ~I _,;.II jI..\). ,:rJ . ~ t...
.H:.U,
~I :,i ~'J ~ J ';~J • '~."t..:J1 (f ~),) J' (.5',);;".

'. cJ_,WJI ~ P' 1.l.J JJ~' J~I ..,. (,).)La:i'lh

~.)~ ~ u'J~',) ()A ~Jt..;J I ~ ~j-~I W!.1. ~ J_,4lJJ
:... .:ai JI "f~ '11 ~J , Ji'll 41':/..\J1: l.d' ;J~':ll r?_,.
~ t.Si
cJ! J::=- ~J , \L.A;~ J.li ~ t.L..al1 4JA tj J r~~.r--
0'" JG i!.U~ J&-J • c'. ,,...;iJA jJ)--")1 ~L;t 1,)1~I li~1 ~
.JI J:LI &)lj l:J. ~J • ~~l..!:. ~IJ :"Jl.:I4 ~I ui_,ll
.c~ J ~,~ ,p}H c:~1 J ~)I ~ Jjfo.. ':l ~Jla:J1
..)I}~~) JI ~IJ ~~I .JI='J.; J.i ci')' JJ - ~t t~l
..)6.;1416. J ~W\5' , L~I GUl JI .J&-~ L... ;s1~ ~
."jll. ~~J • (\) tJL, .)~I ~J J ~..ul u~4J1 Jt rjl
.J~ \...~,» ; ~~ Or ~ll ~~I ~.)..1fdII~ ~ .~t..bot
~i.)1 , I. -...:. ($,pJ It::-.JA &)\5' .) LS o?t~,.w, ~ Jt
.,i ~~J • ([ <,,) J.i Jt J_,i ~ ~I c:r)~ L. § .~~_;l
. 1,;7.,T
d.i (}J . W' u'i _,..".
~t f.~i· ~ ~ ~.. "q ~I ..,&. ~H'
v ~

~)11 .)J~ o.)J~lJ ~Lcll ~, J.&- ~14I1~Jl..:l1 ,§J_,

>1.1,. .)~ GU>" ~_,4I1~IJ)I o..u. ~ t)"L:J1~ .jt ~ ':J
J.b'll . ~.).
rY.) ~1,;7
'" .~,)I..4:i~I ~~I J~ .1jl,;7
.... jJi t~AI
~J J.i .),;JI ~ .jt ~ ~-; ~ .)Jla:.:J1J&- el ..~n;~c_S.).tif1
~ JiI,,:J1 ~ ~ I.)I_,. ~?-~I ~ t' ~.jt ~I rY ~l
~I ~6-,T ~Jl.r J }S1 J ~~ LS - ~JlA:.L1
j~~1
.~}I ~\i - ~I J 4S')WI _,i , WWI .:,'.16.. J Ji , JL-II_,

.~t; ..;,~.i J_'~ll_- .. iJr.!IJ Jl~1~_ .." ~Jt; ~ <'>

.~ ~ ~.bJ1 .}J~I ;)a;JI.) ~ \;..u;-J.~JJ • ~1.J.i
:~)Ul
:11. F. Infield. CDopIrQtiw Livin8 in Palunn. (New York. 1944) and the novel
dly A. Koestler, TIrUNu in eM Nitht (New York. 1946).

: _,t ~I ,~ J~.~ <">

H. H. Stroup, T1u ,.hDfJah', Witnu,_, (New York.I94sh p. 156.
 .JLa.:L1U.i)\ ~~',,~6J1 II~ J_, . ~~' ~~ ~.r ~."l.:J1 ~
..)'))tI_}J .:.,~_,~ ~;tl WLa...U ~.)~ ~Jl.:l1J~J~
~)L:=LIw.:J.1 ~ ~l!:ll ~ ~k.; _,1W~ t:r f.. L. ~AJ,
. !l~_' .. l.._,wl:.lt
.f'L:..... IJ.' ~... ~ r.. j;~ L.....i
.J ~.\'I
.. Jk
~ ~_,J...l1 J:i.) ~ e ~~II·._',·~
tr ~ i~,~ j ..•"~_"

, ~\;tr,~ JJS ;1):...-1 i~ , ~ _;.:.i' elWI ~ Jil"i ,:r ~

u~I~1 <s,;.t ~u ,yJ 'c..f'~ '11iUi.:.JJJ ~IC)t=JIJl(..:t
. (\) ~)}JI :i.. ,,%..tH,

~ ,y ~."l..:Il Su ~t! tj~1 : ...a'j1'" ~W1'J tjC;J1

~.:..J}1 t,.,LJ1tlj~ J..a:r ~L~\ II.).,.." ~ ~ ~L.t " ~II
• «..4j'~ j,wt ~ lA.!_, u.,Y'} ~ ~.1.. l._,.
(~Y. ~ C)l:.:JI ~r~~ : 4if!t...!;t1 ~L..lal'" tjU;J1 - \

t_,jll~ ()A ~b. ~tJ . '~I_':' ~ ~L!:ll e WI ~_,D l.!:::-

~~ .)~j' ..bo\_' r.t,) ,JI [~ t..:.. § ~rj. _,~
~.)~ ~~

~.i « ~ t ~1:.::i.J Ii t ~~t l. » j; J Lf- c) 1 • ~ ~ 4.J 'cr. ,;/J'_,.

•~ t\4::.;'l1 J !J1_?'l1 _,T ~I rL....:i1~t I~I" ~JlA.:Jb.:
!II_;..!.\'I_,i 4-eL.:i,' ~ '1 o~_' ~I ..::..I\) I~Itjl:.:14 f.?".i~
, t~'11 _,T ~' ~WI ctdl (~ J.)u ,.~ JG ~~I_'• ~
, ~ wl~ :ti.~_,
. " \i~ r! 4~ ~ iT ',w.... ~\)t ,.1."....
EU ~1 ~~ J:-J c)t ~ ~_, • tJl;.:j1 jA\_r ~ ~T~ ':]:
~.)~'llcU\ ~ - 'lJii. ($.;:S"~' ~1~~'fo~~L!.=...

• ":'c2l~•. I'J\J Wl:..Ll ~. r'..l..A11 }t K. Horney ~ ¢y.J (\>

: ~ .\.:S" ~ ~:u......,., . .r-
I!.:,

TJu Neuro~ P.rJOnaJ'ty 0/ Our Tim" Chap. XV.

.ir' ~ ~ ~.,L.11.,t ~t ,;r u-il::J1~l:.Il o- ~ till
'e.'j ~I ~ \,1 ~!:~LA:i~1 cUI ~~~jj . tjl.dl ~ e'j.lJ1
:. J--:lill ji ..?(II t.:.. ~ ,JA 4~ J..-j L..U ~J .. t.;J..I.i JI
",O.)j .,1 GiI.,L..c,J ,,:,~)I ~I ~t 4A!.WI J~ ~~ -l:Jl:j

.~I .4..,,!~l1j ;~IJ Ul.:l1 ~Uu ~~r·~ ~ .jl uCJl ~

~I ~Lu!}o I~tj • ~~IJ ,;-II J tjlt:ll Jl ~ ~,)Ji
.. ~I" "...,. ~
1 ~., ~.,Y'W
.. ~ ~'!' &)1 ~,c'_. ~ 1'1'.
....,.
1... v-
I.A ':'11 !oJ,.,....,
IJ" .. -~"'IIJ

!~ iY.,,;.\'1~ l. ~ J~' JI LJIJ ~j ~'1 JiI":;':J t.;1

,d_.._,J11 J:f cL-" tJ4 l£.,.,tI ? eWI a-lA J!.eJ · J~ Jt:u.L
~J~~'
.. ..L.lJ L....:J~
c-.. J~ t 1 ..,..".
_~·'1 ~ I.. t.:.-..i J .l.:i' J 1:Il,•J
~ (C)L::11 *) ~ ~ &ili GU'; ~J • ~~I
~~I ~ J J6J1 ~ LS , oJ;J1 c__
~._jYJ .'jWI "",L...t
~.,G;. ~t I~t ~ 'iJ . ~..wl _,..:uJ1J G: ~UJ.I ~IJj .~UI »
~ ~, ,JAJ • J_,A:;JI Ji ~, J olJWI c.)"L...i Js. ~II"\"
.Js- ~JY ~\.) 1';1 & LSi J ~ r.,z 0t uCJI o- ~ .vi
\l;.;~ e~ 'J J_,A:Jlj :uJ...J1 ~IJJ ~I &)1. ~_,_.r~ ,)1}f;J1
. ",4'11 tjl.::ll ilJ )~ cS;'- lS".,.J . ~~':JI

.tjL::.:J1 ~~I r.i> L:J Jl:l' : ~~1 ,y} ~ljll,,··tju..:Jl - "

~I,.,>~ t_,:.ll L.i • ~L.dJ elU1 ~ JiI_,:JI'i~ ~ ,,~t:J1

~T l.. » : oJ~1 a.a 4.l~t J ~ J..iJ1 ~ ·~)l:.:.11,;r
~t
wl)1 JI ~ ~jJIC:.Jldl --~ J) J-:i yaJ G: ~i ~ P ~i
Jir I~I~L.cll E'WI ~ ~ u=J1GUi , ~Lcll J}- Lb..:.ll
~..L_,.~ Ji, ~~':JI ~l4:lJ1 ~ ~.)L4.:i'11
~.r-!I J!.t '. 4,;;...
.u)b;.~I1;..~ c)l;>'11 ~tJJ ..~..\11 ~li~1 ~ J!.. ,,:,l:-f;J1
'w'..
~I ~ 1.. ,~~..u,~\J\ittjl;;~ ~,)L.:;i'i'~W'J.
~,u~4~". ..' ~~I~
;)';'.J-!~,~ Jt~~A~J
;;~J , ~
L,~·: ~
~
·,A>~ <.rl:Jlj ~tr~,J&. ~
§ t.JIr J ~ LS " ~ l;.._,,_r pi 1J.Jr. e_.._pJ J ~-'~
.. tjl::H
/I
.J~
~A ~w'" c..A!1_,ll; ~~I" • ~LJ' ~

~1..t:1,1 ,~ ~, ~~ ':;"";'JIN' '~I ~ VAJ • ~ u.;A '-;JJ-

.,\..;,~I_,J' ~J o.J...u1~~~I J c.S} lS , ~~ JI .j_,.!J1
.. n,
. LL.....
~I.J Jt ~I?I \~ ';)."...,.J lei ~ L!:l.1~ u'il).' .".l&i,
. ~~ ~I (;~I J ),)u .,.i ~1;f'J\ \~ let • <.I.~I tjl!; _,t
v4'~ ~ 'JJ , liP_' .t.:iJ J) ~J, :L;L_}J .~ c.S.il1~)1;
J!.e ~l '11• ;.)WdI·JIJ~~1 c.S~ ~)4.!J~ J:!...~ ..u, ~
(\i)'J\ \~ )~ ~ f ,-",WI ~~ ~:'J ,~.)Lc..t} ;~I .J...
.)~~IJ • l.iJ)~ ~I ,.~~I ~ .))yl.)~1 ~J~ t:t..l1I..ljh
'":"'!.;.IIJ~'lIJJ.:>~1 ~_, • L.,.~L; J~~c.S~~Ic:f~L:;:1I
ofjlJ r-)~.)~ \~~.JA ~JJI.~I
&)t:.:..11 J uJl;.!I_,.
J ~)' ~.JA ~)l;J1 orjl .~t /J"l CU.)J '~4 ~J.I •
• ~ VA • .,Al' L. IJ.)~ ~T pi c.r :'1, cJ!~1 p'
.~,;.:J.I Ji ~WI~4 JI?-~I i~,:r ~ ....~'jJl L.b
~ ~ Jt ~)l;J1 .rjl ~ A ~WI.JI..w1 UAJC-!JI I.i,._,.
, ~~1 ~ ~I ~W1J ' :t.WI _;:;.; u=J1~l;.JLt • l.i~,
;;LG.- ~)I c.r ~;T ~1 ~J~ U!_.lJl&).ul &)~ ,;r j_;:...;:11".
§ ,~ J~t ~ ~ ~..ul ~i .&)J~ ~.lH ..'JJAJ , ",_,All.
•~~~ lilA .t::-ArJ • ~I ~4 ~_;Jl ~I ~_"'J~ WI ~Jtl
.)1)':Jl~ ~~I ~:J , ~1}Jl uti.,.. JJ,; ~\A!J' JJ_;JI ~l

, ~t ~I ~~ ~ u=J' J"jl if Y~
f' J .)~ ~.lJ •
•~.)~ r-J • ~J"j ~IJ d.,J.l1 JT ~lA:-\'4 cJ.:( I,-II..c.c."t
• (\) ~~J.. u=JI ~I ~'Ut>.j ~ ~ ~'?~1"p~
~I if tliJJI ~ Jt , ~I tjl.::JlJ ~I;:JI ~ ~J
.JlC:...;f tJI;;:J\;".A, 4- .o~ .;u.. \'1 ~\ J' ;.\....'11.,
4.t})JI VA % ~t; ~LCi I~I ~t . ~IJ ~~\'1 P .l>~ .I}
t.J "" ~~~I 4~ _;.~\
u)J1 0.)1:'1l..a~ ~ ~j\.::1 •
. ~Ijt ~ ~ J .p. ~ u_';)1J . ~~ ~ •..l:&o
t'~1 J J~I y. LS , ~_,i\AJ1
Jj1j J>I,)~' t)1.!::.l1 e. Ji_,
($; §J' ~t ir t'.rJI_'~L;-JI ~I»~' ~ W~lJJ tS~U'1.
·tS.)~ J~~I ~_, ~ ~I '-{.r-> 1.!.\J.lS"s , ~.;J _,l ').JA1
I~ l.._:;J ' ~J}\ ~~I ~t;~ c)A GUl:JI t.. ';'1 JI , ~1..u:J.I-,
uIJ'lLI2.lI_, Jtl4 .l>"1IJ~WI _,t .,,1, ;1\ u~~\ ~ _,; GU~
~\S' rJl~ ~~J~IJ__,!JIJ , ~Li' f> jJ~ r'~'.l'J ~J_,!11
~~~ ~.rJ1 ~t, ;"_,;IA1\ o)a..J Yr.- '}I d'A '.I L.... ~l:-"
. .))li ($1J\W j ~..u ~
._,AII~ o.)t.::..I.)\')jl ~.;lAJl 0)1,) if' I~ tjl!:J1 ~l) lJS"J
~lf Ijl ~~ ~ ~ I.iA_,• ~..dl JI ~ _;)T ~t_, ~~l
t:j \:::J I ~~ ~6.J\ •..'u- JJ • ":'"!,_;.:I4 ~.)I..:.. ~-jl.:::i\ ~}.II ..~

t-..b." ~ tjL::i1 ~l...JI ~;. J '-.i.r.-? ~ L..1r I~..\i I~

.).,.... (H. H. Howe, W,Ham PIW (New York, 1946) :t..Ai ~ <')
~ ~_';\j .If 4.::..,r- o_r.) ,.~, ~,; ~, ~, ~jA1J ~.l\....
• ~1}J' ~,~ ltU~J"'_-;t
 ~!>\r 'I+~....;.~: ~I o,i,.J .. ~;..u., c.S;"~~fI,~WI,'~ c.?
i~I,.I.r.-i'Ja! J!.t o~1 rJl ~ Jt'JJ..u,.~ ~~,' !o:"J:rJt
t " ~ ~~I ~I.ul
,~_;..!ll 'eJWI,~,~1)1 ~ : e.jc.:JlJ ~~t e'''''''t _:~ ,
~ ~I ,4-.1.np .Y~cU:'J' tj~1 b):I.~'~ ~l:J. J ~;ejJ
,~~, ~~ ~~J ' ;'~I ~1 ~J ;ejl ~l)l
~ ~
,1.J~.~.".)1 ~'JJ' C:.J\.::.:J\ C\)t ..u1JIl..S;)Y
1_,Ir'II".J.S1J
I~; ~ .j~~ ~ . .:rJ " ~;..' 0J'J ~.)J.A \:'1 ~\ li..b.y. V
, w
ir ...~t~..r-"
..Aq w...a.1.~• iWI J..".........
t
._ "II 4..".r'" .,; .•, 0_,r. JJi ~. A' ~Lt
I
_ .' •

~J~ §~~~~J , ~.)LA.. W.w:u i)A O;)~ ~r JI :r~1 ~

I
~..lli ~~I ~ ~ ~ j ...
:'''~
~~ 4t.4J1 ~tr ',' na,:H
• '

~_rJ1 ~~ ,
!l~ 4" ,~tjS uSjS..f ~ )jt , ~.x.:J1
'

,~;~IJ ~~IJ Ejjl ~l ~~.j t...;1 , ;~I u~'J_,J1 d

.~~I ~}~, ~ )Ilf-JI J!ll ~ 4...... ::- ~_;41;'J ~~J >,.~
•.

:ti_p. ,)L.:...'JI.;~~J ($1.~}I ($pl ~)I ~ ~~J

:~~ .._;4.l.:~~·~~W.I ~~, ~~J. 'Js- ~l:-11 ~J . ~4

'~J~I ) ~~'}.iJ~1 ,I.G.JI (5tJ t, 1:'1 J:> ' '-71~IJ JAalI
t_,Jp- ~b uL.U~Ur ~I ~l (~I J.~ ~J;UI
4r ..)~l~ I~J . cr. ~I,) ,Q » JI ."t ~Jl> J...l&. JI rl.::J.'J1
·~L...t..b.t ~)I ~ J ~."..~.J li\d:"':'-"J ~jl ~)~I
&r .,,1 ~_,.j1' j)o.L..J ~,F!LI ~.;J.1·6)tl JI,fJ u=J1~l&:..lll
I..'. "

I I

·LW. Doob> Prt1JwIanda (New Yorlr,,· 19S5)~'and, the. Institute for lP.ropagtlllda

·.An4I~sis. T1u JIi". Am D/ Pr~",altda (New York, 1939).'

~ ¥. d'~ '1IJ ~\;::.rlC;JY 4S"rll ~15 ~~ ~~
o- ~Wa&.~1~ ~ 4 ~~~~J J;;....!JJ c;iAJ ~J • t.f~T
~ ~14f1 C_jl=ll l:J ~ I..iJ-J • r.,i':J~ J'>'&' ~'jl UpJ ~I~
~ l:J~ lS u~IJ ~l:-JI ~1j>~IJ ~~IJ ~..ul ~~n
~I .]Ajl ~.l.~ tl,.,.a.ll ~.J!,J • r-'::II ~ ~J.rJ1 ~l:--T r-~
,t}W~IJ ~lfJ':I1 ~I)I u,.,.:t
~.)Ji cS..iJlJJ..ll1~T '.i 1+,:11
,.~I .)~I J l..lJ, ~..\>I_,JIO;tjl ~l..$t~ ~li~I ~_,A; J I..~
~\ ~~ ~~ f+-J . ift-Jt;JI J..l.J1 ~J J u."i;I-"
• ~~ ':II ;;~I rlJa:;\ J J\::I~

~ J:.--o l.:i l.:i}: ~~~l '~l rw;.;, ~ J e,Jl!;J\" .j,5t.:Jt

~J Js- ~IJ . tjL::.:JIJ ~Jt.:.U o__,.!.l:i' .;jJ o.,r!oL:i1J~~r
b~' uL......a- l... (J.)~I ;~LlIJ tl.rJ\ ~l _,.li; ~~ if .. ,·~.u
, 4S"_;..!11 ~WI ~ c;.lll ,411J_,..ul I.:.l.b. l.S 4~'1k
L ~J Wc...i!\ ,,J-4 c:r
• ~. L..... I.. ,
v-:. J :: ~-II~ 'l:.::J1r.s-
r.r.:-- Ie. Lflill s
~)-Ilt:'Wj .us cll~Ji )_,.1;JI~\"..;~ j u~tJ . ~jt:;"
~\- t'J ' <u o~1
~\t d/.) ~~I J,wT JJ .)I)~I ~

" J~- -':11 J "I.. oci'," ~)'I..

• :U\::JI ~_-A I.. t~..Y'
"I ,~o·;r..JA'II
Ll.!l,. ~t t.JI::JIJ0Jt.:I1 J ~I §L!.I.I ~ # J~ L...J
JI .P',::/1(.J-4~ l~_":' '1~i
' ~., v-' 6...6J.1~~I
", '
J ~1.1;.\i ~,..N' _t~

l:JJJ
..
~ o~, yb'1 .11-~ • ~I
.. -" U--...
J o~LJI 4.JlA!J1
....J ~~ 1M •
'lIt
~IJ 4.JJ1u~,,:-.lIJ ~~ '11 .r}\, a- I.J ~ '1 .)\~l

tl.,H L,..\.i i.JA t.ju.:..J1J 0J~ ou...u' tS...iJ1~I "1"'- <')

~_,J~, l......1;.u1- ~'"l1 ~ ..}J - ~~ ....i.i1"lIJ elU~
: 4W'" t.s' M. A. May.J L. W. Doob ~ rU .?~'

\,t '"
~~ L:S;U~;"'J &)lG I.r (J§~. &)lL..JIJ' ~_j4JIJ
&.)1 o"''}I \UL:JIJ • ~~ ~ ~_,.->i Jl 4~1 ~ r)A

~.iS"'. ~~'}_,.ll ul..~ UA ~;~ ~T ~J~ ~~ _,.!:i'

1t..ul) 1 Lr ~..brll ~ c: ~ JI_,t~1~lJJl ~..';;c- ~
""";~I ~Jl.:J1 ~I}~~I ",1la..J rWl ~6.;T.J) UA.)~I J&.
JI ~ LJ\i ..l.i~l~ J!.. ~'1J J ~..ll:I1 c.rl~I'~I}~..\S"
0' .·~l ~U~4IJJI.b.:JI ~I)I ~I ~1}~..\Jle ~
.G4=JI'~1
•
ul~1• ,·tA:u...J....J ~
\.I •• 1
~".
..boJi l~"."e~u....::.....tJ
• ~~

.~ o~1 u~'J)1 J o~b.J1 ~~'}I ~I rY ~J' J,pJ1

,r'.l:..J1 ~ E_L..,ij'}1~ ~I>I ~l:t' ~6JIJlA!Il t.J''':'::'U~~I
.ur ~I ~I ~)~I t',;lJ ..\fIJI t.,,::.:JI,rY f)4J· o..f."WI
,.r.-I_"JI ~_,ii ~ J--3 l:Ilt L;,)~ J A,).p,-).I 4~':l' ~j4
, '.
~~~
(" . .I-:~Iirz:
~.II~lLJI "lIo·I:.:J.I4.;WJI·
~~r- t.r) • ~
~LiJI

~_..!.!c.Y'~i J' ~I ~l(_JI ul&.~ ~J ,r-:'l:.J1c};i ~~I

,~ ~I ~.,AJI l:r~ ~~ ~ \11 ~ ~~ o~ L.J • ($~t
.§~ laiC: &J. c» tj~j) &)"W c.)A o~, u~\'_,JI~..t-J.. L. JI
~ ~ a- ~.)I)-'JIul:4J1 o~JI P.. ~T ~,,"~I ,'Ui;
• ~ ...~I J...~l.:> '11 c.JJ-r"t:.11,•
w\.O!J1
..

,t_.,_:JI ~ ,;r ~ t)l::.:JIJ ~"l.:J1 ~ua.. &)t .b~ blJ

'~l ~J' ~.lf ,;.~ clJ u-e J. (,$;..i" ~~ ~ ~ J::...aA:IIJ
u"~':/I~' ~t •.>J.rAJ~ ~ I' .abe" ..I ~~I),'JI ~l:U1 t:.;;'.>

: ;.; JJ u, .J.,. J~ ~1....!.il;.l1 ;.,.- u...J..,....;';1 ( \)

c.,1IitioN aM Coopuatitm (New York, 1931); lee • apedally Chap. II.
vilily and DljJ",*, in .AMlrict'" Lit. (R. M. Maciver, od., New Y~ 1947).
.1."...., tjl:.:J1 J.# lJS" ~, ~ ~ t)L:.:; 416. Jf ~ . ~I ill
~I)\ u..dJ , ~L::... .,I}t ("t, ~~I ~~ rt , r-t ~ ~lS1
~t ~ LJA ~I~J ltkL!i &)T .)1, ~jl;;ll u')l~1
~ t'WI"
~\51 ~1.JN' , E:Jl::I1 rl:i ':"':J6. o- ~6. ,f JJ . J"..~I cS~ ~
o L:.Lt. ~lh..
.. vt: if• ~. Ji LlAJI :r.
. I.r'
-~" ~w;1f 4.::.;'JA Jl'L.Yo
~La.. ;Jb '-.iW:SI,y 4......Ai tjl::J1 ~ ~ ~ Ji';~
• ~ ~lti':l~J\i ~l:; LJA ~:r.-E)L::.:lII.lA r~ .)t ~ , l&.L;1 ;n
l:r~ , tjl::.:JIJ ~Jt.:.:J~ ~I ~~I)t'J1 ulf..J1 ~Jl \.J)."

1)1" . J'~ ';/1 ~IJS"L'!A ~JI 4:i ~lCl ~~...ul ~I

J \:l&.."t W5' , tjl::lIJ ~JI.:l~ _r:.6J1~l..:A1~ , ~.JJI~l)

.:,lll, <...&I ~~IIIL· . l!J1,_,\:(JIJ ~.~~'1I._s
<),c.JA. •••• "II
r~ ~~

~I u .c.r4'11r~1 J WI'!)J>J.i ~L.~I uy....rl .L

;~ ~...:J4 ;.t.:? ~t J~J, ~I ..wT J.4- ~ ~I') ~~ '11
• ~ ,""",~, ..e>)ll." ~t!J1 ~I:.:OI :"1 u:> ~IJ l,tiJ1

\1' ~ "-r
 . ~
: (j[JI_ , ,JUt
• •
L:"• J ~ .....~ t~L:o c.r••" .. ~'~'J c-;--
.. 7_1I ~... ..J- IfJ ~ ~~ fJ7
t•

~L.:::...
.. . \'1 ;~,_ ~ .. U;"- ~ r.rMI\ ""...)1;.11 ~JU\ w Jfk JJl.::; ~j.
l:J ~ l:..aJ• Ui_,:1IIJ..Y.~ ~TJ. ~;..to~.§ ~.P LS
• Jot\::)4 ~I:ii_l:;.. ~lr~ ~l:IL.
r' ~.; " V. ~lS1~I.J'"" ' 4~1 ;_,.j ,§~\~ ~
;_'L;.. \J..:,.its' ('T,;' ~w
..I..... t ~l.::>'•
. J.. :i.4JS;;.
• .. ,~~.. ..
.J:-"
~I_,I \.:H.'rjll)" \l.J},:T o.r.J iJ,c. ()A ~ r' , U.~($;.t-
~1))44,: "}J ~ JJ}l1 oL ~~ ~ : 14 n;J...:bJ.. ~L...
~ it:; JIJ-11 IJ.. Lf' ~-\Ai u=J1~~~J ? ~I UJp. Jt
. C.-~ 4...WIb'..,tJ~;Ji ~;},JIJ cf'J , pi ;~..uJ :i...1A.
. e.')1 ~\ j t.~)II~ ~Jl..:.....,.

v-r ,,~ "n ~..ul

I -"I ~ . .iYc.r .J J (.Q,..rLlh ·d_··..:. :WI!JI~UIletJ
."""-..
lolA~,' "J , ~~ \'1 ~l-i~1 ol;:> j a.,b. c? JS' 4.~~J ~II
J''p"~1JI LI:;. ~ ;;)~\'I e ' ~~H ~1 J t_,...;."u.
. ~ J. ~.. ~L.i.G
<b.1• ..". Wh ~\A!JIJc-;-
~':_ll l.,.u--,.u-
~. "II:UI ':-Ik
I ...
.. .r:-'
~li,w~:i.La:l1;;J..A..l1
~I c.l1; :;p~ ~ U"'~LJI ~I J.
. :u.L!JI ......!J ~}l1 ~ Ul4'"
 ;LJ.l ~,
.. J _.

o.u l..!.L ~• 0• l!J1 ~.. e.~ I.t,)A : .1...a:J'J

., a!-J,
•••• ~,. au..
ftT 't aJ)W,

t.i1.)Jt c:J~~ ,WjL. UJ,) J , ~}}I J ;.)~L:-j.I~1 kit.

•..u- ~\i~ -~ ~t I";"_";'-J . ~J'll J ~JJ~ .J...J ..I.,.JIJ.
lJ t;,),)JJ ~.J':'-II·~ \J.~ :r....\ "1)1 l:lt ~. J.).)L!..JI.., e _ (.)-'
..\. ,;;..:.11 I~

vL::J1 J;- ~J . ~ J"~I JJt J ~l) lS ~_;II ,:1" W~~

JJ , .vJ~ J ;';"\.CII £s_,Ali. ~
.
iiJ.4.l1~,)I_;'':ll ~I .~ ~l.:Jt
Jt , ,":,~1 "T ~I ~ k.,j u~ll..\.A ~ I~" . L...b.J.vJ~
~f»..P." 1~" JJi~l ~t '11, 4.&-) ~ ~ ~t Jt, ~I l~

cJ'-,~IJ:iJ.~ ~ Ji .)L.:~IJt J~ j~1 Jr. 4; _,Allu~1 ~L..SI J.

J t .uJ-;" uT" t ulrl.:.J
,
d • 11
...f4A Jf , \i..w I ..Ji L..~....U~ ~ . Ji'
H ~

u~ ~"j; urr~1 QA ~ ih:':.• tl_,;f !Jl':.•J • cl....WJ o..b-J Uli-

,f)~I jj., ~\4I1 ~1,;-.aJ1Jt ,~~I ~;fIJi' rl),~~
, ~)I o')H' J_,...JI J (,.;I)IJ ~I 't.,)~ ~I ~)

u~1 ~~ ..b.jUl UAJ• JWI."t ~I .._,~ Ji olJ,r.l1 Ji o;l_;J1 Jt

•.:u.J • tl:i' V" ~ (I_,iT J i.J III t.~ ul~ ~ J~ ..b.1)I'
~~I f- ~ L,I;..I:.) ~i ~ J'.,\j :u\t..ul~.; ~;JIJ ~~I ~ (LJ~

. ~'J~.,)j4i.I ~ uyH ~}~I y..

~ ~~I J -LAW! ~I J;. ~,;J~ ~I~I t1jT ~ j 'JJ
I~J • ~ ~J~ J1 41~ I,)~I JAr ':J ~.) c- t..:.O.J
,J1.J'>"t I)A IJ~ ~T GU~ J , ($_;.\t ~ ,;r ,~ ~i•.)~c)~.)'11
;51 ~~l:JI aL UA I~ ~ c)~'.J• ~I).i ~~' JJ ~ ~
,.)~ r~'J! J 4' ~.J • ~\~I t:r ~ Js- 1.)Ws,I
1:: l:.i 1 ) J • L:J.J> l4::.L. J ~...
,t.;.r _ JT, ~J
Ua...:.... ...:li.i W bJ I ~~wl
.J ~ (_)
..\H JJ..\JI~, tj'J ~u UA lilif ~I tJ.,. Js- 4J
.:i.l....-a •• ... 11~J l:J~ ~ UlAIl ~I .-lA ~t ~t JJ . l:i~
·w ...j
.. J' , ~ ~
•

.1!l.(JI.ji ~ ("j_; l:.WJ . ~

.e _,..AaIi t:J
I '

.b. ~. 'I ~ ..~

.;.)..p.:~...4!.J1 ul . wL.
.. ~..... wLA.W
I. ~.. J
~••. '11 ..r- c)l "d~~ . ~q
.p l:l\ • :YJ~I~)~I ~~I J~, o~ Ji'11 .WI ~
lS 4' J PJ , l:.-4i ~ s~I .jl) .; tS ($~l ~ j J
I. I • I

~~J ($~I ~ .;1t ulJ~ .:"t 'JI . l:&. ~Jl:> UIj ..:..illj
t I A.

_J...I.JC- 4JA J..1s. UA ~t I!~ ~I=, " ,• .;...(; ~I

..
~WI 4.~~
;:... t.SJ lAJl ~\:.__.. r J • .c.c.;.)"J'--4.)~
LA .... ~ ("'.. (J""
"'I oWl
..
t' r: to::'
v::--
..)1.) L:..~l ~\.i . \:.-f § ,;r ~ .r.>t ~.J
J.. JI ;~ ~ ,l:It
.($.;->t ~I~ ~ ~~ lA~J WI)I .~J • J6J1 J I.;jJ
.~~ ':1 UJ--- l:.it ~~ L. JJtJ ' \:r~ ~,IJ r»" ':J 0.;,(5
.c)a: .'....t:l1l:..4.;tl I~IJ • U)&l J ~I.}l,.j~ \:It ~ , l.:......iit
..~, "rJ~ I.:Jt ':' ~ ':J W.~~I ~.,.cl 1-lAJ ;L:-fI
~ J III o~i ~
.GlI~ Js.J.: o~.~~,
!JIJ,)I l:-.J J
J ($:}-t .)~
. .jL.j~
;;~ JJ
JT,~~~
.)I.r-i .;;;4""
. Lt.,}-" ~~\)
e--' 4..1"-'
J ~nJ ol:t-J\i
.JCI ~I ~ t_.,i ~ J~ ~ _J ~. SJI_, .l.fJ1 J>IJ:iJ
, w~ ~l ~I , c..I"" ;J} Ji , ~~~\ ~ .J.:- t:j JC J' , ol::>
~ ..~.4.!...J1 ~l ~"':_II. c:rJ • ~L!..J... ~' "..r.:C-
.. ~~ r ..w. ~ ·1,"
u-
:i;..:__U•..v- J&. ~b)l' c:rJ • 1J ~~ '1 .l:--!' O..\&. 4:CJ I,)) ~
uL-;,Jr !)',
.).J'...J7..~.L J~- LII' e,J l:.1J C",
r.r:,_"
~I ~L .
.jT

~..\._>\ J -b-'J ~~ ~ ~ ~I~I (f tj Ult UA ;s1 J!.r

ir ;s1~ ~J aU .)~IJ ,)JJ.::J.I.jld.I 1~ c)l (,St • u>'_,...aJll
~I ~';JI .:rJ • t..J ":"1_,.!:J1~~ ~"fl4.1 t~ c...A}t
,:r
, ~I ~J ~\JI 4.W ~ 1111) (S.lJ1 ~\ \~ 41 t~ ~
~lt NO
.)~,J....,,?-
. .e • 'il r~)U' "11 ~I
o: N'
J " ~
w .C"_. 'J L+.. "'"'
~t U'-=. ,("_,
, '.<'. i
• 'f&-J ~ r~- r..r"11"\'1 O~ uta a~
..... 1
~
c:
u« 4~
... -

~ ~t ~t.: o- ~ J'a cSt ~ i~ ~ .f .j\t ~~ J~J

~6..:....1
••
J lfi_;.1 ~
.... <...11._......:IJ _p;
••, .ea .. "~'
I<J. ~L
....
.c.:L,. J I~ ,_.
\C". U\.- J.JA
v--: \.:1 .c... ~ cS.lJ1.j,l(il ~. _A l::!...t... .j\ • lei ~W'
......
11· "lOll

~J 1cJ~ ':_.~,:r ~1 bJal '~IJ' ~~;.)~I •.,i,.~ \....

e- J." ~ (,)}<>~It:l-.!..:;> I)A ~I+JI JJ ) ~~I 0rJ 4:~:

J l;::>t:>1~ • .t. J u~1 ~..1< ~I • ..u..:J1
4!...Jl ...lI~
lit
~W, u-~
"
\·1 -
~\.....tJ l:;1,)~ .jt; ~;.T ~\i I)AJ • L:;~ ~~T JJ ~.»)11 l:.i'.)~.
LS J.,~ t~."o...ll.L>
~I ~ .• ...... ~ ~I wr L:J ~~I":":- l:rL-
...

~ Jj.> I)AJ • ;~~I 41 •.i. J 6~ cS;..i ~~ ~.

!J.r-
- "'I &).) ... 11 IL .)
'\ ~ I..r-'
.. ~ 0
.~
.....,--....
~IJJI _'!il ."11 J JL.::;.
.... ~..
)It

. •\':-u \.j:>Vl .
• ~\.. v.1.l:4; ~.?...
• I.. .P ~I : .; 'W""~'"c-;-'~ i~' J a:...J,
_. M

<>.r~1 r-:'ti"Jl if ~l J) ~ LSJ '~~'JI ;rjl Y. 41..,

.
•,~ ~ ~i §.j.~ ~ ciJ.o , <.r1.f1\ ~ o- ~ Jf ~
~ ~> ~-'.f:.k J.,:5 J~ st ~ ~\jj i~\(:....
U" ,)_;Jij
~ a.l. c:r J~ L.J JJ~~\ ~ ~.J' p.. ¢1 cllr uc-
J )(.J)\ ~i ~l.w ~j_, ..u~I.Jd o- ~I)I r:r:.$.~
~ e.-J.. ~6J1 r:r § J ~'JI.~ J.,tiJIJ• (o~1 u~'J_,r1
~~I J_,J~ ~lS" .)IJ ) ~I I)A s~~ ~I ~, JI ~
.4..-L.J1o..u.L.!l1 JSY,J ' ( ~~ w4~ Js- ~~ ~~ L$ ;1)4
~IJj\ ~\;>\ ;,}6.. J; ;~JJ.IJ ~ ~;nJ ~~ dljl ~t
\~~ 1:'\ ~ J~\ I~ I~I¥..,', ~U\ ~\.i>1 (lb., J ~
~t ~~ ~._,. J~I 't~\J ~ ~6.Htl;l.\ JJ , J_,._J\
" ~ \:.J~ ill ~,)I}I J:!.i ~ 'I~ ~~ ~..IJ~~I
JI_p-W
,c)lJ • .,.I..run 4. if ~ ~ J ~~ "'~J~ 0t ~I_,ll ~j

.• ~~ 0_,.lJ1 "'J~"" ~~r~1 ~..u, J~_,ul UfI_,lJ1 ~

.*-. J~I I.l.." , tUI ~'~,,-~ ;~\ ~I ~6r-t~."
~~L..:JI ~i, ~ ~ · ~~~ ~ ~~ ~I ul..b.) I ~ J:
.~L.a;\ ~ . ~La>~'", t.:.. .I ~ J~
J.... ~ J,l~)'t) o~1 t..

f~" ~~I o_rej ~~ ~.,,1 , ~ ~ c,;I' :Q.L!J, ~ ..~4 1..0...

~
((",16.....;,1
.,
c..J1
Nt"."
oL~lI'"LI.:-! v.1.lA:.II'I.a i.J c:J ~
~~I.'
'. "
~I
, .
• •
f
','
...

I·
, . ".~~~ J"'"

~_,k ~~ '11\ jJl ~I cL,; ~I ~li~'J1 ~t t)"'J

.cll.lS" J ,'~ j~...'j ",jJ\ ~u.. ~L..SIJ.~~I o~ ~, ~

.~
.. ~~..ti U-..
I,.. ~..\AJI J~
.:":-11 L.loY L:JI ~~ ~_,', ~Wl,
• • ~1... J
"v
~l- L-'~(4.:~.!~\) ~I Jly,..~\ ~ :t..WI J.I.A:H "Yi-J ~
.O)G.JI ~l:J.1 ~~ ~L.a;. J J.".}11 J!.. . o~1 ~L...T ~J
~ . .:1...:.... ~
~~ 'I ~~ ....~I ~I-, • 0.)J.UJ_, ~..w.ll ~L:.l.l .c:,lC..._,
,;;~t..}\ ul~1 J~ .u ~1..u.L!.I.1~J.,.JJ." · ~ld' ~,~ r:r
..l.tJ . ~ldl ~bJ\ ~j JI ~_, ~ t.:i L~_' ~,J..d~
\ ot
~ u\...,IJ..u1 • .iA _,.J J J:!J ~ ~.;JI t~~1 ~ ~t
.1. J
u:-;~ Jl!...'..:J4 ~," ~• .)w.).6 \ ..t
~ '(.,.II L.::.:iJ ~ .. ~. <' ..'·,..L
. m }Jj_J ~~~.).,.

~~'JI ~I)iI\J ~I ~I ~ (i)W1 Jlj ~J ~lS' ~J

J ~fl.Jl t~'J1 ~I..k ~ ~).J;; ()"l:iJi \~'Jl )I!...
,? ~ «~ )~..t :L..,).lt » ~Ji u~ ..w ' ;;~\tl ~I
,!J.)~. T • j.u )_,_Ajl c)A Jf ~ rli ~I':"~~' <!U; ~)_,.J;.
c.s;J lilJ • ~LY
~l ~L.J~I ~.l.,(~·~l\ ~~ J ~~ . J' I·
L;l."l1 t.tlA.!ll
.. J..~l..:::>.. \II J'.JIi""
.AI-t!lh• ~l> ~ ......~ ~~ ~I'

"r.J c.JA ~ i._II ~.,311~ ~,~ b~

.. 1'"
•• I,.A
,~I O
~..~ ~~II U~
.. I . "'I ··LI·
'-""'~

~1)aJl.t ~~~.J ' ~I~I.., uL:-:J1~ _,J~I ~'J.) J ~~~ ,

WJI
"
'I ~L ~~~I
o" of , •
Ltt_ I~UI
...'" r.r \..Ui.:J1 ..1wt ~". (JI....
.r tr"1"
~ .. ~ ..\...:zAl1:t,~1
..f LI ~.. _''&'
v)
1::-11 ~I·YJL...
.)
.. ~ ~I
J~,.JJ.J -j I

~~6J1 LoS))]' t' 4 II'. ~ ~J~J ~~~l 0r)1 ;~

~~ .)t:'94 &)~ .,J.,(~'11 f4! ~'J. ~LCI 4iJI..v1 J :tl!.:.1,
\II
J.J.,f LS ~.)I)-'JI ~1 LIJ.) J I..,......i ~ ~~ ~I •JI-Uf:
(L_AilJ~"" ~:f.r ":lJ 'iw..f.rJ' c)Jl.;'J ~~ O)~ d
, ~I Jt ~ ~}.i'" [.)t;J1 tr JjJ , .,1)':/1~~ ~ ~

: 4J'~_' ~)J"JI JUI ;r ('41\ ~ r) Frederic Le PI. )w,t ( \ )

loc.:ality~\.(11 .)Iol.II ..:,~ mUJI ~)a.i JiLes ouvrien Burop~eD.8(Pui.s,I8ss)
._,....W ~,)\...a;'J~1 rUi.:J1 .) .J::f ~t 41 ,j;:"_ I~J work J-l1,)~
, ~.,J ~ ,j'}.J+?~ J.-1J.uJ · I,}"'WI ~ • ..ISW, ~~\'I ~IJ
~L.MJI J~I ~_,;J' ~~.~
~ La Science Sociale~ ~ .rtJ>
~~I J.-AII JJ.I. t:: ~~ )i.it • W j ~lii ~ ~4'J1'
.~~
\0'
.I_,..J! ~ ~I., ~J\ ~~\.~ ~~ ~r~ _;II ~ ~
.l_..,J}
. (( L.J
..LC I »~
. ..:>1r_.,L..l_.::.:j~ J I ~.-liL-::S1 " ..
~.,
• (\) ~~':l'
.. .
~\.f-II J ~(":"I ~ §J.~L..;~'l::r)A'11 UJ~~J'
ol.5~i Js- ;.11.,;... ~~ dJ; f ~II_, , ~J.4I1 ~lt. _,....;,
_,..Jp o..c>~1
• ~~~I t~':ll ~l...k. ~ ~J~I «4.....li'1l.t...)J.J-,,) IL~T
~)) ~~ J 4~jJ ,.,.,j . s ,))JY' ~~y. ~~'1I,..w ~.lr1J
~} .i:.. ~) ~ ~,)~ L. ==.... ,~I)~ I,J',)~ ~t , I.!d"JI.)
~L....J)u 4.._..:bll 4~,.•11~ ilAJ' jr-tidl ,IY ~ ~4 ' ~
,~\i~ ~.).&. JI yb. i~' ~~'1)\ ~ ~ , ~~'11 4i~J

"l..::i c}~ u::'1 ~~ )lIJ ~I~\ ,o\J\~T ~ ~ J) « ~ ]I

'ILJ . ;~ ;;;? ~)--i ~ ~.~ ~1 t,$.i. lS ~

"uJ)iJ' ~ J,.L6JIJ ~j\_,:J1 0:.* J;. ~ ~I ~'1' ~ jj:n
rl..l,.:,.\ ~I "J..,. ~J' ~ ~~, 4;~,~:.:::J ~~'11J ~..~.:.'.1
..
: ~ I ~ ;~ u.- ~~A~I ~)aJ1 ~Jt (' )
:it. B. Patk~ B.W. Burgess, aIld R.D. M.cKenzie in Th. Ci'JI (Cbic:aso~ Ig:aS).
For sympathetic aurveys of the ~ldgical schoof, ~J.A.' Qubm, ~
:De~ment of Human Bcology in .S()dOl~8T'I ContmtporQry SocUil TIuofi1
.(H.B. Bames and H. Becker, eels., New York, 1940), pp. 2:12,-2.441 and B.C.
Llewellyn and A. Hawthorn, ctHUJllIlnBcology", Twmrieth Sociology (G. Gunitch
and W.B. Moore, Bds., New YOl'k, 1945); pp. 46~49!H and for' a critique' m iu
lthcoretic:al alp~, M.A. Alihatl, Social Ecology: A Critical Analyn.r '(New
'Yotk, 193~). .,
, .
: Y~.I. ..; .~Y~~1 ~\.....b~' Jolt ';raj
B.B. Bvan8-PrlchaId, Th~ Hue,. : A ,Delcriprion oj the MotUs of LifJ.ri/lofJd IJnd
.Politic,!l r",titution.r oj a Hiloric P,opl. (Oxford, I!W».
~L-;~\ J.,l_..!; .ta1.lS.A ~ ~~~I ~lLjl jl.l.~ ~~ e L,.,t;..
· (\).~ ~I UJ)sJ'-,
~~\'I ~_,I~~I':'liL-::S1 ~T Jl; J..d J JJL:::.....J
1._': ~I
.l!'" \.... v-..JN'')
,t_:j .,rt- J ~L.I -lll It':"" • (,,) L...li~1
.. .. :i,..~l!'''J
J 1...1; ~ ~ :4_ oJ tJ\!J.IJ , ~I ..\4.j (S.)..o Ji:J1 : ~...,r4t·
'ijL.i ..f.?J ~LI)~IIt~ ~IUcll~tJ4;s1J . ~~)'I 0.r-jl;l:>
~ UlAll JJ}l1 ~ ~tL.1 c5..\..e ~~ ~J . J~k.. ~1
~~ \'1 L.t . 4:)1 JJ)l1 L)"Lt Js- ~~)l1 f jl ~ JT~.)~
~L..,JI ~.) ~ ~~I ~ c5} LS d"J - JjL..::J1I.l. ~
l;...,.AJ L,..L.t
_ ~~ - t.-Ai ~I~..J~ ~I )~_II~_ .e.iI1 ~~
~ d . ~tl

JJl::..:......J
• 41
.. rL~ r..rwll WI..v1 ~I~I.. J ~I.... c-;- ~...
-~~'-LI
. ~)lJ.1~b:-\'IJ t.;JJ ~t ~ ~J)'I.lli1 ~ ~_,;.)T
~I '.,Ai JT C' "t L. I~ : .ij....." r:' • ;.~ o~~,~
.)~ -~lj~t.,.j'.-J~-
~...r.
L. L...l';''' • ([ ~ ...t' ~ .. ..~l..i\'1s : ~"~I
~II~ c5~1J. , i..k:::ll 4;.b.IJ ~>"t ..b.IJ ~LT J(..: CU~
.~~~I ;~H Ll).lJ ~'jl ~J' JJ:iJ1.'f.~ JI ~~I J
,(~'JII.iA ~T ([~.))11 J>(:>Ua-'i1J l:W LS ",,',;-. <!.U; ~J
Jt ~ ~ .....
I~I ~ « ~I J> yaJ o.)~ ~ c5.1J1
. ~~I JT c?_,I J1.

:_y ~ ~t :i!,!u':JI ~>J~ ~~ ~ ,}J "~JWJ ~ <')

'H.W. Odum and H.B. Moore, A7mricll~. RqiMla1imt <N:cw~()r~ (1938)
:.)i.i' (S91 4J ~P.'J ':J) ~\~..u ~ ~·~j&J1 o~ ~.J'
National Resources Committee, Rqional Faetors in Ntltiona1 Plant.iNg dIU1'
D6Vewpmmlt (Wa.hiDgton, D.C. 1935).
: )i.it ~'J' ~!l.~ ~_,; ~ 't;' ~ t.~)l).J
L. Mumford, Th' Cu/cur, of Citi81 (New York, 1938), Chapa. V and VI.
• ~ l.::J ~ I j...AAJ I _,.ta; t (")
41\;') .I~ ~I~\ 4:Jl ~~, : ~, ~l _ ,

~ ~1 ~1~ • ~~ &Y'J ill-.W" JA::-t .ul : 0;)) r' r

~t J~ u.f; clJ~ ~ ~,J. ~~ t:..4l ~..r 1,,1b~
.;I~I J,4.. (.f- ~?~
~,:.11 JT <.P U!.~~li L;l.~ c), lei., ~lYt
. ~ . cl:A.J.. ... ..) ..1....!.:...J.. r..r-
\ WI ),'L:JI,., L:....:.:f :;'11.1_,..
dll ~\J ,.. • t·U

J ~ ~~ rU1 j,\.:JIJ ~I ~\..wl if Jf,~\ ~_,JI tYJ'

~\~ ';II " uP)1." ~, _,t , ui....4lIJ ;;_,All i., . ~L..;~I ~
~Lb L .,:.t?" o~J • « ~\ ~_,ilA11 » l:J~ ~,l.&. :U':J.ill
()~,~, -'~. '.J "-.Ai ":')101 ~ li~J ~ ~~I~;r
,~\......i~~ ..'~~1 U J..r--t:.1\ ~IS ~ J
'. ~ • 1..1\ ~
,. .
1~,~.
" I: J!.
, ~1.".. J.f.,.,' ~·I.".. , ,.l;..) J' fi ' ~1' ~.~ JT , ~l; ,.\~ .
.1~ Jl.~ ~ ~~ ~.lll, ~\ ~\ \~' ~ij ,,~. Jl ~
_ ~"'<Wb,
,~Of." \;0 .: ~ .. ..

•~: \'~~I ..uT ~ ~LJ'.JI~, u.~.."..; ~I :tl!..\fl

, . '
r?.JJ
tll...:::J1
.~ t.. ul~l-, ~I j
~ ' I
y. ~ S" - '1..tj ~L
..... ~ ~c,J-J '1f'L.!:.. .

~~~I.'~ ~~ \II " ~~'.J\ .~1., ~Ji:Ji ~~ t.d' 'u-,t ~, I

.Ai_, ~ ~_, ~~ 4J~'J ~L..J';l' l~~.,)..w.-

, ..
a' ~~'(..-" "

~ ···1..11~I •• ~••• ~ ~t ,-,.w

.~ 'J, ~k>~1 It ~
. J', ~
.-
&)1~. '1." I~i ('0. ~I ~1 ~I ~I. ~I~ J>)J •
.. « ~'I.i"~» ~A
_I - 1\
I?~~~. ·_t ~ <••• w:::'
".':J\, J...4A; Gil ~ ~.~~..
~:I:""_-',..;...s.:rl _ '" ~
oJ); J ~.)1. ",T ~ ~ \:.f.. o~1 J\.(..!t o- LPI:>. )\6 ~~
J_,..:JI",, ~.~I
~~ ,:r ~.i ~~
UJ'? c: ~I
4.~".JI
~,
c: <

-<r'."...:1' ~\ ~
'Me:.. cl-JI
I~", • ~~I
~I
J ~I
J,iAi ~_, . ~
JI_"..t
l:li 1~~• ~I_,:j\ •.J-"l ~,
e * :.t/M!
 !lb. uJ)aJ1 ~i ~ l;jlj, ~I ~I J.;.,l ,.I~I j o~1
,~I ~IJ , a.tr .t..tU;J (.)-)}.. &)~~I jLCU e--' ~ ~
~I~IJ • ~.; ~I ~lk.L4 ) ...;,°_;A~Ie"J J ~ _;..~ ($..\JI~1
~t LoS_,..AaJ1
J~I ,.~ tP ~4 ~ ~JI_; ~i u,)) ~o~

oiL" .~ I.kJ~ ~I J.1~ ~i~", o\AflJ.;_,J olfbT ~

d\(·H JI , i_,_J..... ~ LS , ~.JA rljl ~ {5.1H.11_r.-.!~1
• (.).,,_.;.a.JI

,;r <.f'~ '11~I r~ ~ : ~~~, ~I - 'f

:("IJ..u1~ jt ..i. .,,;~j~ JJ~I ~i .;j . ~.; ~I ~ .\1J.:.. 1

;;J,§_,. J,_'r-- up '\it LoS.;.' ~)~J-~ c.5Ji:- cS_j:.-.A JI
-ui...(:jl" 4.4l. .-1\ ~.)\ f1.')1 d...l...J1 1.F.Jl
••• M
._£. ~
N
..~
_.".
~ 1
..J'..J::-.,J-'
- 'I ()4
•
.rJ,;.... +~ ~\!\ (~~I ~l) &)IJ , .:"l::-bJl J~'J ~I.,

:\-;s1 ~ UJ.) e ~L;"il ~ LJ;.. ~ '~J~~ t~l

.~T ~) l:5' 1~1'~J • n> ~LJ~\ e uJ)a11 oJ.. ~ ~~
0:' iJ...;Al'~ J l:;.i ~i ~.~-.~ , w)llA,')'
, _JJ "f\
(f' ~)JI
_ I... v-;;-
u- ..!........1

.c:---"
• ..L-:....... 'J . ~I ". o,l,. ..,-
·~1.:.. ~I ,l:..J~
J
~11~I.
N. I)" ~I • ~1
(f"

J~ -.;1 ~ ~\S'..u ~~ ,_r J~ LS' Jd!. t...;s1 ~ ~i ~l.J'J1

,csAii ..w ~ ~ 'J c.5JJI ~I LoS,)~,~ ~ J~_, ~!.:!
I l..:.> ~t ._tll~ .J O\ib..b...
,r.s- e:
~ d .r.. s . J;.t...::...'J1
\.7""'-':' '-> • c.r- .
0

r:r ~,("'. t...

•

l....:...J ,:c...... ~'

~~
.O' c"!. . .. 'J ~I . ~"- LII c..A....C:l1 ~i ...... ..b.i
Fr..~-
. . li.Ai~1
.. _,1 ~..l..ll.1
.... UI t o,)Ul
J

0'1 \ ~ \II ".r" Ji Jtl _,;:J I ".J-"" ~ ~.bij ~ dJ~ J&-.,

o 0

: ~)&it <\>
BoW. Burae.. ~ "Accommodation", Bnc:yclop(utlj(j oj tIIll Social SfitIfUl (New
"York, 1935). J. 403--404.

'\o~
~I~t ~ WI". J~l..\i~' , &..(;:JJ ,WI &),;\&II&)Y ~ '1
l;:W' l.:.l!.." ~6J ~U ..\..., Ji:- ~~ JMl~. ~6J1 ",~'i~
~_, • ~ .~I j ~I J-! '~jt .; J.:G' ~t ~ ~l$" ~~
~~\'l ~ ~ - .jW'11 ~ .)i Jl> § J&. '-:'~
4> t:.t
.r ~
...
_, ,~iJI .I!-,
~~. .. ~ .j".).J' "'"..J'"""'! M - .)..t.:i,1 ~w.
• ) _, ~LbJ~

• (JS',;.:JI ..~ J) cr t. ~J.) ~j'_,::J11.lla J tJ.i.. LS..iJ1 Cl4J1 ~

I,l,. ~i e -.
:c.JI L l.:.dl s t.w. ..lG.:J Wb u ~J.; r.r"11u-
J K
_~ l:;l.i,
• J
~L .T

&JI • I.;' ...... ~.;:i Jl ~ o_""ll2S' ~I ll~ 1.)1 L.lr ~ Jil_,:JI·

l,jL,;.
.. ~ .. ..'t ~1_. .)~
4r ..~i J~ l1li
'J ':JI ~
~..
J o..u.:.; tS.:\JII
UJ) ~J :.•..•" .,l,. Js. o~1 .:.f' U.r.-" L. 1.)1~i"i . It-.
. &)jl _,:J~

,; ..(:'11 ~:~I.,r-1~1 :y....J1 ~';.J::--'"' _,.....JI JJ,.,.aJ4"

l.f')~ ;

l.a ~ (Ldl ~W\'I ~':JJ6- ~I •.i. ~'-, , t.I'~ )lr,

~I J....ur ~ E) toW' LS , o~1
.... O\il,.;... U J.rI:. c: ~"' .. ~ ... u...(:J1.
..
-~,~)~lS' -~I~W' ~ .JI'J. II~~~}J ~-y~~
~..l_..A:j1
.. 'I,. J ~b..b.
• J.) • J 4.ll.i ~ ~("'!' 0...\..4- ~ ...~, j":":- ~ ~I• J ... a.I

•
L..ib
tt"~~
I .

;.)l&. &)W':JI ~ : ~~y, 4)W)u ~'.AJ'J ~.)~I 4t

,uJ) J._..L.-:J ~1.,,:t1 .l.J~ J~ ~.)_':&",::" WAL..:.l:>. l&._;
Ji:ll : cJl~ &)L-J':JI L.....-. " ~I ~I .-'.I" . 4.. ,,;_-L~
. J:>'~Jl!JI_, , ~.)l>
~~I u~...L.-a:JI J.s:-. ~ b";"'J : ~.JW' 1i-~:'1- ,. '
, u~I)IJ JA:.l' JL.,JJ d,..uIJ j"L..l1<!)J.) J ~J.ij ~

4~.::1Ioj;. ~; . I.r~TJ~JL..a:J' ulJ');J , ~'J ~IJI ~~~J

"»s «~.)
.. ttl t.:.:a1.A7' D ~ L. o-,<',' ~y~J,rJ.'~,.
_I ... tll·~.i,
..' W..
Js- J.)l.t , ~ s::r. Ji~1 ~ JT , J~I ~.r.AJ1 ~ _;J11,l,.~.Tcl.!
,y-:i ;1.;..:).1
)~~I ~~ J.:l')J ' o._.....A; &11~ I~I L. L:...j ~l4:n
~ I~ ~i~. ~J...J.i~I_,l ~,.,.a.lI~J~I), ~..QI ~IJ~n
, ~l..:>
.. • ~I 4!..J~ "LMIt
•••• ..,..........r,.j 'l!J1 ~ ~I:.- 11 ~~ _l.e......~ ......

~- I.e ":/1 .' - '1j

r.r; ,-L-..ii ._ ··_tI _ _.A
c-:- ~ o~
J"
: a-L>l.dl i!..Jl
..•
_ y
.t:1\
~J ..t.J1A.:I1~I
_ J -::1\
rJ ul..J;..::ll
'. 1..
~V--L,;r
L·.·_":- _ -AJ • (\) -."-h
c-;-
_,' . ~~~1 ~~I J ~[_,.-A Jl )~ Y' L. J)_' o..\fW~
,("'I
~. L...:J~.J ..v.~l.:> '11~I .r'"1\ ct..:...• J 4........J
.. L. 1< d
,JJ VIr-• l;;
)..L..u.
_,..U;".. L ~IJL.JI r~~ ~I J-.=)11l. ~ ~I .)Iji W--.).;
~W~I Jtly ~t IJ.&.~ , 41 (J' ~:r;S~ )bJIJ ~.)ttl :;~.

~-'
,(n - L ~ .~
~.Y.
L;'
J~ ~
I ~)' 1:.: , ;; -:1\
Ir.r' ~
'. r:."':l ~
~I.) J ~~ J.&.i<6)' oAii (J' c.l.k ~i ~ ':I ~,l...i)'lj eus §
I~I \II <ti~ J I)A :t.f.) ~ .:,t ..._.._,J ~,."G,.J J . _,;\::J I 1..i.AUIt _,.
, J~\l1 ,:r ~ L. ~ ,lif.
0l-i\l1.. ~...w• ~•• ..,..II>- ~ - , - : (Q c.J. .....,a:; 4l..1.!J1~lj•• ~~IJ
;;1 .;.._JI Jlf J L"'IJ Jlhl Jt- ~ J..~I 1-iA_,,~ J~.
Jl ('~ ~ JI ~_,)aJ1~ j (~i ~Ij L. ~J , ~.J.::.Itl

,jL....i':l1 t.- ~ ~~I Jt ~I.) ~ - '\' - J' ~:r.:t,

~~)I~~I ~~ ~ ~I~' <S;-J .)_JA:JIJ
~I)I ~~'i~
,jT~ J]J' WI)I ~4'11 ~ ~ j c.Sf'_,..~L!HI

Cf, E. Rignano, "SDciology, Its Methods II.DdLaws", Am.rican Journal (\)

qJ SQcioiogy, XXXIV (19.28), 429-450,
.,)U~ ~ \.. J) .; I ~I ~_,iliJi J ~Wjl.1 r~ <r>
~,)\JJ ~ Jl.!..l I.r ,jJ..r.:S yl ~~ \.. ..;.J~ o~~'I.u._,.
l~ ~ .~1~ ,jlJ ~I I.r I.f.- ~ ~I ,jJf., cJ!_.u, ,jJIj.
• L.-..J., . 'I _=1 •• ~ l.,...~)1
- M' v..v yw ~ U'"

t:f "-r
~~L..i'J1 ~tJI e.-.tcll;J. ~e ~.j~~~t ~f;JJ
~~ Jt '~IJJI ~IJ ~.)b.J1 ~~.~,o- §~ J.&- )1.r=-4
J::.:- 'J ~\ ~~b.. t~1 d 4-) .\.r.J' ~, .u.~_, tAr,l1
'4~IJ'
t.)\:U ~.bJIJ>\)1 ..l:ri..::-r..a ~T .uL!l1 : ~IJ iJ~1
~~.) bJl 4..:......1IJ 1...- .jW'j1 ~I. i ~u)b~
"l1J r.s-
,.-'_, 'LJ'JI
... I.... '" ""r;. ~ d
~t J_,4LIJ • ~r. ~ L.,i~ ~\> ~ j~~'-" y>1 ..~JlJ
~..\.__.
~ ~L...;'.I\ ~~b. ~ ~ u.)lj .J.i 4< ..," J ~I)I ul..t_;"11
;),~I r~J ~,j. ~W'JI ~I ~J ' }--~I ~I ",:,L..:..
~T ,:r V' '.ll_, ("~I...P.' ~I ~~ La ..l4j11~ I)"J • ~ ~ ~~I
.,b. ~J • 4: ~.J..)JI ~ jAl JT Wl.:-b »~ o- J.:Jcj ~..l=J1 4'
~~ J..4=r ublJ.a:;.....'j1~ ~~ ~,.,(r JJ f.)I~.J!}) : 0I).}
.::,~Ul r~ ',c.i_,J1~ j 4J~ LfJJ jlj!-!':ll JI ~.JS

JkUI cl}j , t.f ~l:ll ~I}~JIJ ~I_,:.....'JI JbL:l1 J u_,.(llJ

• «: ~~.~ \'1 L..t:ri IJ)~ rJ ~I ~~ ~~i ~ u='1
.)~1 J)t;... ~ .,~.ji JI'pII~
~\S'ul.)I.u:....,':l1 ~~.,
~ ) ~~I .)r.-!J . ~ ~I&, ~I ;"".'1 Jtl..?- JI ~.::,=.".::'
.jl u~IJ 4 ;•. " \#~ ~~J Ic7~.::uJ~ o: ( J.._,lJ1 J_,k::J1
J'~-:~"e L> .t
N' y.J-:!. ,.' ~LJ'JI u...(:,di)ll.l.J
lA...G' .."...., w_,s- (\) ~ •
J__,AIIJ '. ~I JT ~I _,i ~..u.1 ~.Jr u=J1;~I c: '.I u~WIJ
,.::,,\.),~ \'10)J_,;J~jl:uJ ~~ ,)1 ;~IJ~..uJ1 ~; ~1 .j ~
.,~ ~ .jT ~ ~J • o~~1 uly...J1 J o.JJ..>_i r- J.i (:JI_,:l1
. j~4 ~W,
~ .)I~'JI ~i ~ ~.) ~~ u-:J ~I l:.IYi! r~1 ~_,
fiT Jt , o~1 ,:r ~f ... n'! ~L:i \:.. JiT J1 ;51 ~I~\ uL..¥1

Graham Wallaa. The Great Society (London, 1920). Chap. IX; (I)

,~y
~_,J.,:.C:JI ~L..l ~ u~ ~~,~~ uJ.)J lA.fJ" l:..
~ ~I ''''11 ~.).AJ..u
.., y _JJ,J.,rJ ."... • L..,j 4L... ,II• ~L.::::..
.. • '11·1)4 r--
~ J
.u.....~ J':J t...._, • ~ .. t::t J ~_,.....
• II
I. .. ,O.)l..,_,• ~lAll 4.91!..II
.r ~.kIJ'
~
I , 1.~..lS,
. l:rU
. ) ~. t_.U\ J.J.-
...J ("I
IJ"-' ~
... J..w jl l:Ji clJ.lf
IY .# ~I ~ !.I~ J . Li.}-~I ~L.;)'j I,)I~I Jit ~~
;~~JI ~I j , ~~I ;;~, r.JJ.) ~ J!I,.,:JI ,.,,_. ~~l
~~ I.!'-! ~~~I b~ ~i..r.f. . <L.....i:J ~L..J'l1 ~ ~I ;;J.4J"
. ;;':).,,:11 ub W 4 ..1.4:.:tJ ~

~ '1 L:.;\i~."k I)~ u_,.ol J c}~ ~ ~L..J'JI ~lS" 1;1."

J. . o~1 ~L.t tY ,-;-,~f.)1 I~ ~I: t_'p'")1 J ~~) <l:...

~..bJ1 ~..ul u~ t)A .;:;s J bl~ l.. ;s1 ~I A. L. ~I ~~

~I ~I.".JI), r:J1 ~ :i...W\
':"~6J\ l)A JJr ~ y. w)
? &)..\11&)LL..I)'~)WI ~4J .:is,rl' ~..f"'J ~'''~J
• ~.r.fJ JiJIJ r:J1.1L!.:.1o~ ~UIJJ-IIJ pI JI_p-l
~J;; ~ o~ 1).JAi., '0.;;;5 it:; JI..P'~I b..\cJ ">l,; G\J~ J~-'
J '."U; U!.:UIcljJ ~ ~\>. ~ ~ ~J • ~~~I J~)I Jl
t.4Jt o:··II4!.-JI.
... ~? . T Jtii:il t.S....
if ~..uljAL:,JIJIJIA:;'J1 ~ ... (,_..r'::1,
~4 J_,-!J4 ~~ ,j,L..rJ~dL-.'J11)' t_,i JI , ~B
~ ,)'p'"J J&- Wl; d._,...J1~..ul,.,~ ~I) u, . ~\'I wk)1 Jl
cJl! , ~ l."o>jJ ~}J4 I_,l!l <Y._.iJ1e- ~i ~ c)LC.J1 ~;..r.:!
~~ ~l&. ;~lli ..>~ . ..>i ~'J ~I li,.,.!i cS.l.l1~I ~, '..iA
. ~,..ulJ

..»,,:.(:11 ..~I.:~
v· \
L. ~ I'M ~I•••
to.T..f U'" L-..r" LI!.
. .._l....:...>
c...t'~ .. J
~ ~JjL.S")\!...k:-~ . ~I_,::JI,._,_) ~ 0L.~ ~ P
,.~Uil {"II_J>T ~. c:r e. ,)I)~I ~ ~ ~1)a,..Q1, :''P
"r
~Jll.S - ~1 !lb.J . ~ ($.;.1\llr1 I_,4Jl ..u IjlS' c,)t ~
~~I ~~ \II JI.J>~I ~ ,WI 0: ui1i...:Il » I~ - c,)e_,T
·(\)4..\.4J1 ~I ,:r 4.;-J.»)1 ~~ ,)1 JI.J>~IJ ~ ..l~JI J':ll ,~
"-'• b'1l .'.u u;A ~W~
v.;.......
..\.i- \.:1'
,_$.L.:::..I
.\ ,(,. t ~ • c!U.iS" .J
Ui; 4Y'-"

..!1."u' ~\l;.... ~J. ;}:-ll ..

~WIub':Jl~ ~iJ' o..llJ...J1 -
.. ~WI
.J>~ c,)i~ ~ (.r'J • ~I ~_,-JI ~~t~IIJI"p~1 ~) <.i"
'~~J ~I_,dl ~~ ~~t ~ L...\.:$. J..I~I o~ J!.. J~':ll J
t~ ~ .)~J ~ ~\}~I ~ ~A ~I ~41Ja....;":JIJ J-1IJ :o'.rJ1
.ut::' ,).l.:il ~I ;_Pll ~hc,)' JI _}.:JI~ ~T ~'I.1A ~~
.J;. J-11 J ~Ij' ~,L...;')I~~) ~ ~.~I ~t::J1 ~,~
j~t..?")J ) (( ~J..;H ]) JT ~."..a.J1 <l,j1.)IJ.A:....1~~ c.:. J!...\N
.~ '1, (Y> (t).:.:JI J:.i L.. ~ J ~)L.\I ~l) ~I Ji~ldlA:
. ~lS' ($;..twl~ .!Jl.:.JI c:fJ r 1:'1':JI~I ~~~,

~\.J ~,.))\ ~\J.)

.J ,)'.,,-t~1 ~..i : (a"'!!h «~») an)",' ) e.~"- J_,> J~I

,~ c,)l 01,);' o..\.AL..!114j~ i ri JI i~1 .l:.. ~Li'1i .:,,~,
~J . ~c.::·~~J~ e.~, c,)1_, , ~~y,t.JJ.r J tS~ U!..\JI_,H
,J ~~~, ~~ I~ ~ ~ ~I»)I J U)t;. ':Jli GU~
r¥t~ D!.~1 .)1))'1 w""~ ) J'j' _,i .)I)~I uLiA _,T ~L.a;.

"'W.P. Ogburn, ~ocial C!'ane' (New York, 1922), Part II, Chap. vm (,)
,md Part IV, Chap. I.
: .}Jl e:-\J JUa; ~ (J~J'l c ~I I (,_,.i.e rl~~J
H.B. Barnes, SODisty in TransitUm (New York, 1939), especially Chaps. IV aud
"XXI.
.• r _,.AtI'I,Lt. ~!.; ~ ~ CbBp.XXVI ~ \...:.i JUT)
~.;." _ ,r- j_JWI ~~l ~. \.. <T>
,. ~)t>~1 Jf ~ ~~ J I'; If I~I~ (') (~_;-!.A J.l~

c..u~ J ~~J!. ' ~I

~.J.._s, 1.l.Jt1:::f:j ~I ~ dJ4 J:.:J
.J ~~I ~ ~ ~ , t~ ~I ~L..k I)' J:UJ ~I ~L.kf)A
,J.iJ • ~I_L,,, ~I}~I ~w.. J l.J.!t- rU:. ~ ~ ~J~y" 4".:11
,wl J.J>\~- 'I ~" L..~
M
JI'J ~-'J~II".&.I
• \
~t c!U~r.rI,., ~. .i-
.u~IJ 0"'l:J1tP ~ J ~I ~.i; . ;'",IIJ dJl))1 tr J5'
~,,;:iJU ~ , t."dl I~ >..bJ.1 Jiil J-tWI ~ 4.;'1)..,11 ~T JI
.~ ~I ,u\i .WJI ,;r ~} JJ~J • ~l {"'""'~~I))I ~u~
.c)~ I_,.L ~ , ~I.)"JI J;- L.L...t ~ ~l).1IIJ ~IS' ,:"UI
.J JJ..f lS 4~:J1 .::..lA..AJ1~"ll J;-J - ~.,,>'.JI ~~I
Ibl...:&.l ~ - ~1J.A:-lIJ~I ~I>UI.J !J_,LJI U"'::!lA..
• 4"-d1 ~ I~l:--
~I..\J. ~_,:J~ ~} Jl:i : (i.J.( ,~.u~-"Jl oloMlJool!I- ,
,(~IJ)' ~hJll> olilpJ' 4&.'; LJA J.J~I ~l:S J ~I~ t,.,...;)1
,~li .w ~t;.. ~I )_,.1; ~i-'~ ~ qiT 4.j ~~.i JJb.-UJ
,~l ~'~4~tl~'~~_")1 JlAl,)l1~~ ~tJI~'.I1..::>1 ~la
.J)lf .JA,;,1 ~4 ~_;j~ J.&. fl J.tJ . ,IS'.1Ilf)A:t}l&. ~),) ,,_,j
.~I~(_,AI_,tJI~ ~I_;JI ,,~ ~WI ~_,bJ.:1(.).lJ1 '~.J-~

"'.r _
, "" .:1\ ..lI~ J ~I )y-'I _flli.
.. ,;r..~ ....r.: At- ~T ~
. v:I::T:c...J1 be."_..' J
.~ J.~ 0'; ~ cti' JI
§~\- ~..,...,~ ~jJ • ~t.JI ~l....i'.ll
~~ ~TJU"jJl JI ~ ~,)f rJ.! lS , ~l1 PI~~\.);"b.
.& ~I,) ..b.IJ t.S~ ~ JI ~...,..:.:::
c:t.lJ1,)I)~ ~~ oUt
• (,.)~I ~ e,S.lJ1
)J~I o- ulJ' c::- ~t I)J') ~IJ)I ~ , L..

~;1' '_ · t.~"I' O.l~j .r- ~WI'~_,AJt ~ t.. <'>

.~ Pearson, NafUr. and Nurtz"', (London, 19IO)~and other papers in (Y)
',the Bugenics Laboratory Lecture Seriell.
~ ~I ~., ·()J?T~J.;;s()_,!:..4~."....~ }Tc.P1 -liJ
u4)') ~~ .i:." u=J1 ,rOy I cJt IJ~'J ~ Jt ;..ii.bu~~.
o}~I d'~~11Y I~~ ~T ..(i ~14.J6J1 JT ~~ '11~tdl·
_.....~I &J' ~ .::-f ~~l j ~ ~I_;J' '~~J"uJ . tY.,jt:.J1 J1

a..tll J~) ..,....t ~TJ , 6}~I W'" ~; ~ ")LzJI (f e ~UI

, ajl.:JI J~)I .r,5'l ~ ~r~l ;~I u~'1)\ j..
o- ~
, ~.Jf- )Ij~ , Jl.&.~1 J~.} , t..5,;."11 uell ~~t ~ _;J~ ~J
~~ I)A ~ ,)~ .r.S1 ()Jj~ ~./~JI ~I J4--) ~iJ , JUl!-

• (n 1.l.U..,t'Jjl ~ ,;.r ~~. ~T cJt IS , ~I ~~T

~ 1.,,1-.,;-, ~_,i.,~.r!! ~~~ ~~I c:r ~'1';'...-i- Jl:;.IJ.
«~l).111ul)l;:>1 » ~)l1 J&--, - ~) h-Jl ul)l:=>~' ~
~-,~I ~I ~1)l;>1 ~b. j LS" , ~ St..:. ~\~ JJ) JI -
~ t'1 ~~J , ~,rO~1 ;..bL.i1u~':I.,I1. JI o.,r.-lJ1w~~I'
. (">r_jj1.J ~~~I ~I)IJ ~I .y1_,l14:. ;"'1I ~\(_JI rut·
~UI .,..jl ~ L-I),) ~ IJ~I ~~I ~ cSj clJ.:u-
J..\..;.lll
) ~ _. J~. _ ..q
~;; 4.LlAl.1 . ~ ... W
cll;.:,• liJ ~:JJJ .. (;) l..i...Ui

F.A.Woods. Mental and Moral Htrldity in RoyallY, (New York, I9(6);S.S.( I)

Visher, "Study of the Type of the Place of Birth etc. of Fathers of Subjects of·

Sketches in Who'. in America" American Journal oj Sociology, XXX (19ZS)

SSI-557;' J. McKcett Cattell, Ammcan Mtll oj Scimc. (3d ed., New York, 1921),.

p. 783·
4.:... ~ ~, ~I :O."..-J ..:;.,\.....I)..ul • ..u. J!.. J& e..)U.,~ (T)
: )&tIl
O. Kllncbcrg, R/Je, Diffmtl&u (New York, I935), Chap •• I VII and IX.
 .,!j~ J':J ~I ~)jJl ~_, 'j~)_'~1 ~li'U.p." ~ c)A <Y.,jl:.J1
.(\), !l~l5' JIJ
.~" ·i \..I~ : 0,# ~\aj ¢~~, ",a ~ ~ loa _ T

~IJjl ~ ~ J:.ki ,;r pT ~ JJ.i '1 ib ~~~I o.iA '-I

.&)~ ~~ ;51 ~.)t l:J ~..u ~..\4J1 ulA:k:ll o~ ra- J • :i·~IJ

fj Jt ~j\fl&. J IJooV"0!...\J1c.!tJ_,t ~t ~J : ~"'JI ~WI &)UI

;s1 ~ JJw} ~i e?1 a" ~~I :iilG "t L.. j~1 ~ aa6.
~ . :yWI ulL.:J1 o- lA~ "t JAJI f-1A1')'11~11u ~J:f c)A

.JL..JI ,.~~ ~ till if.;iJ1 ~T r~ J ,.~ ¥. ~I U~i ~

~ t.;_,:>1<i'10\i~1 JII~~I) ~I:. :fIr IJt~ o~1 J.f

t..,) J.&:j r(
Who~8 Who in Am~rica ~,) cr """" - """
.~t .# cS_;'~1 ~I .,.jI ,.~~ ~)4t4" , ~b.. v..... J o~IJ
.a' : J! lS ~_;:J4 Ijl5' t~ll~ c)A 4d~ il) I,_,L:,JrY
,:rJ , •• ; )~IJ j..J1 J~.) ,jAJ y. ~ )1)11)"" ~. ;> -*, JUI
.(T)n •• Lt.,...\]1J~JcJAJ '.Y"c U!...ul J~J l~o~1 uJl ~~T
.~\ ~.~ ... t.JJ b ~ .. L3i '11• <!U '1J ~lA f-t; 'I,,~
CY I-.
c.r'"

ut ~~ .r\ll" d,:A> J ~I ' ~ 4...4l~" .; L. ~J ~ J';;

.J WI
.. .:=.t~WI
. ~ . ~l-bJ '. ,," ~,:rf-~.
• ..r.:- ~l> u J,.L:>.~
~ ~• • ~LG cSJ~ L,~i ,~T..(;
.. (, ~ .'
c)AJ JJ ) 1....\L•
• OJL.::;J I ~I ~l> ~l;; ~l~ 1.:....;4, ~J • 1.A~I~i C" JA:r
.tr"~ cS~ o~~ I··:~'1rli}JI tI~ ~1.b)\i,j~ ~J~ L:!JJ
J>I.l:I1 _,A1lu tY' ,.~I ~ u~ ~l) ~,IJ. S,JI c:r"T ~I))'
A.B. WJnabip,JuJus-Bdwards (HarrisbU%!, P., 1900); H.H. Goddard. Th, (\)
.KalIikak Family (New Yo:k" 1912); R.L. DUldalc, TM JukG (New York, ISn)t
. and A.H. Es1abrool<"Tht Juku in 19I5~ (Washington, D.C. 1916).

Visher~op. cit. (y)

cfli."l' 6~ \~ ~.lI1~yl U-- ;;J~.J • l+:! .~.Lal'1
.u ;;i t-.) . 4' III ~_,ii J.e~ ~IJ_,.JI ;;i ~ ;;y:=".M ':._
!)A

~_,? ~Ja.! r~ ~i_, - i~;;l ~i ~ ~ ili_,n.

t.J .;Ayl ~~ lY ~; rj .§0.t ~ 'J ..w . ~I ~"'''''..l:!i:J,
~LlI ..1"")11~~T ~ UlAJl ~, ~J1 ~I tbi J.Al_, • ~1;J114"'""!
JI , ~)l....T t.:. J~I u=:J1~I .1L_,c~1~ L-J ji ~~
_~i ~ ljts' ~i ~ ) r» u,.,b.., ~ )~I ~_;.J:eJl ~)t;JI'
lAj~ J1.Pk ~j\ ~~~, IIJ~:l>J ~J • (! t.fll\ ~)t:J\ J,
..IS>_,J ~T ~ ~~I ~I ~ c.>..\J1
t_,jl I)" ojt.:- ~J.tr.
dJ.l.) . (\') .l)..)J1ul}~':>1 J ~I., ~ J~ o- ~ jl ~ ,",La.> L...
~~ \11 l:W1 ~lA:1J1,)I)i i.f' )~ Loi'lJ~~I ~1~ L.. I~
~\JJ r:r .rjl 6.L. J §?. \l ;;~ ~)\&. ~\~ J ? ~.)LL:!~I_"
, ~J...!, J~I »~ JI..01 ~_,}I L:.::;J J ..J_,A; L. u~ c.r:'J . ~t
..t}tr ,)~I JI il;.:J\ .i, J!. .i.? (.),)1 'JJ . « ;..L.~ ~I Jt'
~L4::Jl ~.,,1 ~. cS)- LS ~J 'to;- ,.; ;:· •..'1 JI..p"~t,
•• WI
.. J ... ~.."...:..11
c....J1·
'.'f\
~..
t.J..J I ~ ~•• I oj.,.·t)A ..J.t-'
I.{': a,~
".. ttF-
.JJ:t.j a.J( _ "

JI,w":/1• .iA .:,......liJ ~).- Jt "",WI JI.w~ ~Ila lA>~~.

_,t~, JJ..! LS, c.lli' ,,1 0..;:.11~I •..i". JI t..p."J4:
,rjl j
i_;;;
\~ « ~I » ~~I JL;1,i ~J~ ~J • (4j;;JI ~"
~_,~
~_,« ~~I» u~1 J~t ~ r~ ~J~ ~I c:rd}~
~ ~I _rI jl e_..1i ;;T , ~\:.(JI ~ J-.-A!. LS , r,;_;AJ 'it
(~I» ;;)J.Al1~ ~~._,:..-.JI jLC-.U ~ (,S.J..- \'cSJJI J:W:I~

WoodsJ OP. cit. (\)

P. Popcns and R.B. Johnson, Applied Bugenics (New York, 192.6),(T)
Chap. XIV.
dl' ~( ·.11 ~bJl ~.j\~1 ~ J-~ d'1_;t'11IL c)~
..:.....-J "..r ;; _AU; c.)" L:.U ~ •. I!;u'
_ .;J.AA,. ~~I LJr -"II C),~ - Y' J . IplW
•
-J_":-J' -bJi _;.i jA~ ~t J1 ~)~I jAW4 ~ Ji 6~~
~ ~lj clJ~ J~J . (\) ~l:.:.()1l.a J~ ~ 414:J1•.l.. JI
~ Ji J~ JI !l.r-=JI J1, . m ($~r-'I !l~1 .)J:l ~ ..b. J'
uh':l.. ..]IIJIJ) ~
. 6J11·•• M~
••
~
u~ W
".. Y'J- WI
.. . J
uL'WaJ1
.~I . (1") o~)'1 .:,I_,;-..JI J ~J..d~ ~'jw ~If .jIJ (o~1
~l J(l (~~ ~I;~~~~T ~..b.:~ ~~~I !I.r-:ll
~~_,:.- I..,.i A(- !.:~.~~J)_,ll ~I)I ",J~ V"'~':/1 ~ ~J

.iJAj tSi J...;t, ~~I ~~ LS, ¥ l:S W ~IJ « ~I » ~I

It.....;~ ~ 0fj~' J ~_"')I ,)I}';JI~ ~ ~ c)t ~'J
• ""~ )lILA §f .jl5"

• ~_r!.JIJ e,1)1 ~I }i.it <\)

~~J • .s"';" JI ~~I ~ ~ .),;1) J\.i:til oL:..... C)lk.....,1 <">
.JJ"JIJ • ~ ~ "';'1' r.S.~ JI .)_,AJIJli::J1 ~J ~"jl ~~I
.J-WI J\i:til JW dW1t..t l;:.W1¥II JI Ja.....}1~I (.r J\A;,;oyl)
. J~~) Jt J""l. Jt ":o'.JoU J.-~JI~)-lA Jf J.-~v- ~ ~I,)~
~;:tl -
.~ ~J ~4OY) ~.r-:JI ~t v- ~ ~t L. Corey JJ6. <r)
The Crisis of ~ \.:S" ..} ~_;A "JI i;..b.:l. \ .:;..~ oy~ I c} Y:"J
0.) Pt (i'~ W"'
~ Middle Clan (New York, 1934), p, 22.2 and passim.
,~~~, ~"J ~~ ~IJ_,J~ ~jA o~UiJI o~ .),?',,; cll.) r:-J
:~~I
"P.E. Davidson and H.n. AndreaoD, Occupah'onal Mobmty in an Am"';can Com-
",",dry (Standford University, 1937); see also the same authors' Occupatitmal
Tr61win tlu UlIit,d Statu (Standford University, 1940), especially Chap. I. The
.
.ecoJ1ODllC aspect8of

.MoIn1ifJl (New Yorks 1941)•

the process are discusBeditt O. Pancoast. Jr., O"upational -
..~ \...:J....u e,1)1 J-i.l1~~~OY' ~rh~L:...~ r::-_y.;.-J

~,..
~~I \;)~ J&- r~ I.Jl'o~J.A; tS.l.J1ifl;t'J1 ~li l~tJ
.~ t.JJb c:r l.:J ~ 'J ~I ~)WI o..\.. , :t"~IJ :tt1))1 ~ ~)l..lJi
.~,~.
~ . :t...:.;...J:!- ~~b. a- ~ l.. ~ : a""!', « ~» at'JJ't
~. nil _, ~l...:.::>. 'JI ~lA..laJ 1 4......1 ~ t!t ;_A'"
- ~ J,;... .[1' i'
;>-<J,y l.:J1

U-- o~ J:f.J ~_,;iJ1 ~I.b jlJ (~_..!.:JI U"~\'I ~ ) LS~I·

~~I ..I.)~I ~,o~1 ~}Y.:'""_,....JI ~~I ~l~ ukyO)I'
,,AA." .' - ciJ> ~t irJ . ~~ ':/14.!JIJ ~I))l UJ, ~~WI if
46.11~..i ~ JJ1..d1o~1 ([ :{b\tl» ir ~~~~
: JfW I oJ..! ~ l:&. ;s1J:k:1'
: ~'J ~ it ~ .U"JJ. O'J~Y 4JJUi1. O\""""",JoA!'- ,
'-oJl:.:()I
• ~I.. C::-.i.. L. I~.. f.r00'1 ~ Jr_tl ~L.I .)-MI'J J t JJ I.:.::.....Ia _,.

. o~1 u~')!}1 J ifdlJ ("';jl ~ ~)\4l1alS".iJ1 t~.Y J.

JL.:.1 ~~_, JI bL:.:.....1, ~~~I o-lA i~T if ~I J a~ J.iJ
~LJI ~.rJ1 ..~t .1.~1 ~)1J.1 J.&. ~ ... ~lS'.ill ul )l:=>~
~14l ' ul_':- '.)t 015' (jjJ ~J r-JI .L.,:. ~i , J_'~I
">1. ~ ... ~1:l1 u~1•• J!i J.iJ • (\) ~.'.. II ~ W') "
. ..;$.u ft'"
r:r.,
,(r) C:.;jJ 4=..e jiiJ ~I .l).iJ ~L.... ~i Ct4-).)~};.ll~ .
.f J 1..,.ooooJ~ ~II I... ~
if-" ... .r: ~ r
....?' o:1::)11r.r
Ie: t_..:.. ~l:.:tl !H':.A~l) ~J_"

B.W. Yerkes, Psychological Ihamining in fha u.s. ANIO') Mrmwirs, (\)

Nafional Acacicmy of ScieDc:es, XV (1912).

: "tW" ~ ~ &;.Jl,..J ~t ..u ~L....I.).u1 e~ <T)

KllDcberi. op. cit'l and in Int,Uig6nCl: Itf Natur. and Nurture, The Thirty-ninth
Ycarbook of the National Society, for the Study ofBducation (BnoomingtoD.

II., 1940), Vol. I, Chap. IX.

~L; ~> t_tJ . 0) J,l.A::J1I~ J:.. ~ ~J ~)J"...J:JJ ~I
..::.,~~)1 J (}jl c.\.)jJ l1..\J1 ~~)..ul &)~ ~~I ~~L!:S\'I
.J ~~ j.l.:..I.A ~l:JL !]I;J.J • ~ JI (~ ~r"1l o~1
J..u L5~ :tiL!.. ~ ~t tJ j~, -UJ ) . u~w.:s\'1 e.,i,. J6.J1
I.~
.J.:'"' ~
't::.! iLJI ~ 11..:11
loY. .._._,
.., , ~.) ) (.F'
','1\ &)~I ~~ "
'''.~
r.r.:-
. (u~11)A
... ,,1';"" ; ~i ~ L. (_)..l. if J,.l-:J .)i ~ ,r'l.jl JJr ~
Jt-~~il;; tJ'" (_,ljIJ ~ ~ rWI (.)_,:.JI~~
.: ~_"....,
'" ~ ~I. .y. L:.;If ~ .. ul J L.::;.
• \'1 o~ I...7
c.r ;;lA:.::... ..r)•
ulJ~ ':JI ~r""Lt ~ ))j ~.iJ1 ~I tf j14 ~ l.A1..b.1
J!.r' ~ uJJ- J ~ ~l:W- .I.)t J ~_,......u c,4-J.) ~I
,.I~I -b-t ~.1:J ' ([JAJI _rJI » .,i rWI "l5'.iU u~J.)J~
~ _.11 ul L::;.I.)
..r-' J. ? ..r.:S..\...._:..
n. JI ~ •. ~ c.l5'.lJ1 ~I J.1..:::>11)0tJI
'I~ ~lJ' ~J~l~JL.:i1 JlAk'll ~ J..JI ~lk~ ~~ ~
;_,.!.~ ...~ ~i 0JJ.riJ4 ~A.)i -,oW ~ uIJ~\11 o.ha r:r
0t ~ c>jJl W. <Q « ~ ~lAJl Ji <S""J..u1 .)I..L.:.....':}I ~J..u

W.S,Clark, "Los Angeles Negro Children" BdUCDtionalR,,,arch BvUain, (\)

''Los Angeles City Schools" (X9~3); J. Peterson and L.H. Lanier. «Studies in
the Comparative Abilities of Whites and Nearoes" Minta! MltJJUTlment Mono"
graphsJ V (1929).
G.D. Stoddard in IDtelligence: Its Nature and Nurture, IJ 6. ('I')
4~ ~ .,,-1taW, ~.ur ~ W" t:.,iYl 1IlS"~wi J l.;,a~.\J~ ,JAJ
.~'YI I.J." ~ ~I \!IIJ~'YI ,) ~~1 4.:-bJl ..:;..\p"/I wt,
t.S.l.II J.,;JI J.:.. IJ"'JI..\I.I \fo~ ~t c,}.JJ c.r')I..ll1 ,} JUk"/i 4Al~ ~I
\!Il;I~1 J~.J jlaNI_, ~ ~I :l.: ~;JI ..:;..~IJ , ~ » ~
~l..lOi ) C 4]"1..1.1\ ~ ,.\il'Y1) ~Jl.dl_' ~~1 JSWIJ .T."b."1IJ
• ( .)JI.l~ 4"A ~~ o.r.-- W)~ ~~I
~W;t, -
\V\
_,i «~)..ul ,)1..la:.....'11}) ~ u=;J1':"\)~'11 it:; ()A .. ..gJ>•• b

~\ ( ~~I o~1 ) :i....WIWI ~ ~\ ~WI ul)~H.

~ ~.J ~l!J1 ~_,-a.ll l..i? « (jj\ JIA~\ ,.\)~ l) ~ JUai .
. C::'; jlJ ~I ~ JC Jl4!j\ dL...~4 ~ JL.a;),\ .wi Ji~~
.
. ......4i ~t
u--.· ....:..-., ;;~
v. J..
- --- ••
:.u. .:11 ~.I...
..ti "",,~.r (iJJ1 .:.,1JL::;.
• "I~ ~Ll,

JJ.) ~\j ~ t.J)t;.. o: ,.t)JJI ~ t.ill ul)..lGJ\ o~ ($JL.:J4

~ 1..,..1; ~ ~\ ..l,.k c:,t ()A ~)4J? ~ § ~~t.
- ~~y,,' - ~ ("~ )I~ j o~~1 ':"1.,:-11 J ~
J> JI ~,.,:JI ~t .u .uT d'JJ ~ :tit ul)~'
~I; ..1S'.lJ1 .
.j~ lI....\J\ (j)1 ..l5'~ cSJL..:.:I4 ~ .jt ~ ~ o~~
.r JlZJl
.Ai·ll
u. ($j:.-lI~~\1!:J4.-..L!~"
~ .:1\UlAt.:.,L"
...!oJJ..}"'. .~ r
~ ~L:J I ~ • _"....J\ .jli, ~
1....)1...l:.&-
. ~'\(To" cI;$. (".~ 4>... ~
J, _

.~~.jp~,i~V

.~ ~ .~ ~I c;,Gi ~~~I o.AA &Jt cll~ e ~_;;.;J_,

.j~1 ~j ~I . ~l!Jl ~" ..})\ l.::Jt..... ~I.; ~T ~ ~~ dJ6J'·
~I t.A) UA § ..L:;. ..1S'.lJ\J;- ~IJJI ut..~1 l;~J .u \.jt·
u..:.U ':"lA)W\ o.AA ~t ~ .jt l,:.b.. ()A ~~ ~ • (_,ijl_',
J-.ii ~ [.:j)t , 'j ~ 1 ~';I ~ ~IJ :y.1)) 1 ,.l).iJ1 ,JJ.)
.L ,_,-~
I". ...k.J '1
J . ~I... ~ .J\Ai I.~)l-:.:...
IJ".
'j c)~I ~
.. W.
..

tf .rill" ~ .rIAo~l_' 0~IJ ~I uJl4; .;.;~ Jhr.jt ul)~)1~

ul}~::;.':I1 o~ j b))ll ~\..J'" ~jl .j1S'I~IJ ' ~~':I~
~L!11 :i~.:~Il~ , 4:-.:'::11 0.1. J J>,) 4!.",1I.j~ ~t §..! )ttl'
Jt .f-t:ll (,$"')..ul~IJ cS,)~':I1 ~\ ~Ij ~ 'J <.i'~
JI )l4:i'1lS" Ji\ll ~I~I 1!Jj.l) ~ J>~ WI_, , ~ ;,)\.:11·
~ Jl..i ()A ~)l1 ~)1 ~ I,. J)_' ~~':II J,WI ~I~
JU J ~j jl JlAb,,:/1jT J..u JIJ-lll.a J&- "';II~J? 6'=-'1c,j
f-!- L.... ~l)J11j ~t ~~J.) j~ ~~./jl :;~I u~\'_,J1
~ J ~.)~Ju~J.) ~ JIJ> ~4J - ,,:,,~I j ~I}l
J.)JII.a ~t [~JIS J.r-JJ.J. )}.>:;". !.I)~~ ~~ J, -\S".lJ~
J.)II ~~ )~I~.l ~~~ I.S 'bJl:;J1 ~I~l JI C::.i. ':l
.)~I ~ cJA ~l!.. uJjP J ~ ~,~ ~.AJI dl.:.:--~l ~
~I)::>I (j"D !11~';1.,. d'... ;SIGN UA ~IJ
,AJ1 (5~1 j_ ..-II.

~J J~ ~'~I J.JI ~ r.~'J

~J.iAJ1 ~lA.. -If..\Jl.
~I 4 ~ w_;1.t LS ~I J ~.r!:-'I JJ_;JI
o)..t4J1 ~.;al
• (\) ~_, __ JI Jt

u=J1 ~IJ ~1.. t ~ Lf~ til' 4 =.:.!\.jT <!L! ~J

o..I w ~ 1 A.
_ v---" uk.. ~U..liI •• t:.15" ,~ .r:'• ~ L.....t
~~_..
_ t~y- ' It J.!..t..JI
L-i I::"': ~ J ~IH'
,.;- _,JU-'
.. ~ ... ~t ~ _,

~ ':I _1).lJ1 wlJ~1 ~t ~ I.:A 1Ij,)Ji ~t~ L. J)J . ~

UlAH JJ)JI .)t.I;1~ cr ..1.U b~ ~I . ~I))I )J.) uA L:J
~'JLJ'JI J-li ~o).J.Al1 ~ 41'J..uJ ~ r.)LGJ ~L.j J.
.. J :t!..J
• L.... ;;L.~JI .....1 ~ U:.
u~_,-.aJ1 ~ ~1,.,.LJ;JI : ~~l ~l.QJ' \J"'~ _ ,.
~L..a:;J1 ..)~clJ.)_'. t;". t.J .)~J 'J J!L.JI ~I d l::....;~1 ~~
ua/L.aiJ1 I,)"~ ,y 4l:J4 J+..- t ~~ J ~ ~ ,~ i~l..!:J~
f_;U ~~1 ~L.a;J1 t.iS ($..u J.:!J pll)AJ . 4.. );;.11'
w~I)J.l1 (5~1 ~jJ . :y~ r.r-'J J ~ ~~ ~1.
~ CJI?,~4~1 ~I .)~ t.{j CUi) r.)i t_""';'.)i I~ ~.b
~.J!
. ",JI.J> ~ ~f"JI.)~IJ ~~ '\C\Jl 4....:,y, e,,\ tJAJit· ,

Kllilcberg. op, cit., Chap, IX. (,)

"\~J'\'t Ji~1 ~j.lJ (_.lAJl J;' ..k_...._,:... ~TJ , ~?~~ v« JI
~~ J.li~' ~~"uJ' (\) "\VJ" , Jl!JI ~p ~~J ~y.
~ J.lJJI (_.l,; ..k....._,:..~..lI4 ~ ~ ~'ili/~I o.l. ~~ ;.r.~
~ (.$) ~." . JJj DA ~ 11 o~
u~_,r t.:.CJ' ~I
~ L;;IJJ Ii) ~ ~i J ~,)..wl ~JLo11o~ J JJ~I pi
..::"I!-J -"1\ J.-!"tr ~'ll r...r'"
.. II d. f"'"
M, ~
.. UjU. "J l.:.ill:t c.U.lJ J~.r
.. " ~II
,L.JJI t';J ;~I uJ} ~,~~ ~i ~ '1 ~J . ~
. JJ} <JO ~J IAj IJ J>-,) '1 tL:lIJ ;Wl_,
JI'p-~;;~ A ~ JW,\'I ~T j.&- ~ J:l,) ~.J! el)1 JJ
.d.)~1 ,-:,1;w,I _,i '7.r- J)t;. JI.CII .I.).;J1~j~ ~i.)W)l. ~

~ ~Ij, ('0 rLJI I)A ~ ~:r:-J (,.JdlJw.J1 ~ lS, ~~

.CoilS' I~I~~ IL ~J • ~j"J ~l.i ~ i_)a; ul~1
.~i~ (fly' jl) ~t ..\.U • :YlJA,)I)~I ~ ~ ~1 uJ.)J1
..j~ '1 ~4ld1J .)~I c.rz>~1 rl'-" , ~.r't JI V!..r.W,I.yI_,..
.JY'
.L L" I.._ O,)~·
.J-"oA r..r ...
_J li.':--"..9'! I~._:1 • ~i JI ~l4J1J y."...,.
.L..h.... " J
.\~)ll ~J • (r) clJ.lS" ~ ~ ~JjJ ~ ~I J. ~ ~..uIJ
., ~,)~I o- t_,j\ \~ JtD JI \,)1.;.;...,.,1J~ ~J ~j~1 ,,1 Ulilt

: ~ cr:t\d\ o~ ~\;JI r.".....)1 .J.:J:-~ (,)

it.B. Chaddock, Principlu of Statistics (New York, %925),p. 227; see commcntli
lin F.H. Hankins, Radal Basis of Ciflilkation (New York, 1926), Part II. Chap. II.

~~J ~WI :t:tW\ 1.;J_pa}1

Iof~T ~ Ioft..Ol I..v. 0WjU ~J (y)
~_pJ' Ir ~.}- ~I "I_,..... J"..ul Jf .) o~"'\""!' JI_;; 'I ~\) r\....bl\
~ _r1, - • ~ J.l.;.. ,,1 ;_,-:.;...
.F. Boas,"Effect of AmericanEnvironment on Immigrmta md Their.)j 1 (r)
Dec:eDdantl"J Scknc., Dec. II, 1936; and Th, Mind of Primitif1, Man (Rev. cd.,

New York, %938), espec:ial1y Chap. VIL

'Vt
.1"jl ~ ~_,l~ ,jJ) t:t ~ ~ dJ,.;-l1~ ~,.b._' 6:IJ)I~'
. ~I _,; ~..,AI'

~ ,41 Jl ~ i;j ~_'~I ~ '1l:.it "($Jl4l.l JSJl .)i ~_,

~~I c.r:!,lAl.I ,jJ) ~ J~ 4tlJ_,J1.); 4.6J P~
~Ik JJ)l1 o.l..)P'); o}:.;J,-,.lJ1WIJ' ~1.>fjJ ~~
LS (_.UI J.,k :UL ~.i;. . 41Jl ~IJ)\ _,;'li ,-,,,u ~,)I
J JJr ;~ J.1y:.!J~ }) : J~ ~\~\J)4 ~\ ..b-i ~ ~
L ..
_,..
J)b-_' ~I t_';'; JJ~I (WI L :t..1.iI1ulA....:, ~I)-'
~,.)~J , -,..wI J u4,_;w,1 cJ4 ~~ L..., i~1~ J!.. ' t._,y.
- U~J .)1 - ~I t_}_,, ~I JIF~I_' , tl:.lIJ , ~I~a
J.J--"~I It.l. ~J , ("~I ~..;5J , ~I ,j;'J , ~~I :w,~)I_'
urts:::T ~1}J.l1 o~ .:...1') L..J • (I) ~\\ ~ ~..bj' J J:>...u
.>._.!. i ~1)_,.lI :Lil:;J.1 ~ I_,-II t.Y'~ ~ P ~i ~ )t; ~
(J

tr ~ ,y-J_' . ~~I ~lAl4 ~I t:t .)J~ Ja! L.... I~

Jl ulA.aJ1 ,,~I ~ ~j ~J.iH ,)1 ol_'_J Jx... ul-IJ.) J!.~
,)-,~I j A.I'll; ~-' IY.o..lJl)\ J ~.)~ J..,u ..\.i ~\ ~L.akJt
dJ ~I)JI J')w ~t ~ ($.;.t oJ~J .. cY..~i u)L..~IJ:
Js- ~I JI P c5_;.T~ o- l:.) I~IJ. Ji~1Js. J~T ~ b>
m.a... ub.l:;:_,,1
. IfLI';''' li..l4i . 1..6.1 l.~
.J!'' v-:: J ~ J I".J:!A1;- .r Lt-
~)J~I ~~I ~t; ~t .)~'11 J' ~~ L. !1~-, . ~t ~~:
Js- ~bl~.i cU.lS' . ~I j,L...)11 r~i.i:.. ~ll, .Ai \~ ~ J!'
~)I J ~f~I ul:lC1 ~
t:t ~jJ ~TJ ~I.i J_,l,t _,..;,bJl ~r
J§jJ I L.r; ~ \) ~JJ • L..~ ;t,;'Yu" Jt &Y..? ~ ~)I... j (f'

A. Scheimeld. (You and H",dit;y, (New YOl'ko1939), pp. 81-82. (\)

4i~.) l.fitJ ~, .r.f ;r oUt ~I ~ ,,:-,\:6)1 I_u. ;"'.A ~UJI ~,;.
• ~'JJ.I\ t~ ~ ~u.. ~
,Yo
~ ~ ~I!..t 4...lJ 4.f-~.J! ;s1 ~1.l..:11)~,;r ~J'~I
~ :.·...'1 ,A't- ..hi...J ~t ~1j.1 ~ clJ.i) J6J1 .::,JL) I)li . .j)
~LU.lJ ~~ ~ I..\...~lS' '~I-, . :G'IJ)I ~"i; 'lJ J..)' c,5..u

~, ~~ ~4 b.~J -l.!:T ~_;::.; ~.jU ~~I

.!JI~' Js- ~ cl__.! ~ uL.~ cS.r- LS ~ ~I ~~ ~I.J
• c.f'~)'1

JL:n t-""",.,.ll ~J : ~, ",J' ~ ~WI J".}J' - 'f

J-II ~ ii;.A4J1J JJjll _,....A; c4 ~J' L..liJl.jl ~ 4J~

~ _,..jJI ~I ,)1)':J1 ~ o~'p'""'"L.,ii J~ ~I ,.1S".lJ1
J_,
~..;, tt l.ia J.J> ~ Jt ~ .cf~. .. . ~t ~..u J 1~
: ,-..r--.? M, woo

.JL>.)). LS ~ J..b..il t.r..

~11:i...&.l..:>
. ':II ~\.,.... ~,!\_w. ~
. J.}1
III

~ Y.. }) ~r.,u_;. ..:.c. j~ ~ ~ I..\....", ~_,.~I J~':ll

~ 'lil J v-~
1':- - ":l
.J-'A
t o..ls~tI
..
L,JI 0lAJJi ~ I..:_..\.!I • L:I .jt; ..
•• • ". '" c.)!. • .JA!
.J' 'J, ..\.I)\.i.:.. ~\)I J ~L...i J_') JI ~~) ~ ~
~ ~.:·.;Ho~ ~)I J.:l~1~I..u_, . (\) « ~)Jl";;l.(; i~
J4) ll! J.!- o- ~ .)~ ~ ~b:-~\ J !J_;..!I ~t Uli
ir ~..u rY..J.:MJ JL-.c.t ,":"6....:,;,, ..lS"~ ~ I.,'''' +~I,JL.t.~,
~ J •'J~ ,;rJ . 1':J J::' 0 H J". 4 ~ L. J>..v'1~ J t u~1
~~ ~.J! t~I ,;rJ ( )L!) Jl..&.t J~ J ..~ t 1_,itS'~tLl J n .jt
b~ JUI ~ Jf ~JlA:.J.. Jw.lJ~ 1 » ..~t Ijt.) (flil J O\JV
.~l4fli\ J 0" ~",I.;- ..~'4.fUl J ,,,,,,t ~I.) ~ , CC \1,~)1
J '(J'\' "op Jw. ..~, 4.fUIJ A.J ~)~I Jkll J ~4 J'~
~,:r ~':IW~l ,,1Jl1.1 "",T_;.~. ~_, . ~~~ Jw. ..~t ~lil

P.W. Taussing and C.S. Joslyn, Am,rican Bulinul Leadlf'S (New York, (\)
.l93~)

\v"\
~I.4lJlI ~J ..w , Jw.t.,J1 c~
J dJ~ ~ ~ JtI.J" L.i§
,\"H!..TJ.li~~IJ ~~I ~ ~ll.l ~_,.iIJJlli ~.J~ ~ ~l o~
~_,_ » I_,Ai;'~t JW::-~I 1.lJ Iy'~' ~ (flil J \'J' J.P
0~ ~;; ~lll J n,-:,~T l.S J"WI ,,~ ~ IJO « ~~ ~Jl..
~l ~J . ~w.i L~ J ~ « l_,Aj1t.SJl ~ u~~1 D
~ I..,.;\)' I..,..,.).) a!.AJ1JW:.~I J~ J ~I t~1 U" (fLU J '"'"
. ~1:lC1~.;.
~I)' JI JlA.:i\'1 » ~T uu~1 ,,~ 0" ~,I.4J.,;t1pi .AiJ
~l::ll ~ ~I ~ ~..u\ Y' « ~~I JI ;lA:i'11
'1..u)1~
~i ')1 ~ ':J ~UI I;M :;\:. JI ;;}·!\'4J . ~I ~I J')J
c;tS' I~Id> ) ~ti_.... till (J,)~I
~IS' 1~1L. J)!. .ji ~l.b.U t.JJ
~lw~y.J~ ~J ~;.ll\~fi\ tJ...J.,bJ .~..ul- \ JJ41
.l~..J....._,:... ')..lY
.J...,._,:..
~1 .:.!,:..JI ~I u~.,:.-1.1
.15".il1 ~ ...._,u~ ~'l'l:ll

\\0 \VJr' ,~. ~1,)1.J~I J\;S'~ .~I ~I - \

~T Jl ' Jl.I'~1
\." \tJ' 0,,\0 .
op...JI0)-1J\;~~.~ . ~I - T
'~Jl.:-:JI JI~4 ~_"JY1",u~J!iL!"
~T Jl
, •t
'" ,).
YYA 'I!J~U!" y\:SJI ...:.fU_,J1- \"
~T Jl ' ';4--.1 1..:":!.r1=l ~~I
''\V\" , 'JA
~Jt ,\". ~I ~J\,JI-
.-*" J'j> J~ - ..
t

GU.lS'" . l.:J1li",J <iI' ~ ..H:Jl « .~ » J.l..Jr ( .,b..1J ~ ~ .wI_) 4.bt

:U_,_.11 ~.)'YIlJ,f t..~Ji ~I ~I.,IIJ ,:,;:s 4-:-.... ;1' .~ ~
~ o~1 ~~ 'J}I J Jw.\'1 J4J J~ l> .jl l.t.b';"J , ~

\VV
~)..\J J6J1 ~ ~IS' L.... fit, ~j~ ( \\l"'~ ('~ JI__p-) r;}l
LeT 1 « Jl.&."il L>.J....l. .~t ~ I)" ,.~~ ~} 'Jl ~')': ..i:... ;~
L!::Jlj 4:1))1 QA .§ )J~ ~.lIJ I~ .r.S'"~1~UIrJP~
4IL J!..e f)A c.jl) ~ 4~ ~ ~t uAb." i ~i ~ Jfi
? ~~J.i ~I \~}J'

JJ} ~~ l:AiJA L._, , I~ t)-> J) : )tfL; ~~)lAJl J~~ ..\i

L;W\ ~I ~~I ~J dii.:~IJ « f ~I~' J"jl ~ I\I).ili

~~':JI QA ~~ J ~ LS ,.t).)J1 ~I}~I J ~l W~)~ ~~i
u~~llI~ ~JJ . (\)I JJ~I ~ u=J1GU; L ~l:i
J4:i ~I
L:- 00'1 Jw.~1~t __
.J.. ~I c:. JA _.A
L:r ~I .:.:',J) 1..r.-iu--
r.r"I\_, a: ~ lolL
c:- .
~~t LS ~.J.f I)A « ~~'JI J) .')I}~I o.)WIJ ~lh~(,A JWI
I_,J~~ .)I}~I .'1';' ~t l)"'L;.. tS;" J') ..,. L...._, • ~IJ~ \tl c!U';
W. ~l: if J,.L.:; ..\i l.:(JJ . ~I ~)...ul ~_;JI ,y I)..,i."..lb
JJ~
M
J ~I N, J ~I JY.n f)A
• ()-''('.AU-
" .
tya.JA J ~k,\f1
. o.l. ~-l.4;
..
~.~~I ~~~llI~ J!.- ~ ~I'-:: -j lS IjlJ f ~I JJ~'
~I..u:.l... _rJ'C . &Jt ,...;r)' JJ~I J
&('1 :..::......r LWI. ~.)U'11 0lA...l:J1
"-
J J.fL .)~I c: ~ 6J~ &J_;::"" .lAt , 4:1))1 JI L-j ~I~
-UJ . ~,)~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~~'1II.i. &Jt '11, ~I JIJ..\f\ ~

~I '_#' ~ oUt ~I 0.1. J ~yl ,y t:t~\ .J.>i .b.':1

~U, ~l! ~IA~I)A ~· .. .'IJ 4.rIJ,.,I1I)" § "! ~t L. » J...dl

W.M. Proctor, "Intelligence and Lem.gth of Schooling in Relation (\)

to Occupational Levcla", School and Society. XLII (I93S)~783-786. This study

and 8Cveral other similar ones are discussed by A.W. KorDhauser jll 11UIuJrriDl

Conflict : A Psychological Interpretation (G.W. Hartmann and Newcomb. cds.,.

New York, 1939), Chap. XI) pp. 2O=!M2I6.

'VA
 J)I.> o- « ;_;;.1,1IJJ,;JI ~ t..~ I.:1t ~)JJ ~~ ~Ij L.I$
. c» ,.1.).).)\ U"1;:i
c,S.i.H..;f-~I J!ll ~,~: ab.:1'J 4441)1 ~1 Jo-)l,.., - t
j.))J.)IJ _i4.)1 u)\fl&. J!. ..,.jl ~ ~ uJ_ttl1 J.\.4:J1\~~.r2.i

, ($}-f ~ U" ~"p'"J rtJ ~~I.) ,:,jf~J ~ u-- J_,:....::l."...._,

Jlj L._"Cr) t~'11 ~J ~~I.._;5 ("!...::.AI~~ ~ ~lfJ
. ~.)J' ~I).,JI_' ~I ~I)_,JI Js- J:]JS J2:,J\ ,.~ r~
~ ,,, .. ~ ,AVV rlr. J uGl..w . !J~~)l... JI.PJ
~~ !1J,"" ~IS J . r'Jti>tJ ~~ T_, !J'p'- d'J.J.. ~.) ~..)~ ~
I~
I~~ ~ U• .ji ~_,_,, w,,·
r~!J)y'.~ J JJ_, ..u ';l'l
,,.I_;; IjlS t'\. ~lJ , if)1 JT ~~~ ~~\I)A .j_,;~ .l..wl
u.J~ ..u ~L) W'. ~TJ , i::~1 )J.) J '.II... Of·· s ~..\a..
I)A ;S1 ~ts' ~.J cUT_, , ~ V ~ , r'f." \14 ~.) rLG..i ~...w,
~ L.J.::. PJ . ~L-)I U"!l.?" r--Iu4> ti',.,lI' ,.UI ~
I~ ..li Ijt) ~)L. Jl)T J~ ,I:. J ~lt 0.". 6lfWl
0,t "'" o~

~ ,.l::>T IjlS~ , :u:;... 4AJ1 r-'; ,.. ~ , ~ "A".

~__..!.ll~I ~ ~1:t..:.:J1 ii)~1 o~ J.l4.. J_, . ~I
J~ ~ ' "' t ,.~I ~t <y'•.).)1 , j.);I_,.) 1 ~l;u-,~:U)l...J
, ~~I c.?-!.r ~ "0..0 ;\'1 J&- ,..wI\~ o- ~I.)J • " •• r~
LS Jl..&.~1J~) ,y_, o~1 ~I rl:.
J t1.jl:J1 o- ~ ~_,..#
l!t ~lS" 1..bI_'J' ul:l) 1l1~ Ufl1;J ~ 4..~ I_,.:-a;' ~T 't'
.)L:.i ~ .;;..,.; .k;. ~J • Kornhauser, op. cit., pp. 2IS~216. (\)

• .$~'J' ~I ~ 0Wjl.I ..f~ l.S' \......:."'~ JJ4i.)"l

Scheinfeld, op. cit.) p. 360.; see Chap. XXXIX of this volume for (\')
an escellent discussion of ancestry.
~\ I).:.. ~ I.).:..i~t J::-JI J~ r J . ;;~I u~'J)1 ..r:JJ
• ~.JA~ ~~ fbJ.' ~.) ~ j.))I.,.)1
d,..iJ1 ~t <!L.! ~ tf]J . t)L..a ~bJl ~~ J J.lA:l1 ~,I
I".w, ..u 4·..)1 ~ ~IJ)I )WI ,:r ~ ~~ .~.)'JI J ~yJ~
..
~~~. • .e t:
~ ~~I JI ~~ II <b.• .Y. ~ i ~.r
'. c.;1J;J ~
", u::;-'
I tI

~I ~)IJ~ ~~_,.;,b. ~ J ~J.)..P.'")Ij.))I.,.)IJ.:JY.'" .)I)i

J y. ~ J-..:7.- § ~I ? (,$.;,111J ~WI Jt ~l:J1 ~I J ~k
,.) ~ l.:iJ.r J (.Sr... cS.:vl \~IJ .)')~l o- ~.~ ~ )II e'..,n
J ~l J.i ~)Lt UA ;;j}-:!' ~l-..~I ~IJ . :tk,bJ.1o~..wl J~'ir
L-. _,.l;. ~J~..\&. if~i J_,:JIJl uWJilI 1)4 ~I_;"I .,t ~~l
J.,,!J' ~)~I ~4 ~\JJ ~w.. Ji uLoJj.,.-J.}cr ~~
~I))I ul.,b.)1.)~ ~ ~I..ldJ.&- ~~.)) (5; [l:il j[j I!U'>
~ .),LJI J ~Ldl ..;f ul..\->_,JI b.i.J . U!.~I_,r1if ,f ~
J ~;J:dl ~;:11 ~ ~J..b. JI_p-)t1 UA ).)L:JI J ~..i' JJb..
.u:Ls1 ,'I uUI
.. JJ'
t:..T
v- ~i cU~ c..r-
I J"
• ..,rJ,.J
e: l). <tI J t·~
.r: ' ..
~JC ~, ~, ~iJ ' ~) J ~~J d.,.JJI)1 J ~
~~I Jt~~l Jio.J~1 r'.,\,J1 ~ ~..u Y~~I..b.t ~
.)1)'~ ~..uL..:... ~I JJ_;JI)i.:;JJ . (\) « ~J.:ul .)Iji -bot J
J.-\_,J I lJ4 U.) I...a.i JJ _;" b,.i,. c.r)JJ L..J.:&. \j I . ...\:>I_,J 1 ;;.r"~,
~. '~..w'~ JJ_rLl1~J.. Jk. J ~ ~ L. ;~~14_·"."
uJ~ ttl ~• ~ Jl41":lI~". ~ ..J*A.t I !I~ J II J-~ll;a...~i)l!.. ~

B.C. Conklin. HITMty and BfJfJironmmt (princeton) 1923), p. 3I2, (')

¢l..:J\.:..' o~t ~ ~I • ..L".. ,.) c:-.,:.JI -I.5JUJI .w. '~IJ

: ,,) , J\!ll ~ ~ , ~I .-41 ~ _,J ~I ~L:J'
F Ollbom. Prl/ac4 to 'Sui_a (New York, 1940), and S.J. Home, Human
G.mtia and Its Sodal Import (New York, 1936).
. J.JI·11
Lt .r '-oJ.)"~ 1..·1 L:-
tr"'.f""'~.. "II ~I~IJ , ..\1)1 j y....:...)1 ...._j
••• ~
··,lS-
r:r j,ttl 4 Y..'J ~t J ~ ~i ~J 0 ;yW ~)U .,i ~I_"'J'
• tiP.' _,11~ 1)4 _p.~1 Wa-b-t J!~ jJ;I_,,)T .,t !l-p'" ~)L

J-!ll ~ .l.k ;s1 tllJ.. L. ~j I.:Jl \-'.4; t, r.i- ~J

~Jr . (\) ~I c:1:iIJI ~ ~I c)T t)A , \'1~1 tJLi':JI!

~L..k. ~ e..~ w-o e,S.,it ~I;}I~t )LC'J t..~ ~JJ ~:
~'}~lltlL ~li l!lJ~ e J' ~I ~i ;l(;\' JL..J'l1J.....:l1~-
-lW J":itil: ~,y
L...:...tl. ~b. 1" ·A_:t JI
.. c.r~ .e+:»1 lAw ..f'~ "I~.
..... N

~ ($.lJ1~I I"\" ~I!JIJ , ~..\).,;..~ ~.fJ ~ 4.:1;} I.

_,t Jf'--.JUJI ~
Jfl~)1 o..r.f. jJ') ~L... ~ JI j~ if.-.:ll.
U J~ ~b . l:.. ~• ,,_,• :ij)U1 .r;. ~• J.Ji.>* <.r... "II ~~ 'JI

..b.IJ .>';1 ji WIJ b~ J cAi ~t «uiW)l1 J-=11 ~ ~»d-

ir .w
o
~I [ t::-;' l.. 4J"'1< r.r-
L -.:' -II ~
~ . J:u;. c'... 'I
.. V'1< ~ Ts , J..;"-"!
Ub;.udJ~t; . I~J.", ,:L.L!:..
-...: 1 1< , :WI ul~
If'.o' .. )J JJ .:"L.'J;_"'_' f'

~ ~I l.r .:r:- § c)\ ~ , ;..1 If" JIS c.S t J t...JUii d"

J_, , (Y) ,,_,.J 4;')'),.b"j ~IJJll
~I :t.:~..;'l e Ll;J1 ~'JWiI,
. ~~ \'1 ;;~I J .!..>l:1J cS;" ~I~ ;;J.l; 1..\,..

~6J1 cS;..t -:J'.P.- cJA ";'»J,)I." !l.P.' t_";'_,.. ~ c.r~J

L. Darwin, in WMt is BfII,niCl? (New York, I928) ~ ~ )tW ")
~ w\ C~L.-"·i 'J ~ : c}'?l _,.,..:.II ~ ~I)_,JI ~ ~"a- bop.
yl ",..WI y,;;t ~\i...:, W,r I~I;,fJJ • o..uJA J;i I)WI ..s.l..::..~~
~; l:J1 1~ d--J . (j'~ I)PS ~t ~ l..- ~, J~ 0i ~t
';J.;t r~ ~ Yo 0"sJ ~)J' •..iA rl~\ Ji.?" &- Ua;. Ir " ~ _,.:.; \...
• 4J~1 ~ li~1 _,J \.... ~\ I.JA ~.:
,Olbom, op. cit., p. 37 (on
\A\
·~~ j,))lJ')\ ~~ t:r ~ " •• JI_p- ~J ..w . j,~1 JI
J.C I ~J.J1..)1.) f §J., (£ ~LJ;"JI:& rY'
.clJ~~ f! J.>1':J ? (J)l...U
.e - c...i'{i o~ &.. ')-L-JI ILA ~t r~I c)l.) :'IJ ' u..u~
e- c...i)"i ::;~ &- ,)..wt 1.1A~t \'.J..JI ~\) ..)IJ , 4i..l}~ GU~
P,,)I ,.l..4&.~1 ~i ~)IJ ..)i . ~J • (,) • ~LL,. L_: L.
u-.-~ ~ t:r ~
~I}i "" IJ~ U!...iJi cl:JJt ~ 4J~ tSt J ~ u~1 J 1~
I..,.w..i W!..iJ t ..) It , !l,p." ~~ 416. J L.. W' .!J..b. lS (5t , L. ,pJ J&.
.1'-AJ • (Y):ij
"- .J+""
fiT ~ "w..)\S' • ~1,Ja
lI.. v ~..
wL,.. J ~_J ~\iLi>1 ~ •

!l~:UjL.. (.f' ~ ~ • "';"!.) ~~ ~l; ~~I ~ J}J1i dJ1,§

".lA J~ ~J o~1 ~J::o:.lIJ ~I iflf)'l ~1.:itAW t. J
j,))J,)1 ~~ lr ~ ojtJl uL.~1 Uf~J ~ ~'J'L.~I
~~ !lJ~ ;ur~~i l:.A ~ ~ ~ vO.,· ~ J,:;_,:.;
J~I
• ~1
,..,J ....~ ... J J',)J IJ,)I 4.l.f~ ~It. ... ,ul.. y fo
l...:..., .. . ~ ".J
.. ~l.:::..1
';rjl :t:.~1-'-!.-b:) lr JS1;t".:.1l jjfjl -'-!.~ ~T -bot ~.)I IjlJ
';J_,...:ll ~WI ~'.J~I ~~i ciJ""uJ . I~ pi '.i. ..)Lf
Cf. P.A. Witty and H.C. Lehmann/cAn Inr,rprltation of tM Herldit4I'JI (\)
Background of Two Groups of Mental Deviatea"~ A""rica,. Journal oj Sociology
XXXIV (I928)~28. See also by the same luthOrs. erThe Dogma and Biol01Y
of H1lJIW1 Inberltence", idib •• XXV (1930), 548 S63. w

: J~ ~ Scheinfeld, loc. cit. ~~ ~Jt 4J..Wt o,u C'\')

There was a BoatoDeae
Who searched out pedigrees
Which she stored in the middle of her forehead;
And when they were very, very lood,
And when they were bad - they were horrid.

'..t..:- ~I \'1 J~ \'J oJ&' ~ \' ¢\'~\ ~ c.-~I 0' c..S1 )

~,;11 _ • ( .)\_;YI iJA I~ ):I.S.))' ",t

\AY
t.:,.. £; ~t lot , ~~I ~L.'.).) rf ~ ~ ;;'4.:.~~~~I O~ .

• 0) ~bJl ~_,JI J r~~J! U;~~ ~IJ."JI A'1; ~ ~.).

: 0 le:i~'»~' ~J~'~ : .a~~,« ~» asv..,s'
~IJ)' ~ f'~' ~\A:j~ ~\,I~ ~~ ~I ':"'JbJlo..\,r. t?.i
~~ 1..\>1" ~~ ~I ~J.I..'J 41 ~T ()A r)fo! ~.i"J . 4""."J
§ ~La> ~IS" \lJ . ~I.)}I ~ur)J~,y .f-'}I ~~I t.SJ..J'
;, oA;... .::-dJ - ~\;.o ~ ~ ~I ~~)'I ; f jlJ :.·...'11)4,
UA;.)l.4. it:; uAl;." .i &)t J+-II tY r)1.i - ~ o~1 j ~I.
- (~JJ (i~ WI; ~ ~I_;ll II~ e cilj" . ~1)aJ1 ~.
r..6d . b.6c;;ST _'01.~\.:J1",L'11
..L"J-' ,;r. 1.1,.. . IIbt. r)l 4..i.. ~':I W
~\.,;:JI ~~ loJk .)~ ~L. ~ cSl t_JJ ~T~ LfJJ . rJ4T
•JL4;..':J 1Jt L~I ~ ~cS) cS..\JI-~1 ,,' ~IJ)I ~1S1,.1>"" -
;II} j,~1 ,()".# ~~4 JJb. ~\,jJ1..k,I?1 l.a ..ljlJ
~·..~dl ii~l4IlJ . o~1 jAl_,JIJ UIJJIJ.lyJl 4.;."... ~ ~-

, ll~J ~I JoWl JI ~~.)I ~. (j ~ ~I JJ.,AII ~i lao

~ ul:i ~ JJ~ r.P~. ~t~ ut:-:JI JL».I r)i.clJj ~1'"
•.iAJ c:;--;.
~". 'l:.ilJ:;".,r..r~. u--:.
L ~I_". W ~
.. JI,po, ~. .i 1.- •
loP"J J.. r
£

~ ,;r ~j4 JI ~~4.,,1, ~I J..~ JI JJ.;JI e.-.I.. r)T uJ)J"

~ .)~I •~ Y' ~".LuJ 'J .f ~J • Osborn, cp, cit.) pp. 47-48 (')
~ ~ !)i ~~'.I1 jj~1 ~ J..\.i I~I B : ~ La ;;_I~ t ~IJ.,ll
~'91 ~ W" ~l! ~ ~P." 4J)I.....J ~I ~.,)Wl 1..lA0U u,~
c • 4J.iJ1 .~, J~
&.f:"J.. ~, ",",Y.J::"""_,...JI )J-u' J J.; ~'JI., . ~ ~~., ~1))1

? ~I I~ J&. ~J~
'L;,\;.. L.~II.JP.'-''7~'1~ JIJ-fII.lA ~ d!J.,T
1J!~l Lt,..AJ1
dll 4.l!...~1-,l ~'16J1 GUt JI - ~I).,JI d ~I ~I ~I~ .i:..
.ir o..l..>IJ , ~ , I.lt J&- ~ .,J.J:d1 ~IJ_,JI JI ~ ~ ~i ~
&..\..t ~~ :t.:..; ~ ~ 1.;'.W' u\'~1 o.a ~~ cU~J. ~L!; ~~
. ~i ~I)_,JI C}"- JI:l4J ' ~I ~1 J..k ~ ~jJl )-,~I
tl)~1 U!,.iU1 « ~I » ~i_,:J1 (16,.. J J..iI4 WL. t.:,_,AIIJ
..:J\r..r4) \ o~ d'~ ()A J.,i ~'pl;o. ~\S'"J .~ ~ :i. 4H~ r:r
QJ j .rr" t:,..
.... .1
.., Y.J:. WbN.r-
t:.: f.)"
L..T ~
1e-, I!l1~J ) ~ 'lil' ~IIJoJ'
I.,)JU JI.'>

.~ J;_pJ... ~Ui U" ~i,,:J1 ~ L. c.>~i .J.i., (~\) ~ ~bJ\

41))1 ~ ('_;;; (.S.lJ1~)I JJ...\JI J~ ~\,)..r..0i JI ;~~ L..iJ>
.6~ ,y ~~4 J_,b._, . r» JJ)J ~L$ t)A U"'l:J1 ~ L. ~IJ.>I J
J.J ~t '.11 I . I~. ~T
n£ ....
.. J" ~•• L:.
rt j -\,..s. L:I •
Jl4bf dJb.. 1
.J-J.. . L'y ~

.J J.e~1 ~~ ~~I &)\"",,;)1&)I.,'v.. WCI ~ ;..b.IJ ~ J

'I_JJ wi
M
".J¥'
\;AT L. ~ .. c.u.E~ (S"""II ~b•~,.r,: • r -t c)t
-~ -II I I.ij-. a- cr--'

'~~'UA
.:c..... :~ ~J , .l.:..:
V.. If.
I..t .......... ["-
.J,~·.'fl . ~laJ' . ~laJ~'
r- .ii"d~:;· . - ,
~I a>tl ~.".....)~ ~~l..M-'1IJ &)~).hJIJ ~.e-)~IJ

';~~I wi _,!.-1 I J ~~\:ll tl.b.:...vlJ, i'_,:U ~_,uIJ ~l.!:JI

~ ~ ~ ()A ~J~I V!..i•.!~1~T~I ~ IJ~ .:,t

!!. Galton, InquirillS into th, Human Fatulty and Its DftJ,lopml1lt (London, (\)
1883). Sec G.C. SchweaiDget, H",dity and Bnu{ronm"'~ (New York. :1:933),
.,p. :1:75-231,for a review of the series of reaeuches initiated by Galton.
4JA e--' .MJJ • o..b-IJ 4.! ,y cY..)~1 ~I ~i_,:J1 ~J'

~L.!r pt ~J ~~.:,,~ ~Ip'. ~t.,,:J1 ~t oJ)11)_,..~)

~ ~I.i Ci' 4iIJ , ~T_,:II J!. ~; ..:;,"II ..\.:&. ~~ ()A ~ ~

w.foJ ~J\Z';s1 ~I ~'.J::JI~ ~I ~ ~I ~WJI

~ ~L!SI JI ~.)f ~~~I oJ....:r ~J . U!."p-~I~f_,:J1 o-

4),:".:11~ t__,_; ~)..\J, La.. ~IJ J4al1J J.OI ~L!:JI u\'1>

~I ~j)J' Come:!y of Errors ..11>)11;~ ~4 :liJ,.,J.1 ~~~l

.m ~I)jl A~ (J)) I~II~ ~ ~I';';'t; ~l JI ~l:J1 ~

~l i'_;:l' ~~ ~'J ~~~I ~..b-t ~Li ,..lGi' I.. §LJ

~~I ~I~ ~.:.":,, .~ .l;.\i ':l , L.... ~ ..:...r ~I ( t.~ ."i).
~II ;...u~:i....J&.
r.Y'• .f"" ~ H
~I.aw.. 0.t.!""..,.-
. ~I ul,' II J~_.T:" T ..\iJ . ..b.1.J',11

~ LS ~IJ ~;JI # ~J~ ~J_;' , eli}1 ~ ~,

~L..iJ) ul::l..Jl 0.lJ:. J) J ~J;.:...,I-, . :UJ.: ¥~ ':/1 uU~JI'
.:&.. ~IJ r.IS".lIIU!.~J~~IJJ)U ~.lJlIJ..I_,JI~ ~I.
~ (J1~J.) o~~IJ (1.,,:11 ~ ~) ~Ji u~J cJJ.lJ ~J'
~
~LIJ..u1 .~ ~,y._fj ~i~ ':lJ . ~ ~I.JI JJ.;411 ~ cr 1.lJ:..
,·J.lJ1',OJVH)""""'"
v.. ., .. II .U~I J\AL,\t1 ~
0 ...
~I :i..l ",'''0 J!.)_lA;j~
"

~ ~)4 ' Jl;1.~1 .':J~ ~ .jl ~J .ill . ~.Y...) JT ~ Jjj

~L!:lI4.IJ) ~_;:.!.ll ~1)_,JlI)1J 0-'.>1."

~;' ..! ()A r";I..wI,

: t.~ _,1.\ I..u.~ ~.u.J' oL.....IJ.u1 v- <')

B.L. Thomdike, MtllnnmldHf Dj Twins(New York, 1905) and BducationalP~cho-
logy (New York, 1914), Vol. III ; A. Gesell, cfMcnw and Physical Correspon-
dence in Twin.", Pl1J1UlarScie,," MOllthly, XIV (1922), 3OS-331~ 4IS-428;
N.D.M. Hinch, TTllins (Cambrldac, Masl., 1930).
• ";~I ~ ).)UI o..u. ~ jl:,.i_,
~\...;JI J lli~ ~~ ~J~ (~~."J' ~ ~ ~UJ' ~I ":I
• <\> (.I)\J ~:'Q~I J ~~I Js.J . ~'J ~L..:::JI

.4:1,))1 J.J--> )JJj ~I c,~~1 ~.1A o- ~ .. CIt I~LA~~IJ

.r~ ~WI cY..~ o- %~TlJA ~~J~.)l~ I.. ).fJ \jl? ~IJ

.JI ,~\ i'~'~ ~."AJ' ~I ~.P.-J t;.?-~).)i ~J

,~~Ul w~IJI Y.r.--~) ~t~. clJ.lS', !l~t ~I..r.:-t

'~~ 'J oL..Ai ~)I .)i JI ~ ~t ~ )~.J ) ~ ~~IJ 0.)'1)1
,~I f'_,:j'~ UlAJl J.J)Jli GU~eJ . (SJI~ W\.~~~
(..4b-~,i~.lI1\..J . ;~".IIJt? ~ ~ t;J)' 4t) lS, ~
,1# ~ :us-J'C'" ;It? 4,p•..'I-, ~I)_,JI A'Cl ~I J.:~l4l.I~~
~ ~,1 .. :.~.1L. J) .ji J~)) : J~;\ ci)1 ~ ~1~11.:u. J
"t ) L...
1,11~\} ~ ~ 'O.p ~~ .. ~.J!. ~t_,:ll 0L.1)-Ul
§~~ U ~Pl~1 :ttr-o ~ • e•.:' , wI;;' ~ (~IJ)'
. co r ~J ;p , rl&. ,.;- L5~ ~W~, o~ J t....:...
~li
~
'-..... l:.A : aLAi!' oU~
• ';'A~" ii~·:;:;';'~W1 o~~• _ "
,.--.,r.

.:$1;;1\" ~\.))\ J.?"·o,)~ ~ ~jJl J~ b...P_""J~1 J..b.)T

..:;....;~ I f'~ I ~ I),) 4.":: J.._,L. I.)A j .i:... ~L..W I I...i?-I ..ill
~• lI.l J ~..? , IJ"..
"11illAll ~~~I• ~
... c.r-'
~IJ • ~L:.. ~
...
&)1 ~ .~~I ~ t ~ , :lbi u ~.u , f'.,:lJ ~,)) .:.,)16. J&-
.uiJ ~.r ' \- \."L;';;; ~ l.JA ~1.p4 ~I ,.:.A..... I;..\.lI <'>
: d'l C?:J.' ..; ~
RD. Carter in Int,lligrnu: ]u Nature and Nurhlre, Vol. l. Chap. VIn.
: )&;1 , .)~,) oJ""'J W cJ.?,.)_,J_,l.1 ~4 ~ ~J .
'W.B. Blatz and others. Collsctfd StudilS on th. Diann, Quintupl.1I (TOlOnto, 1937).
Carter, op. cit.. p. 248• (">
 , ~L..~ : J •~ ,jA J) rli ~} ~ ~J • (\> :t-.l> ~_,G-
, .r:J:;J.JA . ( • !lJ , """_,J ~I , ~4).~. U J , u'!'") ..,,~n
.::-r ~..iJ1~I il_,:jl ~ ~Jj _,.:.&, ~ LI)~ , J~ \11 (y)

~I_,:JI ~ II~ j;!...W1 ,,'1";' tSr.-tJ . ~ JL-. j ~.'"

"r
"t::'1JJ.J1~~~~,jA , ~. a~I-, J;..JlJ ~I J JJ} cJ-
rillr_MIl •
I)A L>'
• J) ."L~
L.I_--;
:ta.:.:.tl ..;:..1; WI :.u .:..~J li. IJ~
...~;;
lS"
f.{e :-'j ~
v....~ )1 ~-"f! \.J.
';'~I \-
".J..ul:i, ...... b.Jj ~JI. ~IJ
..
oW~I.
•

~1~ll.a c- ~_,!>L:JII. QI~I t?1 i\::J'..::.Jl)" . l... ~

~ o~~ Ii,,) ,~ .It ~ ~J •~ ~ ,pJ 0J.k.. J.eL!Jl!
I~J ~Ii' ~ ~j 1_;Ll;~J.J' 6~~1 (',.,:JI ~ tlj"il
,~~ •••
, .)Ali ~ ~.r"o: n.~1 um1I~1 ~t ~~J
L. IJ'1:t:i...
..• ~ ~l:; Ji
~.: o.;",.:J1~tA.w, ~TJ t..r ~l......> ;s1 ~I ~1)t.tIJ JL.t.'11 ~TJ
~b.. ;~ ~, ~l ~ J.tJ . ,;"it.;1 lA~1:J ~ ~ ~, ~
. ~}:ll ~J J;- ~L!:.. ~ ~I.)..u UC" ~ ~ ~ ~1.
~Y'~~ ~L....Ji j ~ ~tf u~6J16.iJ. ~ L...;. ~i~
"u' ~ Wu...f' '" _,:.; I.::i ~.iJ illS'~I ~ ~t ~ J , U;~ .
..r-"J ~_.I:' ~o..\.l~
.:..1-' _~.r.e • t ~6at .t ~ "t; L ~
..... ,. if ~~I s
J ~ 'YS "".'>->~
I ". ,~jJl~UI,~
... 1.,.1
~W •
~i ~.J._~J' 0~ 'C-jl.
:t:_,...:,
.;.I 1.iJ..
_;-'91 ;,r 4Nt J) ~ ~ ~'.,; ;.r ~..u L\),) ~u... <\)
: ~ rIJ ~.>:-"t \r-" ~ ~",
Rl. Mpller, "Mental Traits IUld HereditY·, Th4 Journal of HII'Idity, XVI
I92')J 433-448).
~ ~ (:1)"J4 ~ ~\ .).Mh ~l t.,..I;..ul o..l. ~~ J

~~'JI ~ ~\.o... ~ e.)l1,~J • :;'°",'4 ~I A: 1J4i~\ t._":';-

: )&i' I o,:,..bJ.I~lo.:Jl .~ J!t J.-i ~ ~IJ I t."";').1 ~ 6..b- ~h
CartetJ op. cit., pp. 248-lSI.
TIIIin.t:~ Stvdy of H"ulity ""Il Bnwonmlt't (Chicaao: The UDivemty (T)
of Cbicaao Preas, J937).
_,.!&- c)A ;s1 L LIJ..I.1I A~ ~l::i ~~ J ~~;l.1 e)lS' j »
~WI ~(f:.11 JL.l J> JI I~ ~T.J J.~4 I..,A:)I ~ ~I.,,:-
,~~.;ll §L!ll c)A..r.:!~.r.J d> Jt, ~IJ :t:IJj~LbJl
~i r~1 ~f •.: 4; ~LC '~I_'_' ~ ;~Ii JII_,.d.J!. ~t,)~
.~. bU ~l... J.;th..ld ~J-)l1 ~~
LJ$" ct d..LG.:.t1 I_"'~
,~I J..lyJl cit; , ~I_' ~I)jl JolyJ 4.!)' wlstl.,::J~'J~~n
.~t~ J,;>-:"ll o- ~IJ - ~j;n ~IS', ,)'j~1_,.J l.....)~
CiT ~ UIJ •. ~) ~ ~~ c.?'- Jt ,4_ v})1 §LW1 rl&.
.~ L.. ~~ ~I 41'; J;- ~ .U".Ja J~_'.I. ~I). ~;s1
• (\) «. ~ ~t ~ ..t d.:...J1 ,._j,._':'_._.j' <I
... c=-- J~
-'I

.r.r·.·fl ~...r-'..
t!"1 w,·L,rt ~ ~ _,..., I~.
1I:~;.'1 U-- "II
(.S'"
~~':l\i
•
~.)I J

.~)I~ U4; LS , ~IJ)I _r;'!:J ~'4" oJ~1\c.)"l:i 01G1 u&'~

,~ 4c_~l.)~ ~l,S ~IJ_,u ~) ).J') cSt ~;- tS?-t~)l ~t ()A
.JI).. '1_, . ~L.;~\ ryl.J .)\)~I ~ ~ ;W:l4J1 J.J_;JI.~~ c!U~J
« ~ "'q»
'J'
r~I.r-AI 4J~ J ir"
.. <\it J~.. ~l:itl .'1 t'"Jk, ~lb:.:...1
J.J'
J
J ~";~':JI clI~ ~.-' . ~I)_' rJ_') ~y r.:,t ~I c)A

.u=J' ~~I UJ)i14 4? JJ_;JI § I~.I.. ~t 4,1 :L.IJ.)

.~ ..b.IJ ~~ cr ~ c.>t ~~I ~~':ll ~;- ':}_,- ~~
.~ ~I .cllr ;weI ~ 4..-bJl ~r,:J1 ~15' ~JJ • Jb. §

.R.S. Woodworth, HB"clitjl and Bmnronm.nt, Social Science Research Council

.Bulletin No. 41 New York, 1941). pp. ~I-32;.'
 1~t;. '~l::~ ~~ uJ) J ~.JJ.JA.L ~I ~i_,:JI~.i
J..l.i 1)1 JT , ~}I ~~ J J l!1IJ~_,.t ~ J Wa..bt <i.J
~i Jl:--l5' ..b. ;;~I c)A ~ (JA ~1l.A.J.>~
I~I _,i , JjJLA
u~ u-> J IJ~:"t :".?,_' JT J'J/oS lM lJ...\1J o~t ~
~ J a~i ~i ~ ~':/bJl o.,i,. ~ ~ , I~ \;*>1 ~

bL:::.....'-~ ~.iJb. ~t ~ J_,iiJ1 c)AJ • ~Ii ~lA~ ~~ J~'

L:...s:.j t.J-! \...~T - 41:.:J1 J~I J ~~.i o- r~ L. J'
.}lyJl &)A o~ ~l:-- JI olJUI r..u ~ ~ J..k 4~~1~t, I.i..
. ~}La...,J.:;cjJ l;~ ~~~I JP <.?'
~J!'I" ~ ...~j ~1 JW,~I~ ~WI ~~~, - If
. .....&., ul... ~ ~,.~
V~
~~)JI~
U ....
t.;;..T o,l.,.J:
..... lu 1fI.M...·t!i

~ ().JD ~I J!):t
u~6J1 :i.....1),) ao ~I J> J' (.5.)}. ~T
.
,)AJ
. ci·W\fl ~.. "1 ~- r .
~IJ.I\~l!11 crI£WI. ~J;a ~\ J..:J'-'I 'J ~1...
• 4.J=:-_"I ~ I)A ~~'_' ~ J ~b)~ &)t, ~tJ LS'~'
UI.. JJ J ~ T·ao Jl4l"i t.J.. ~.. .. <f""II CUi f.:s. n. ~t .J
. J;aJ 6 lZ ~l!...J1
I·~ ,. ~.r :bk.::..,.,d
.. ) ~ II dJ ~. .:LII Jt ~L;)I I)A.)
; ..J"-:-' . . L ,~
~ :.I~J , o~'J' I.i.t. j ~~I ,y .)~ ~..r.-t "uJ • (\) ~'~i
.~lA.~ WaJ' (")~~I J..~ ($J.... ~ 4ba...:,i ~ r.A I+..e ~~I Jt
. I';s
'"
It)b>1~I:i... ~ .
,jA

~~ I5JW ~)~ Qy'£ 4,)1 JA1. § ~. ~I a..u. J.t. c.} <')

~;1' - . ~ '-t.._J..YI JU1, ~I &- Jl
,~ Ji .-;.A:OII-4} !.S~'JI J.-~'_r:.; ..c.£ "~'\ ~ ~ 1St (">
~;11 - • ~t· .Wi 4..wJI .,L.
EarHer studies by F.N. Freeman, K.J. HolzingerJ and B.C. Mitchell and by
B.S. Barks, referred to in the t=t... are reported hl The Twenty-seventh Year-
book of the Nation S09ety for the Study o~Education (Bloomington" Ill, I~18).
These and more recent studies by A.M. Leahy; by. H.M. Skc:c:la'
and M. S~dak
of the famous Univc.nityof Iowa inVClltiiatiOD,8.
and by various others are ana-
lyZed by F.L qoodnoughc in Int,UiJence: Its Nature and Nurturl. I. pp. 33I-3~
. .
'and by Woodworth, op., cit•• pp. 33'"70.
~ .l:... .::.-):> ~~ ,U".~ W~I ~i Jjj J\!tl ~ ~J

~ L.!j4 ~\iJ ~.r' ~-' ~I JLiJ.,~1~ ~L!.:JI cU~ ~I.f-

~ ~i t.S,;.' ;;.r' clJ~ 4J_,k.. , ~1 ~41_' ~;..T J~t~.
~t ~~ ~ JI ~1)1 J ~J ~-' • 4'~1-, ~I))I~I~~

. ~..b.::ll J.;. ~1I.\ J 'v ~·.:.'I-,j.A. JI$"" &J\) 4.t1)jl ~

~I• L ~t• II-(f'LbJl "'&':)1
r tJ' L...T ~..I,., U~ '11 ~,. .. o.u..:.-:.
.. .J.
~')~'J~ ~ ~ ~ ~IJ . L.:.::.. ti.J*A §-; 4:1).,J~ Jl4b~1
.L ~ ~ ~ ~T~ <!l:NL...J . :i._.1.)..\J1o~ j ~I
~ I J l ~)aAJ\ ; .)".lAJ\ <.)A c.SlJ ~ ~. \i. ,j&- JJ~I ~}J l'

J Jyl if ~~~J . ( « t~ » O"~ ~ ~ t...;i r _,l...._, )

~l:J I ~LJ':II ;\..:> ~ c.S_,:lli j&-l4:11J4~.::'1.J.A.,.;' ~),) :L.1)J.lI 1I.i..
4.:., \.;. ..j ~I :tlf\; :;»»
... v--- ... L'll ~~j~...
,~I J ;p:il u_, _rut:ItJ
~t LS ' ,.l)~I ~ JL:=>I J 4Ju; ". ~ ~ .J.i LAJ_,..a:; :y_r..
L,)A )J.AI\ I~ ~ ~1 o.:u. ~ ..u t~1 \.l. UA ~ i.J...J
, ~.r~1 ~).I o~JI JUJ J>.I:> J ~)~ '11 o.l". L.J ' ..h.ij~
~t ..:...\la:....,1 &)~I~ c.S~ , ~ « iy.J » J «: J.49f J) ~ ~J'

J.f Jl..::>.':II ~J J&- y. " ~I)__,.uJ,.L!JI ~I &)t » ~

1 « (fill J A. Jt yo jJI~
&J~) .~..J ~L..y. ~)I ~ JIJ> c.Sr.' ~\Ar ~ jJ
4» J I..:> J~ ~I ~ ulL,,~'c.P Jd..ul rli o.;:f. ~IJ
, ;-",11.j". J ~y..i.. U!_.iJl JW,~I ~ ~ ~I ~I ; .)~\
.,b.~ .pl ;~\ ~I J I~i ~.l.J1J\4k~1~, ,j&- ciJ.AS'_,
\~, ~-iJ1 ~I}t yJ J;- JAWI ~_,.J .>Ij ~WI ~I ~~
u=J'~I}t :i~~1 .~ ~f 4l!.\J~ J';J . o;..i:.. I:r J ~I ~
jJb;J'..b- JI ~),JjJ JU1~I!.I.,L~ JI ~,)t ~II~ ~
~_,....()"Lt ~ ilAJ' ~I J&- I,)~I b~ &)l P. ~l) ~
.:,,1 ~ .~ o..L!J. u
u-"II ~~I:.:.:JI A~J • ...Jl)')J
d~
r:
~~1
r-'
··~t•
\J

~I ~..b-~I uL..I)"u1 j.,Ai L:.....~ J .lA;;':J lJl!..tJ ~ -P.:. W~I

_;51.ji ~ a;J..J , (\) ~)I I~'T d...o~ j ~ ook J~ ~?'t
~~I u_.e J.f .:J~ J I~J , i.t:.f.P .;:f ~;n, )\4b \0. VA
,~l)jJl j ~JJ,)~I)~)' 0'~ Ijl5"J' )~ c.... W"'" j~.J
Ji ~
.~~
:_'1 ~. 'lsi ~l)l',;r ~L. ..r-c.:ro~.
_L. • .. ~ ~I:J. 0) lb

J~ ~ J~I wGT (... t.1~ LoJ ~~~I .~J • ~_,J.J::1'

~ ~~I pi~ O.)~ r~ ~ LS ~\).lJ1~t ) JI ~ ~l
~ ~ ~ 1::-11).,.........
. -::11 ~._ 0iJ «)W.. \:.,
(r.. ~,lS' \.... , d.!...J1
_. ul.P:I H

JS1 J ~ ~.YN ci'l (;JJ4 ~\)I J ~ ~)~ ,-:,l;-~ ~

.!..~,J _!Ill; P. w~ii ~ o~ljl ~I • .:u.J . (\') .j~~1

~T JUJ.,~I~)'~ tJA \" .)i ~ ~ r\!U1 dl.i IAJ I~'T ~~

, V\ O)"u ~\.).) ~ L~ jAJl ~~ ~t ~4.tT ~
'W
•,
.1.......J"'A ~.J!>
. \t. JI ~WtAiI
..\.N , ... .... u
• r.J"-;J DA ~
j 1~.:1. ..u
'~J~\t. ~ ~.,\j ~\lI..L_,:l1 I..u..jlS'~IJ ) \'" b)"u ,.If;
'('.AJlr~
: ~ ~ 1oS..iJ1~ • r. it> ..:JL...\;..ul 1I,u, ~ rl.i (\)
IntsUig8l1ce: Itt Nature and Nurmrs, II" Chap. XX
: ~,;. , .:!h.l_,.(..... t J
,Children in Fosler Hom,s: A Study of Mental DtIfJ,zopmmt {Iowa City, 1939).
For ,athorough but less environmentallyfocused study of'the same prob1em~see
,A.M. Leahy~ "Nature-Nunure and Intelligence", Gm,tic Pzychokgical Mono~
graphs, XVII (1935), 235-308.
Skeels, op. cit" p. 305 (")

,~\
- 4~".'1 ;;)--U ~ « ~lA.r,11 » I.l. c-1J Jlhi ~ ~~i ~J
ol)~1 L.J, ~I ~""'~ J1 ~~.L...;s1 ~~I:r c,..4>J"

~~ o- I.:...i il:.:J' ,,~ j\j cll~§C::J . )~ !)A ~I [f·..

·
)..bJ1 JJJ . ~ ~ ~~.A! ~I cSJ~·\rl il:.:J' ~ t.:...;)L....
ctI..iS !ll:J._, . ~~ •. JI L~\s.'I.J' 1::"':
t)A V-- I...~ Wui b. cS)J..,r-:'.
H

J~_,JI J~ ~ ~.)_;JI dslJJI ~ ~ J;';U ~ '1 L.... ~

~~Iu=J1 i\:.:.:.J' "J.,. ~ ~ wI; , ~I ~~ J...a:i .:..~ JI,
~IJ.,J!J, Wb o~J WI.);Jk.,. SJI 01. I~'f 4.-~ ~~t ~

~~~I 0).).,. J!-- jli cS,;..1 ~ u_rU ~i ;_f-.,_ '1

UAJ • :t...1r ~ ~
~ _; ~'.J ~J~ J.ji !lJ,jJ ~i J Ji\ll ~ l;~W , lw::I' )L!11
. ~IJ)J "'P.-j ~ ~ ~ L. ,4:A':/1 U--;·_.1I.

cl..! '1J \.:.il : 4i~:.:"J~'JY~ 4ila:11 ac....,~ .J UUr,J'J 4:'1~1

~c.;\ ou·c:rJ .:c1,\;. 4.C....l ~" . .J' u- I,.. b
)~ T 1~1~.lp.. ...
M
cr:
:i.:...J1 '.II t'.J-If'.,... c..i ~ • .",. .)t c..--;;--
... J ~I ) J' ~ ut cr:
. \!~ ..\J L. ~b.J',
§ ~I I{ ? I_".;t- ;S'\'1,,1 ~t _;.)~I 4' » : J_;; ~~ , i~ ~ ~
~I~I \::~'1J
iJJ.r# ir: . \.....~ -....
~ ~..... ;;WI .. I J.:.
..rY'!)A
;; _.lli-
J

~
i l...a\.,b.~ ~ '1 r.!.UJSJ • ~,;... ~~ ;;JJ_"';' 4.f' ~ ~~
4-tj~ ~I ~I '1 .l,b:jlJ . Ua..b.J
.Y' :iJ..L~~1I J~' .)i ,,1 ~
(.
l:;"
J cS? l
·lll
c: u-:. l.......
1._. . ,<
LY _, ~
I A_! '·II.::",:/bJl.
IS' (JA
~l>
"'"
,< J
"~J . al..L. ~ jT ~ '1 ~j J~ J ~I_,.... _,i ~6J1 1I..iJ.
~.". ~ L.W' j~_,la.:; ~~ ~ ~l ~I ~ J~ ~l:-ty~
~)~~
§? ~L:JI oJ.. ,;rJ . ~IIJ ~I)_,JI J..I"" :.r ..b-I_,
,,,y
 t L. (A,_.r.l. ~
(_)I)"
0 :WWI
.. ~ r..Y" ~ 0',
aH, , ~~• J
" .. LS Ja....
~ ~IJ.> 'J t... ~ ~')t ~)l.k .!ll.:.. jl) ~J • (_)_;.i 4.:.,._
. ;..'11o- ~i pi ,k d.:;-Y, ~.' J ~ ~.t~I ~,~
~lj)W1 JAJ ? ;;~I Jii.,J ...1.,.11~ o.)JrP ;s1 )l.!.. rWJI ~
•. ":'-ll ...,...-
? c-;- ,,1.:.-' ~ .oj L1" \:11 ~ 0 ~
.. J.110_;=:-._rJ~<T c.)" l:J1:tIJ
•
......~
L....i
..
UlAl~

J~ U-- ~ L... ~i Jii Ji;.n ~I Jr- UJ_til1 .)~1 ~_,

~ (_).lll~I ~i ~1 j ? ~_;JI ~ Lo ~~ ~ ¥
AlA c:r- ..b.IJ'11~ L. ,4,1 <c ..\...D » ~I)_,rl ~~ ~..,~I ~I
. ~IJ~ i...w ~ ~~'JI~. '1 ~I JfL...b
§ J&- ~ - ~; r.J1~~I .;..1 ~ ..,1 - 4:1))1 ~I

e'JI j J-i '1 ~J' ;I~I ~ ..)1 ~ ..~I ~1.)1~'11

~i \:J ~ (_).)JI JIJ-II t) ~.)I y. W . 41u,,); ~~ ~ \'1

~t ~ '1 cUI? ~ ~~ \'1 I,jtGl J ~.A.~T Jo~ (_).liIJ ~ y

~ -'! ~WI <)!h c:r (_)~ ..:;.UJI~4 ~ ')t1J.. ~I jA
.. ~."J~I u-- J(J ;d~'1.) wlj ~i .!l~ ~T -,i- . ,~
, 4.:-..
..
~tA....:,..
~.)_" ~
- ....
~
.. ~ .t .
tjt' .r Y.:':'
r \,;
• u=:- .r-' ~ .."
_,......
-'
J ~\ JP.-J O"l)I ~J ~I if~ tl..:=:-IJ' J)_;~' ~I ~jS
l?Y )."..t ~J ,clJ.) ~L!. L.J (\) ~I ['jell" '-bIJ ~~
clJ..\S'J . ~I))I \j~ j ~,y- ~ ~ ~ JoI-,," .),P.--'
uJ~1 ~. W .~~, wbl~1
V r-- ~
.~ .. "II ~ tr~
<.r ~ "~
M

Lot , cflr~1 ~ Ai:U J.:.. ~ J~. 0iS" , :t-M.u ~_,;.ll

4.' J c.rlj\ &)A or_; u~ 4~ )t!.. ~. ~ ~ .l,~
.._,...J~
ul~l<.)A Of)\ ~;b
. tJ""II 4A,)J~
... clJ.l5'J 0
~ .ki "114...W~
.. (f'
.JI ~I&I o~ I~IJT ,
l_,lA:il ~ ~ J>b ~I)~ ~..b:i <.ill

~I ~IJ)I )~Lu ~lS" 4,.1)!..r,4il cr ~4- ~t jl; . ($_;..t ~

UIluI·
.. .. r:r JiM'j lA~ ~l!:..
..t. ~~ ~~ L
~ 1-
~ _t!~ L._
~ ••
'-'J
~1

~ ~i e)1 ~ y, . ~l-!11 ~rt JI 1J.:J.i..1Jt ~\i--,=,1Jt

, ;;~I ~L..,t" <...Ail)l" ~4J1 ~bWI ~ ..r,;.::; ~I ~)JI
JI J..-JI t'; J ~~I ...bWIJ ~~LA:i':J\ JIJ>~I _,;.; JI ~ ~1
Jli:;\fl ~
1_ ...:' ~
.~(.S"'
.. "'I t.A.Jj1
.. "
• .:r..o~~:u:..l b..u
_J
.~.) fo.•
.)I~~I c...U1_,..J J:dU (.)A J~ ~ , ~4J 0__'}11 JI pll c:r
~" "J
\; 4.1!..l iJJij ~T c::--
.~ \.:.it LS . c....tl .e «: ':"~~I• J
.. L.;I""""-'__,
~ ~J..L> s _r.J ~\ ;;~I ~ua.. ~ 4.:4..' d' t.J _,.a:> \f

..)bJ W~;;
....J.,r-'.. ..!.._:I\ ~~~I uJ u
.il:L.WIj. ~I....r_ J ~I
~ WI ~}11 J ~ ~~\.....
~t..~1 ~ o~", ~IJ , ilA.:i'lIJ
~U~ ~I ~\GJI J!.}! ~l....\j\ J!} cr ~~ -U , .r!&-
, ~,.,k ~jll+,:k ';:_'r ~I (_.WI ,-:"b'll ~I_, . ~ t)A\!H ~}Jl J

~_,...!JI .;:_,~lJ • o)~1 ~J.,b. ~I US' .;:.,~ ~'~4 ~_,

.::-.;,'
.J Jt ~\.. t.,"..r)
:1\;; ~\~l J
~t..:.I;':il L...L:&. l-t>,)\&.Ur UI"w1
" •

J.:.:- #J ' ~Wl ~6Jl s J ~.J::"'))I ~IG..JI u..:S -UJ • ~

.J oJ::! ~\f~ ';:"1.)~I~ if ~4~1 _,t ~JJ Jt lG_,..t J J~'
..)1,r-iT ~~I ~U;... t.P ~ f}~J . ~.)'}l'\~, ~
~ .;;;~ ~\t ~ ~I~ ~ ~t ~J J ~L;, 4~.:."~~\
~ Ie: ~1... _: ~
J • ~I"t'_'- I':"'b J ~\f..t ~ ~\.P.r
.. t';.1 ~
..Jl ...

. o~I1J ~::I\ ~ :i.;)W1 ~ ~ l;J.&.~ <.).:ul(\:All

,,~I Jt 4:1»)1 ~I ~\) I~I ~ ';:_'I~I o~ 4......1).)l:Jx ':JJ

~~~ ~ J) -l__aj ~i ~ ($.lJI~I,;r l:J..u Ji':/I c? ~J

,~t
J.ltr ~ \..~ 06' I.!.L! ":JJ~~I .~ ~ , ,; £(;.. ~I ~I_'

J.j ~~ ul~ ~t Ji.~,,,UJ~ ~~ I.i~ ~ [_,-it J&. ~..t:--

• o.L>J .u ~I l.a ~ ~i ~ J.WI I.i. J* iJ' ~
cS""? ..r.::-i c;i J ~\i I~ ~I_'~ c;i ~t ~l:.l' .J.,. J Jj;J_,
. ("I
~J
• .......J,J ~WJt· ~ rJ.r'
r .. .i J'
.. ':Il) ~I• .. J ~ U t.J.r ~,~~!a
J.
..a
($.ll\ ~;JJ :t.._,a I ~L:..JI ,y uiJ~ c;..vl~~I ~)I ~i ;(ii_f:J'
~ ~ J) v-}J , :t..L ~T ~I ~ , ~I 1.1..~I ~.7
JI c;~! J.i 4L=- t>: ~l; .J::? c;, ~t; . A..\>~ .r"~1 • .1.

~~ , ~ ~. 'J 1:.i1 ~ • ~J cf L)-4 ~ ~~ ~J J#

~~":JI ~6J1 &).I • ~~I ~ ~I ~t ~':'I!i~" ($')' 1..i".J&-
u'"l:.....J1 _,..a.all I~ ~ ~ ~I tl_;> '11 ~ oJ~1Al1 ~I.,...u
J I~ J!L,.ras- J I~~ ~t .} ":J~J ~I -,,)'; JI ~J';';

~> ()t oJ,;I' ~J.(:J ~~I ~)11 ~\i c!U.lS'", , ~l;-:JI ~

J~) '~I ,p r ~I , ._,4}IJ j~':J1 ~..\i Jl...".lJI rlli.:J~
t....~ 4J..~ s> J}J ~.>lS" j!A ,;~ .1L..."lJ )l.,.;,' IJl!;.
~llaj'Jl ~IJ I_';\5' L. J.'J~J' ~fl J JllIJ ~L:....JI ~~Li 4r'
~~I ~~ ":11c!'."II_, . ~.)lCIJ ~I L.&f~J r:r _;s11~1
~ JJ c;}-;r-~ ~."AII 5~' J.i .~\ ~,)WI ~~ Jt
J~~t~IJA~}UA )I~ c;t~ 'J <p",. ~LCJ' ~';-:r
~ ;;; ~i~. ":J cS.;.l ~b ~_, . c.S~ J' .\5'.:v1 ..1......~ ~,
.::-;, ~I
. r:
t...... l.;,.. ~ L .. ,," 4, ": -tt
Mf' """""' ..~
~l~' J~
JI • .lrL...l
~
. c:-
Js- 'J.,r<W' ..u U"ljl ~ ~l) I.)IJ . ~, o- u~ ~)JI I~
L..la&. ~ ~I J t, J) ~~J"AJIJ> I~ l;J~ ~ , ~,,)60
I.:u. J l:.Il? u.~..JA r--;.J>'
.._('_.t.J Ul4Il· :r.,y- L.:....:- ~i c--
1 -~" r.r-- ~
_;b .ji ~ t:.~l ,> Jd6ai ~l JI L,t> ~ .)_,~ J~I
.uAlI l:. ,,,,~ _,l , ~_, "",:11~J.; ~.iJ1 ~..ul ~I ~~

.o~I~T o- ~I.r' J \.:jlA>1 -,t L::..~ ~;:> _,T ~I L.,L.:,.I Jt

.~i ~ 'J 4:1))1 .)i il:.:J' o-'.A JJt: a..L,.aJt ai~' ~
,:{tI)J~ J;;~'j~~I ..:.14..aJ\ ~ .)1 0 ~ ~ J\W d 'JI J.-r
• ~I ~ t-d_j:j ~L,~ ~ ~~Io~ rJ')11 ~l;1 ,§JJ
~,; :c..olCll ubl~'J1 ~\S" lJ) .ui Ji')ll~1 I~ ~ r..!?.J
-L.->T ~ JJb.J ~i o- 'J~_, 0 ~~J...! ;i·...11JI ~6J1 ~lS'
.r
~ua.... ,:r~.. ,. « ~l::.J1 ~I.. :J s..u.)t ~.r-
'. . ~I ~~
I...'~l-WI

.~ <S~ ~I))I ~ts" I.J) .uT ~_, , I~ LA~..6t

J=ll~I.;n
~ ~ cU:' ~ J 0 ~i J..u=' :>bjl oJ.:! J 0j~ ~~
4~.:;JI :i...,.~
.c.>J:' U-- ,)I}~I Js- 4ili ~ir l.,I ~~ ..u 4,1 J t.i.)iJ JJ)11
,;r~1 ;l1)W ~4 ~~..\II:t.....IJ~I} ~ ,~, ul~I~~1
~l J~ I~ .)IJ ~ ~T.)I . ~ ~~l9)U~bJ, t.J ~~l
.Jl ~ ~i Ji (~I Js- L. el.>S , uJ)iJ1 o- c.J.} ~t ."T ~b..
),1 J1~ ~J 6.....~ ~ c.>:' ~ ~ L.-6.. ~~ .J,j, ~

_~ .)1 r!U:' ~ ,-??,J ~l-> ~ Jit ~ ~ 0 ),)t:Jl J.:lAII J

..L..;'J\
.L.,J r :)1j .'~,..clI.)1..r..
v..
~
~~ wT .r+'
..<t ~\..:::..
.. • ~I ~,... :.;!I;.)
v-

."t ,)~-'J , 4-A1J.ai1 "t d'~ ':/1 .I....\.4:J\) , Jf\;~1 o.aJ • ~1)1
~ '1, d1:' ~ U L.J Jl.w~l d ~I :i$L;J ~I..vl ul~1 ,.Li:>1

..:/' ~l> ~ O),r" W ..:;_p ~J ~."...l l:W.ll:'1 .:fJJ ' t.-~

o
cS..r-0' J :WWI
"
~ (, T.'.u "0 • ~
.. :11
IJr

.'::".l\,)jl ( ~I~I ~J ')~'JI ~~ ) :;,;_,.ol:=J1~l) lJ.)J

~:u.Js-~.').T ~\k:...,II~1 ':/1 '.\+:..>.) ~ ~J ;~.:.11~I~

". ,..,
,dJ..,.;A u~I~1 _;s1 .jw'11~l) 11" . ~Ij~ l.am=.;.jtJ 41
.r"<'fI
~ *. c.;~.j')
• _ ~ ~I
.. UJ...;'1~..\i
M.) JJl> ~ .l.U
~
.ul.il~1 Jl_..., c,)J~ I)" .))il ..\tJ • o~I_;L1~~b. -L..J Gf'~

, ld) .tJ ~~ ~I ,.u. ~.J , ~I)I ~I (f J...a:11~~

.d.b.)1 J)\;_ - ~t IG ~ ~ - tG.,! ~t ~I ~"

JJ~!I ul~1 uAJ ' J(..!:U :i.4l! ~LJ'11 o~1 ~ ~§:; u=J1
.~I ~ L. ~ ~l:S~1clli J o~ Jb [.jf.j eU>" . ..u)1 ~
~~i :JlA ,p r .)1 , ~1 IJ..] ~.j)'J . ,.I_,..JI~ ~ .,1
·4 1Y...i1J1 4'" ~1)_,J1 J..oW 4.b\.:.:l1 ~~I .).)j 0 i , (S..;-->T
. _"~I _;,Il:.i~ J ~~JS" .)~
:;.)'~4 ~ ,:r&J c:--.":JI r.f.)J.i \.:....)La : 'tiJ~" ~1P.J'
~~ . tiL>
.~tjl) ~.). ~ ~.if'".ru M "'I:i; (
(J'" N ••
II...J UI....r:='
~~II (;~ lkIL
•

rt.J1 L"_,JI rll':/I I~ ~ f

~T ~4 JJ6J ':J L:.C." • ~~I
.~, ~ cS..u1)."..ul U;0 ~T ~ WI . l:!1~' ~ (,5.iJ1
.~).,,_,..;JIu~l:=>':J1JI o}.!~1L"" ~~':JI ;~I j ¥1f.:J1
.~~ ~l:>~1 ~T J l:i~Lu ~I L_.f~1 o~1 ~l...:-:JI WA
• ~L.J'lI." l:!1~1
·4LL!.I1L.!...JI -(W I
...'-' ..:.\.>....J..:o.....J
v--- c:::-- ~1: WI
.. ~:...fl .s--
~ ._ ,

.J\'p~1 ,;r l.~J ¥1P.J1 JI.J>)'I ~ r~~Yo ~ ~T .jLJ)U

.~I~I 41 ~." . JW':JI J,WI ~ ~ ~ ~? u='1
. ~\-
.if'.) L.~ ._-
c--- J
.~W':JI ~ • :i....JJ1..w-
-.
"'1 JI p- ~I dlr c.s-
(J'"
I,..

.d')~1~j'p- 4. _.,:;bll ~-';U;.)Lz..." ~j:8 cY ~ L._, rlM

,tl:..lIJ ulll~IJ uli~IJ ~.J.J' .)I)I-"J_,...JIJJ~I-, , ~1:11-,
.J'; J-> u=-'I, ~~':JIJ ~.PJ'-' ~~l:;J1(;~_,cl <s.,Al1~."
.0" ':J_,i~J)'I ~I j)~ r)w':Jl o~ J JJrJ if}JI
~ ~_, •

, ~L-;:>\J (J~I .(" ';11 I .:.._"q .. L.

) if."~J..r~ v::-- c.i...r,;r ~
." ..c..r..I.~ c)"1('"
_ji , ~.;JI~I;j ~ Ji , ~I ,;r if}:JI ~~ ~ 6~ ($.ilif
~I tY' ':lIt) , ~1 ~.; J~I Ji (;&J..ul:i..lilJ J)JI ~l!;~o

LWI ,,:,,1.>\11),WI !l__,L..J1.;A~ It,..1_';J ~~)'I JT ~lJ.1I

c.iJ~ e.-rJ' ~ lA,,~i~LJ"11 J'jl.J...j ~I o~Wl f:IIJ
~~'llj ~)~I_' ~I~' u~1 JI ~t:.CJlI.a J.;..'Y
d'~ ~l ~ "u_, . ~ ~ l#1.i~J ~'Ai; ~ UA
~ &JiJ~ ~I ,41r,1 ;~...II 4;... &J";:::;~I J..oI.,.J1cl1; j~4
e.u, j-'l' ~, ~ ~ ,~ ~LJ~ o~ 'J J-t1."J1 t..a.
• :i.;JlA::..o .::., ~)~ ~ L!.;,

ol.-&' ~w, .r.:' JA'"...s'" ~ o~ ~W, j.G1,,_..s1 - "

~;;.A:-U ~lCiJl J.f J.o\~1 ~ I)A ~J.j ~l ~: o~"
' d'}'11 :b.L._, , ~'J u-!J~ r.i')f..jl :u:)~
Lr ~JJ ~...\..-'
uLb.:..J.I_, ~I ~I) e,).iJ , ~lAi ~J ~..\.all ,)1).1
, tGPI ul~l_' .)~~I_' , J~IJ J~I dJ.lS_, t; ~I.rll
.1';""J ,~~I .::.,\iUJIJ (;u~1 '::"I.)li_, , ).r.JI_,..u1 J"\.l;...J

~i ~\.....i'J1~J • ~~\ '::"lbllJIJ ' [~JIJ,~J , (\) .;hI1

~~I .::.,\~\ l.i , ~I.foJ\ 0';" ~ J 1~ ~ ~~J.Aj ~~_
d .1;..1 ~, ~ JJ.j' ~\.,.!Jli . ~_,l.. J ~ 0'; t)&- uti_':::;
c.P )~\i <!.u.iS"J , ~I ~.l.4i' ~I ~.I)I ~ .!.:4'o· ....-, , ~I~I

lor
I", ..
(,$.JA!. '1 ~ '. 4i'~.•li ~f
.. L J I..
~
'..
_,
..rl· I ,~'1
r.r ?.r' .
~~-~j,~

~~_, [V~,,~ ~\_,..! P..~i~ ~_, (~)I J&- bA-JI

,~WJI J~I 411j1~ c)~1 c.i> ~. r ~J . ~)li e~ ~)J\
~
.,.k;.' ~~,. ~ i ...k:......J '1 oIJ' IS , ~ I') J~ I c.:;.=. 4i i ..;:f.

..bJ"":' _,il_,; c: _;k1.1...b\i...1 ~ o~":I\ .::.tl_,:...JI ~ rLJI & (')

• ~I o.,l.. rSW ~
y. ,
J.r-'
.L -("'II ~1:.·· .•
- -II J.. .:;t..L(J1 V-,.;t"'-'
I::: J u.S
•.
u..r ~ J ~Wl
J:dU J...J ~ ~ ~J • ~'.l':J ~.;-1I;_,A1l 1)-l.A... ~ ~ r..4J
...b."
. YJ
• <") ~ 'I -iI~
.r: J .r' ..u.S u ~
~"..ru.. J WI J J-4I.
t,J ~Li~I ~.A:-JY:r. ""La> I rf-.: t5_;..t ~ I~ J..1.J"!Jl:A
~i J . ~• ""I~~ u.::.C.
..... fl. ,~ I,.,w.c.:r- ~
IJ.. " ~

~J ..~~J' ~.rI1 ~~J c.f'}~I~~~IJ ~I~I ~jy

,:Wl!J1
.. . J J ~\..\.I ~~
t):I.,J r... , ~b.b. -L.J r.r"11 ~l;L.:J1. J ~l.il .J::-
- ~II

.ji I~ J) J.t- ~?.J . ~lj~1 ~ ,;.'11 ~I r:r ~J

~J • ~W)ll ~ ~_,..;uJ1o~(r) « ~I :I) ~I_;}I '":"~

~ '
Io.ILa;..h
••
;..u~
M'
wl;J1) JJ Y..t_JJ~)
I ')11' ~ .. ~l (S"".)
I,.. .)li

~6.L..... .!1~ . ~ . .. l~JIL..JJI

J l4.J.... -. J . ·t .
~ ~ "'J '-'.~.~
-~bJl c>- .;f-"J o-b-J~l.J~1 41>.)1 ~~ ;~ ~ 4.-.IJ
wl:.l,.,jl o'uJ . j)IJ Jl:lJIJ ~~IJ ~I., ~I JkW' , ~
.,;..\JUI :Lt.l.::..
.., '.II ~ ..LLJ.Io..iA
J,y ~l.ii!I...)
..bL.i )fIJI .....\"a
~.)J .A,•

'-:'~ J « ~I rl.rJ1 » .r!' ).-11 .u LiT w-- J) ~~ IS

~IJj ~6.l..A Ji ~j. J 4.-..L!J1
~I Jkl..,T ;~I w~)I)1

~I;'il .r." J' JI :i.;L..;'.l~ ~l! ~~ J.&-J . ~~I J_rJ1 J JJI

\\f,., .l:..!. ..; .LiJi , ~ ("~ ",:,lb> ..; ~ 0~.?' .J'~ (')
CI ~~I ~~ ..\." » LJA t._,5 ~)..ul yl rl~ ..1 0~' f \, f'\ -
~1.)Li ~ r.S.~ ~ ~~J ~1 J1l:J.1 ~_,ll ~ ~
'~/il o~1 a1j::-i~ ~ ~l.:J.\ JI.r~'J ~Aj'"" 4.:.;-J.)J ..:..~,
..; c..L(JI ~_,JfoJl 1.S_,i.l10u L. u;"; 4.r J.ca":llIoU 0lf 4J
J.-1_,.l1 ..; ~1 I..u. J!.o t.,....; 4;l 4..:-J.J.! I..t.:- 4JJ\..t. IoSJ..ulrL.....ii':l1
• 4-!k o~ ~u .r.f. t.e;' ~ ~lS' ~IJ I_';- \..t.v.!_) ~,
\.i~.l\.. l,u,., ~ ..If."..Uu olIl.s-1J 0W~1 ~ 0t ~ ':I (t>
• ..:.lA)l...J4 c ~I J :t..ll ~6..~
.J;L.. ~~~ Jb~ ~'LI~JI ~ll.A.JIlfo. ;;~I ~I~'l
. ~_,..4J1;;~I u.e ;;~ tl.;l J~I J ~L....;':/I:y.) ~ c.#-
~1.iJ1~L...-;~I ~ ~t ~ : « iJW~' ~ ~, »_ 'f

~ ~~ I~ ~ ~_, - ~LJI _,b....~ J l!:tJ LS ~II

,:.f ~ ':J _,.; ([ ~ I )) ~'..;;:LI~ ,j&- ;;.,.::...- ~_, l.a b:-
':"1r:=J1_' ~JL..411 ~~~\5' , <lr~IJj ~ 0" <tfl~t ~J~
tAl.::.ll4.. - ~- tl ~l:.f~1
.. M~ J 4....l...4l:J1
.... "::"\;~I
. J ;;J WJI uti"I. l 0" lAJ.f".
•

~L....;':JI41)j 01.& tS}-' ~ ,JAJ • c.r_,_JIJ 0'~...\J\) ~I J.

~J
J.:ILu .&. .cOJ ~
• ..r.~
. ~ ~t ~t!.0"..UI IoJr. . w·
lit, if) h

.~~\ t.r,; c)A ~J..J J. ' ~~ 0" 1I..\.W' t. ~;JlJI ~ '-4-

"J4 ~bJl cl_,J1 J 4JJT J ~IJjl J~I 0i ~~ Jl!..J.
jJ~ -UJ • ..::....Ju ~J} L.> L ~ tJlS L.. Jl!..i ~) Jlr
u~J~ JJ ~.,..~I ;.b:il ~~ ':/)1 J~ CU~J~tJ
(.$;..i r~J I"t_( 11" ;;~I ~ r~1 ~J~_' • 4.".._;,.,....J1 ~JJ'

) ~t.r"q ~.~ . ~Ie:

~..li o~... '0~L - L
~ . ~
,.. ~l....J \II ~..b. J.
~ J-JI (.$..f!Bl.. ~AA11(,))1 J> dJ,L.Y.J • u'1~1 c:l:il ~
-:'1J ..UL
;;.y" ... lieoW' ~t.0" ~LCI t.1"...;r- c,..I"-!
1(". ul~\'" J ) ~':JI ~.. .

~~1 ~IJjl u~JJ_"'; c.JA ciJ> -d-J ~,;JI ~~J ~ -,,-.tt·

~J~IS ~\)J ~ (,),)IJ J!. ' ~.T. ~IJ rdlil ~..bJ.
• ~.,..~I o~1 ~~\I} I J ~"

...
:_~j ~ J.i ~L..J':JI ~i r.l4r l.... c.)al~" ; ~t ~ ~_,
~,) ~I (\)~ 0)... ~..L. ~t u~ ~J . ~ )~IJ ~j:4I"
_~\w"'~l ~ .JS'; ~i ~ u=" ~.)JI J&- e.r' J::l,) u4~'
.uLJ ~ .lAJ1:t..~.J-- 'I;;
• It"'(\)··
J
~,j,"
.JA--" _\t··,.p-)Y...u.;
i0oi ~ t-).J.AJ -'
u.r' U-..J-"
M _I.to I .• uttLa!J1J"'J-
y ~
q _\j l.S , ~M)~I
V J
L!.:;b••~~
,~_;JIJ U~J.}An ~ J~ 4oAj'J ..\i(.'() L_,:ll ~~I ~I
" 4._~)l:J1 ~J~I !fL:J.J . (r):i.6.lAIl ",1~4 ~_,D 1.. ~t ~
<.?'
4;'_rJ' ,-!~i j ~"'~ ~ , ~_,i_' )A &).T .1_;- .! ~ cill
Jlj'J ~j.J:dl ~ ~ ~w)ll;~ j~ ~J.:u-, J_,t~1¥WI
~ .)t Jl ~6. J U ~~.l) .(t) ~ ~.ji c:r;~
~L! JkL:... (~.;4~1 o~1 u~)ljl) ~,)~ J jl JI ~~
'l~.rJl ,-,)tiIJ ~4~~..t)t:i' ~ ~ ..:i ~)~lS' ~ .j~ ;.)~
~JI13 C"'Jt J ~I c])J4 ~ ~kJ.~ ~I lA~1A;1JI ~ y,
f([ .)~ ~t; ..;f l) t.;l ~ ~I Q_';U ).)La.. ~l ~..\J jl"
.. <0> 'J:> L;} .)lA:J1 c)A I..l:;--~.} J..ji c: ' ~-bJ1 ~ljJ JJ.r.Jl>
~?\ _ . ~~;J~ ~W, .r.!- ~I j.WJ <\>
, :i.;\.4.!J1 • ~l."''';''7 "! ~ jll ~1 JI .~JLJll _);,;~ <")
"~..bJ.I~.;J1 ~jll ~ ~ \~J • ~b'....r ~ C o)\...2:.JIIJ
~.rt1 -
.see, for example, V.G. Sim Khovitch, c'Hay and History", Political (f)
..$l:i.1II:, Quarr,,{y, XXVIII (1913), 38S-403.
: .} t.I~1 I.LD ;r ~ ~~t!.l~ (f)
H. Zinsser, Rau, Liu and Hirtory (Boston, 1935), and H.E. SigcristJ CirJJ1iration
.and DiSIQSB (Ithaca, N.Y., 1943).
~\ ;JrJl J,l\....s,. .j)\j\ t_,.....~ ~I 1!,,~'11 J.f- ~ (0)
: ~ La f ~ ~bJ.IJ
.S. Chase, The Tra"dy of Wcut. (New York, 1925) and Rich Land, Poor Land,
(New York, 1936); K. Glover, Al'l'UlricaBegins Again (New York, 1939); H.R.
.Muelder and D.M. Delo, Y'ar.r 01 This Land, (New York, %943); F. Osborn,
,Out Plunderrd PlatUt (Boston, 1948); and W. Volt, Road to Survif1al (New York,
01948).
, ~I :tl!.~1 o~ <.JA ~b.~I ~~WI ~i .j~1~;:..J.I ~ u-}~.
L)J... \~ JI ~.)t ..u , :y.t.::;..\II o~1 ~J .j1...J)U ~r.GJ1 ~
. t:~\lI..w:WI·
. ~- .. .P."
IY.,b; ~Pl.j1 ijii La I§ :t~~lt ~ ¥1p'1 a...,.,JAl
.l4J •.
r U
Jw\ll •. ·.·_tI J ~I
c-:- ..~.:.~tl JI..J>\II ~I J!.e.G'. tf'~ • W
..
[_JA....Js- ~~~ ~l..J'i1 o~1 ~Li J~) lJA ~".....l \.. ~Ijl
J" r.l~1 J~(;.r-=-:JI ,.~l.! WA ~.;J4-' , J."._JI JJ , J~I
.)tJ lJ.).)?. r'
0.)6.11JkL:lIJ tL:.l.I ~~I Jkl:ll J-, , ~t;J1
Jl~JIJoWl t..)~4 4::JIIJfo.. ~'J ~~) IJJ,) ~1}.:Jl ,~.

~I1J ~l!S"J ~I-,J-, .jK:....JI~ ~.bJ J ~~I ~ I:f

• ~lA......li-, ~~~J ~~\l1 ~J ~I ~b"--, '~~I

LJ..l. , ~1..u.L!J.1lI.iJ:. Jt:..1 o- , ~ltl ~)ifl J)\;. wL!l ..\iJ
. ~~
.. .
":IIJ :t,':...r-7
...II (,JI
.. ~
':~11 ~I
-'
.

~.i ~-',)ri ~i ~ ~ : ¥1p'!' a...,JA' ~ ~ - ,

• jl J ,y<-)
,y .L . T·I:f ttl~ .I ~ -'~("'.:1 I ~ .. ~:~'1
"II UI
f..r ~~• I::.CL•

~IF:JI ,)I-'J UAJ . r- ()AUI ~_,AIIJ ~.JA JI r-~I

c,S.iJ1(; u::l!) ~)~) Y" ~':11 I..i. J!.o~) r~~~~I
J~ ~":II :L...IJ.)~" ..\AWl ()AJ, ~J_;.TJ ')'J~~ ~.)~ J ~.
,.l-,k. ~ ~ t:;..J+... ~i « ~~I l::i1}.:J1]) ~ ~.
~lii JI ;~~I ~I~I J ~...\:..,I ..uJ' ~..TiH t~~~
~ d.;~ 4\fU1>.J u:l!) J:i cJ4 ~ ~I 1.)..-,. (\) W} E)l> J.

J ~.J~LS , ~~ ":II jj~1 _,.J ~uu~ ~j:4J1 ~I c.rJL.a;..

See~for example, J. QQttm~, "French Geography in Wartime", (\)
Geograpm'cal RBfJim, XXXVI (I946),8o~9r.

'f. t.
~L.I.)..lllj~AI ~).A.)!I ~~i J JT "U , J!WI J..a.4II·
t) l:illi J l!; "uJ . ~j~jJ i.)Jt . J .')JJ~ ~Ir.-t li'l :L••• ..1i'1l
~.
.. ;; ~.~
J
l;' ~1!1 ..1-IIJ4.~
t:_J..J¥'..J"""7'" ~
"1I4.J1':~IId.....
:.J""":" ".r-:=' .)
~ ..\ t...
ClLA J!...- ~ l)" JJj ~i ~J . Jf4 . u' ~ ~ (~I ~
U" )li"J , J-rIJ tifi ~ ~J , ~ JI ~ ../~I o- t...;..ul
J ~~I r"")!11~!Sfd..l$J , ~~~ ~J..-,jl-,;:-5:> .(.l
~1 ~ .!,,:>6JI .:l~ ';.II Ji r:>La:J1 ;1:1 ~I~I WA a..t....

( ~\ (.)"4)t~w.:.11 ) ~~I JI"p-~I ~J ~ t)A ~l4!JIJ

. (\) ($.,>i ~ WA ~l:lIJ

WI :-11 .h I.:,:;..J"""
.. ..J""':"' JJ.
_I Ul tlJ..,. ....,tS
•• J u\;wl 4..... J..\11 •
uw,i .li-,

C.. l:ll u.':!. ..u k .L~ ~..'1. 4...i Li':J1 oWl

. ~bL:l.1~)WI .!.l J,.,...-:"' •• ~
. J.
~1)2J1 ~J ,~t ~~~I ;·...Il4.il.:;J1~I~I_, l::91j-~IJ
.e • i ~t
':/1 • -.;.J>' .. . UlA:J1 J :t.:..
U--.. J '(""'1 (,:>~':l/I
... .",~j H J LUI
.. _

.~ ul~ ...~t ~~.i;...' Y.. l... ~T

:l.....rU1 ~~ t ~.;:;s J y&l;.i : ~lf:ll~ J~ .r'~ - y

J:!. c.r:J ..b.IJ ~~ cJ.N t..J..uII)~ ~i ~~ ~~ ~I~I

U-- ':l/~ , ~IS'J ~ ~ jl5'" } LS , ~WJI ~I ~I"p'- ~"

: WI• ~!.- 'I t....J..u.1 V. \...AI• I!.: 1

.r' (')
P. Sorokin, Contemporary SociologJ'cal TheoN',s (New York. 1928). Chap. III;.
and F. Thomas, "The Role of Anthropogeograpbyin Contemporary Social
'l"'hoory>', in Conr,mporary Social Theory (H.E. Bemes and H. Becker, eds., New·'
York, 1940), Chap. VII,

: JW1 ,,:,,1.::.01~tJ !)~~ ~ 4!J..botJ

MainsprJ'ngr of Ci'lJl1isan'on (New York, 1945).
 r.~ .u'
l.!i d, L!.:.. .;1.";'" c.r.).
t:.~.,,;IG.. L:.s.1 ~.Ie: ._.j 6J1
• I";'" JI .r-
t:. • "

~ LJI
4Y. I -':11 J 4!....1I
v- ...J 4:1.).r
.II 1:" ~~ ~ h' J.i
• J .;; .II._".
~ I.,.J&- .~
IJ'

~ l. I~ .)~ yr.J , ~WJI I~ J J.1,Jl cr .is JI ~b.J1

'(""·11 ~i c..r.:
d t;.J1 ~ _l...,1 li~ . ~ . .wl "..' :L,.. ..ul • .l..:..\,l:S'
.. 0f-4A.) .
.;}IJ.l1 y o.)..b; LS.il1 J...-li uJj; y. e.. ~~~I ~ ~ ($•.iH

';.r"~ ,:/\L!,l &)i J J_,4l1 L. §JJ . ;rc..JI ~ ~ ~I ~,

t ~J ? ~L;:.. uJ) J Jl ¥I~I uJ).H cr4i j ~ ..\i
as,. ~J. ("I .'
r.\.:lIJ 4.t.r
"1( JI tlS'
.. c...1i ~.. 0Jr"'I ~ • ~l ciJ.:6 loY
I<~
•
~J_ttl, ..u~I~ ~~J ~I ~\»~ u.,,_..,)1 t,Jl::JI~ ..,...Al
'l:11J.).: LkJ\olJl:S
.( •
J ~~ H .... t.. ~-' ? a::it.Hr-:'J 4...!.>))"... ~t•
Jz;. ~~ J ~.) J.ek. ~I)I ~cll uJ)iJ\ ~t ~.J.. 0t Jl
·~tl, U~I..
.u- .... .0~ Jp.L..::J UI." • 0) ~
~l.tWI ~ J.A:l\ ~I,.
.u.)~I ..u t..1.
j
ellj (:*J «:UI
"yo
q J) ~ ~ \A uJ r.
t:.. .. ....
~ H ....

? d..iJ1 rlWI ~ ~.)~ ()A ~ I,.J:

A~I~I..r,:iiJ~~'~.J~t; ~ .)Wa"JI ~t liJ~~i~J

.J Ji ~ ;)J.:,,; ~i ~ ~ ~I~I ~t~ ~ c)i J-:J
1u.~1P ~-'II~J • ~L.J~I ~1.b.~1c.S?A J~~I ~ ~Ij
.,;r ..b.1_,c!\J~ wt' .r. J..tJ • ~i d/l.l\ ~1#1 (f ~J.J!S
: d':J1 ~I J&- U!_j,r.il ~

:~..\AJIo: .)I.ll\ ~ r='WI JI~\ _,i ~\ ~\ ') »

'pI
tIL 4.Al..:l1 r.\.t .11 ~I • (\) ;'.•LHLil ~ ..._IL u.')u ..II
.~J.:>cj ,I •
;J ",;:') l . t y .........r.:- . c.r
.!I~J . ~ I+.()J oJ.}s J)\;.. ~J dW~1 ~, JU
t._,.D ~ !$.)Y., ~ ¥'~ J_,J!. .)\_; ~.r.-- ,j' u.b~_' (\)
~~.;11- . ~4'Y1 r-'fol' ~ U;:-
c!l.i)1 ~,.:,1 ~~!,)A'}-'J c:..iJ!,)A ~ ;~~ ~) ~Ij,

,~W":ll ~~I ~~ wr o~~ ~I~ ~ ~~ ;w,.r~.J.AI~

~li}W' ~t )~ ~~ ~~ t.... , ~4 ":ll o~JI ~J PiJ.Jbr_,.
.(\) a ~I _,.J ~J et;)I~.i. ~ ~J~

ul_,:.....J1JrJ\.(Jl;S : « ~~~1 » IJ"~ ii oA' - '('

r ~I , ( Jlr.t' L.l:-JI ~ ) « 1.ii.:bdy..J~1» J_". 0.;:>-'11

~1 rJA t-)~_,. _,..;6J1 ~_,JI J U!.~I cS') J ~~ W:. .J..;'
~ JI (~~Ii t~\'1 ~ ~1r.1 L.J.ll1JI ~ ~
~I_;""'~I_' ~)I JL.~I r:r ~)I ~)II~,j)t <!U').". :r.-~.
~~I,j' J_,".JI
,jl(J., JI jJ. c.>.)JI_" ~I~I LI)JJt_, ~I
~l:LJt ..bt ~ ~:'I) , ~..c>~1~WI ~.rJ1 ~ l:iu.t J.
A~)lII.i. .s......4; ti -u_' , ~I) ~J ~I ;;I.~\'I ~ ~.ln
.u ~1:S J eb J....SIJ,ji jJJ ~J . Or JJ\Jl~ L.~ t....b. Jl.
~_,~I 0i t,.b_;"~}J 4.f' ~~I ~Ir.t cljl~J \A48 r~~J
,jl....AJ r,_,JJI J&. dJ}l~ ~ cSJ:!> J~ JI (~<.r" c.>~ J'O
c.>JJ~L>J c,lJ4 oW
;,.,GtJ1 ~ J.4J_, • ~ }.,.~':ll_' .~I·
~_,b:j.\ ~IJ ~~I.l.:l~1 t)A t.. .r.- ~tJ ,j.ll~1~~I
LJWI '";".rJ1 J)l.> j.rrJ ,jt ~y'~1 ~lh:...IJ - l:.Jlll J.
rW1 ,)~~ JJlS' ~~J. L.~ ~.:dn If.r l,..~ ~_, Jiyl,
:l ,j~-"~J tJ.t- u--i cS.lJ1, ~I J ~UI ~l...aJlJ JI~'.

Isaiah Bowmann~ Gqraphy in R,lation to ,IN Social SciRUJ4S (New (')

York~1934). p. 225.
V'- ~1~1 ~ .:;,\.:L:f ..; ~I~J u...... ~ ~ ~t}1 I~J
: Jlt..
R. Hartshorne. 1. Rjasell Smith. V. Stefans.on, H.W. Weigert, and D. Whittlesey •.
if LIJ Jl1.i Js- )~,j~ ~JL.:.:....I..lt_, • ~J::A J ~y.~
.if' O)_,...!.o~..).i I~J , J~1.. .( . ..A d~)1 :tt~1 ~~ l:S
;;"1~ .JWI 0__,;j t J _,Ai
cllr §.r' ~ c.r- « J4J1
'r . ... (, l!.." u-
·1\ • ~1»
if)
if ? c,;J1, ~IJJ~I r-~4.tJrLl (.).r.CI' ~)~I :U:CI
~J\AJI
..\.tJ . r-~I ~ ~ '14 J.! C$"'1:- jw, ~I~ ~ cll~ ~t
LS , ~ JJ c: d lh.:.I. ~ b; ~ l:l ~.)_~J1~..iA JfiL.. r~1
.~lS' (Sl) I~J - \~.' ~J) e Jllt c...4J~ ~.t:J )_,..!J~~'
.e:-""i ~l.!J1 ~W, ,":"..rJ1 J~ JJ . ~Ll~1 ~;:,....JI ~ ~
~P\~I_;""'':J\ ~ lolA Ilf.j~ ~~~I ~1jL!S' ao~
~..# ~~l::J1~ ~l ~I;ll b~ .J.).j l...oJ . c:tI J. - LoJJ J_,:J.
' IA..1..J
" ..y.~- ~".. ~~('.: t..) ..\..t t...t..
.~~ ~ ,.I-L.J-~IJ If.\;~":l\ ,)~ ~\j.:J1 c!l!_,J1:L..I),)~I

.G.U~ ~ lS~JJJI ~~I ~IJJ ~Pl ~I_;......':JI

~ clJ~ L'J . ~l!J1 ~WI ,-:rJ1If.\j'l~./:JI lW.J!~1

JWI L.it )~~ 4:1S'"1,j ~ loJ ,.lil ub.\.......J ~ l::J1JS JI A
L~ t._,__::) c..uJS ,~):.:JI ~IJ ~~I ii_,AlJ ~L}~'
.~~I Js- :U,)~I~tJ LS';' ~I_'; l:.iT I.:u.~ ~~ , L'j:n
iJ :y1~1 ~l....,wl ~ ~J • ItJar 4}I6T ..wi j ~I;:JI

.<)!...\JI ~L:Jl ~t ~) IL )o)L+oJ J~ ~ ~ ~J

., (~JJ.:Al.1 ~I}.:JI tr ~ J l_,i~ r )_,..;-'~~~,

4li , ~~I ..1.h;J1~I) o~ wL._,w1 o~ ~l) ~J

.j ~"'l to"
(.),.,. .. _JJ ~I. UI':'-II;"...cJJ~
...;-:u ...J.....r.. \!: :\.t~l~j· t~~~
, ~_,_JI ,)b.i':JIJ ;;~I ~4.'i)1 L.AJ , _,..;6J\ ~)I d ~WI
4J}U J,)~ c)A 4..u LoJ ~.J" Js- ..r')'1 40..ii....j ,~:r.- :f.;.J
l!>~ iT ~,~ ~l)i ~I_,.... - J:i~C>~ c.$~ ~ '.}j • ~.r.:Al1
o-e ~i ~_,;)~ ~~- t~\'1 .~ ~ rt ~j~1 J~" cJ4 ,t L.~
'::"~_,::...J.IJ
~UI 4Jl> ",:,L..,JI
~_,.:.A]I JJ>~ ~i ~J~ ~~I Will.
~'JJ .l'Ui..J ~J ~.J.=,.J d'IJ~j ~I)I JL.TJ ~I

, if}14 dLdl ili_,Jl ~l) ~ , GU> J;-J . ~.)~ 4...;..)"

. m <.I'4~1~L;';JI~'j JI o"L;\,~ ltd' A jt ~

li"J.i. ;"L4:Jl _,..It... ~1 ~ : ~1P.Jl Jl~~ItJ iJ~1

u...!D \~ ~jlj "t t~ !.I~-, . ~ JI:iJI 4~..:" J&- iiJa.:-ll J&.
L . ~.)I· lJ) : .c....:,:>1.> UI
b ~.J •• ~ ~-'1JI J>.
~L.jL...i'11~~ ~
;~~I ~, J&. j..L(J1 o.)~1 JiJ ~l:11 o.)~1 ~ jL..i)'1
~ tJA U ~'J I~~' Ji' o.,u. ~tJ
j • ~ ~ ~ ~I
. 4~ LoJ T.~111lA4,;;.:4:,..

:\::J\~..b
• J..
4.,.j1
~
:-11 UI... ~
~~...i 'J : lS'.r--:"
'I· :""1 ai,.AJ1_
c- ,

: d~ le ~y'~1 ;r o~.ah ~IJ.I ~ ir <')

H.W. WcigertJ Guural$ Mid Geographm (New Yor~ 1942); R. Strauz-Hupe,
Geopolitia (New York, 1942); A. Gyorgy, Geopoliria, The N«» German Scimu
Berkeley, Cal., 1944).
: )i.it ~\...b':ll &" ~?-,. ,,:-,l:l r)lj~ o?-).I ..::.olj\.~J
Compa$$ of the World (H.W. Weigert and V. Stefansaon, eds•• New York, 1944).
especially those of B.A. Walsh, I. Bowman, R.B. Harrison and H.W. Weigert,
J. Russell Smith, and H.I. Mackinder, EX'Jlllplu of thtl MOTII Moderat, Am,rican
"Geopolitics" include D. '''Whittleaey, The Barth and the State (New York. 1939):
N.J. SpykmlD, Am.rica's Strategy in World Politia (New York, 194Z) and TM
Geography of th. Place (New York. 1944).
I~ ~ Jt • ~ 0.i..J:- LJ J lA..\J_,... 1)4 'J~ ~J 0J...r.-
U-- ')~ Js-)I ~~~ ~~t;J1~ J ~1 ~ ;).~ _,...:J
l4> _,tjl c...Ai~ l...J • ~LJI ~l::.ll Jt ~I ~I}~I J ~~
~ ~ ~_,...:.; V-- r"J~ ~,_,b c.Sj-tJ _,-JI o~ ul)L4>rl;:i
.~ L _,i4'~' JI.J>~l
.,fJ e,SAJl tJ!~1 UA~)I ~jl ~ ~t ~'_,J' UAJ »
~ ~J ~'l6J1 e,S.l>1J ;;j~ ,l:41 e,S~~ ...\i ~I J ($_,.!.;1(
I~ J.W ~, ~)J-lU J ~~ ~,~J.) , (,)_;..t:iJb. J GU:'J.-A!. ~i
L5 I....,. uJ .r
t!.ll J ~
.l'')L. r.J.)
.. \j LoG' J '. II -.J)
" I.AH d ~
1.7,J -.
~,
... ~

:;"~I ~I.)l ;,·~H({ rL:Al (,)~t (,)JJI (,)~I t_,_:.ll J!.- t1_,i\
t.f11 » _,l , ~ ~J.i ~..)..;.A ~IZ \~ ~t ~JJ ~~_"".IJI-,

,~IJ ~lJ J..Jj~1 ~I)\...a:... ~_,..!l ~ ~l.,., c.S.lJ1({~,

~\_, , 0) ~~I ~1}.a~1 ~ (,).lll ((J.:::»':JI t_,:11J) _,T

~Jt (,).lJ1 c.S)lAJl t.,D1 _,i , ~4lJl J , ~':il JrJl ~J~ _,

W':'
.. " III
.J'.) :I ;;J La::J1J t.,
...f"~tl ul .)~I J 41J..~I ul J ~

;;.)~ ~ ~JJ.i e,S.iJ1(( ~UI J) t_,i _,t , ~_'J J ~,

• (\'> « ~ »

~Pl ~)~"J' dill J' ~I o:;..J,..f 0.r..~ ;;)~ r,/"J (\)

Prom A Stu4Y oj HiJrory, by Arnold J. Toynbee (London, 1934), I, 269. (Y)

fIf.;J.' - • I sr" *·
Published by Oxford University Press under the auspices of the Royal llUu-
tIlte of International Affairs. See pp. 249 ff. in this volume or Part II of D.C.
SomerveU's abridgment of Toynbee'a work (New York, 1947) for the latter's
discuasion of Geography and civilization.
~~ ~JT ~ c.s'?.y , r..u_,;) J.I6.J ~I 1-iA~L..:, ~I
J -'!!A\; ul~ UI
.:;.,\...i...:, ..u~
.. .. ~~-II~I... ~tr L....,... dJl4...:.A...
J w.~1 .;::--..j 0_,; L:tl;:..u ~T Jt- J:',) .!ll:.A ~ , .:;.,1
).4~1
~)1 ~ J.. ~i })JI ~ tJ?.y ~lj clJ~ o- ;s1J . ~.r..:J1
, oW
,.
trl
_.JAJ
It} ul:.....ll
".~
. _ L.~ ~ ul J.C:I...MJI ~t 'L!11
.,~ dJ'; ~J . (\) « ~W o."lLalIopl .J.JJ._ ~i) l:J \~ ~i JIJ
~~j ~41;}.a"J1 JI ~ ;}Ja> ~,~6.J1 ~ ~6J4 U~
~1Al1 o).JaJI JI ($."1411~I J ~~I ;)_4~1 JL!::iII)4J
~ , ~~I
.' I ~& »
t.r'~Il«;..\..!ll v-- ....
~..;r_~
("I, (Y) -u)6.i1
• ~
. ~~
.. J
J
. '7~~1 J.'? :WI) ~1)..A> ~ ~i t~1 c.i> uJ)aJ1 ~~ c:ljl
J U&. ',wit
,. r:'''''' I..:._.ul ~
V"" .,
~
c.r'~II(f.""'!J'
,- ~ ...r:L J~ I .
~ J
~i ~ ~ .u ~JiA ~ b~ !JLa. ~li , ~I~I ~\:JI (.....1),)
~.r~ ~J ~I;::'~.e I~l...\i-, ':/1~I ~\:5" ~ I~
ud) .ji Jb. §~ C_l.n 'Oi ':l ,:rJ.J . ~)J ~ J ~J c;l
~~,)J 0lilZ 4;;_~ L. JW ~
($All J-ll ~ JIP.JI el..ul
Jl ~ ~1~, ~I_jl\_' ~,)J ~If , 4~1 J~l j Jlti~1
[.,
6:.i '""
d.,l. .e
'""~
... l.;...,. .~,)
"J
t ~~I
_J J J
t.A, . .:11 'LUJ,
.. w.r.:- ~
b~

J~IJI_p-t J.bi
~,;II" ,_;, ~T ~ ':l , (\") ~I tJ? ;)b'
. ~ ($."11" j ol}l"

~t ,_;;;; ~i <!.Uj cf C' 'ib;J l,y : .J~'J ~,.P." - "

I~ e.J..J . ~ ($."11"" JI~IJ ,.rAt J ya Y' ~l5" 1:i1~1 JJ')
c+: L. ($."It .J.iJ . tJ.r? ul~ ~ t.-4i .J~I ~t JI ~'1

ol-UIiul) 4,>;11 ~.p~T JI ':;"~I.,.J1 JfLJ;r ~l-J':ll

Somervell abridgmeDtJop. cit., p. 80 ( , )

~,;t, - · ~.".."JI o~1 ~~':I_,J4 <T)
~,;tt - . ~ ..".."Y' ;;..b..:.11 ~~':I_,J4 (r)

y\\
&)l(__J\ ~J..;, ~.,b; J ~uJiT ~i ~I)jl ~~lt . o~~
()l.a:....l r.~U--~ <.S~\_,o)~l'li"jrT L. r't ~I) ~.)_,. ~J;J
JI ,.>LC...JI e~L...._, • ~~ U-- ~IJjJ W~ ~J ~I if}
~UI o.,)1J1 J)\.:.::....~ b~~1 u_,)2.J1U" ;;.)~'11~4 b ~l
~_,:LI ~~~':JI if_,AJ1 Glt'" ,Jlll_, ;;J~I ,~,I~ j.rJl J-11.:
l:.J2J,.>i 1 "'-:I j~..b...uJ
.. ~
. 4.......b.I1 j &)L.i'J1
Ha
__r'"_. ,..,,-
r--- I LJ·
..:f;
e:

JbUI cr ~ I ,j.~, ~UI ;;.)_,!II ~ ~LC...JI~ JI_,..

~ ~ , ~~ Ji)!1 41.--!J1 JbL:.t1JI ~I ~~,
.L ~ ;;.)~I ~ ~6J1 ~_,ll J ~...bJi ~~~'11 wl~I
J_,1 J ~.)I...a:i)tl JI~~\ uJ..;,L.., o.b&:ll w~':J_,JI J" . fl)I
jAl-", ,§J_, , .JJ~I.;::i ~)/J j ~I ~l_.:...p ~l;:iJ.t- .r~I
tI~ c: ~JJl) ~'J-, JI ~UI o.i. r:r I,,? c.l.Ai ~y ~.)L.a:iJ
jAl_,_.J1 o.)~ tS.)jr ,ji I~ ";-J . ~ lS ~1r.1 J..lyJI
L ...i)\4:....,.. c='> .....JI
u·:-lI ..w,jt -' ....
4...;lA!J1 LWIJ~~.)Lz:;'1\
~l:C1 ~1 ~~ .J.AJ • ~ ~I ~\r.1 ~1.Ja.U.....:~I "'_;Olif
U~j_,1,Ir.'J1 J..:.., ((.))~I ~I ~l) ~ Ojl...A:J1
~..k;.. ~iJI
~ c:rJ , ~4 ~!l_,L.!.. ~I I~ . (U ~.~I-, ~~_,...JI
J.f :i ;,.;.;...:11oJI~1 ~.).) ~J ~WI oJL.A:,J1 ~ ul ~t; (.).;.t
~_,AJI~,Tu.? ~t.::J1 U~t ~I ~I~I 0..iA~ JJJ'($.iJIJ . ~..lS'_;..
• (.)~.) ('""IIwi L2.,J1 ul!.J I.JJIt.r
N. (" _,
-~:-1Icr:
I... ~.).:,.J ~ I':"b· ,;r ~\ .

~ ~I.yl ;~I ~ . clJ_) '":"':-' ~ ,ji ~I .:r ~"

S.C. GiIfillan, "The Coldward Course of Progress", Political Science (\)
Quatetly, XXXV (I920), 393 11".
~.Y'"'
-:11 4j)W1 J ~.
~~Y' j
t..:I ~.
I _l"l\., ~• ~J.H ~.r-.---
~~ ~j
'-'
~)I WI"JI J JI ~'I ~ , C oJl...hJIJ ~y;J' J1.P'"'}I ~\;S" ~
~uWIJ 4~1 h • .'IJ 4;I;_,J1 _dti ~ ._A;_,:j o.)wPJ\ W' \..1.1.):'-"J
Mainsprings of CwiJizr4cion, p. 399. : jQJ i - Q W ~ U!ll
~j • ~ ~ ~I ~I Cjl..\J1 41o;'.bJ L. Js- ~L..i'll J,1....!i
~ "OJ...; i-A ~~ ~j .l:.:11~IJ.)TJ ~I~I ~~I ~ ~_
~ ~J ~..u ~..,0'1 ~ .kd !.l~ ,0.15' I';li . ; ~~I o~1
.u ~~ "11w6.:.:.:.l.1
tJ' . ~ Ir: U;..J-A
.. d.)U'l1
IV
4L!; tJl • ~6J.1
•
~•
<ij'l&.~J~.".:i ~I • o>J~1 4I.i'YfJ fl.iIJ;,i ~ 41~ Jt ~14\
t!U:, J;o-t I)"J ~I <.::_! L ~ ~J~ ~I£-J ~I .ubk."
C)"L.,.,i ~ q.l5' ~I~ ~li\z I~ ~l ~ &).e)~JP~1 ~b.
dy~1 (i~ : ~_,J J!.t ~l.j4 if!> ~ JIJ::> J1 ~IJj [l:31
JbL:... » ~L.._....t ~J - JrJl J ~4t;J1 ~I ~lAtJ oJ.,lj1 ~IA:J
uL!:S1 J::6 ,rJ1 .).,:..]1~ ~,15'~I ~ft ~ ~ « ~lZ'
.~~r
~I M "~
W "LlI "\:II~J. ~ ~I
4..;1 :-11 JI .J>.r'.';:; ~ • ~l! ~;I .J

o--;~ tlji Js- ~ ~~I ~}I~;J [jl_,. .c.}~ ~~-'

Jt- ~ ~~ ~ 'J .uk-I.:...:, I)" J.¢J . o..;;s ~l:.. IY c:,~l
L-""-".)~J'
. .u.w 4lj')LD1..JA IJIfL,J ~t lS . wi :-11 ~~
...r:-'". . ~")11),1
:U_,l't.l.f; ~ ol:=J}~ ~L...iJ ;~~ ~ ublc. ~Iy" &)t.u
J tilA:Jl
"
wi j .._,_.
~.IJ
e.r-'I JR..L!:i'J1 ~,)la1 ~I Js . (J":'.:r
I;;. ~

pi ~'A."II _,14....~1 r'"'4 &)w'll ~ I)" ~~ _r:,6J1 ci"ll

~I pi~~,l5'llJ . i:-lJ.IJ~1:l1 J 4.:·.~,r.-'y- c)A j)~ l..
c!.U.iJ ~- ~ lA!J I J l..!:.:i I J::-r J ~..bJ I ~ ,; _,:.(:j 4 u~ I blA ~
~. • ~ ..b.1·1I -~':-1IJ
y c--- I~IJ
c.r- . J cr;
uw·b.:)1 ...4il:.i 1~ r.r-I,..cs. J'- J.A!
. ~_;.i ~ ~ ~J ut-.¥I ~ ~ JlZ' ~J\;;_'
« ~Jl::J~ J) J!.e ~ ~4 J ..uL:J.1J~I ~ ~I jI.!.. ...J;.;i
.:.J-J L. ~..\:..i ~ ~ ;..b.:.ll u~'.l_,J~ ~J~I (J.,rAJ U1411
o~ JI c:: .. "'I ~J.Al1
j ~ -
~I... .J.JlA:.11
"
.....i
•.
6.. JI L:...
...y~
J ,("'11 4.JI
-
u>'_,jl J - ~~I ~~..L..JI,,~~1 c!U~ ~ Jo~~, ~ J~f
y\~
~ - ~> ~w L._, ~I_' ~l:-JI ~l4:Il_' ~..ul_' ~.)\...a::j\'1
.~4 ~_'~I ..\i~I~ J ~UI ~, ~4J1 ~J ~Jl:j~
U.)~.I.. ,,;H <s~1 ~ '1 ~l!ll ,:J..:u. ~J • «~ tfJ~ »
';J~ Ji « ~ fl:.:.. » ~ ~i c..i ;;.1;..T ~JIi tJi o- ~J_'~I ~
..!1L:". cU) v <'".n I...
......c.r--' .,. ~ \11 ~l4: r~l>.u.~ ~
... _. ,~. t
cr- " .. J "j>
~ - ~WI J c.S.r.!:n tJ..ult)A~..\.t J) J ..b~1 JlA!f1 I)!.~I
!lJ.J'..~. J ~ ~ • ')1 ~yJ Wa:J1':"~_.J-- ." '1 o+ .w . ji. J.i..:,_ '1
~~I .)"w ~T ~I cJ'J . <S~ Ji §' .. i1} &.)L. J' ~J4 Jt
~L.::J' JU ~~ J ~~I ;;~IJlI .)~, JJ') I)" ~ltP \' iA J~
• ~W'.ll ow... ~ t• .J.J,w j
_ '..f..
UI ':~II
.. .r-:- ~
• "L.::.:l1 ALlI ~I w,JI
.,rM. JJ J"

• ~J c""l ~ ¥.Jl ~I_;~ ~i~ )..ui ~L.;~I ~1

~~ tJi ~ ~ ¥' ~'P.J' JI'p"~1~ ~l;> r....A;y l.lJ
.~1 o)~J 'JI~I J.;> 04)i C>.J.. ~
!1.,r-:J1 w..i . ~JT ~~
Ji ~ } _;:-\' I J ~.1.. (_).iI1~\CI J~I J o)~L..; O.;:? '0';
Ji~J~ ~~ c>i ~_,.),~..r-! Jjj':'~c)j ~ ~':J\ Y'J . b~

d»JA J I r,..u r:} JA c.JA ; r,.H ..),1~ , .;.1J I ~I.G Lr' 0lUj I
4r ' ~I)::JI \' , ~I ~ A L. \II ~~I t.l::- j ~ ':J ~~
J ~I ul .IAyo ".ijli l.:1.r-
s:tl \ Ua; .)\ ~ Ill:.:) '-'"• .,-..: d .j ~.. c)A J ,~~•
" d-.I....:> '11(.e\lz.i J..,,~ J <lJw,.
" w. ..r- _I i ~j <S.i• r;,;-'J..
. . • U\;JI ul!.Jl
M,

~ ~ ~J \'';\11 c.JA OJ.f ~ A JT ~ ~ ;~ GCl_,r §

;;~ ,)~J ~ ~~T J.&- ~ .,,.IJi ~t I.S . .c.. J~"JI u':JT
~I~IJ..'yJl ~t & W LJS'J'~ '11wl.;!1 ~tJ_;J1~J
. .. ~-
. ~L..::...'11'OWl
... t.;lL.1 ~ .. ~.
~~I ~LJ\I\ ~ ~T - dJ) c.JA ~)~ - 1.lA~ ~J
: ~'JI otJ _,;.i ~J.A) US" ~WI ~\',) J4i
~_, I~ 4~.!)1 U" ..t:! .:r:- ~T , Jl4!J1 ~1_;11 .)1j l..lG »
r~ ~I~I~~ o~ ~p~~~I JIJ>~I ~IJ . ~:\
..1a.d ~~I u~ ,)~~ . 4.:011 o;\.LIJ ~lA:J1 ;;,)~j ~ l.J_,.A...
l)"l04.. ~\:J1~~~I ~)luCJ' ~~~<.i11 j~~.,s-
~~,.WJ ~ ~ LS §"'l::11~ ~.rH ~W ~JJ ",:,L!;.~lJ
• (U « t...W
.. I O...u.L!..JJ .
'i~ J J,L!.:HI
l. b>:lt
M ..:t ,,"->-.:11c)AJ ~I ILA ~~ , ~J~ c..r..) ~.1
~ L. JI UjU;,;~ ~.1.. <\iT.J.f . J-",! L.::i ~~ ~l) ~j , ~~t,
• "~J -'\>T ()A o}....z.JIJ~I~I.
':/ljI : ~'"
,_;;) ~ '.P.J' ~ o~..u.l1J L..W, aJ)W,
0\.:0-J I~ J:t,) J ~I J ~t·~I~ ~I j L. ~ ([ 4" ;. }il eft; _,II )}.
. l.+:: wliJl w].;)W1 ~ ~ ~T ~ ...I.!J • ~t,

r.~_,J1 rf ~I_,J' ui <\il : ~,,P.:lJ ;p~, c;,'..r.!WI - ,

..bt.f~..l_';J. ;.;:J~.)LciI (I)',),':;"I~~ t;J)"~ ~I~I ~t
cfliJ' ~ '_,j~ bL.:c.1 ..4:ai ($A11 .1w.:J1 o- t,_,;l ~ UlA!H'
tJJ (or) , ~~IJ J)JI t'; , uL···JlJ41 (,): ~I~I.
('")
}~~I (,\), ~..wl 0J;1I J~I (0)' ~I~I ~j (t), uli~1
. (\')~1~IJ uL::I1~ J=ll.

. . l.:J)1~~
IltJ L..j~ ~ ~-IIc:.~liJ'JI ~T .fJ.; ~t ~J'.
ul,.
~U;... IY <!l.I ~ .;f J t..r."),.,:c::r 1 r..\A:lJ ~ !11~Ji ~ ~, ..bW t,
,:/JT 4jJT J ~I j_,.l; ~ r Jl!ll ~ J&-J . (.$)~I ~~,
.r-JI T~ L.4 '11 tAl:... t.1 « ~) d..:tIJ » lA~ ()A ~fi dJt
L: W"U"-'
c..r.'
J ~~I
. c':- r-.. , wT
" !Jl;..t. u.}'fr'
~!! ~....I ~
'. J . d'L:....J~

.::,,~ I~TJ , ~_'f(J\ ~lll o"AJ1 j,)~J JJ~I J~i

From TM Culturl of Oitiu by Lewis Mumford, Copyright.. 1938, (,)
by Harcourt, b:race and Company, Inc.
Jean Brunhes, Human GetJgf'flPhy(New York, I920), Chaps. I and IL (Y)

y\o
'ly.LaA» ~ t, ~I, ~I JJ. (,,)"L...:S) d o.).,p.-)I ('~I.)_'~I
'WI_" )ltl~1 _,t ~.)WI _,1 ~_;JI o- t_j .)f.t=A ~ «~I o_,;.u
.:u,L.....-'! t.J~IJ ,f}JI ~ d.i~ _,i - (5.)~ r..li:l ~ ya
4~1 c.:;.....J.Aj .)~ !1t.:..a - .;.' ":Jl!.. ~IJ . wlAJl ~~I ~t
.J.I_,JIII.a ~i ':II, ~I~I JeI."J1 ~ ~lC.J4 ~.)jl_' ~
.. ~i"'-'-
,,:.:
JI ~LG v.;;
:..., LAL!:il
J .J ~UI.\
~ _,.:1\
II"I,y- . .WI
i.l..ii::J..\N _~
,J&- ;;~I JI.J>lJl ~~ L. c\l:- i U" (,$.lJl ~ \ y:. I~ J . ;..1
~ §Ir .,T ~I
Ji , ~.)t; Jl , ~~IS'~..L. ~i IY..~
~.J...

JI dJ~ ~ o~.~1 ~I~I w.)T LS , ~~I~ J ~..l.AI1~yJl

~\ll J)JI Jl c.u.iS' plJ tfbi §I)IJ
. l .:" ~..ulo.il:. ~ ~i
JbJl c./> LS ~I_j~ ~~~ J~I ~I JT ~\ ~JI)I.!I
, ~I J~\ ..b.~ ~I~I J.7; ~ J.lA:Il~
d.ib.. Ji ~
~,LJ Jl:J)JT ~ J-!.t ~..\..('~ j u_,)iJ1 oU wJi u.?J
4 ~, Y.i.,_J:.:i1.J 4.:'..b 'b :01\ s ;;.;A LiillJ .;s.)J _,J li4 s _,.(..._....J I}
Ji ~..ul 0,1,- Ju..)jl JI ~UI-, o)~1 ~J JAllI4S.r- r...\Aj (5.)t

J .JJ..LJJ\
... ~l,;L!:S":J1 ~ t l....2J..~~
i \- "1\ _.. L...o-' • t.J.r-
..b.,J.J_

1 J ~ .. Coil) I.J'"'..
f ~\ J _, ..L~ wT o~ , -)I.!.. t1.• ~I ~~
• J..r.'

,( l;.:i":J (.. J')\}I \ \;JI ~..Ll;.. J!.. ~I .. t_lA:.:i":J1 1.J.r~.J

.. t_ .. ~ T J 0J..r-~
~

JoI_,J1 ~ ~L:1' .J.1i:.:J1~j \ '-.. Q~ ~)'I 0..l.A • (' ~j~1

,~U:.:II ~ clJ.lS !:.Ai_;- ~J , ~~ \'1 o~1 ~ ~I;:"JI
, cf.k.:> \11~I .r"II c:C-L;JJ :WI
.. ~':_11C'l;Ytl:.u .."
v.;: .r--r-

• I , .....l:ll : i AU, ....i a....-.;, .:... 01 ..Jt;J, _ ~

~ I.... [,jU.. .,roN..,r.:-...r-:-.To.
t,
lAl.J-' .:r ..q ILf:U"
. .r: . 1-
~
..
J
t ~~I u- N I..."X -II UI ':~II ~1.A''=l1
~ o: ....r:"" ..
utiJl:. ~ ~i Jt.-II c)A 16J~ c.u:,_, . ~~ \'1 t)A J.(S JI (bci
~1)2J1 ~-' if}JI L",1: ~I _,i ~L:.l1 JI~f.j1 ~ ..1~j
~J tU.1 ~ ~lj wlij\&. JI I..;'l:C1~ J~l ..liJ . ~~ '11
.;:f . (\) clJ~ J:f.J JiWIJ ~I ;,.;_, ":'~I_' ;t~\lIJ ~.r.Jt·
~I ~I.JA JI e b WA;5'i,.~ '1.,.;1, I~ ~ ~1_,:J1.j,t
, LfJ~I-,.

~I ~I thll ~J ~I c:t.!
0..,411 ilAJ' ~I;:llJI ~i
. (u:.
.....r ~I ~~I ~L"1
.. Y-'L.. ) ..u~1 ~ • J ,,1 I~-I~q J .)~_,.II
~T ..:,i - ()"\:.II ~~ cUi.>~ I.. GlI~ J ~..f..J - L:.....I.. ~I_;II 1-iA
~~I ~t ":'1 ~ r? ;,..,AJIJi;J4 ~';J~' J-11 J..;;f Jl....!J1
.>_;JI;"; ~~ 4t tl:l4 Jl..:!. _"'~I.)\f Ill_, , ~ J:f' JLS
~, ':"~_'::"'-J ~I JI,J>~IJ ,.IJ.;JI.)J..'.J";..\.J ~ ~J

~'J ut;1,JJI tY « ~I » l~ _JJ:aJ' ,.~~I.;.1 ~ s:~ !.Il~f

J iL:J' « J...(JI » L.J . .).;11~ ~. ~I J-11 u~J
. ,Lilli
~J .. J I~ .1'J ~.. ;)
~ _. 0\'" ~;;
~C"': '11L
...J-'-'I
-:C'
u[pJl.
•

L....;} J 4dL!J1 u~1 « ..1l..!i » tY' ~11Y..-ll:11 W!..iA ~

&)~ (~,_,..~, o~, .:..~'JJI ) U.)~ J ~ u..fJ . co l:llk~\J
.)J .»)l:. .).i)\,2~ .. Ji ~ J ~[kj (J""'.
_... .,r.. .." ~LAlI oL.:,J1
.. o~ ~ '.

if UI - "l.,:u.
,.,.._......
, a"lI:i...&.l.:.>. --II ~'Jl
.., '11c.r1.1_YU). J <..r
1':"_.).i~i

r~I -II" u...,..JI

.r.' .. J-*", r . ~ "'ll:.W?
... ~... ItlAJl...bl;J·' .e
"uJ. b.:.:J1.,
J

~~7 !l~J •• WI ~ ,.I~'J'J J:DJi) , ~, ~ U_;.AJ-~H

~.)JI.), :WI)I 0-41 ~ l.;_,_; .)T~. (~_,JI ("W ~I~
J ;;JJL.JI;;).rJ1 ~ J'> ~ 4..: ~1 ,w\;jlJl J L_,:1J ~l:tl

: ~. I... ~j 4.o..u:.1.1~I)I U:! ~ <')

E.C. Dexter, Weat],,,. Inf/llern:eJ(New York..1904)and E. Huntington. Civillm-
tion and Climate (New Haven, J924).
: tl:.ll JI o_,.;lIJ ~I ~ c) ~..u:J1 1.:/-:lJ6J.1 \,r'J
S.F. Markhan, Climate and the Enargy of NationJ (New York. 1944) and.,C.A~
Milb, ClimateMak,: th, Man. (New York, 1942).
ct. R.T. La Pierre, S()c;olO1Y~ (New York, I946). p. 96. (r)

"(\V
..;Jut ~~:UJ
. r_t I t.;\
..~ ':~II ~I ~.~(f'J
. ~~,." ,u-JI
.. ~I _:.
~'.lJ ~ . )L:=:>- ~I ~.JA ~.i &)T ~ ul~1 o~ ~T..d-

.J~J, .r.--!..:I ~ J LAW' pi ~~IJ> ~ ~,,:.:Jl l:d-'Jl5"

~';ll.),l~ ~\')I o~ J ~1 J~J . ~L!JI ~I J 'S'.1.. ~
.. I~ ~ J:4l1 ~.)I'p" .)~J .1r'1 ~)..\l cS~! Ja....,'p1~
.)~ ,r.S'T ~ ( ~I ) .)~I ¥. ~ \.J!. ~u cS,;.i ~ c)AJ

.. (1) v>l:.ll ':Ju"~ ':JI~~ u=-~ WI." ~h~J' u.)I~1 It,a D"
.)'- ~1.r.Jl ..uy_, ~, )6J1 ~1 ~ ()A ~~ J_,.411~ '1 clJ.i)
• ~I ~..\r ~i ~I ~,y 01 L:1_,i JI.J
I't.... ~1,;J1.i, ~1 ;;~ JI ~_, ..\i ~';JI ~._,s::.; t!U~ J.r.J
.4_..iIJI ~ ~I c:? ~; \ j)UI L)A ~I , ~I Js- J~ '1 ~.) ~If
.. I rJ'I.-.,:r ~ . c.S.t ~
ill ~T c.r.-'
I::, ~~
M' '11 wiJ'.II .. :t..-.1J1
J _~ •

..J ~.r""UI,;.i
, .. ~I :-11ul J.!..'til
"..r-:'" d
I.:'~
... I...~ J . J JlPI
) WI..J"'".u

'0 ~I J u--y
1.. .• 'I ul46J1 ~ &JT ~..
'. u~ . ~I ;L:,.JI M

. LAJ:f. J..T ~l:ll

.if ~I .r.11'~ :i.i)I,J1 ~ ~i·if 1;j.L'1
. ~
.
..0; clJ~ ~J • c.S~ J~ c).W'11:i)6.. ~J ~Ir.' eli) I
../'I_,L;;;J.J--4 J L ... oj if ~ ~1 ~I r.14 ~WJI o~ ~}

~ , ~Ir. ..r.f JI.J>,;/~I~ ~ ~J~I ~\) I1J . ~~I

.~
~
....
~
r. '1 t;JJJ.; ~ ~T JI ,~,_J t.S, .._j.JI"
~,~
~
. w.." J-,~b~ J' ).)4 c.SjJ\ ~t;fll~
,rW1~ ~} ~ JI~ L :Jb:.i~n~tJ.) lJl J~ - '('
o_t'\t1\J ~UI J.WI ~ 4L..J1 t~.JA ~IS"JJ.) J:..I ~.,.tJ\

~ • cS..fl"J.. o-iA ~ \J .). r:r tJ'-..r ,i 4J!- ;w.L.:::,.

: II ~ I)s .. s 6.:.:;~ I "" .., ':11
.0.)J~ L.~..t.,JI,._,....J ~J~I ~ ($.lfl J::i..ul u-W1 ~I
.See H.C. Brearley, "Homicide in SO\lthCarolina", Socird PorCM. VIII (\)
.I929)~:218-221.
~lS"J' ~~I ~.l:.J ~b. J JIJ.. L. lS]IJ' ~_·...'I '::"I;j.ll ~
~JJ~I >~I J )6::;')1 ~ ji upl..\i ';~ ~L wL..I»!ll:A
Js-i Wb .:.lIS ( ~T JI cf)l.. ~ ) UI ~ JJ~I ~I J.
~ rl.i (5.ll1~I jl'Jl . ~.)J.r.l4~I dUI ~I J ~.
~~ <,S".... 4,) ~ ~t 0lrlt ~J.) r.Sj:..-A ~t ~ J.i ~lfJJJ..

~i ~J J.i~' . ".)~,yd l5.l.11

~I_,:JII~ o.)J~-' ~
J~.,b. -II
f$" ul~1
_. J ~..'..- .) J ~
I ~II ~.)
rJ ~)r -..It ut ....
MJt-' ~l
~.

~ 'I~;;I> 0t c..; ..wdl~ ~ ;,)~jJ' )6::;'11~.

b~ !H.~jra
~~.t JI f,-IS )J.) j.J--4':J1 .,.,i,. ~> ..\iJ • L..!1IJ ~ .:6c::.i~I.
bl.rJ UIJ . ~ ~~I c}1~ ~J )6-:i'J1 ~ ~IAJI ul1lfJ'j~,
• tS)L4"J1 (.).,,:.-1.1~ _,l W) ~.)~ ')1')J.. )6.:i'J1 ~>I.J> ji ~ _
_;SiJ , '-k)1 J L... ;s1~..u1 j )b.:.:i I ~.)I_j> ~ clJ.iJ L-:r elilJ.
J.fJ ...,;: ..,..;_,r,ll ~ ;s1J , ~ J;it ~ L.... J..1}:lIJ ~I.:JI ~

.iN: d"'ft i\i."J'.,.1. ~J • ~_;lO\ ~ L... ~~..cl.~

~..
A" I ." .. ~L;.. 4.i..a.,'LMJ
~ L..-.:;\'I ji bb"Y'..- ~~I . ~

v-eWI L6.JI <.r1.;J1

J4"~ ~J ~~'JI ~jJl~ YJ)&J~
Jl u.r;ST ~i jJ~' ~_,A11~~'JI ..:,\:J_,!.-l1 ~ u=n
_,i ~-L-.Jt if ~ _,t ~I)J ~ L~I ~I_'>'..L. JI t_-,,~)L
. (.)).-u L.l.:n

.~ )L%3'J1 u>I_po§~ jT r..lS'J.PJJ~ r c;1J~J

~_,:JI ~.L:.- J b.".aJ;Sf ~ W.) l;J r~..u.uf '11 • ~h
JI .)_,.J ~1,;,rdJ • )b.::l'.J1JI ciJ,;~)t o).rJ1 ~j.)':',~ JliJ.
J_"~IJ.eUI ~i fJ'J Jb. §Js- ~ L. JI ~ ~l:.ll ~1.rJ~
)4.:J1('~l WI." ~I j""':' J oJrJl ~J.) ~y::_,__ 'J ~ JJl~
GU~J. ;~ ..wi_, u,L!i ;s1~~ 'JI.~II ~,;:::;4 - J.,)J'
..ir ")~ ~4 l:JLvI ~~~j(,~ if ~ U~ J.._,bJ1
J~I c)~
. ~ w.f fit ~~ ':/1 :u jaIl Lbo ~ ~I (;~~I ~li)W'
.~I~IJ ~ ~i J:- ~ti ;;J~ r..l)JJ~ (.f J. ..u"
~~I a~

.()AJ , ~ JI ~ U"J , ('"""Y' JI r:_,.. c)A J6::;':/1 ~ t~ ~,

. c» ';'1 {"Yo. (.5i JI t~~1 r~i~ (" ~ cST

L..-IJ.) ~
\........T
Ai : ~J-'.'U JP v- .....JaJl
•..6 4.". a!-,J,
..•• ~. lA_ t

.()A 4;1;.. ~~ ~J...,; l:91~1 ~i o- ~I ~:, L. r,.I5"J-',)

~: ~. '1-, . c: •":Jol j ~L.J'l1 o~ 411; j cS~ JI_p-l.JI
J~ ~ ~i y.!- • JI_J>l.j1oj_,. ~~ .)ll~i ~)~_,...JI
U" L:.H U,il _,.._, ~~ 'JI ~1)2.U O,.r!~ I jLJ 4 t.:i,W a) t.J.;1
JI.J>~I t'_,;T ~ 4.-A) i'__,i~.t ~ J.-! c)w'J~ . ~LA..J
.1~ ~I ~ . \w:-'~ L.~ ul,;..ul ~ J~ ~ ~J' ~I~'
.I
"i:; UI
...
o~ .(""1
(.r'" J
• ;J"w\> ~
"......
fit- ~ ~.."- ~ u tJ"': l. L.

.($..iJ I ~~I ~}I JI .*,.. pT . AN_ ",~, c)A ~ ~ ~ ~i

~ ;, tI -til.r"i v"
.,jJ1 r..r--::-:
f""--!Y.. .~ ~ I.:.A 411 • ;; ) bJl loY'
"LL:.LI j c.r:"!
"
.~ J..t .ui ~ ~\ ~ ,:jJJ . oJ:~1 ~I A cl]';J ~~ J
J j~ ~.JJI ~JJ~IJ ~_"'~I .)i ~ 'lJ • ya ~JL:.a:.. ~
.J'.J>~li' ~U,Ji IJ_).)~ r d.,.lJ1 ~~j .:r~J~ ~':JI J_,.!JI
tY'i JIo')LJI J ,~,_,J~. 'l ~J , ~l_.!j s s» ~W.I
-Lfli c5_;.i J.o\~ !l1.:.A .)i ~')I WAJ . 1';.1! -,1 r.r~~,;:J

B. Durkheim, Le Suicide (Paris, 1897), especially Book I, Chap. ill (\)

: ~W" ~ ..,..r~u. ~YJ
_M. Halbwachs, Les Causes au. Suicide (paria, 1930):
~1 ~ t ~ W" ~\)JJ~ ~, ~1 ~, J_), ~ ~
• ~.; ~ v-- fiT ~ ~
: Ji,it , ~;>!-" .._,.....J' ~W, (jA ~1 1.L.t.~ I5rr o.l~jJ
::Po Soroldn, Society, Culture and Personality (New York. :r947)~pp. 8-13.
~4J- ~i ~"A~A <.)"4~ "T , 4....:--1O)~ rl~'il)
~.J:--J J~ ~ ~ :UUI.9 ~~IJ. ~ lil.b.L. 0_,....;l~..\5j . ~
.4.:",11J..I,.,JI ~ _;:;Sj . .us ~_,JI J WI_" if}11J u)t::;..1
~L •• ":--ll .:;.,~ j ~ J..I_,_JI 0" u~ L !11_;:..!\f4 J-;"
. ~LJ'il

~l(..J\.J ~ J~\

if')~I (.;) ~1~ 4 ~i) : ..J\W~ ~1 Ja"""J "u:...J,

~" ~"JJ ~.lI}T ~ ~ lA'tr ~L...;I 0..t'j ~i ~ ~I
~I~ ~l) ~)_, . ~f- ...... y,.,Lt j&-clJJS", o~1 J ~)J
;jUI II~
~ .. " • ,
tJ'd•j • ,.A~.J.&.
r ..u~
" J ~", iT
I.:._~ Ll> ~ •

cit!) ~J,) _,i ~I ~J ~I~I ~ 4.LJ4 (4Ld1 ~L.,f~1

• (\) J.N
.. lpIlaj
. l-.9.. ~ b.)~
(L ~ Jkl:.A!ll:.A : rJWI .j J"--'I ej_,;J1J)t>, - ,
WI.(..... (_);..i ~I;..J , .:J..~J ~ jy ~lOl ~ ~ if Jl.J1
t~):{:~~" . ~l!(J4 j.....
jJ' ~ I f';'·: ~~ ~

r.iJ-J ~r dr. y>-=: J w J~ ~~JJ; cL:J1 rlWI ~IL..

JbL:... ~ O~J - ~JJ ~UI ~J't c}_r!.", ~"", ~JJt
~ :r ,;s1 t....\:..J ~I ~J • ~lL..J1 ~l!)
WI c,)~ ~ L)A

~b' 41 J W ~~ 'fA. U" ...$f" ~I J W ~,~to.

~\.:..w...'J - ....;,., ~ ~I 1~ r..w !)l l:....;.1.,;t ~ ~ <')
0.)\11 IoS"J - ~~.)j'J' ..; ~t J.;.t; ~I ~I.f ~ ...ul &.)\1 - ~ I!U~
: J.!.4 ~~I c:=:-I}I ~ ~ :u:..t.1
W.S. Thompson.. Population Prabl"" (3td ed., New York, 1942) and P.H. Landis,
Popull%tion Probkm (New York. 1943).

~I ~,~ , ~~, ~I,).) ~I.P.' ~ j..AiJ11J,... ~ ~..uJ

• ~'-' ~1r.1 ~ ~)l..J1 ~

"Y\
.)..lJ1 IJ.. J!~J , C!)\ J::lIJ 1.f'l;J\ o- , .. ()A;s1 ~ I-,~
~ J.&- ' IxS J t.}1 J:l1 J ~ ;s1 "t I.)"~t ~~. ~l
~l(_J1 ~j.i j J*> '111.,).,.~t ~I_,JI 0"" , :t>)L.JI ~~I .)IJ..~
d'}JI ._,oM.. ~ ~ ~L..;':JI~';J <!.U.)J , ~I~ Jtl.,,~ LlL4:..&
•.:)..j
.. ~\ l._.4.'..v. l.~ .... "....;. :L ,r.
,." :L_,....a> ~1. ,,:' ':J oj".J , ~...l::i ':~n
~t <IJ~ ()A L. Jf ~ J~J ~1..i;J1 -ul:-b. ..w , ~..w.1 OJ}I!
~~ vb.L- !.H.:.AJ • 4. 4.:•• 11 ~ cS";:-' JI ~ .)~ J~
.~~ 0,)_,4 1...1-,, u~1 O~~ ~~ L.I ~ }JI ~pi P ,j&-
~i ~I!IIJ . ~b::.J1 ~ O~ ,)I~t \~ ~ 'J ~ 0,)_,.).1

u)l~1 ~\_,j ~'j....;:f ~J ~ WI J if}il~ ~UI J A. r

~ if}':J1,jA ~yl (flil J ~,r.JI ~ ~l) ~)J , d')J ':J".
J'}1~~ ~ ~ ~tC...J1 J t;p I~I_'. rLJJI ~l:;1 j.
~.~t u-
,("·i, d.)L.a;;)l1 I.::i'll (.,)l.4.:i'J1 tl.Jl~J
JI ~UI ,M ~ JV _ 1.7
'fJl .. [.

AL>~I" ~l(....JI¥II ~;J)rl ~)rl (\) : cS~ rUi ~.)i

~Tj t.ill ~~, (~), ~lC.....J~ ~.))I ~I)jl J.rJ1 (,,), ~~
jj~1 u~':J"J1(t) , ~I;-I_' I.d' ~ , ~,I.C.-JI JI ~~H
~jl,.; j (b':Jl" :i.Ab;.LlJ
~LUI ~ ~ ,)~':JI-,.
, c.;.·~~;",_J1
~t ~I_,JI t:rJ • (') r
c.>_;.~1 WI .)~ j J6J1 ~ L- _;5i ~
,J.A:JI c.>j:--J , 4lS' ~ }JI jj _,(II d Jt , ~ cSt j ~1G...l1~
~\ ~ ~~ ...... ~t_,.t , t.:J1 t;~T ~, ~L:.l1 .,.i._J "pill
• L... ~L..J ":II ,)~_,

~l~)-o~.l:...~) : ~~~ ~~ ~JJ' ~t -"

~ ~I ~)..\J' JI .)J.JI J _,..:JIJI J.:..r ~LUI ul&.~ ~
~, ~~ l;..._, , rWJ~ y.,)I)t J... ,).f':5' J&- '11•;.)lj .J'} u..c&.-
"Two Billion People"" :Fortune (Feb" 19#). (r)

yy \'
~,l(_JI Jo~~ ~b~j t.,sJ ~J,)(J~\ ~Ll:iJi ~~ J-:J
~j )t:T <J4 ~ '-!?. l..J ~}IJ ~~I J-1.i J)JI o..iAJ
~ Jt. I..u.J ' ~I J~ ~ c.PJ
ua>~1 ld~ ~l:i)1 ~
~ ;;A 'II ~.P J-11 ~.".-...!1'J , ~, r: ~j:4l1 ~I_,:U
.,:,l(_J1» [~'11 J ~ Jik.!. ~I ~I)Io-iA ~ ~
~bjl wr ~ liJ); jJP.lY., .'1jAJ ' « ul4C~ ~~ Lt..iJi
i~:Jlj ~ j ;~~ ~~ 4JbJi 6~J ~ P ~I~('WJ.l ~bl
~~IJ . ~ ;~UJI ~ <5"t1.1 pijl ~ , o"~jlo..t.
:,,_,~ IjlS" ~UI ~Jjfl J)U.. I_,..!.~ <.Y.,.)JI"I)~I ~ ;~I

(.$t ~~ f; r ~, uU(J4 ~~ li,.JJ\ ~lC...J1u~~ JI

,. ,~ ~ ••f\ ~1i.lJ1. -.11 J~
:u.J; d.__!4J )'1 4 ....~.J--A d -
~J ...J""'" • I)A..

u)
1:-1:)1isI:i":/I ~J'"
- L.~ ~I ul ) ~I ~ • '" r'WI
o:"1\ oAI
~1A ji ;\, )~ ':II ~ _,II~ ~ _rs. ~I:JI ~_;JI J&- J!UI
• (\) ~ \.C..JI ,)~ J J.:! ,_,..;~l_..p ~ ~ t;J.1

"JI if~r-
. - J ......,
....r..~ ~.. u~I~'. iJ.4;' L.'~~J ... I
,~ • c.ruq ~\ J ~1,_4!.
~-
L-!I(JI
.. tW,J ~I J ~IM. I':"'~
sr:
wl.)~ ,),P,'J t.i'..\AL!... ~Ji ~I..yl u~1 jJ' ~~I ~I
oL ~ t)AJ' <.)"l:J1 c)" o~I"I~~1 UA~I ~)~,,~
v-f' Jl!J o.r.J1 J:iJ , u.raJ1~ ~ <ill JIAt,\f1.)iJ o"k. 0bWI
,~)W <5.lJ1uD~~IJ , ~_,JI tdl_;.....1JLAl ~ ~UJI ,ya lS
uli~1 ¥ u=J1~UI ",:,',)~IJ' ~):II ~J J&- ",:,.,-:.11J)
,o~ ~i"::i ru 'J i...AJ • ~.rJ'J ,o?'iJl JI U"L:JI e"J' ~I
J ~ ~tl.-i'11 41~ e,;Jlu':JJUI ~ <.S~ J~ J.:J.) ~'il
J.tl _,JI 0.lA oJ"u ~ \S" ~J • (5".,W1o_,.J ~ ~,)L:JIo,,)J1 o,)~jl

ct: La Pierre, OPe cit.~pp. 136-138 (\)

~;.u ~I ~I j>..I.r.j~, ~J.iill )~1 J.j~ ~WJI
~jJl ~l (.$j:-A ~IJ , ~,)I.J.&.T ~~ c..i hf) jl.l&, &)1.) 4....Ai
_ ~l. • c:JA ~ ·1:.-11 .e. ••
uW
L:11.t l;-",LAJ' ~lf
'.
~1L.l~...hA.!
•
............,
E-
d.. jJ I LY'lj I c:JA ;~ I ~)Wl o.A. L:.. 4.i J JAil ~ ~.)b. .Y" to l.as
~I J \,~J t\;:>-I 0" ~..ul ~1 ~J lc.s. U!~ j~
. OJ ~.wl
LS.l·H d..,:J IA : ) o: L.? ~\II rf..rJ s :..r',.._;j~ ,:,,~.lo - ~
Jc- ci'}' ~I ;~ P L"'l:Jl ~}JI Jfl_,i J d ...b. JI ./Ii
!)A ~~ ~)I ci1) ,.j,ts'_, ~I~I JI.J>~I~ ~Lc..J' ~v\,c,.
~ \,"",,4 ~~ ~ LY'ljl Ip.., (T') ~)_'J.j~J rY..j.)_'::- Jl:oi
~I uy!CJ ~ 'J-f' ~l:s d,.;..o~.J jl:!.J,'J1 •.)~!:b.I)'
~~\ o~ J!..o J cJt ~T (,)"y:lLo j8J . ~_,J-,~I iililj
,4.-J_"" ~ \,~..u of J (alli ~~1 ~Iy ~ ~ ~IJ~
J.n ~J • ~,)J..bu~j~1 \;;I::--~ u.)I.l..o1 J.;- c.J; )~I ~_)J.i ji \'1

jJ~ .j,t t)A .).0 ~ ~.rY' ~LJj\} ~I ~_,-JI ~t ~yll~

L. :i.iiJ_~ L:..G,,; I~1 '11 , W'M -,:1_;J.I .jLC-II \' l.k 'J if}~I ~l:il(..1
• d...J ....r ~ wJ ~~Ij J
I)A ~ • .;>.)JIJeWI if' ~I~I cJi JI LY'_,:JIA~~ e'_,JI J."
c__...1),) J r-~ ~\i ..\iJ . ~I ,..\Ai tJA GU..6J , ~IL.n _,...J
~wlGl
.. _, &)l...J'J\ t.f'7
. I~.. 'J .:J1:i,.~. -':"'11~'"". .,jLC..J1 j ~ . :;,~'
"'_,
~~ '1 1Y.•.lJ1 0ts::....J1 ;l:::-- ul.)Jl:u' t..A..oJ ..uJ . (rJ ~I~I ,)\.."l~

: ,}Jl •~..bJ l ,.,...-ll J.!.i ~ 0u::....J1 ~ ~~ l.::~ (I)

Thompson. op. cit.. Chap. I
W. Godwin, Political Justice (1793)and The Enquirer (1797). M.J. (,.)
Coodorcet. Tableau Historique de l'Bsprit Humain (1794)·
: ~\.:S" &- ~J":II ~\ ~I,;. ~ _)zjt (r)
Thomas R. Malthus. Essay on Populati;" (edition of 1803)·
~J~I.r: ,)I)~I :d':J1 ~1Jt- ' ~I ~ ;n~ ~Jj. A
JI .)"J.:IJI~~ ~Jj"~J J. ' ~ ~I ')J..b- I~ ,j.>
d'.,J.I ~~I ~~ o,)~jl Ah V" ~ J>..w ~'J , ~l4JI'
LSi, ;_,.:-J.I o,)~jl ~ ~,)bJl ~I ~" , ~$!'", u)IJ
~I ('J.A:JI ~i 1)".,,:11.. ~iJ I)"J' t A_ell ~~_,:...... J ~L;;)
~4 j>JJ 1)\ 'JI ~I cS j:-.o e j_ ~ i~ ':J d!'"_,J.,:.(::JI J'
4it cSt) -UJ • J-;.II ,;r _,l!)'J1 ~ OJ..} ~ t? F cS';'
"T rl ~I J'JJ
4.AI_,i ,.b. t~1 r:r ~"J ~I,;.II.i, ~
{}J" - ~I "-! ~jAr ~I ~~~\~I clI~~IJA J~~
WI.,ij\ ~.)I J~ ~~I o _,AI 1Ji~JI cS.)j ~i J ~ ~l ~,,~
. JL-;'J1r?

,UL!:.l1 ~)ii ~y. '".1>T, ~~J... .j~~,U"_,:JL.. ~t" ,

~_,;Ij » ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~I~ <!U~ 1# ~ 1_,i1S'
~IJ'
.)..\t. J ~)\;JI ;,,~jl ~i ~ ~i ":,,lS rJ" . (((,JL4J1 )4!J1
,~LJ' ~;II Ji ~UI j,}J' Jj;.lGJiJ 4)Ji ~ § J ~l(_Jl.
J I." .;A ,I·".u" IJ::"'" ~
.J ~..b.
\""
l.it ). bol r.r\..- t.J1 t:.·. ~T ~ ' .
...r-'..
IJJL!tJ , W~ UJJi.! 4L.J1 ~\) ~',.b..~1 V" ~."~ J:f ~ ~
~t ~ ;:.,_41)j d'1) ~l_,.jl ~_,JI J ~.i ':J ~l JI
cSr11 ~I ~T cSt) ":,,I:(JI -':JjIa~" . ~..bJ1 ~1lJ.~_
L.I J..~ W. . ~ " ~ lei J..l::A.J ,~J<L1:.
.. Y .~ ..
~iJ , r.Jr
.. Lli r.J~
.... ' d,
c:.1:;1r.r.)
1..- 4> ,)1,; ~I .) . 'il ~i .)Ji ~!.- IIJ . (\) W".
. L. if) .. _,I.....;:.. ~•

ii"~j c)~ IJ)T LS , ~)J.riJ1 u~6J1 I)" ciI) J.!.J JaA'1-,~I

~J~..\t. ":,,tS !It:..J . m ~I ,)J+J ,)I).\'I c.i 01;'.'j1 ~~".
t..Gl> 4 )~t cJ4 ~ r WI ,)~ ~ L. ~t )t.I;4 I~

B.M. Blat, Mankind at til' CrDssrDad! (New York, I~3). <\)

W.S. Thompson, PopulatiDn: a StudY in Malthusianism (New York, 1915). (") ,

YYI)
 ~ w.~1 Jbl;ll J ..j_;J1 j,)L.a,. J&- ~LC..JI ~ ~ JIJ.. L.J
. r» j,)WI "~J!.. JI ;}:All .1t
.~ ~...Ia:>.~ ..\.d . ~ V;lAr ;s1, &~.,;.~ ~\:S ~.H
~y"J . ~, 4:..1,) o,)~jJ .)~\ ~ ~ l.j:>\1 ~1~1 ,)L:a:.:i~1
dJ~ ~'T \""..b-TJ, ~I ~ljjJ ~I ~~LC..~4 (JJ~ "':"'tS
J..jl) I j ~I)jl ~L...l ~ t_,;ll I..).,. ~ ()t ,)..\i 4i' ~J.u
'.#J . rWJI iT ~~ ~.)Ji J) ,)1..\...1JI ~,)1~t ~ )l:...
~~,rW\ J o,).Po")\ ~I ~,b::-JI~l&. ~ .)1 JI .)~ L.
J)tAJ1 ~K...JI ~ if A~ o,)Lj ~ ~.l;.:jl V" l.b. Jl:.i 1:16-
Jj; l:WJ - c.rUI ~~~I J..i ~L(l, ~ J ~~ <y".lJI
LIiII J r_L .d clf..iJ u.
. J I.....~I\ .. LJIv-
J.!"i:JI.cJ4 c.Y. \ -':11 J.,8sl;; L
J ,.,-L:JI ~\ ,J.A:J\ ~l c)tG § J ..b)\,tl rYJ . ~I 43jJ
~, ~.;:11JJ...f L)"_;.:JL. u_'~ ~JJ' <QMI~ J J\j I.. rWJI ~l:il
~'IS' L.... I..r-
l.:. 1:'"..laJ
V'
L.....5
•..
tJ if'.~ ($j>"
. T wL.....~
.' Jr
..\A:.:JII.i.
• J'l.}1 JJT J ~
O)~j\ (JI \;J _,i ~ JI.J.. ~ : ~~ ~~ ~~1 _,..;
._tL
~. ~l;;";ll
... ~1A.(J1
.. ~ .r' J"J.J>~~,T ~. ("" . ~ ..:....:.:II Ji't.,,_,
C_: ..
d
If.~ (JT~T ~\I)A_" <y> j~',;r ~~ ~"J'-'-")~,
.I~ (JtJ , ~I.)j' j ~ ~I ..u ~I cf})I JbL:... ()A ,~

W.S. Thompson, Danger Spa" in World Citn'li8ation (New York. 1929)j (\)
H.P. Faircbil~ "Postwar PopulationtProblems". Social Porus, XXIII (Oct., 1944).
~"J~t ~\.::j'i' ~~t wiJI r ~f J'.u~ J~ <")
~ - .,)')I"h.,., ~, j&. ~ .)..u..J ~~ &51- ~W'JI ";;"'1~~
~1,,1' ~~, ~ ~ e:1J4_, • rt fl ~ I.r ~"0 J3t
• ~\,:;~l ~\ASJ' .~ ""!..u.; ,,; J>~ ~l ~4'i1 j.el,,&h
cr. S.J. Holmes) Human GI7UhCl alld Its Social Imprms (New Yor~ 1936),
pp. 197-198•
t~1 ~t~)J.J ~l!S' ~ ~'~IJ
c),LC...JI ~l5' ~I})I ~
c;.JJWI~I)jl ~L..t ~ - ~ Jlj L. J~)'I o- (.5.r,Cl
J ~ ~ 4iT ~ clI~ LJA c.rGJ1 Jr-J . ~I u!A~ Js. - ~
t.;1 ~ ,jA , (.5.?~t .::,,1) i~~ ~I); ~.AAJI ~..ul j.tL:...
. ~J§ t)A~~s~J~~I~~

~ 1J..J.A; '/1 clL..i ':l l;ji .::t t-) 4 : 4i'~.ju:..-fl ~ - \

~ t)" ~>Ij ~;JI 4)Ji J ~l.C...J' o.)~j ~t ~ l:.ili , ~p
, ~ t,Y.)UI ~_;JIJ t~ ~ JI JI..J)1 ~I J ~Jl.
'!II . ~~I JL.J ~ d
d:-;::> .,b. JI Coil.) o,)~jl o~ ~J,
0>)J1~.)~jl c:.r ~ )4J , ~l:J1 ~ jill J~ J o.ul o.l. ,,~rJ ~t
~ ~)IJ c,;)1 ~':Il> ~ J J:lA11 j,~IJ ~l(:.J1 .)~ J
t_.~6.,....; ~ .:;.Jt5' ~I ;~h.1I ~JJ.J.JI~i;JI ~~ , t~'
..b.:-! .1~ '11 ~ ~ l~ r' J\4l,~1 ~l:iJ~J , .)t.:J\)
.? L"l:J1 ~~Il,'; 4~·.t.?>-
~I (:__J\ ~J ) ''\(h J.:.. r'UI ~lL.. o,)~j ~T ~1.:JlJ
(~I.I..~ ~l
L.:J I.JA~ Jt ~ ,.I~I ~,~Ij.~ ..lJl tlb.:.:.....t
JJ.-bJ1 ~_,,~
. LS, r 'A.. ~~ ,
~Lii::.....1 ~ J ,) 1.1:.q~:.:J1J ;;.i;.T
'J.)ljW ~~,:r Jii Ijl5' Lt.]1if}jl ~LC....~' ~,.b., "r'.)
~.)"..jJ ~,:.tl ~'" ~W'.J~.).AaJ 01j..~· - C'~ "JJ4\
'u:-li •.\4)1 ~I ~I
( ~')u4) (WI.J~ J1..u; cpUI
~U.~IJ~
, .Jy., O£O "C'_

•.Jtt
..),
, .)0 \ ~.,
yy" \VO'
\" ..
• .JYO
-
'( \\Y\
"."
Y,Y\
V~o•
\~
\~t·
..
by K. Davis, "The World Demographic 4r ;Up ru;'JI •..A.- (\)
Tranaitionu, 1'hI A,u,au of thl Amlln'can of Political and Social Scimcll, CCXXXII
(194.5),1-3, and are taken from A.M. Carr-Saunders, World Population (Ozfard...
1936) and, for 1940), ~ uf Nations Statiffical Yltlrbook for 1941-1942.

YYv
:1;,)~jl ~1AI14.,..,J1 o.l.A ~($J.JI W . ~ ~~J.&. ~ tJA ;s1
~)JJI JI ul:i_,J1 J ~..\...!JIj,~1 clJ~ ~l> ~ ~ (5.lJll..J
iJA clJ')J , ;.)')f_,lJ J.,,~I ~I ~ o~1 u~LGI ~L..;, ~I
l.w ~.)T u='1'O~I J..\~I ~ ,JAJ ? ~ c.LlI ~)ll ';'I."t
~,l~'JaAl4 ~.)bJl~l.C..JI""'; ~ ~ ~':J cfllJ' .1~1
,t,_,;T J ~':JI if Q';".:lIJ
~I)jl u"J~1~ (\) : J! L.. jJJ
.i)~1 \~ ('\') , ~?J ;';I..\~I .)1)1 'O)} cS.)i L...., ~)'~I
~j.iJ .~J1 ~I)~I .)l!J' J&. ~ w~L... ~I JiDI JfL.J."
.)1..J!"-'""
.. I r.s-
\,,-~ ~?:o'
0
<:IT I "I~q ~
~
- L;I J l.u'
..
~(J,"wI.)1
~J.J' ~ _,.t I
.JL-._, ~J.4j \Ao. \~ ~ ,yo. rl£:. ~ (~) , ;~~ ~~I

.J ~ l.w ~L_, , ~I ~\ _,.!:iIJ ~,.,.-JI ~4 ~l:.J'

- 4_.,_,w1~ J..lyJl (t) , ~W~I .r&- (JU,I Js. ~~, )~I

, (\) (( ~L...;'JI ~ t..AL,1.J&-J

~I J:lIJ ~I)~~..ul f=11 _,.5
~J..\i ~ ,JA o~ .:r u~ JA! ')f jAl,.,J1 <)A t_,;.ll I~.)I) ~JJ

~. :i.i~1 .. '0J' 6:..;, .JA f..S.J. La."

~t: 0 uU JI LJ
.. .J'. ~
.. 0 -
~
\,.-

';~l:-e J.f ~ ~T j ;..\>I ~: <'T~~ ~J ,~I.G...J'' ' l:t1~I

• 'O~~I ~1.f-11 J

J ~"\"'!}I~~\ ~ : J,,*, .) .J>jl 41jll ~ - "

L.:..J'~I J oUT J b."J1
•
J cr"
\.:._~ ,. I. ~,(", uU"f .11L...;
l..J;.c.d..:r-v- .
A,

u~T J.i , ~JJ~I ')'Y1 ~ J \A •• r~,JA ~I~ I ~JJ , ~~1

~~I .1~ ~ JJ~1l ~.J • ~I ~ ~ ~I)I ~
~_;:JI (:- "'4 ~ ~J ) 4,)'J}1 ~"Jb. .)~ ~ ~ ~\
~IJ 4.fll\ J)l>.}:;.. .. wliJi J c)lC...JItr u:rt § J (~I_,..u
.c)ts::.....J\ .)~ ;~~j ~.1, ~lj~JJI .}.:JI ~." ,JAJ ) oJ.i-f.J\WI

Cf. DavisJ op. cit., pp. 3-5 (\ )

.
;J~~'':'''''j ,,~ .j ~'_,o1J ~..}:JI ~I ~~ - (n~JJ411
\" ,.,~-, \ Y'o \AAY-\AVA \" \Y-\ A· A ~1

\Vj\ - - ~J" ~li"'-....:.l1':"'~~)l

'''.J' Y't .It - ... ... .. ,;!~JJ~'

H.)" Yt;\ '('\ A ... ... ... .. L.....i)

..
\ ;'(' 'rAj' - ... ... ... .. I:iLli
rls J \ V.J·)
( ,..r-
tf.J" 11\.J1 - ... ... ... ., l:-"'J.J
(\"r,,-\ \ 'r\") (\AAt-'''Vi)
'bo Y\J"\ r\JA ... ... ... ••~_,_...II
\V.J\" rOJ" - ... ... ... .• I~l,;......l
-

, « }\.(:jl ;J..} J) 0-U')1,)~I ole. J .r jl o~ ~ . ~1:»1 ~

.~4 » ~T , U"_,;j\.. ~ c.S.)~ ~I ~)J~ ~ r \j) ~f ~I
~.)I...
. J-=.ll ~ ~~ a- fJ.J , «~I
\~I C:J' ~IJjl Js- ~~I ~~)'I t.$-'YJJ~' ('~J
6~ ,-pUI (.5_,::...J1 eJ J c.S_,AIi o~ .)6.;1", j..ul J o~IJ rWI
...bJ1~ ~I ~ JL...J oJ.f1S!1y,vo~ l ~.i;.T , ~L..i'il
.........
.~T~ ;..bl_,J1.J""~I ~i LSJ . ~lJ:,1 ,":,_,uJI01"';\11 ~J.&. ~

I.JA jj\A:.....,... rl;;' ~ ..s~ JJ~1 I~ (\)

'Thompson, Population ProblunsJ p. X52.•

.~
•
:u..:w ~u.. ~ ~ • t••
,..t. L:,,1.:,l. cr >"WI ~~
I -~'1 I.:.:t

• ..b~1 ~ .~'Yl ~I;I

 •
~Jl <!JJ.lS' , \.ta.)I}l ,).).t. ~~ 4 ".... U J&.i r.S_':-""_ ~
~~ (.)".,:JL. 4.L( f:. J-- ~UI .jLC..., UA.~ ~l&.~
+!..:f- t JJ~I J :i=.:.ll rli}JI o~ eu~c);. J:I..uIJ • (\) t..,)I..\&.t·
, ..y.l)\ ~ ~ J.1ZI1 ~k;.. ~ b~ ~J ~tS)~1 ~ ~_
,;r ~J_,iJ ~fi J~ ~ ~ ~IJjl ~ .)~":/IJ , ~~IJ'
, (.5.}-i ~ ()A l:A!.)tJ ~"'4J , ~

"~"J'~,.:s' ~~'J' ~\:.:$lIJo,,')'~rU~'- ('0 t JJ~I

'~T·..~ , atal, "::"JW'J ~\,aJ, .) , 41JJI ~

~ll~1 ~~~AI~I
Y.ipl~1
.l....Ji....»
~~o4:aJI ~WI&-~) f.-i~\
~Ljl (4i_,i U

~~ "\' o~ ... ... ...K ~L.JI

~. TO t ... ... 4-.J\:!l1 ~_,.l
y", ,..\ \t 'J.J¥IJl...)!"~U.~1 J jo:-

YY' ~, \0 ••• (~JJ t.)

loll> 4.).Jl
to "\V t- ... ... ... le-.JJ
t\ "\0 ot ... ... yp;1~J"T
tt VY ~~ ~.JlS31 ~!, lJ:!J"1 J..,..J
1t "\~ .,. ( ~.JJ 4..." I..) l:-oT
'"
tA VV "A .., ... ... l.-AJ
•• .J ·t

~\J t ~.)..ul ~ .~_,!I :t.4Jl U:-.,JI J.>JI 'J e:-- ~ c»

j.:.Jl tjjJ ~ o.l'J_,!1~ ~ ~I ~J I 4..1.i·h ~~'}I ~_;,.
\'U' J\\~' t.I"~~ ;;.J.l.IJJ · ~Wl ,)~ JS'" ~ c..r"'.)W Jly'J t J..U~
~ ~ I.,.. t\.ij.)'} I ~ ~~'J' ~ ~ • ~1.r....li;.I1~ \.UJ'
o~, ":"~'J_,!' ,,~t ~ ~ \.At • ~.)Jt f.S',J:. .l~ ~ ~ ~I_,.ll
• tW'.)\ &" ~'_,1.' ~ ~ \.A ~ c..rP~')'I ~ ~ .w ~.r'Jl
; )aJf
National Committee on Maternal Hcalth Th. AborriDnProbkm (Baltimore, 1944).·

Davis, op. cit., p. 10. (">

yy •.
.~I ($.?- ~)I LJ.) ~t ~i) : r~llof'_,;J'" ~J.. _ 'r

.~ tlAi;l,:r ~J~","li:ll ~ JL...J ,-,~IIJ.,. ~I

a_,:-llJ>~ (.5_;.1oJ~J . «~_,J.1dl » J1« ~I » o~~jl
.aeY. J-li T~ ~tJ:i!)A ~l(_J1~ ~~I..u}f~:t &~ ... II JWI
. :11 ~ '. J~
.~ _JJ'11), if.r MIl
(f'
« 4..."N, b.:"
• _
'.JI » crr.r
-"'L....bl.li.. I. _L
v:.J'"

..1;., c..f;:JL.~)i.l p.. ~[;~~~J . ~~ L.J cJ"f~IJ ~.J>

. ~..lI.IJo~I ~J ~4 ~, ~I ~,,-...!.U ~4 JIJjl J

.~ o- J51 &)l.li>~ I~ L:....1.. Jlljj L. l:.ll! r~ L. ~)J
.~ lS - <C.a ~A~ Ji JU(J4 c),lUi ~ 0 ' ~A11
~~ J~~ u.....JLIJ::lJJI ~.,..~ - ($~I ~~I ~ J6J1
'~ L.W' ~ ii L. ~J' L.~ ~L,t ..u J.f-"JI ~~ GU~J . c..f_,:JL.
.:;,15 tf::J1 Jfl_....J~ ~l(_jl .1..:...; ~t tJA '~I ~4 ~
,if J9~IJ ~~ :U_LS ,~¥~ I~ ~'J~I J)J JIJ.. '.JJ
__,.!:.:ll c.r):11 ClJ~ lr ~ lS , beL J I~.~ , '0Ja:-ll ~,,_!JI
J::- rJ' :J~ ~ ~ L... , ~ _,...!l.l .,...u I (';al's cfL. T o.A&. J
..)TJJ cJ'~ '11 J:.. ($_;.T JJ,r. '.JI 01::>~1 ;S1 J 4ti'~ ~ i.:4%j

·L.,jL
• • I)"r
...,t......,.A..\..
. t.!
~ o~_.~.J _,JI ~ -'..\AJ ~ i . Jl;1tyl

.o~l:-- J:!. ~~ <!U.l) ~ w~ J'J.. ~ ~J , ~;JI ~.,-...!1J

.~IJ LJ" -bJ1 JI ~ ':J ~jJl (,}"WI ~ c.J.!~1 ~I!.. !Jt.:.A ~1,) L.
J o...lfUI ~I
o_;.\:LI ,,:,,_,....!fl ~.L.~I rl~4 ':/1 (""~I~T
.JkUIJ l:A!}tJ ~, J~ J ~I <.S,.,::-l ~) _,JJ.)~I J
,J IJl~ .0,i ,)~I ~.l.Jai Js. j\.t , c!.T.. 0i « ~I J) (.),;>\11

~ JfL....~ {"",)I..\&.tIY ~I
<5"::'- 01 ~I , ~~t JJl::.. J ~
JI 4 ~1~ &)1.,.'
J-:11Y JAJI t,_,_::JIJ JWI U:JI
.,"'\
~ ~ l,....ll..:t)1 1;1 U"~L. ~ ~~ ~,lJI ~ '}J ~
. (\) ~~,.
;;)W~ I ~~ J ~ \:6.rt ~)U : J-:1f ~~ ..J)iS" l..::i'P.Jl
~ a.).ba.. 1;-,> ~ ~I~\ j..\_,.J1 ~I.C..J\ .)\~~ '::r.)11
.)Js. ~i ~ ~ ,~~ 'il tu.J~ ~.)~~_r.~ liJ);t.;.. ;Sl
I~-, u'i.f:. if)~1 ,)&-IJ~
L. ~J... ~ ~i J-! ~.ill .)1)),',
~..} u~4 ~ ~,I.C....JI ~15 ~lt clJ~ Js--, . JfL..J c:r ~I,
.:r ~ Ld) JI E~ ~ ~I Jf~ ...I~\ ~ J~I'
J~l~!)A~ ~L-...J~ ~~ §J~~.~ ~ if)~~
o- c.P-)1:(;L$ L.l_, . ~I uJ~\ ~ , t:..J" J:.t u=fL. Jl.
I~\J , e,)1~\ J (.)"'~i :i. .i-- JI ~ I)A ~ o~)1
JI ;~U"~\ ~)I, ~-",)I o~~ ~1~1 ~1)jl ~;l'
~ 1~1'-f"1.)JI ~\ ~~\ dJ . t:)1 e,kll J ~ ~.
~~ 1. ' d'L;.._.!.~1rJ4 ~L. Ji 4.fL. ~I J'LJ! ~ .ji ~J>'
~l:..AIl ~_,-!J' & ~~J • e.)\ J::l1J 4!l-.....> JI L. ~~
. : co l.iL(..... d fiT :t.!l:)'
~..u.; '-" ~.P ~I Jf\.....J ul:J~1 ~,lj ~.;.T~ <)AJ

·I~ 'J~,
c.I'~ ..) • J (IW 4,;u_r.
• ~ ..,)~.~ La
U"
~:. L.J..:s. ~\(_J,.
L:JI .J"-IU..

~1......i'11o~\ ~..d JL._, ~_, - ~I \I~I_' J~~\ .)i.,-,

~_,1l:..j ')L....J'JIt...£-I ~Lt ':II~ .)1- ~)L... Jlj 'f
4,t ~ }IJ , I.)-,~ WI.) ~,l) I".A'~.jT '.JI, .)t(_J1 .,)~j ~
cl o~~1 J)JI ~i J.f . ~~I ~\ .~ J ~~ ~l4i ~.

: ~ ,,:-,4.-~ '--..f~;p ~;J ~ J-~ ~, .~ <\)

Vogt's Road to Sut'f1ifJal.

See, for eumple. B.C. Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment ( 'I' )

(New York 19:17). Chap. III.

• H J '" ~I J-,it (\)
 LI~ ~\ Io!Il;)\,J ~\
.ci')&.jl ~~ ~ J ~l'".-:il ~ L.~ : ~~, ".:.." r"""
.~ WI J ~ M ~ )
~I .1WI JI ~I..L:.
~ M. \"- J t clUJl ..L:.J t
r
• ~~I c:J1S::5 tr:J-, ~LS ~~ ~ .uli , u\> ~ _,..;,
~-'~
.~~I If ~ ~r.s!~, ~W ~4 ~ (j:)l=iJ\ ~WI '~J
.~.J • ~w-,';)~j ~ ~I " , ~I ~J ~ ~ (.5.ll1
1~ ~ M<ru'l ~~I rl~t
~~.... , ~';JI ..
&0 ..• ~,'-'~

.~ ~ <.iH J'lI_,tJ1 Jf GlJ~ ~J - ¥! u"~ '11 ~l.J'l1

• ~b;.. ~la.. ul~lip J ~§:;J t.-~,

...U.r<~ WI'
.d.JI LJ!.r"
.. .:"'1t="'"z, r. "1J : ~l.-i~'6
~ UM.~-,,;1, a.:..J,
...
_ \
.~i oUi>~ I.. JJJ~ . ~L-;,u~..• .r.:"....
. 1'1 ~I ~ ~t ~. ..\il,JJ•

.wlii~1 L)A ~J ~t J c:.A. ~ ~ ~ c,5111 ~~I ~WI l.ia

'u4~1 ? J'\~' ,)l;-1J ~~ , «u-::1 ]) J1 c}l.;.:i ~~ ,)~
.t:IJ};l1 ~ ~ u=JIJ, ~L.1 \.f' ~ ~ ~l~ ~I JL.«.JI
~I..i ~ J1w §L.t \~~.J! ~J ,j.L...J';J1 t.....~ LS L.W
'.).?,&A ~ ~ ~I ~1:-!\l1~J . ~~J ~)~~.l5" , .uJ~J
•
L ",,,
--.Jb J ~
LJt _,.--..
'''. L. ••..
• 41.. ...
!,I
~ I.-> . ...4.!f.1· I·!I' ::.:':1
1.04> ~
:; ':. ':.d• . ••AI~I"
""'" J """""" loll>
. .. v- ..".~..,..
,':"~J>~ Ji~'tij'1_,:..... J ~ ~~, J4lJ1 ~4 ~.iS" _,.)lIJ
·~I~J Jl1.. ~ -~ '1J ~I r.}t..~ ~ ~~ 'J l:l.)
O~ ~ ~

UIJ ...~, ~.} c:r I.i.,.; ~I fir J!.t J91 ~It .~':J'
.:,tJ ~ ~ l~ll".~ ~i."~ ~rJ-s.. .~ll".l.i.. u=" r.~~'~
,~J~~." ~J1LA~ Ji, ~_,.ll t.J \~J~.
()p ~i oC-Jl~ _,i , JlyJl ~." ~ J__,ai' ."t
,UI ~_,..
, rl.it'1I." ;T.r.J1~ ~
, ~I ~L) I~\ o~ ~ J~ JI ;~IJ Jf
. m t'='-
_.("-II Lor
I "'I ..... clJ~ ,
~ u--~ ('"-II 1,,_ t· ~.,1
"" '11~I C'~I ~!JI ~4 clJ~ c.r _rljl ~ '1.,
J t--Jl ~i ~~ '11J W4 )t;b. '1)..L. o-'.:.t. "l:-!~ ~I ~
~ 4...al\> ~~JA ~ ~Ij '1 el_,J1 J 1.:;1 • ~~J .uL::r-
~>I}'.J1~I JJ . ,41IIlJJ) ~ Wl) ~ (./'~'11 \;t I_;i .
~., ~.e., sr":
.. ~I.. 4.!...JI J J I.r--
N'
•. ~. J..\..i ;;J ~\
-.
~ .. r.s--I~
l:rlJ_,....aj' ~ ~ ~_,JI ~ J., , ~ts::.'11
~UJ '-:'.~
. ",,;'
J~
I~ rJZ WS'." , ":"J~ I)A .yr. ~ L. ,.~ J ;tC)III.:ua ~A_jj~t
c.J~ ... '.J ~i J J lOt· ~ c.r.\·li:H,
. J ~_. J L;Jl WI .:J'.1\ ~·,f.Li:-.l1II
\.j..b.

,~\ .. v--''''
l.:ul i tSr.l..l_j\ 1-)1 U
. r.r. _rAJ
", If ~ LA,..t. ti~1
r.
~I.. .r--
l!.: ~ ,
..... ~I... .1 )'I l.,.~c.s-
d.......JJ1 1_';'0 4...i.()1
'~II
.... ~ '. l:.l.aAi1J
· ~~,.,.rS'
~..f.=l' ~ (»IJ r.:f.J'i p a:!!,. - ,.
: .J\...-J~1~~.)
~I ~ 'J ()l....J'11.", ~.r J(S' :t:.::1l_,~ ~~'.JI JlCI'
tr ($foi ~~ ~~ '11~I D" r.~l ~~ ~1.~.n,
lip J ~ ~I ~~ 4:11rj ~I u!:~lflll.l.J.• ~~~.
, ~ c.h-!. c,;J\ J"...\JI '11 c.JA L. Jjl.:1La - ~ o~ ~ ~LC:......
sJ~ t I( ~ ~~ ~ ~.J:4lIJ ~~'.JI ~1~',.
LA? ~1 ~~IJ ;..\fUI ~l GU~ J!..J' :WI_,L_,..L 4;;}~
J l:J .,,-¥ ~li , ~.)I> ~UU t.~ ~i ~ 'J ~1..\Il ;· ...'1
(,S.ijl ~WI J ~ ~ ($) ¥. ~ ~I" , ~~\ c:r ~ ~.
A"G.A. Bah, The Basi, of Social Theory (New York, I9Z4)J Chap, I. (Y)
j'L....J ~6. _'__'J ~I"p- t)A ~.lUI o(ju~ .u [.IJ)I." , l:J.",. cJ"
. .:~ ....
'\J.r---
,LIJ~4 ~ u-Plj)'~L.!J1 ~·...lf ~I J..I_"JI _r.J ~J

J~
D" W) .j,L....;~1 1....t;.,J • ~_f.&i' J t- ~ J..lyJl 1».1..".

.!JI~ _,t J-1' I~ cUt; , ~ JI,) JI I+-- I~:r.- JT , ~ JI if .)f..jl

.~ . J ~ • ~L...:.:..
~ _. 1J U
• ':/1 :i.!...J " :..;:-..:11 ~ ... 1 W--
• ~
~ .. l.H
o)~ ~ JJ , ~)jJ ~_;JI(~I J 4L!; ~i ~ cl.! 'J l-."
(16-- ....1JI ~JI )J.t'"! (.5';" cl1.) JI L.._, J)JI ~L..!il_,Jlti':ll
lJfJ ~I ~ _,i ~I~I ~I ~ u.~ ~I ~I ~ ,Lt--II
~ J J-,\l1~ ~~\ o.,u. J ~I. ~l__j,:/\ ~~, S,J\.
~J ~UJ .:,,~j~:U .~ ,,;..f -}:~ -,1 . ~I!U Ij4Jcl}l
44'11 ~ <?"J6iJ1pll ~ lA.r"l&. ~ ~J • ~L.iIo
. ~~I J:i ~_,T LS , ;..\fLJI·
_'.,A
~ , 4l..l...!l1 ~ .. I ,w"J :
I ~
~~-
aLtll....,.!J, a.:...J1
... ~~'Ai";,
~ ~i_
«; _ ~

L.;.. ~ t""'..- "II L:.JIJI ~L;,':/b . . I~,,) .:11 l!: ~ .

~ ""'" .r" . 4J:.'-t ~ r..s- ..r ~ ."'.
J? ~I' W ;f.,;lI.",.~II~J' ~~'.JI ;fJl ~
~.} dI~~J • ,).;u ~4 ~\l1 a- ~ ~ ~ J&- ~ t.rl~.
: l-.. jj J')I." ,).,4l10" s b') JJ ~'YI ~~I )..l..:al ~,T'
JT ~I ~4J1 ~ J(J ~ JIJ->l ~IP.JI JI~\I1 ( I )
• ,)')~1 lJ~~J ~~ ":/1_,..jl cJ' ~~-

~~I o- J(1 ~4:t .:~!~ _,~

~~ ':/1wl,;J1 ('-;')
if}1 ~b l., .)1)':IllJL..2t.~J ~~ ':Jl_ryl ~ ~~ JT ~I'
. "!"I_;JI IJ.". ~ ~
tr IF u~ ~~I 6J'j ~TJ1~I ~t..:J1 _r.:.,.; (~)
• ,)I)~l \J~)I~~ ~I ~l.IU.
_".lla.. tJ' IF <.S.;f -_rj -.:;1) 1';1
~I ~L.:;JI ? (,)
)
,Y'fV
 . o..edl of}' O~~).)~~ ~~, ;~II o_rjJ ~~ ~,
JI ~, t~ ~I .l.J&. ~ .,.:\A \!"~T~ r-:- 0.1...1- L-,
, (\) 4,. ,,_,f) 1 \..t._,.UU .,,,,_ L..
~)ll4J..l.!Jl.~..."~,.ttl 'f ~_,:j' ~~4 ~I 'd.: 4':11 J."
,~ \ ~h J -'..l:-! L.S'

U""
• _P.
, ..r 1:.11
J

) I
UaJN. r1LS"-1\ ~W";Jl u.~ .,_t:r-'I ~-
.... ~ ~u..
• •
,~\:J.\ J!,> ~t) ~W~I I ;;.l>}\J~)rts" ~h;"u:'U:~ rjlS""
~J~JI-, I I ~~~I~\;~ ;J)1,,_:1.1~')~~
~)jl~~~}jl~ ~ ~JAP ~W\!l)-l\~~ (if~";JI~~n)
.~I.r"l;.,Jj~_;~_'\:S' ~U~~~ iJJL.......J1
~I-'
c~_,l.J:J~~J~I_, Wt..ll C../'~~\r~\~l:i)
~I J "II_' ;;ltl-' ~j~:SJ~byJ~
\.JS""
(
!)L...J)l1 ~~ ,
,
.t1..,.,~I\-~
,,~~ '14il..U .
~~\I-'" ~~ , ~
c-:JJ~J ~J;L\ ~J ~l)" I
~I~ ~~b~1 \---~-----;I
JJWI Ji- ~.....
r;" ~h.)~\) J!~lli.J\} ~;a)\J\A!.(j\S"
,.tJ~J_,JI lob' J>J 4J~\ ~~~~JiJJlj~)\
~~ J,ll .. J L9AJI ~=j~\ J

Spencer's Principlss uf Sociology (New York, 1880-(896), J\!l.1 J:+"' Jt.)all (\)
Vol. I. Chap. i; ~ o,!,,,bot \.i~ .::J,)jt \.)Ij W.F. Ogburn and M.F. Nimkoff,
SoaoWgy (B08tOQ, (940), pp. 6-7. ..~I~. ~ ~.J 1o!:J,).)t l.ll-, the
.Jour1llJl 9/ Sodology, XXXI (19~S), 318-332.
~ J>b J jL-;'.JI J,L!; e.-.i.. : ~l-J)U ~~~, O-;:J1
-L;,.ii ~.)1>':I1~I o.l,." · :\J~.~..\i J~ JI ~ o';;;~-,
c:,l~1 JL.. (.]A ~l:; Jit ~l....J\l1 .j,t :,\ , l:S'J "T ~ I~.
ir 4;1;:> JI ~ ~ ~"j; e JiI.":JI,, ~ ub~ ~l;.jl.)~
• G~~ ~liL.;'J "",Lt <U'I:'J ~ L.f.~1 l:lj ~bWI o.l. ~~
~~ «u'"~'.J1 ~I;JI »(JL\TI d'.Jl., ,1..1.;.--
\~I..uJ
,y J;"'j ~I ((~I,)WIJ iflj~1 ~ ~.)JlIJfL)I" ~~Il)
ol:=JlJ ~),.,:ll ~;, <JA' ~)~ ~" ~~I ~ JI ~
uJWIJ u'.J~IJukl;> ':II" c).f.4l1L." • (\) ~.;JI" , ~4 '11
c?l AJJLJI~I" ~WI,":"I.)~IJjyJI" ..y~II,,~L\lI~ (:}_,:I.I.
wl.!~.:d.':J1-~).~141 ~.JS:-U JfL....J ~J-~,L...;'.JI:.r:r
: (.r'~1 o~ ,y ~I (Y') ~ _,:JI&)~I d" ) . ~~I
wt J-Y ~,I ! ..f~Yt 01.r" ~ ~I..-J~I o~ t..iJi - ,
o~ Uj.; ~ , Jj,,~ Jl:-IS" ~b. ~ ~ _,II ,":"J~I 0'16.·
o OJ
J ..
~It;, l~
.r' • vr:
JI vr:
\.......
lJA..W:.l.::>1\::
. ~ ..~:'u..r I~Let; ~
d.i t.r' • jW':J'
_JJ

'1., L. ~~ W:J ~ '.J ~I ~I ..::"l;.flCl ~ ~~ ~\5'

jl \'1 • ~ d-.!i ~I ~I_,II Jf~ W J51 ~(..,.1..,.. 4)A
~W ~ ~.]AJ ({ ~I_,JI (o}sJI» .'lr! '~l8'1 ~~'i,l.
JS1 ~~I J~ Gll:'" , « WI)I 6U) r~ c:f..
~I l>.)~
L+i,,~ &)l.J'110,:> J L.;~; J_;JI u-W 1.....\.:&." • ~ _,J~ ~,
c?1u~l" J"LJI UII~ , ~J ~I.)TJ rLJI !)_,LJI ~llu.
~t V"'.II" J~ LS". jL..i':J1 ~~L.:J U"WI t~ ~~I.
: J"~ L. t';" ~ JAJ . 0: ~~ ':JI l;;lj Js.~ _,J~ ~).
GU:' J&. '-!j Ijl" , ~J _i..-A ~~.L ..bt d')':J~ iolLlljll>

Our Social H,ritage (New Hav~ Ign), p. 140 (')

"-'JUI § ~~,l ~'J ~15' .,.....;6J1ci_,H J c.r- ~L-il J) ~T
~ \ t;4..•... ~ ~IJ ) ~L..JI J~~Ilf4 4;:l1' ~ .•rr u=J1~1,)WIJ
~ ~~ ~t ~.J.) ~bWI ~L..:SIJ .f .l:lIJ tl?-'}I ~ ~1.J.Ai
~~A !l)y"~ ~..u Jtc)-l:) ~J... &)lC.... .J~t ~c)tj (1.. J:::!u
J)\> J ~,.i~ ~ jyl raJl Lr ~U.IJ" J' ~ ~~.,...u
.~_,s::; JJ . ~.Jl.Gt ~ ~ c)J~ ~ JI ~J~ ~ • ~i 4.:-
'Jt~~.i ~ .J~ ur"J . ~li c)~~ ~;s1 ~JlGT
,~~" c? ~~" · ,)~I JT ul.J~IIJ,)~ Jt uli~~'
~ ,)1)~1(jA ~ ~ ~:l .bo"• .:,~, ~CS!~ c)JA 'J
.~ J ~l ~j~ J"......J ' ;;,)~I ~l1i.. ~ ~I ~
~~J , ~4 ~L>I ~ l.i)w'" u-- I,;.) L. ')1 .Jt.;~1
,~~~~
..;r- _ • lUI J -,>\'I ..~I
\.). WI ~ c......:.; I.r.r:-
"11 l:.11
• (\) 6: r.:J1 r yJ §T _,:.i I"';~ c)i JI .".\fl ~ ~1 ~.J'"

''4.4~ I)A 1.S~.Po- ~:r:-J'4':/1~'_;JI ~ c)W')I .)bl ""I

,is.ill ~IJ . ~ )t;J1 :4-.:." ~\la.. C~ c}J.J.. c)i Jl o~~ ($.iJ'
~~~)L, JiT , ~ _,J~I ~ _,II ()A ~ ~i I.:.iT ~JJ ~..\i
.. G ~ ~~ '11 ~ )~J . tf'~ ':/1 t.::IJ c).J&-c),,~ ~
.J~~I (f? '')UJ ' 6:~».J.,; r
~I:>~l ~L:a... ~ ~ :l~,;;"'kJl
.J ' tJ:::-
I ..':JJ ,l.J_ ('..\A; '1 t...la... W
_ c)T ~M..r--7'I ~l.:.flCJ ~I •• _• A

,' oJaJLII
.~_..... M.
~L> L. c)\J ? L:"
~
"II.,. '11 l.._..:.. l:JU:i1
'11 ~\ .r' _t\.~

.~
, .
~1 ( :iJ.LAt1
.
J.~ ,)1 ..\4J1 ~~ ~ I,j' .1'')JI L-_;-:JJ )
'~ I)A ~ , ..yc..J1.~J .PII O,)~J ~~IJ JI_jAi'11J pu IjlJ
.Js. ~,)~1 ~ ~ <!.lr.iS" J . t.J _J&-JJ ~,TJ t ~ j c)~ l:.:J I.b; ~ t

Our SocialH.nt •• , p. 16. Coppight 1931, Reprinted by permission of (\)

Idle publi8hen, Yale UDlvmit:y Piess.
lr ~T ~L:-l ~IS ~)J • ~).1::'. uta...; ~l <..I'~ ':/1~I;JI
..\.!i JAlJIo~'JJ~ ~\S' ~) c!.U.lS' , ~ ,y I~~ 0!~1 ~L:....l
~~I ~ ~ ~t ~I &)L...i'11§JJ' ~ c.;\5' 1.- ~JA-
J_,l,iJ ~~ J.,jiJ;;_,i pi ,~,_,:i,y~.)j L. ~J.,y ~ ~ u="
c?b &)t :,j 'J ,yr3J • &)W':/I o- I~
(n JI.y1 ~)lJ r.-.J..431
~"lelI;J . ~ ~~':I' ~ '.J c_"';') I GU;,..t.-..i4i t_"';'_,..
~lj ~ LrJ , ;~I c~ WI~~ ~ ~ ~I o~L.....Jl t';
~ ~ <?")~1 ~I~':II &)TJ.f . 4.;JlA.l1 ~ Jl::J4J ~
. J~~I J'!' I~ b.~ ,;t:.=-H J (~I ,y ~pi()"~ ~l:J~
~ rtJI t,)~1 ~I : .r~~t ot.f11.:,'-i~t ~ - "
J c.S~ ~l J; ( ~L- LJ~ ) ~I ~t J-~ ':/1 ~I;J' j)~

, ~I .., . 'I - .IL ... 11~~I

.r t...r- .".....,.~ _A~_tl JJ . c.i·WI c+ I.)J1<
_ C"?" M

U.)\~, ~ .aUlI ~WI CU~~!LS ;J:! ~'J,) I~ ~I ~

~I..&I ,).?,=A t.f' ~ ~ p.(./'~
':II ~I.;ll ~J •~ ~J
.
ir .r"<1 ~I .
I
(A~
c..- l:.J1
J 4.J• ~ ..~.I::..-, '.J JJ\Iii, d.)LA.:i'J1 I,;'

~ ut ~ ~ J~I .1_';J . ~ &)~J_,.!.t ~JJ ~ ;1 • ~;

~I;JI I..\.. ~i LJ . U,)~ tC.. ~J • ot..U l:...-.1t J..l ~,

~,)}l1 ~ '":"',He:. ~,Tc.SJJ_,.;J1t)A ~T':/1 'JW\ ~ ~ ~~I

. ~I ,)I)t~ E)Y.. ~ , ~:r. ~ I~:r.

Ibid., p. I9 ( \). .~

"1\ r;:¥'''-r
~(jL.!:S4 <!U.l.) ~~ WI." , ~~ JI L.J ~IJIt.lIJ _};.JI ~t.:--J
~>WI Lf' JUI -e.J ~1 ~Jt4l.1 t4)"~jy'J}i~1
J ~
d...ill
o ~Jl !J_,L. ~J-. ~ . ~i...::>1
u.'; ~I "4.-.J,'
_. ~ WLilI4.A..:
_. ~'l
.~)fl." ':is ~I . (\) ul.;tl I~ tlQ:;\f1 J ~§f-!!.
;;1S'6JI,y
l..!::> ~~ r~. ~I ~ J.:..!!. d" ($_;"~I ~.)I_,b\ll uIJ_IIJ
Ji~1 .? .)_,.....4l1~ J-r ~1)aJ1 oILJ dWI & ~_,. 0

_,J." • ~~I." ~~ 'it 4.);L.!.JJ ~j)U1 ~~~, ul.;tl w~;JA

~t ~,~ ~T§-.I..J ~l ~ JI 4j,))'_,.)~ JA; ~~t ~t
;~ ~)r § .,T ~., , \,~I ~L...iJ ~_,wl ,,;,bT, ~
o~1 \' ~
V, _ LS t...~ "r ",!l~.) .J-J"LS ..u.J11~
• J ~\
•pH J;-' ..l.flj,b4."i , I~ J_,..; ~i ~ \'J . a~ ~LT
L..j~1 J'..> ,y ':'J.J! ') JU!JI." ($jWz:.J1 ~L_;:jl ~~ ~lAjl
~I JJW~ cll~ J;.J . u"~ ')1 j~1 4.l,L,..~ WI." , ~';r.aJl
~lfJ ',~~. ~I ~\lI_' , ~ cS.il\ wAllJ, ~W:JI t.,...l>..- ~
41) ~ J...:,.j' L.l) , 41jl) aJlOT~ ~_, ,~IJjJ ~."tc;..
~I..e-' Jt
"
<L::l1 ~ cS.ir1 ($_,.!.:JI ~I ~l) L...-J ".~~ "
\II
~J - J4 ':'1;:11I~ r}&- b.)~1 ~,[j ,~I ~1J'.\i-,i JfUI
. ~I o- ~WI a~ L.

,)jJl ~ ~ ~I ~)JI (~L!JI ~I J) ~~ ~T J:-J

t1...J1
•• ~Lc...J1
.~f)A _i.- LJb. ~ u:.....A.i
• l..u~ .. J • L&.~1
.... 'L!.:..
~'t - 4.l.Jf"'""! ~ ..~ u"~ ')1 .!J1_;11.I.r.-l ~ .~.)I_,b\'~
~TJ , uL...\:>. ,JA l.:J 4A~ L.J ;;J~I ~lf ~.r! l:....Ait .~

CoL.Hull. Principlu of BihaviDr (New York, 1943);N.B. JW.I Jr.- ~)o.il (\}
Miller md J. Dollard. Social L,armrtg and Imitation (New Haven. I94t); J. Dollardr
""TheAcquisition of New Social Habits". in Til, ScimCl of Man in th' Worlel
CrUil (R. LiDton" cd., New York, 1945), pp. 44Z·464.

Tty
 • ~L.J';,'I ~ ~i J=l\ 0..iP.'~IJ~1&.1;>';,'4 ~ ~ ~
~ J=11 (.aJl$" , ~I :l.".:J4 ~ ~ )..,..\11 oJ.. ~J
~J t..a~ c,;J1u'1'JIJ ~IJ~)l1,:r .J!5J lS)-.... ",=,,',)"'l)_j
J ~~;s1 ;"'11 ~IJ • rW11.:S"_,L.~U2..J ~Il;;b~
I.·
~)-U
_.0 411~ ~
I ". . t .. 1(' I:; "t
l: ..... l.l
.r.! Co.:-' 'I). "'-S'" loY c..r:- J J J '': Q '1~_' ' ... ~

:_"J t~ ~t ~ IJ:lli ~~ ~ ~I ~Jt.il ~IJ . ~ J&.

, .)I)~I ~ ~ ~l..\.:t. ':II ;)\_,:.. ~ , O)W •.=-II ~J ~
.; .)WI oJ.. L:J~.lZ ,_,..~II LI:).L
.. c+: •.k~; l-.:.. uoJ
..... ~t c:-- _o

L.J,~JI Jii ~~ ~L...:SI~ J=l1 u"~ ~I ~I_;JI ~I.r.-)IJ

If' ':I ,~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ,y- c...A...!(:; ,.1..f."\l1"J..J 4_ ~4
0

~ c.?1..Ir.-~I LA' . ~I IJ.. ~ (JA ~.lI1 :l\)~ ~

• ~.)}JIl:.i~ J&..r.:! ~ JI.J...:.:i ~1;Jllh c:r ~ J~I
I.l.J . ~ ~ t)4 J) .J;s, ,_s;)) F ul~ ~ o~ JbJ
I~ • l. 1(" ~
r,rJ loY ~
• 0\ ~6..
•• I)A
t.l U I~ • L,I,.;. I~.. ~
...~ o.

W-- 4J - W!..ul~I~ ~J ,":"b~IJ~IJ uAllJ ~)I.i dJ~

,~.:..9)1 ~
,)I)~I ~b- u~4 ~ l..~_,:.ll t.JWI
• ~ ~,:;'"il •• ','-li ~~,
, ~jJl ~ ,':11LI
lr I':" 0\& 1<
J J." c,;--
0 4.Y u.J-!. LS
'lJ . ~ ~I ~1)1~ .).J-J:'JA d'~'ll ~I_;I\! ~~IJ
, ~":r:- J;. \II (JT~IIL
~ l:l~ J,)) (5T ~
v.~~ .. J v--:.
I ::.'J .J.:11 ~IJ...... J
r- .. L) Q o;.:.tl ,)1 : cll~ ~,YJJ
0-1

JI ;l..(" ,1\ ~.c2;'..!f1 ol:=-I' r~ ':}J • ,)l.4.:;'J1 J 1.)0 0.;..:J1r~

clJ~ eJ , tI'~ ~I ul_;J1 U".J:!..- ~:r:-c.JA _;sl ~ ~ ~T
~ J c.t'L:J1u- ~ ,)~ ,r.S1 :J~ &)TI~ ~ ,,":,';)1 u...t
JI ~ ,;:> ~I o.a 4...til:... ~1:J &)J~ ~J' 0.r'~
~I"",
..r-' tr ~J....... ~~.... ~ ..,t..~ .. -L_,u U~~
~.....
· .» ~l4!J1 ~WI ~ .:il!ll." ~.)L..u.II ~L:.JI J_,&.jl : c..I'~~1

Yt1"
 ~1..\..ru\ ~~n r:.~~\ rb..-i~\ ~LP
L;,;:!..J ~l ~ 1 : a-l-Afl &::I1J~Yl • _ I"A
r bi.-iYI
. J".~,
r r
M. M ) • ~ ,....

c.--I_,JI o~ WI ,pJ , . 0 .... &Jd l.:.J_p- Lr' (,)..iJ1 WI ~

~..l4ai 4;~1 u..l.A.J' lJS'_, . ~ -.JL.a.i"1 ~,:r o.)..l.:il ~I~.,
. ~L!JI (!_J 1 C'
"0 \ 6:......i
f"
. 'Jl..\A,J' J ~ 0"
l

'>11.lG._, : IoSJl,.....,bJl r~~1 Jl is,,--.s, r~Y' lJI - ,

~ ~ ~Li'J1 Jl ~lJl U" _,T o~ lfJl JI.L!\l1 ~ Jii:-:!
_fl~,)I_;''J1 ~I ()A I~ I"~_,.!.l:ll ~_,J~I r~'1'
}~~ ~ l+.(JJ ~~ ~l..~1 ~~ ~.l.J'J1_,..;J_,
~J J_,\_ ~..u ~ ~..ul ':'~I~I~,T '11, j)J~1 ~~~
;; ~ C"".. ~iS" _ ...
oJ.J..b. UfUPJ ~~~
,~,) ~ ('""I l;~i .... Jl
U-U ;;~L :.:-

• r_'j
.111~ r.L_.;~1
..
~ • r.Jj4J
". "~L.;i
." _,l,.L!r L. ~ 0
~ ~~
c- 0
t.J
~1 ;;~I vLU!.l_, ~LC....JI~1L.J'11 iflJ.\l1 .J.. J1_, c-:
oJI,)L'.Y.. ~T ~i ~)JI .~_, . ~~ (,)j-i JJL-J ~l.:ll-,
~) 4;J.=..I_, ~J cf! ~T JI ~ '1 J_,L..JJ ~I~~J 0 ~

~ . JJ W.I JI u'1'":S' ~
.. L.J..:&.J.,rM
, IoUI 1.;7~
.c - !..-rl.w.. .JAJ
0
C""'! ~ ..
!l~I II.AU;..
.r:
..\.Ui' ~I
.. ..
o~ ._, : J~ _"II ~~ 0-
_rJ
.<'1I r.J.r
.. L o..\:sl

4r 4, ..el ~)I ~U;.ll l..iJ ' U,) ~ ,:r ~I ~~ ;,)•.~~U

JL.L. li.r~~ .L.,)\i, ..) '')'IJ ~;..
. o,)~·,)
tY-'_, .1;..'=t.WI-,=,l....:::> '11~I J"""II.
0

, t.icl..w1
• ~L...i'J1~_,
• ~ '.._"'1 ~Li'1I' ~ :u..WJI(!.JI
... L ..6-...;'11
\.
. I:i..ulu~I~1 ~_,.;f-~ ~ CU.i)_,

! ~_,~I
~l..!J1 ....... ~L:.J'JI ~ ~.)1;,'11 411~ ~IJ
~
~
'11;;1 ~.J o. ;,)~ ~ i ~1.)_' ..ua:.:I1o~~
..
,..J.Aj
\
U I....i
• ~
....
: ~li cJA ~I .J.. JI,):.;.-_, L.~ w,..f' '11 l:.. t.J d:'~ ~,
~...~..tl &)LJ'1l..
.d' t;Jl u:£jl
.. .'!§I "'I ~... ~~":J ~II~... <)A Jj~1
I,T_JJJ

~~, ~)JI ~ ,:r ~ ~JI_, , JI~1 ~)4 if~1 ~'J

°U. t
DA J) [~ : ~t .jl..-iY' ...J.:fi "f r~l ~~ - T
J ~)l1 ~J : J:i.) .)~I L..::i :>.;- u=J1W~'I
JI ~
J&. .J a"a' ..j JUJI J.a.i11J L..t , ~, .)~ ~t JI ~l.:J1J~~,
: ~ ~.t' ~W'il r...,;.s::;
..~..JAt' I'"~t;l:l ~..6
.. ~I..b::.w.'.

~I}I ~I)~I J ~L..i':J1~ JJ': ~I -

: Jdj ~J'
. t.:i ~ ~I uJ)11 JL c: ~U .ti-., J..l5' J!. r~l ~
~I J ~lA.:JIJ 0J~I ~~ ,... ~L:... ~ I!Ul '-:"":-" e.;~.:
0., ).
l!.r.- ~ ':J\ ~ ~t~ '1 ~,l..i'll~I . ( ~rJIJ cS.)6J\
.)~I., t
lpl t)A ~ ~I ILJ, ..\4..:11~I .u~J.
c £'1 bc.......il4...W. )J'4-'.
;v::)1 J i ~._.:.. r. ..
I .... ~~.J...4ii J.)~
) 1 .... )It,..
~ l...liJ, (U (~J ~l5' _,J \.S ~I)~ ~ ~ ~i.,~ ~J'

wJr"..
I!II ..A..A..:j1 V"'1(' oJ..4- ~lh..J
•
,• ~ ... c: ~.... -lit ~ '.._"'I I~}I
U":'
J;IA::>. '11~I.
. 4r ~l L>
.J J.l ,~I .. V'
1(' clJ.i5' ;..li- ~• ~h"
4f' ~~t ..l.i ~L....i':J\ ~IS' 1)\ 1'1 , ~I J,j\_,:J~ ~J.JI c.rJ4.
JI ~b. ~ .)w.~ t'Accotllodation U t:.~\lI r~ ~ (')
• ...~!~ r:- JW~\ ~ \..MUS' .jW~1 ~ ~I ~.lI,>\1\ ~"
~ t:.~\l1 r',.l>';' """; ~ ~, 1041 l;..l.{t 0\l ~)J'
• ( ~,.,J~':/I ~)..u.1 »
E.W. Burgesl~ "Accomodation" in the BtJl:l'clopa,dia of 'M Social : )l,:... )Ut,
Scimw (New York, :(935). I. 340w404.
~,)I;'~I i !i.-h t.".\,.:. ~ .,\..:....i reAdjustment"t:.)Ik.,:/1 l..tJ .
4,,:!!~ Jt ~ \A.iJ~~~ J..IA!.jtJI 4fl:St ~ I~ .jW\l1 ~ ~ •
• <G'\::-bJ WJ
See R.M. MacIVer, "Maladjustment" in the same Encyclopa,dia. Compare with.
the definitiollB of "accomoclatioD" and "Social adjustment", in Dicno7UJrjI or
8°';0100 (H.P. Fairchild, ed., New York, 1944).

Yto
.c)~d..jJl ~__,..A.11 r;~.?()".)\S' Jl , (,5.)l...cci'l1 oj\;.)J 1I,r&-1.l.
.~ ~(,5.lJIt)~c.;, ~l.:A11 \~.), .~~..,cl ~J~ .).Po-_,II ;;~ ~

,J) ~J • ~~ ~ ,pJ ~~ fl,) )b. ~I ". .)1~I ~ )1

• •. ~
~ ..tl c)A ~ ... N

.:tJ"_,-.cu.
~t~
~
t.__

• 1}~IJii ~I~ )lr~I.)1 : ~UJ,.,) r~~ - ~lt

,~ JT ~ ~ WI,)""'; : ~~ oJ.a:-U ;~..l:. JfL.J ~..\J-,
J 4.f.J .)I.)j' L:J_'~I ~I ol.. • .. : J J~ \.JfJ • I.A~ r;1.,r.-1J
~ J) j ~4 I~ 1~ ~I ~)I ~ ~,I J....\..:11:u....,1_,.
~!&..rt(t.)L.a.l1 J.:.:.i (]A ~~~I ,~ J ~L,;,Jl ~;:_-, IllJ

Ji , ~ (JL;. J.i.r ~ (k j~1 _,l ~1)t...:t~1 (]A ,.~ ~ t..

.
,lr ~ ---.lJ =
ir: o..\)....
J.:,.. ~l.b.... ......
~ I" ~
U--
4....4i ir:
\.:.__I.) J. J~ "
. I.i. (.]A &.i cr J') \.Jd' rW11J.. J~
.~'--)1 r.b......;1 ~ .. :" ~a.::.hJ J~"lI
.. . ~ ..r.b...r.J~t _ \:JU
11~1.,b.J...IT
. JI ." "A..r-S
tJ-AJ ... ~ • J s JI .e L.::;.I
...,J .. ~t• ~ ... L ~~_.q.
,J~)I UA b..l:. J~ I~t~J . JI.J.:11 ~)I r~~ c)J';
,b~ ~..l>T.),.,.G• .J..iJ , ~ ~~JJI~ ~ I~~ ~I
,.c.I)IJ ,ul~1 L-IJ.) J La <!~ .!Jl!IIJ ,~ ~:",I!JL-,
.~ ~ J) )i.i J ~~I J~ (lbJllIJ.. ~ J l!i W~
. ~..ul
~ ~U (.).i.. .)~ ~ ~ ~I ~.i.UA ..b.IJ § (J"1 ~
.,y of}1 "')jA J.~J : cJ"l> ~ IcJ '-: ..~- (Jt_, ~UII)A
I'~

~ ,;,~ ~."i.rJ~~I J IJL!; Lt..iJ1~_,.'11 ~I .)~,

.ul~ ~ .. ~-
~ t,
~.J. :' J.r4 oW l..
,~L!:.. ub\s.-'.:..~..J.. ~ •

'~ I.i~J ~..ul ~ JI 1;14'.:;1,yd I.)IJ : clJ..\S' ~L!:.. ~L...t-,

.~~\tlt)A '" J ~ ~..iJ1L.,J\S' , .)..\.JI;~ ~ U,L...._,i
. ~ '-;"..j 04)~ l..t,:i (_).fot JkL:... J ~J ;;J.i4J1

yt,,\
_b~ I..c>i_, :~ ~ ~~ :JA r~Y' aJ,,'-a-A - ~IJ

..b- JI c!.ll~ ~-' ~ r:r ~\.. c:~ ~I J::--)Ir~I jt·

~'.J..lIJ (~\'I I.L. r~ ~J ,.!J~I c.JA od ~J~ , L.,
't "I _II JJ
~ e.J' .~ cSr'i u~...e ..\Jool>.
" . r:r ~6-J'.J1
. ~ J""
I,.
<r
~I ~l- J;- '),)~~ ~..l;" oJt... ~I
~ J:;o..)' ($JJ
~11).1AJ . ~ .,-:u=J1 tL;J'i1 o- ~J LSt ~ i'p" (5.lJ1 ~tl
...::..;,J....~J' J,)l; _,.! . ($.;>~I~~I L~~ ~I_,::JIt:r ~
JbL:.lI ~J 0)6.11 JkL:11 ~ J~ ~t, op ~- ,.J.&._'~'
"t, ~'J ;~I ~l> JI e..l.ll pi :Ub..r:r!I~ ~lJ '~l
o_'_"; J1 '.r::i ~J~ J ~..l:.:all o~' L ~.~iJ ~4.
~IJ . tSjUI ~I 4 ~I ~JlJI ~ _,:JIJ cS";::_"l ,Ui:il
J ' L!,..b.J1
.. ;;J LA,.,JI J J.".......,.
I - L ~, ..lk:J1
.. 1..iJ:.~,. ~,
J I+' ~ '.J ~J_" ~J \I" ~ 4i~' ~l4..! ,,1 0,)"-.. ,y ~LJ'.J~
. c.S~1 ~LJ.I.
~J.ut~'jL..;~1 jt ~iJ: i.)!.w._jJ.)# e" ~9..JA r~~'
. ~I~I ul-::JI .)I}T t)A 01.W1uJ.)J1 L ~~ t:r ,~\I"
oJ.) tl::>l ~'j' ~I Jc:-.)I I.u. ~,i~ 'it ~ <!U_) C'
~~4 j.:.,7i ~ ~,_,:U ~~ r:r ~~'.J' ~J~ ~i LA~ljlA.
. tL;JW ~ r~~ ':'lool>l~
: aJ~ 4..-..:1." ~~ 4.JA r~Y' ~ ~, a..WI .J~YJ - ,
J&. 01.U1 uJ)lJ1 e ~~ o- r~'.J1 ~~ t!.:; \l&.'~.Jl~
A;~.,M':J',oW ~ ~~f A.u. ~'p..li f~1 JJi ~ : ~~
~ J} JI t.S:J J.. cS.lIIJ,
, ;; ~ c..f'~ '11 ~,;II J v-LCt
J .)I}\,I J&- ~.A.J. & r...AAl1 r~4 ~.l;, ~l&. JT ~l)
~I ~..l4J1 tL;.i~1 ~ '1 cS..u1~~, rlli.:J1 'P.!_ ~t ~k.l1 A.lJ..
~I~J 4.J.411~..l.}1lS'jlj'-\l1 ~y..-~_,li ,:r(J.jjTJ (J.~r
Jt. ~,'lI,~J " ~Ji>J ~I ~~TJ ~'j~IJ ~L.J.A..J:

"IV
JJ':l1 4JUI ~.rJ' ~ 4;-,' J ~., til' ;;~..la.I1ulJ~1 di';
.J ~)h ~I_' 4J."Td L"'I." Jlkl ~ ~..b- ~I u~)lAi)'I_'
.tW,i~1 ;:_,J:!.r ~ ~IJ_,!II • .iA ~ ~ ~lj\ ~WI ",:",;JI ~~l
. J..i J...
.J..J" ' I.J'~ ~__,G.JI
- .Ji~H~
r· r-~ L.l1 ~.z»:
- _. J.s~ ~ .
.'::'I~I ~~ ~~ ~_, • 6~1 ~L.l J Jets' J..tW ~ ~
~ .:..J l!JI ",:,l::()1 J ~~ ':/1 ~ _;J I J.;- ui~u='1 e,Sr.<J1
.~b;..

.!J_"..:jlc!..U..\5" ~ ~~ U'" ,.~Ldl r~'11 ~ ~T l}t:-,

u\:....". J ,,-. ~....lJ ~..\oJ1 .WI...
o:I;,JI ~L.~ _,...;r; ~ c...4..4;j
l.,;' rq
.~.iJ1 .).)I·..
_

.(" '1'" .. I ,_. ·.t·" r". • t I. ! •••

_ M

4Y" II .... U.)1$0 ~ ~J'W.. ~I ~ ~,:r ~ .~~

L....J.:&. j\!..1.l. ~~_, .u ~lS'.~1 -::,.,bWI(T' ~~'J'
•~ &.JA
~ L..J.:&.. _,i , ~}I JI ~..ul ~l .,,1~..ul JI u,_)1~t .r."'~
., ~ J'~\.F." J L-1J"lll _,i J...-11 ~p' ~I!=. ~~I
.~~ r.~"...._,,-",l!J1;,_r:=A ~k. J ~
& J",:,,\;.~ ;J~J
~J~I ~.r&=ll bJ~1 (.)"~I ~_,,>.:r._..; uJ) ~ • .,'y._,
: (\) ~.,. \,1 • ..bL.:l1 u~)'."JI ,;r

uJ}J1 ..)1:~~ :.,0 r~Y' ~ ~ ~~W au.f - "

: ~_,:....,A..u..., ~j~~1 ~J~ _,-il.,T.)I)~ ~ti11
~lilA: ,I~'J ~ u:; u.,)J1•.iA U'" I~ ;~~ J,wt !l~
r', ~I
• c,) J-'-'.. ")T ~ • J ~ , L..1.,.b.1 t.:._1,) J I.).)~ l:"L; ~L:..
~ ... r.r-
ir ~ ,. .. • .. .
~lt; JI j~ ").J>j\:J1 j\) 1;1., . ~6.J1 o.,L,a J .. ~'JI ~t
~\i , ~~1 ~I J ,)I)~1 c,S..u t... ~T c.SA ~ .,TJL;
.. .ut c=-.~
• 1..l.l.J .._jJiJ .. ~I ..... tw.

.Jnside' U.S.A. (New York, 1947) 4!l:S" J rr. L. J) John Gunther rr. <\>
~ :I..;i:J' I~J • ~r~ ~I :r.:-s ~I ~_,.-All ~~I J~~
...rJ1 ~.,:JI •.)\-11 ~ 'OJ} ~ ~J I c}-w rJs. IJ' ~ \.. (;"
· t4'J1 ~\L, ~
" tA
Jl ';1) I~~ : uJ)J1
c)J.;:-W,1 o~ J,WT ,y ~ ';~I ~J
')J~ ..\j ~\; , ~_,i:J\J ~WI ~~ ~I 4.il.C1(.)J~ r:r ~~I'
..li ~1i ~ ~I ~_,ij 4JL> JJ . ~~I .jlal JlAl Js-
~JJ l;il-bJI ~r.-1.l1~I &y 6..b-l$ , ~,)41~ ';_,t-,_
~JJ' ~_"~I ~1.)~IJfl:i ~ )~I.)I . ~~)~ .I~i

• ~~I o~ J..l.4 J&-~.) ~ WI e~1 ~~..u u':lbJl.

.)~ ;Js:-ll ~ ~,rJ1 (.)-'~ U!..r.LJ.1(.);..t U J.) .:;.,::,,;
~ J'
_~y. c,)l) .)1." , ~ (L...\i\'4 ~~!
JUaW ~ 'J ~.j. ~.
-UJ • 41 J .!,,-l> IS~l_' ~~)'I ~J1.4t4 4A~ ';~J~.
t.5 ~ JI 4 c_r....J r)L J Jla)tl&J ~r.1.l1&~_
tij r...;~ J V"~":iIJ ~J'\JI ,)~I (JL> J..u.L.:i
J'j

~ t.e_,J~1 J~\'I JI (.5;)";; uJj# !J\.~_, . ;~I u~~.,H.

~l:J1 o~ u;,.;.;t clI~ J.c ,-!?.J , ~I ~.r:J1 1f~~I,
•.)~I L \~'11 ,y ~J.) ~ ~_)JI o~ ~ ~I ~\fh
jJ , I~j~ J~ I..u. ~.,b....\.iJ • ~ ~) ~I o~~I.'
~ l..y)tS"JTJ J;F p.J ' 4.::.,i)U1 ~.J"T ~ oJ.! .Ir.-i
~,.,...:JI cJJ.lS'J • d..r.t.11 r~ ~\I1 ~._,.~\ ,.) leW' .11:.::;.\"
LUI4i
~ - ~l II
C~.. rJ"!Ai ...\.i ~I) t.J.A:i1~lA!f1ul'; o~l!
'"
JI:>.)I tSj ~ , ~\l1 ~ ~.A .)T JJ~ ~1 ~,)LW':JIJ'
~-II ~1At_
~ ..~• -" ~ .... c--..::'~i ~• \'Il.l,. ~..tS"'..
"II ~~I ~ J l...a:cJI,
)L-:.....':J1 ell; dJ,) UAJ)J . ~)l1 ~L4t J ~ JT t.-L..i~.
,)~I \~'JI (.)A ~;.t~J_";' ~L~ ~t ~.)t~ .
. (\) ;';.,JUI J.f uJ)J1 J.
: JUt , c.>_;..t ~t J.-:-T ~ (\)
G.H.L.F. Pitt-Rivets, The Clash oj Oul,"r' And 'h' Conzaa of Raea (London.
19a7). and the cxceDent collection of teadinp, Whm Plopla Mut (A. Locke and!
B.J. Stem, eda., New York, 1942).
.;_;;.J' u._lilt... ~i~ c:A1 ~.,..T Jw d (yjl ~ ~,I
~)~,,~ ~l J~ ..~')I JJtAJl1)1 ~L.., J)' :',JIft-JJ

~,L,.~~, ",,1.u_j . o~~1 :t ,1I e r)jl

lft \~I ~J ;..r.:!
.~c,;rl.i c)lJ u"~~I~' ~ ~: ~~~" Jl>.JI :f) 1
.~I d'}H (_,ijl r1..l.::..-r1 ~ "..w-:JIJr~)fl ~
• ~"l..4.:i~IJ

.. ~":JIt.lj ~, J--1' J:f J:r:J1 \~'JI ~6. ~t.!i 1.i(J."

.~L;JI J..AAII J ) ~t oJ..] ~l:.:lII;·: :;;1;.. ,:r \...u. ~~ ..uJ
.,' l;:iJI.i c)l)t ..I>,,",) l::Jb. J!L..Jt .r.-6J1 ~ WS (iT.JJJ ~I (?
Jl-a.Ai'1t ~__,4:l1o."..jl w~l W)J , rlJjl J"y" ~ ( ~l...::::-t
.~ ~ ~ 1..~ r J~ ~6..Jt .,l,. c)~ , ~~ \'1" ~t
. en u~~

,,J) ~~.J .r.t.ll ~T : (y) ;.1 ".:.;1, o1.!.~_,It ~ ~.p.\f11J!.i

~" ~_,."J\ .)Ut JI ~}i rWI,,~ § (jAJ ,-:.,-J '-:~
')_,_..~ ~l....:-rJ ~b~ ~ ~~, ;..b::.:ll w~)f)t ~I.jt
")~.d- ;~I~.r- ~I.) llJ. ~~ ..:.:..t;~J~IJ~ r-~,;;
.~~ ..\Ai ~I_,J.I c.JA ~L!::.l.1 .::..l:.k:J1 ~J J-!r.J. .)1)\11 ~
.Among the hundreds of volumes on the Negro~White relationship, not at (\)
work of G. Myrdal~An Am.tit:tm DiJatma
this point the -important.t:WO-volumc
l(New York, 1944); B.R. Embree, BrtJfI11J Am,riCQ1J$ (New York~ 1943); C.S.
Johnson, Patterns oj Nqrt1 Sqrqation (New York~ 1943); and the ,cSegregation··
issue of Surw;y Graphic (Jan., 1947).
,~t ~~J Jt ~_,.l~1 ~ v- J\..::......A (.~I J.W:.l' CY>
.o~~_,J1
JI .:r..~41' J.W' ;r ~I IJ.. ,,) ~li~ 01.Aljl.IJ • ~I
L.f ~ .:r.l ~.J'''~' ~\_,1.1 &} ~...\.lA 0~ ~ o~,
~_;.:J4 ~J ~t J' J~ ~~ 0W~' ~ ,,} ~"11 JWi
~.fl' - ·~ '~.)a:-
;~n e' .)1)L.J'
r~l ~~ JI fjl r~1 ~ clJ..u l..:r
;d~j ~T .),eJ ~I oJ.,. ~ L...J , ~\ J A•.\~:~~H
• ~L( ,II ~I .)..uJl?- JI5> ~~ ~\, ~T ~i t J .)J.JI
G-d- Jt ~JJi at .r.-~ ~4 ~t!J1 ~ LS ~jJ ~4J
.L j ~~t ~J~ (~~I ~f~1 ;_rjf ~4 c!,IJ.iS'J)
L_::..L:J\ ~ , ~~, .J"j' o_;__. ~ L...:i \~~I ~L.. 4.lC..!11
~. UJ ~u:f"- ;~I
• A u~'i.J _It.; rrY
A • J •
.., ......'1t&.~'il.
~}~I
~t.J '1 u=J\ W~~I O~ ~ ~)~ Jl,r.\' ~')..\lJ I~) jl.,....,

, ~J.r.-t.L1WJIJ.. till r'~~

.)1>' ~J , ~[(_jl ()A t.J
U~ JI ~ ~~, U~ !,)A 1)41(.)- , Ifj ri 1_,;lS"1,,1)1
. ~ c.r:JI ~ ~4r ~I,.,.. ~J ;~~
u=" ~)J1 O.)~ JJ} ~.i : 4Jl:a11 r~~1 J,~1 - ,
~
..:_"I, ~L!:..:W~ ~~.,,:..J.~~,
111 ..
~1 .;A jlJ.)1 J~~I ~
IojI ._

J' ~ ~.1;..ipi Ji ~} .l:...J . cJ.:~~JI ~I c: rl.:ll r~'J\

~I (;~I )~\;'~.iJ~' wlJ.ll1 t_"";)II.i. J ~1..\Aw...
~ 'h .-oJ' ~fL.J1 ;~I u~'i_,J4 ~li)U c)LJ~I_,I1~
JCI ~w)'11~ CJ'? ~J , ~ ../;JI o~1 (.rA ~Ijl ~'1l..Ai1
. m ~ t.f'L..:JIJ JIA!1I )_,L:.II ~J o~' o.l. ~L..».l J ~l:l'
,:r t...A...!D I..~ ,::J l..f ~ utilA: JI '.....
:11.1")1 ~T .b.)liIJ'
~"il -LAt ~~ ",:,1.:-)lJ • \~'ilJ J!..:ll ~&l •.;_ ...bWi
J.~~~)~ '.)J.r,t.L1 ()Y.,J.:.l.l..\'1 L. ..b.JIJ , ~'..1!~ 'iIJ

.~,r!a.l' ~_,iJ1~ ~ ~J"!.Ilf..iJ.' ..~ &" ..:;..u.. ~ (\>

M.I. PupiD, Prom Immigrant to Inventor (New York, 1923; L. Lewisohn, : J&.
Vpn"am (New York, 19"3); L. Adamic, Laughing in t'h,JU1fgI,(New York. 1932).;.
B. Corsil 1" the ShatUJfI} of Lib.rt.y (New York. I935).

~J':'411 ~ rYJ~ \j~l.rr'fl .:..IJ~I &- ~~ J1..:.! ~J

I am an American (R.S. Benjamin. ed., New York, 1941). .)a;\ I ~)~~
~ r \~~ Yo-' • jt... ~ .)J11)4 ~..v 1,)'~';5't ~-' ,~
.u..P:- u-- ~,.r4~1 o~\ ~~'1)1 J1:- ~-,.J.iI_,J1..1....l.«Ji ~-'r.-~,
., A~~I ;· ..•11e \~'11 J 41,:l.i ~~ ')1 ,,,,,. ~ J.:i 4)~t
.GU; ~ ~~J 4)Ji t.J..P.- W-- ~,)\A.l1 ,)~I ~.r.-lJ4 I.,;)..,; I~I
~lJI ~~~I ~t J d...r.-\JI..'1_~ ~;JI ~I ~,) -UJ , ~1
J.r.d'» b.l,. J>I,)JJ '~~~4 ~ Ji ((ul_ra:.:-. » IjA
,WI ;J_,LJI~~ I~~.t~.;-;..u ~ EfT~) « ~lA!J1
,~ ~T I.i.~ f'ltll o,l,. IJJ~. r)iJ , ~~I ~I..,.. J ~JLJl
oJ)i11 o.u. ~~T ~JJ' ~,)~fJ ~J ~~T ~ ~ ~ ~l)
. (\) ~ <.iII u-,FI "'" ~W)ll~ 0">'>_,J~ c:.L:J4
.o~T ~JI JkL:11,j4 .#J ~~I ~_"'~I c).ul ~ ~J

jl:A .A;. • Jl4!J1 _,i ~r-:Jl ~~ ~ t_,.:J1 ,~ UA ~ u~4

:~'jJ ~..le ~ J "::"I~ ~~ L c)~ ~ ~.)JI ~~l
..~ cJ ~I ~ ~ ,~..ul o.l". tJA:U~ ..~l J, Jj~I~
~y J;- }".:....-4 ~~ ~i clt~ ~ ;n_, J. . ~ ~'_;.J'
,(5J.:Jy, t)+++.).+. JI ~ IY-' : o~ 1)41.;_,i I.. ~
I~ ~)Lp
.J ~ ,)I~i ~'~f~1 ;-bd\ u~~_,J~ ct,)._P.-) I ~_;r
JI~ - J'JI ~I ~ ;;~I j..\.ll~I,) « ~.,lj-,! » ",~T
.JI~J '~J ..;~.,)J ""++J.++ JI~-"..P."~ J 0++) •• +
_,i ~l:.~1 ~UIJ r)~ ,.'1_p fit_, : !1;y"~ J ~"J.++
~§ t;lj4 r)lic.S..f-t ~~J' ~L.l' -,t ('_;)i:J') ~I.bll

.•.
:A.....
l;..ul ~ ~J • ~jAt r,} r.4Ll Lr o...rJS o~W'" .:!l\;..,t. <'>
: t...\;. _rj o~ ~w ~1
:E. de S. Brunner, Immigrant Parmers and Thsir Ohildren (New York, 192.9); P.I.
:Brownand I.S. Roucek. 0". Amsrican (New Yor~ 1940); C. Wittke, W. Who
.BuiltAmerica(New York, 1940); C. McWilUams, BrDthlt's untkr the Skin (Boston,
:1943).

yo\,
..~Jt.. ~J ~~.r.U ~ ~L::ll~..\.;--"l>; ~~litJli.A;
0.r§ '-:':f>';J1~.JA ~'}rl ~J ~)fll.i,. J~'y"~~1 _;:"'-I ~_,
.,:r J-it ~J , ~.J"c..J1 ~I ..\._;.. &)~IJ • ~ ~l.il 4.":;.
~~~_,II J&. IJooltJ J.i 1_,iL)J • ~6J1 ~jl J~ A+; ...

'1.".....u~\'J.IIJ.~l:JI~I.".:-JI~J'AA.\~~~ ,)1~iJo ..bLjJ

J}J ~jJl ~~ •.~:t<JI ~I ..k_,b;. ..L.!l)f ~ JJ ~l) 4L~ I~
~ i,)" f.: ~'\tY" J ,M" tf~ ~ ~-' . J~\I1 f.)A ~~

~J ~ ~ WIJ ~~ (./' U!~ ~~ '::"~_r!j~.r.u

.jj~ l_,il) w~L:.Ll ~J ~T J6J1 ~J , Llr Ij ....•i~rC-j1
&)..ul J ~I ; I;:'_'" I ;s't ~l) li_, . r"..\..a ~~I (~ ~
()"'.,JJ !1)-,!~J ~I) ~,LJ Ll> ~J ) o~1 ~./;~I
tlla:.:....1 l.... ;n t.s\A!11
.. ~.~ .. "Il 1 _t!':"_1 ..w ( .P." lL..!
.. J~
., -:T
,Jl!ll P JI!L~ K!.r-i ~).i~~.-'. U!r.-lJl tJA ~.) ($i ~~ (U

• c.f""1_,:JI ~ ()A ~ \II r:r ~ t.:.. J)J

~($i JI :J"L..::li~;)rIJ : ~l, oJ'! tit-i" ~ J!o:-1t - "
([ ~I ,,It.J » J c-Ar u='1~.)IJ.'i1 ul::J....ll ~~ ~ &)T~
~ .u1)1 ~ r I~I -ui JI cfJ4 ~ &)t ~ ? (y) ~.f'~1
,4tJJ J,t 4.l ~.. .. ~
_ &)~ ... :Ub. J WI~I4...liJU o~1 u~)f
..y .,
J_,._.!JI Ji , ~~ ~I ~LJ4 ($) ,.r> {$i , 4.......4l J~ &)T..,1
• ~_"""J .r-!. J ;:.
~ r~)tl ~ ~li , ~p Jt :UlC.I ~L..;,~
, dL..:..'it ~ I)A ($}--i-, ; rj ~ L'L!JI J.)ll ~ u.f ~J

J_,A:Jl ~J)\!.. ~;JT r.i,j UA ~JJ\l1 ~ ~r)P1 J.:Ar ~ Jt

: ~ 4r..,; (.;A 0# 105ft) ~"Jl •..t. ~_,; <\>

.Brown and Rouc:ek, op. cit.

ou:4 ~ ,.,._;Jt ,,:-,JJ.r IoSJJI P~ _,,~ ~.rT ~ \a ' '>

~.,;11 - • .:r..?4L I
~~t ct1jl J !J1;"'J ? (J'J)lJ ~~J::1I_' ~~'JI tJ4 ~I
"La. J (:'?\ J~.i. wi o.)~ o~J ~4\:$.J~' dii~~
~_;~I, ~I..cll jAl_,.Jl~ JII;... ~ ~t ~ J~_' :JLlI
: ~ __,.:.i) ~:~ I_,.b \'1 ~I ..lii..i

c..Ai..p : "---Jl ~J.P."\e1'J.iS ~JJ' ~1 J ".:s' aJ...>.I' - YJt

~J.}JI ~ ~~I if}:JI JI ~t.tl J~I ~ I~ ~ ..b. Jf
~.lJ1 ~~I ~'J~ ~l:-S dJ~ Js.J ~~ ~ c,S.li1.:..i..,11 J WlAJl.
J ;L>, JIJ L. ~~J'"'-> c.;15" ~ ;~I ~~'1_,r1JIIJ~~
;_,_4J1JI Ll.. ~bJl ~l) ~J , ~."..~I o;\ill .rf' ~I.A:.:.."!II
~IJ~I ()L,\ J L...-I~':l CUr _,t IIh c.u, ~I) L...,. o)JI."
Lr':i H ,,·~I\,.,i ~ ...lJ1_,t4;.1]1 u)l.:.:>l ~IS", ~k.l:....aJ14",·;_, o~~I.
J,lA).ji _"'~'JI ~I if) L. J)J . <1..r.lJ1 J~ ~~I ~ c!1_,1!.
~_, , ~l:J1 b.a w-o .L...\4I\ <Y..r.-W ~i ~I ~I ~I)I ~.
rL;iJ ~J..bJ\ r-'L.... ~ ~ ~~I r.:t...r.lJ4 dT u=J1;I.,.D)'I
~..vl ~JJ~I ~.wl cJ,i • \AA+ \~ ~ l..:t ~ .Ji:.-:... ,&.
.(' -1I..utA.. In... J .. I ~i J,., tG ~I o~luL
r---- .. t.r"I.... ~..,...., . .. ...r ..~ ..?.tIl ~.1.:...)
.j\5" c.rJt ~)JI ~ J!Lt ~ ~A ~T ~, "Y"r \~ J o~~,j.
I~~ ~_,) ~ tJA c,S_;.i ;)~J' .j~~1 ~i J~I ~ .~ _
_2-' ~J - ;~I ~I ~~TJ ~~I JL-J_, c.S.\~'J1 dW)'u
.jT~) . 0) ~~I..t} ~)I (j I~J ~t ~r~11Y ;;J..r?
~~I rJ.&. _,t ~I rl:=>1 J..o~ - JeWI 1..iJ.~,~..r" ~~
~ Jlj ~ ~I ~~'1)1 :t.;J~ _,...;6J1
~)I j - ~.r.t...l!
.j~,., ~ J § r~~ y. c}i!. ~ ~JJ..;f ~ ~ ~J.i:..

On the recent refuaees aituation, see G. Saenger~ Tod4j1', RI/UI", (\)

• I
Tomorrows. Citizens (New York, 1941), M.R. Davide, Th. R6[ug.. Immigrant in
the Unit,d'Statu (New York, I946).
~ JT .::; JAJ! ~~ ';/JJ , J!.:II ~ ~':/I ~l.C..J' tj' ~.r-!
. ~~, jAr t)A .r.J1 ukl)!

.)1) 1>1
;,~ ;.e (.-Ai J?"~ : ~'--'1 JoA'I01JlfA-l:!U

<)!._r:I1 L)A t.i ~ L..:.. ,r.t.. ~I o>~ J~ ~,T .u ~ ..\i

.)J!J~~'11 *-...i . c~~1 .);YI .yl [~ ~ J .)1~'1I_'
J I.,;I.S";,..b.:.il~~'1)~ ~_,J~I J ~b..J I_,b. O!.lII ~U.'-jIJ
J)J . ~~I ~.)~ J ~)I o~IJ ~1))1 I.ro'Jl. ~ ~~I
,)'1 IpJ .t.:J1}..!ll~\)j' r#1)~ 'P, ~t ~IJ o,.,w~.lI1
(j}':N.i:... o~\ u~'1_,J' JI I~J ~.lJ14JJi tJr. >~ .)..*..
(tilJ ~)lll ~L.:..,,~ J_,t~1~.)~J~)~ I";\$',~ ~ Jt
J ~.)~I 0~
~_,..!JI a).ul UJ)AJI ".l. ~ ~ , ~..i.:..\l1
($;..f ~ c)AJ • ."...:Jld;;.i:;..T ~~UI ".l.~ ~lS' ~ u~\I_,J4
~ o~I~1 ,,:,,~TJ J~'~~iJ 4)J1 o- ~JUI u..b.T ~lt
0~~ J.l;clIJS . d ., Q~t, ~1} ••.~tLi:ijU o~l;".....IJ~
I~J ~~\ ~:.l_~_,~JlJ ~li~IJ ~~':JI ci>L:, ci" J!..:fl
JI 1.. ..b. JI e.-j cJlS'J , <)!rJl ~_;JItr Jii' e.)1 J ~I_,it
.~' clJ~J t.:.~" ~ ulJ~ UA ~p1J 0!.r.W1 ~':JJ-0t
. ~r\ll ~,..ul J ~I.;JI u~~1

'~'j)" F.I c....d JA

~Ij' ~t~.;: ~.P.'"", M..S .;r - ~u
. o~ ~ ~'1J-.)J&. &- elt J' clJ.l) ~J 'e-L...:.:11 Jl ~
r~ .i:...; . ~I..\:A J..IJ'-;..LJl..f;;~ Jt;,~ ~ ~I o.l.J
'~rtyl ~UI ..::..it) 0} wi..4; ~J.l ~}iJ , ~\:JI ilJ'-~J \Av+

4JJ,t t.J..P.- &)A JfIJ\l1 U!.r.-lJ1 t)A ~jUl )J ~)UI ~ ~WI

~~~1 ~I J}J ~lb..JJ~)1 J-JI if) ,_;:,
~J , ~~J

~..& ~ll.i'p J c5.r:J ~lS' ~I f!Uj JJ . ~l:!IJ eW'J

.)~.)j4J ,:u..Wl ~J:~I ~ u'1~1 J~ JjJ -...Jl..i)'1e,Jlr J
~t ~~ J ~JrO\'1 JL-JI tJAJ' 4..'411~I)..tl,p ~I
.;fJ ;;...JI~J ~)..v.1 ..,f IJ4 tJ..?IJ.I,~,~, ~ ~bL:.i1 J
.)~I ~T ul_rAl'i ~I~ ~ ~__,.t~ I~i ~ 0!.~1
~_"'~I ~ t1,.;:;5 .jl ~ , ~ ~ tY d:';J1 J ":,,l::> J'il_, ~
~ '7'lj~1 .ji "",L.i ~, {(~I ~~J .\la.>)) ~ ~.J~ IJt~
I~lja>1,j.A, ~ ~lll J ~r~1 LJ I_";~0-- ~ ol..l.Jl
1jP- ~t .,-...\,I ~_,ul ~J~ ol;JI <)A ol~1 6-41 ~t~ll..t, J4
. (\) ~>- <.S T
;~I ~L'i.. -"JI •.).)..bJI.
_JJ ... ~
_.'1 ~:_ ~ .. ~
!-~""".r
... ;'f, _ wi. J
.. J .l.kJ1~
yi, . -'J........-II
Y ~- ~. ~ ~\.. .:" l.- 1':'_.J.:.jIf'··II~I:iJL...
,.JJ..r.v- ..,'
C>JJ_,..;JI c)AJ • J!...:11 ~ J J6S , :y~1 "::"~I cr I~
J I ""dol'"~ 'J L.il_) J ~.... .s:"
. .:11" r.:1[.9. I)J .I....b.::J1 ~ . J
..bJ &.Jt l.:.A
. :c...... r.Y'
&)4 M
'!Ll=A J clJ~ ~ • .. l..S , ,-,~I
•
~... ul
.. ~
('""'I j T J~_:·I~

~,~ ..~)IJI ~...r't_, ~T.~:_r!; ":"~ ..I,r.-i ~ JA' r-lW-1

u"~' (,$;'" ul_) ~i J&- ~I ~ 'i ~ .j."lJ1(iJ) ~l ~L!;
~I J')I ~ !l~'J' .)~'J <.S_;>.i J..I"" J>..w~.J..:..j clJ:' LJ'
J l ~t_....:, .J'IJ t.r' I I.A) U ,.:1\"
1.._ IJ':: .... ..r.:u,.JJ r.:'1 J' c,),~ ~I ~ .1..\i
J J!.=11.jj JI JJ.J""J } )JJ ~llUI~ ~ J.lJ . )~ ~
d,.jJl c.:i...P."t..JJ ~4 t-rlJ J+....t \~ ~ -'! Y. o~1 ~~ '1)1
L:Jj~ ~tJ ~i_, . ~__,.ul ~~ 1_';lS' 1;'1 <sjl.i_,i ~i r:r ~
.;tli1\ (,$J;" ~jli.;.IIJ ~_"jl J,~l ~,_,.......II ~jLi_,All ~4
(';)1 l..e-->lJ' ~~ ~~ ~l) 1;'\,.'lJ- ~ ~' ($jli_,4J\
r' I~ J!.. .).Po" J J.&. (.)"~ J,lJ.lI I.AI. ~t J~J . m ~~iJ

cr. Brown and Roucek. op. cit., pp. 4-12. (')

W.L. Wamcr and L. Stole, Th, Sodal Sysr,ms 0/ .Amllrican Ethnic (l)
GroUPJ (New Havcn, 1945), Chap. X.
~.f.

~~
4it I,i,. ~J
()!"ul ~..liI)J
• ~I

~4
~t;~1
~i
J J!.:II
\~)l1
JT ~

J)l..!... ? rl&..
~J~.
.I~~~. . ~~ .u . j c.r 1..\.Al1
~ ..• ~ ~

~ Lt.L:r. iJ 1..lA.a;' J.e' _,.J 1 pir/'-': ~\i!S1 JJ)J' - l....IIl>

~ lS~1 ~ ~ _jA lAir 4f1 r-
li i ~!..i.lJ1~~l.:fl! = ~1AH
,?Ij o..\fL..J1
~r~1 ~~I d' ulrJ:l1 ~~ ~ ~L!..
. 4.;U!Jl b.l.J ~L;. JT ~L-i dl!J1 r'\~
j ~..u'J wn
~~ , ~li!11~ld lAiJ 0!?'i.l1 ~w ~ ~ ~)Jl o~.,
-OJ::? ~r. ~ ,.'JjJaJ ~~':JI c);~ W!...ul c.::....;J.d~
1..- , tL...:t I" '·11 ..LJiAj W , b...\.c.Lm ~ _I •• 10. ~
<.r' ,.JI'--A J o+: ... .r--:_J~'"
~J c!Y;lCJl f' ~~~I j;~ 'l1Y. ..lJI..:.;,: "*;J}~
• ..lJ1 ~
tY.. jr...II ~ rA, ~_..;::-:w
. 1-:'11 (J_JJA~ .,....lJI.:;..:.::_; J.r.'t
.. v_

ir"' ~'> __ LI..r.f", ~)lA:., ~)Ji ~~ ~u b~ ~,A

j';~ )I Lt,.lJ1~I ..r.! l~iJ , ~~\l1 (J_;~
J~ m cS~1 J.WI :Ub. J ~l!.J1 Y' LSJ . en ~~'1)
;~I ~~':J_,J~ Ut4!1 uJ)a11 t: i~':J1 ':"'J.J.> j~~ }51
cfl4 4.iJ . ~~"
~1..lAl1~".~I a..lll ~~
~
_,l ~l" _..n 1..- J.&.W ..\i, . JJI ~I c....i b. JI ;,..,$ U\i;
c.r ().. J " .... tr:ulila;..
ulA.-lA.lIJ ':"!..u:J!.J ~I c:"bWI , ~ Jl!..t cYJ - <UJ') J.",.,-
. clJ1 JI t.._,
~ ~~ ~
uJS1JJ-\!1j cJ!J!"'tl1~1~ - \....I.)"'"
l..S' ~J' t~1 ,J,. c:.r ~~ ul_'-:-" o~1 ~~'1)1J: aSi·"l-
J>b J~~WI.L.:>\l1JU .1>.'.iJ, jJ..r.-~1 ~'L.!;l ~I ~J~
J ~t.J ~J.)f I)J~~ ~J • ~)) u~1 Ji ;~I c.:,J,b

Ibid (')

f"!;:I1 - . ¥..~1 ~L:Jl ~ (r~

101.1 ~t \V-r
..I'lJi.. U" ~4 j;~ 'J\ ~ 4 ~ ~:~I~';ll J!.=ll ~
• t.il uL>6.
iJ_.,J:- • 4lA:........ w
....... ~~I ol-> ~.. t _, ~-W.A:.:JI
.. .. ;L.,J,
...
. ~L:!JNIJ c,)L.~4 C)"~I ~ Gll~ if ~ L._, ~ ~ ':'JI.A:jJ .

J->Iol J ~~ ..~JJI o~l ~AI.".jl ..~t ~,I.i~~ J&-.J

Jt) l:l~1 ,ul;..a...J ~I ~..\..oJ ol~1 ,.~iS" , ~I;JI "~~I
~I t.._, ( ;;.a... L:l~1 ~ §~ ~I <y"~1J1 ul~
~ ~. cS.lJ1~~~.rJ ~I ~\ ~~I ojtl4 c,)J~ 'J
.w r:-
h':-- (;; J
+
4·" . tI ~L...r 4.4,)J
... \ O~ J . o~..b.
.. . .#J' J )'-...:...
V111 J ---

iJ" I~ J.~J .• ~~I ,uJ); L kt.ll r~1 ~ J J4:..-

J_r.:'I
.~11 ]) "L rL; ~Of.' ~)\" • ,jl'-. b.t.-.A1
•• .. ~
I"--'I .c • T~~-
c,)l ~~-,..;-
iJ4 1;15" \~I ~~I ~J , c,)J"uI)1 ~ l.l>b JJ . « ~l4!J1
,4~)rI~r J ~i \'1 , ~1J&-c,)t..~4 (,)"1.- '.l~ , Ji~1 ~,
~jJ' O~ J.:1..u1 c,)~ , ~ ../,;JI ~I.".tl
Ul'b- ~, ~J
U"
~l.:.f' ~_'~J , O~ u."J'U.1 rlla.:J1 J.w ~~JI:;.. ,.4J ~t J;..
• ~, ,~JA I_,;.A_
JI ~~t.l4 ~ ~ ~.}
: y~' J~~'J~' - ~
.rCjI J'Ji J d\l ..t.~HJI1. 'J t.. -b. JI 4\it ~.I')I1 ;..b.:ll ~~'1JI
iJA c.S.iJ1 JUi':ll ~ItLS , ;J'~ d.ib.. ~ <.iLL':}!J , )~A D~ ~

t)IJi'J'J' J.rll 04..\laJ d ~y'\,1 ~ U;~ Jli! ,=,~I ~~

~ l..i_, , ~"J\
tS~.J..'.l1 4~ ~.> c,)L..>~ (.)..\.:J~IJ
.JJ~ u')J . ~J~ ~L... ,.Jot. c_r'l;J1 ~..\)! ~4 ~~ ~
~I (.)A O.r=-i' ~JlAll Js- ~J O~~' At:.; ~ LJoAji
:a~.:~1
47.,.;:v U!,JJ\ ~.,r!1'J ~! Jl!..l ~.r.ltll 416.j 'JI,~~,
~Jl J~ L:4l'~ 1~6. ~_,..i ~'JA W::!J ~ o~~1 uJ)aH
L.J1l;
..
Ai "f! u),6JI
_rM~
J ~I....... .;Jii ~~ ..w J : --._.,..j\
j ... L~~ I....q

~.J-?. \..J ~~~iJ d..r.LtlI ,.~ t « c..£jl_,..J) ~ ~ rJ4 l~ l...:!

''1,0/\
J.)~ J ~_,.;-LI OJ~jl clJ_) Js- L._,Jl1 4),)':}1!)AJ : !.I)- fY'
i)_rJ' ~.,:ll ~I (JIJj 1,;)\1,1
~J ) ~I;r_' , (H rlJjL
JT~~I ~.)~ U ~ ~~ ~J..P."t.L1 ""'*! ~J , 4.:. ·!"t u~
u)lu-IIJ u~~~1 J1 ~..lQ11r'~IA;'J ~I.)k J;- '1J , ~\j
.u..~lu~~n
cS.lJ1~t; ~ JU:i1 ;? J ~_,?W.I J>~ ~~~I ~t (,jJ

~4'1 P J opc.. (f~'T ;J_,L ~lIu ~t c.S.1.. )~I tJ4~.A

~IJ J-1'J ~I J!> ()A J:::JII~ jJlJr ~I o~1 ~~
L:llW\ ~1A:J1 Js. 0J_,!JI:UbJl ,,~ J )~I J J::5 ' L.:i o~\
~ J-Al4 ~J6...r L. wl.A14 I.L.J . ~ "'4T;'~ :;,_,...a.j.i."
~..J.i.i..J! ~TJ ~~"YI J!..' .~I j,J..ll J~AlI.,.JI ~
IA~ '0 ?'I'4"'I ~)I
fJ*'" "_ ~~l."J1
• ~. ~. GU~J' (~I _ N
.1J )
tor::

rlt.:.nJ ci(A:J11..iaJI f.i. L..._, . Jt;~§ J ~~~,

L 'I JLA:;I J .)~ ·"'1CI~b. .)~.)·I·
~ I... 0.r-::-w .. J,;tr.- t.l,l ~... u
. ~~ . ~\
~ ~IJ G1J_) ~l)J' I _,....JI~ Jli..J""'&.jI ()A .~l:J1 J::J.

: t:.'J)1 J.ly IT ~WI ~\.....I,.,..ulJ.-:.i <')

J.H. D.racl:lI1er,lnurmarriq, in N'fD York Oie, (New YoU, .1921); Bl'WlDet, op.
clt.; N. Carpentet~ Immigrantl and Tluil' CJr{IJrln~Censul MonoJrlph (Wasb1niton/>
D.C., 1927).

1.L. Child, Italian or Am,riCtl1Z?(New York. 1943); R.l.R. Kenedy, "Single 01"

Triple Mc1tmg..Pot? Intermarriage Ttenda in New Haven, %870-J940.', American

JDIIf1rQ] qJ S~. XLIX (1934), 331-339; L. Nelson, trIntcrmatriage amODC-
Nationality Groupa in a Rural Area of MinncsotaJ ibid., XLVIII (I943), S8S-S~;'
J.S. Sl.otkin, crJewish~Gentlle Intermarriage in Chicago", Ammcan SOcWIIJfkal
Review, VII (194'0),34-39; MoL. Barron, "The Incidw:c of Iewish IntcrmarrJ&ac
in Europe and America", ibid., XI (19415),6-13.
4t?"~' ~~t ~i ~ ~ ':I L.....J • (\) Jl!ll ~I rj ~ j LL;..
4.;"1.;i~ :tl.L.; ~ ~ I". ..~_·! ~,TI~ ~ ~I ()' ~J~
~.J""~1L II?-fi J&- ~ , :t..;)~ ~~~I ~ j_, , ~_f.A ~l&.
.:i~ I~~ lla..l ~\t I~.)i JI ()J~. ~4JI."

r..L.AJ1 o- ~J • ~.J.Al1 <U'b~)l.b. ~.,..~ JI ..r.-\JI J~ »

Jj:' ~I.)WI ~lA ~ JJ~' ~ ~~j ~l!.4 ~ ~ ~
~J . ~I o~1 JI ..l.!)1 d;).iJ {$.)Ji." ~~\-.JJ ~4J1 ~I.ll'
.~ (./' ~I u-CJ.I()A .j\5" \~I I..&. Ji~1 ~I ,.~i J~~ clI~
~ 'l!JI ~\1 -II U;.; I··.:.... L.~
v--.. J . (...,-MJI tAL;J\ uh ..J:..J\ J ~bWt
M ....

LS , )L:, ..~ ~T )~I Jt- ~..r~1 JI .)J)i;: jl.4~1t~

~1.A!J1
~, o- ~ 4ii ~~,) J~ ':lll~ J ~~ ~~.r"1I_c5.J..
~l.t}~ ~ ':J ~_,4J1 o- %' ()I c.)i ~,)~ JI A~I c.:-"_.f!T~
tG JI o.).-'..I'A1~
~ ~I.A: ~ ~IJ"" ()~~.t 'J ~UI
J.>.N

. m J)\.:> ':II "i ~\

ty.e,.JAJ~J..#...;S : ~ ~ ~~:;j ~w t~ r~~'

~~':II uJJ=J1 c: ,rjlJ ,)I)~I ~ ~ ~I ~)JJIJ ~)J'
if';"; ~\ t.."LAlI J"IUu." §L!l.1 c:r clJ.:u-." • o~~1 deM.n J
.l:...li <s.lJ1
Jl!lt JI ~ .)\ ~J . ~.)I;'I ..t.:sl i~~1 ~
o'J~1 La; , ~~I ~I cl1; ;~I ~~':l}1 J U!.k4lI.(f'
t} t)'4 r~1 ~ IJP.-I_, ()!..iJ1 , ~)Ji J ~,)~I iJA o~..l..J1
J~ J ~ \_.. J~':ll ul ~..
(" - - J oL:J1c.s-~)
I.,.,..J. t ~ .. .~l;..
v
JS'L!.. c)' .j4LJI J ~..,..)'I ~IJ L. ."t , ~l!I1 ~WI ";-I.,rJ1

: ~~, ('>
F.M. Thrasher~ Th. Gang (Chicago, 192.7)and W.F. Whyte, Str", Cornlf' SocJar,y
{0Utag0, X~43)·
LG. Brown, ImmigratWn (New York, x~33), p. 254. (">
t:l)J . Jl4::&.\'1~I~ J~ 1.f'\;J1 ~I lfol ~ r~\
.".)I.l.~......
IJ ~..\::JI~)I ~Jf ,;r ojL:Jl ~~I I)A ~I)I
.i..\l.bJ1.WI
... ... .
u}-'1.f- i JI!.. .!)~J • n> uJ)aj1 ~ J(..dI
l-, ~jl ~ .1WiJ ~4~J :W:U~I.J~~ o_,.414 dJ.;4l1
~ld.l~~~1 c)A ~~J ~l::>)l.w,\'JJ ~~I -'Jj OAJ!) o~t
L··. ":':"~l> .uLf~1I
• ~ .r-
J,fJ . .:I~ .,:;\S' J..,.J.J • {\'> ~~ • ~IH•

JI ~ ...JI:>. ~~t ~ 1..- ~J'

.. lIJ
.lJ.;r' l..)..\....4.1, C'~
I"J \.r "'Iu\'~ 4.l!....
~~ ~."LT ~ v d'J ~ Ji 1f.J! Itl.".....~,LJ~I ~ 0=11
.o.J..4...('~\,I uJ) ~t ~I JJ . ~fo liJ) ~Iy" ~~ ~~
•~ I. .: I! ~t c_-:;--
~ ~ \' !.:il ~ _. tY"'"
·''''1 ~l:t&. ",,_.
. .J...L.4.:l1
~ ..\..!f
,~, ~~ o~l; _,t \~ i~ JI ~ ~~CAi ~t 4.},: ,; ~.§_,
.Lr ..<t '1 UI..u &('1'
,oJ!y~ ot),, TJ I).,.- .r: .J> J _ . r
I I ~
.. ~
-. v:qA:11I.l. ~I ._
.4 ;;':..11LI).) c J' ~L,.,t ~,~ ~ br:- ~ Ij,._oi
.' :LJI}I ~~':II
.
jS~1 C¥' ~I : ¥1}1 .J~' J 4Al.,r# ~'r~~1 - ,
~ L. ~ , l..\i )\!.;' ~ J.j1_,J1~ c)t ~ 'J I~J Ij)u
1..iAJ,Wi J~ "':'J.l: .)i ~}JI ~ ~I' ~ ~ , 1)'.~ ~
.~ ~ ~~, c¥l J UlAH JJ)11~l JI e:-.I.. I.l.J • ~,
.~ ~I..\....A::.JIJ·~II .•.:--JI ~bWIJ !J)-JI ~lA..J ~l:U1~I.)t

Forthe rcadfustments made in concentration campa see D. Rouslet, TIu (')

·Oth" Km,~ (New YoU, 'X,947);A. ~st1cr, &um qf ti" Barth (New YOlk,
J:94I); and the novel" A. Maltz, Th. Cr,oSJand th, ~rrofD (Boston, 1944), Two
accllent ltudies of the ffreJocation project1l"for American Japanese arc: A.H.
LeIghton, Th, G()f)mfj"8oj M,n (Prlnceto~ 1945) and D.S. Thomas and R.S.
Nishimoto, The Spoilage (Berkeley. Cal.; 1946).
See for ezampleJ A.K. WeinbergJ "Aspectl of the Prison·s Social <">
.Structu.rc". A",.,katt IDumal of SocJoloD~XLVII (19430), 717-726.
~?._, '. ll.L! ..t:foJ ~..\; Jit ~J_';4J4 ~')~I
I)' F-I ~U-,
~} 4...L.l ~ c¥l I..LAJ!.e J ~;rl ~,~~ <!.U~ ~
, ii..\l..l.....=lJl
.. • (:_JI
-. J oijl5:,.. ~J.... ~L..:::,..
_. ":II <tj'li~ JL.:.t>.'1
.. ~i\-
rJ.4:i1~I J_, . o~~1 uJ)ali ~ ~.)} ,:r ~ clJ.iS'"
I.S_,.• ~JlI.)I'} ~...r~1 ~I).IJ ~\JI ~ JC (\:; ;;J~I c.i
ir J:?- 4.i~ 0 pi.,~
~ wi JI J::- '1 J> '1 ~ d c5~
, ;;~I
..,.. ~..ul ...... ~J':l'_'::;J.AJ.I~1''"~ ~.
J ~.aL!.i L-....i ~lA.. ~I..r.:-l
J v--
I". "1\ :l ,,~\
_,.. L,pl . .?q ul;~ I.... j:\AJ1
t.r r ..
~I r-.JWI ~J'
.

• ;_,~ u'1b. c:U4 ~Wl o.>.c.lAJlCI.ltJJ • ~)I ~I ~4J~

L.:t' ~~I ~1 ~ i~~ .)l~1 UA..li1)I .J..:$ L. ~"JGlJ~.,.
lu ~ ~J.) J.;- 4.:lS' Ui.fo.. ':J 'u.pll ~ ~~I 4i)~ I~

e ~W .<j ~~I
.r' • ~• .. -..Jl.....,.l!ll:..
\ ._': 4;J..t..\&.
u--:- ., . _~_l~
J c--;-
_,t 4bl _II cf.JJ ~ Jil_, , ~ ~ j ..w.tJ 4:&. ~b:-~ ,)Ij~
t~~J ~1:>\!.. ~ ~~L:-JI ~\.)~I"l ~L..J\~..UJ ': 4'''!~
.,u ,("".
. li ~
~~.)..TO
WI') I J~t' ~J.A::l1 ~WI
.r- .. ~
-l;~ . ~
~..1. r-
,~~~ e ' .)~,~, c:,t ~~ ~!_, . ~U .."H
· (\) ~ ~I.(;.." ~I ~~ 'JI.~I JL.W' ~ I~~

: J~1 Jl ~.J}J1 ~, J......:A ,,~y, ..~YI - " ,

.l:... ~ l;~J cS.lr\ j_.' "1\ I.L. ,;r ~~~ J6JI ~I r-ittJ c)~l"
· I.i. ~l:S' j c!.U; ~ ~I o>_,.ll >- c' t:;t r.($JlAIllS~J J:!;
t!

~I ~)J' ~ ~ c)t \:.I ~ '1 ~t .yl ~ ~i ~ l.. J_,l_,

(~
~l ~\(_JI c: r.S t) .~~I
... u·
.... ':1\ ~ e ..r.:"' ... .;A)1 ~...~

.1.....-J c- \~ _..j~.;A.,;II • .l. t.,....)W ~I ~,)I>'.1' ~I ~_,

~ JJ~\ ~, ~ll.w.I)A ~J • J.i UA,)_r.JA ~4~

Cf. M. Fiahbcrg. Th' JtJfJJl (New Yor~ I9U), pp. 134-136• <')
y,,\y
~)J"JI W!..r.t.L1,~T 4.-.li ~1h:....1 \~\i . ~~I ~l!l\_, ~ _,J.J:!
4J"-,j) Jl6T ~~ I~'Jt, ~~I4...li U"tlAi)'J1 J ~j ~)l!..
.i~~ uJ)C- ~_,J~ ~ ;;}~ ~6J1 ~..uaJ ~ta, ~~~I
.tfJ_, . ( ~~IJ , ~~ _,1 , ~j:S uJ)&l1 ~,T I,l,. ~_, )
.:,,4w J;;§ r.. _,t L;I~ Uil_,..,~~I .'Jj.J ;;_,;:; L.~
.:4 ) .c. r:f' J..i-:;t_ ~ l! , ~..u4;;)..l4f1 'l::>~I J ~ _rL.lI ~I~~I
. ~~}U<.I'~I i~1
'L~~I il..b.': _.I ~t:....J.j LS..\J\ ~I I.LA ..;~ L-_,
cS..\J1 ~4 t~~1 ~_, ~I r).J1 L)A,§ J « ~_,J~I»
()l1-~1 ~ ;;I~I ~ Jt ~L:-:JI~~. J ~~ ("_,wl~..ua
~I u~4 ~I ;;I~I .1t u~1 ol::>tP « ~ -" ~Il)
J.1 ,t..J..~ ~ o:HII t:Iy'~I ~).J'. J j.Yq. ~,T~t;. c:r tS'""1\ d.-..JJI
M
.....

.~~\'I.rjl U" t!:; ~I ~~'JI o~1 J~t ,,-,.~L,,;.

4!d1 ;;~ dJ~.1 • ~II~ «~_,JAI » ? ~,L.l>b J _,1
..u Ui .~ ~ :lf:M lt~1 ~ ;;t ~ 'J ~LJ~ :u..l.!J1
;;i ~ 'J JJJ' ~~I ~ U"'L-1S"~ ~IR~ 1;.'U
,( ~I~I ) ~ )t;.}1 ~lhl4 ~ If'; ""(j u='1 u_,)2J1 ~II..lai r-J
~ ~t~ ~.t.f4'l1;;~_,J~'>ll ~J.AS_, . m ~I b~

'~'Jj.I. ~f ~ ~t ~\.:..... 0l.) I~I ~I 0t 41; (JA <\>

,~ ~4~1 of>I_,l!..,....iU ~t~, I ~ ;;~I ~J .Y? ~J\;.

.c.....IJ.)~ .).)~J. - ji~' J_,.....JJ.I. t~ d1~ JA.i ..tilJ - ~"J~I

~ ~IJ - ~_,Jfo.'J' ir l.,.,b. ~ ~ ~W" ~ .).}'J ~_,.ul ~
~~':II ~I ..;Jjll ~ .r..i ~I o.)t..U ~ ~, I.,L.. fA
.~~IJ JUu~IJ ~I \!Ili~ ~ ~I J~ ~l.) ~J ..I..".ill
~J J~'JI ~yt ir ~I ~,~ ~ ~I ~J ;;.lJI ~'Jj
.- J~I ~ oUJ • yu~oJL.4h ~'~I ~ ~l.)~, ~ ~
c: 4..:-b. ~ ~J W"" ~I~I iiJ?' ~ ~'J.;lI
. UJ_j ~,~ .);L..!r_t!
fl} o"'!l:--- ~l::JI_~ljl J ~Lait C!-f ;~I ~rUl J ~L:J~
~i';JI • f1)1 • .lJ. "" 1.i~1 WS" (,.,...;~ J!:W£.:rJ, o.)~IJ J.-l~
~_,!-.,~,jS' ~ ~ (.)A' ~l.(J.l ;':JI..u1 ~~ Wj t~ 'J \.l,.
e i~'Jl ~I.}I ~ ~ ,)I)~' (..f:!-- ~~~jl ~I , ~6J1o~ J.
4 .!:! J JI~1 ~j-,:.:JI ~I • (\) ~I J ;.;AUilI ~I J..I _,.J I·
~~I o~U; ,§ ~I . <") ~1~1 ~~I ~I ~ ~ ~~I
~J ~I I ~ lJI>~
;4 e.. .' J I.i.rcill~l! . J-L! Ui_,J. ~
~ ~I J ~ \..,_.4; S'1.r.-' JJt I~ ~ ~~ l:.....Aii ~ ~l

.,t.,pl ~ o~\ ":,,JrJ\J ..::J'.)lLU ~ ~).I J' ~I~'J J~"JI ==

: )a.it • \S:;..uIJ
B.B. Evans-Pritchard. The NUllr, A. DucriptJ'onof thl Modes of Liwlihood and'
PoliticalInstitutiOnl of a Nilotic People (Oxford" 1940).

;i·... h ~'- ,,; ~~'J\ o~ &.f:'fo.~l ~I & ~.)J

Jj}1 .).)1"..~ ...,...L.:.JI ~~ ~ ~l ~\ JJj.J ~\A.I'
: )'.it I o.)).bJ.I
James A. Q~ "Ecological Venius Social Intcmcdon··~ Sociology and 10CI',,1'
Rmarch: XVIII Guly-August, 1934»)S6S-70.

~;:1' -
: t~).\ l~ :u.....LI Io!JL'.(~/1
~J (')
C.R. Shaw, Delintpancy Areas (Chicago, 1!)21); National Commission on Law'
Bnforcemcnt, Report on th« Gaull$ of Grime, II (1931), 140-188; C.F. Schmid,.
Sodal Saga of Two Cities (Minneapolis, 1937), pp. 334-345.

~ ¥l~ ~~ .)~J JA;..l ~t ~ ~ ~J I J> I..LA." (\'>

,,; rt.kll .}l'; ('.J....& &)t t&I~ Jt:... 4..P ~\....¥I JS" ~ ;;p~
~J.f"'J 4rWb...J ~J6:Jl ~~ f'UU ~ ~I ~ ~~..T.
IS'• ~ ~ At; v·\!,.I ~. r.r c......u:t..........J.l\
". .. M. ., ... u.J.l LS..b..ti ~i I"""'"'
w
_All !J"'"::'I>
I.~ l J~ " ..::JW~l .. ·:t ~l• ..r
\'1"'J l"" J....Q..t I.:.,~ I., ~ WI CiL.-
....~I ~u-; ..
• \.:tl~ _,.!.y.\ ..t:f AWlo.!l~ I~J ' WI.) 4- ~.J I.S~, J;'",}t,

~,;l' -
. ~t) 1.S I~ o~ ~4 ':1141&)t; cllj ~ o~~j.,, (\)JWI
is , j;_,.la:il~I"p'" e (~~ t.I ~ ~ ~~ J~J JfL.,..J !JlaJ
I. W
u-;. .. J
. o...L.> cr
I...0 •• « ~
rJ ()J • c.rNtl ~I .. ........Jl....i.
. M ~
• ~
M

4i~ ~ ~) ~~..lil 4J..~J J ~~I ~..u.1($..\>1J .~ ~ J

: u~'11
..
- .. - d...A..G
~ .......
li).i ~J . ~~
L"
~J (L)i
....
(:_.

~;s::rJ-\:ll ~.i;, ~;~ ... 0Jl:}..\.o~.M J 4-11~ J)

~J ~I Jl:) ~ \~I ~)~ ~ ,JJ} ~~J.Ji.>o J "uJ • ~~~

~6- fir ~i c:,pT ~~\'I ~i IS , ~1.eJ1~ ClJ.A5'J , JUI
_,,-UU J ~Uu UA ~t\'1 <sJJ L. JI ~_;:L. ~J~ t:t..lJ1 J§..iJ11)A
J L~;.S1 ~tJ , i~'J1 I~ ~IJ ~ JI Ji ~~I
JI_r:.:.....~lipi IS ~), ~WI ~lt..1)A ~ jJ . <sj--l Jf~
~ ~I Jw.\tl J~ J ~ ub~ \"Jdl a.WI ~
~ L,JI.) ~i
{:"";Y, J)i ~T tlh:.:....ll <JA c:,lf _,JJ • ~):ll ~J ~ ~ ~
_,.I; ~).!, cS}-~1J tJj~1 ~~jl ~I.A u-o Jf ...11; (.)~M~
~l)~IJ' ~ ;':"\5;..1 J'j J)\i..a- ~~~..,....:s~.§ ul~ ~f W
J ~
AM wL.:::,..\'1 ~tal
N •
J ~I J..~\,l4:;1 ~L>~I ~ . J!lta
w. JI , tJ.J.j ~ , a.WI ~I. . Jl4:1\'1 c.r
t,)A
\"., ~ ("~IIo~\'1
.
.~J~'J)J4 ..wIjfJl ~~ J )I!. ..b.) LS , J~~I J~J
. .....lJb
.'
~.,-ll ~~~I
.. ~~J

.o\.a..¥1 ~ ~.J':"T~I ~4'11 o~'Ji ~l clI~ ~'y" <'>

'~_,J.i-!.'14 '1Ji ~ ~ ~_,.A.JI .;,_,1I1&- JiYI...;...:,.u,.; :u.l(~.u
: )tit • ~~ ~ tS?-T ol~ ~
..AIy A. Issa, Th, M,'1wdsof SocialAnthr~lolY: ~n &aminatitm of 0"""" ItUQI
.and ~~tic, (Oxford D. Phil. thesiJ, typeecript).
~.;ll ..
W_ JsAi J.J....j
. ~ ,~ ... WL...
...J:!·.lJI olj",_... ''''.).:'1 0J..u
~.r J L..J"4.J!. t

J o.)~)I.".jIJ' ~I tjJJ'~' Jw..\l1JJ' .)I)\'I ~'

J ~T ~ WIJ~(.$~I J,WI I'>"~ J 4S'j-!lIJ ">,",I:J~.
~JliJ ~ ~..ul 6l:>J~ t.:..&)~~, .".jIJJ , fl ~..ul .
• ~.1L!J ul~ o~ ~ ~,§ t: )~ o~ U" ~A(5.lH
J)JI ,~ ~.yl,ij ~ J clLJ JIJ L. ~_,l:.:1..l... ~t ~,.,J1 (.]A'
"
i,) ~
'
c..rIt". , •
r_s4A ~
t ~ ..L:.o L.,.NJ'U,,_ ;U.lJ1 ~ '. t.:CL. ~T - I ~
"q
<.S'"

L:..j)'1 JI ~ ~ ')II ~ 'J ~~II:I~ I)A _;'~I~"

~l ~..u~~. })I..::.-II .1WI wI:._,~ J ~I)\ &J4J • ~U.l'
j,L!; J_,' J...-llt·.r.!J tJA ~ 1';' \...~J.)~ ~j uGll ()k
~l tl,;J1 ':;';_'J , ~~IJ ~'.JI ~IJ J J.~ J.!u ~ t_,k,
0)1:--"11,;'1\1;.. IYJ , (_).)lll r..\A:.II Js- .)~'1~ ~I_' ~~_
tljl L.l . ~ ~ ¥-r ~T ~I )J') o;S ,yJ' ~I_',

c.?' ~La;.U \Ai_, u-l;JIJ t-I)IJ ..!Jl!H J-li J dt; till J,WI
, ~I ~~, j,L.-!,i ~I.li..J , U")..u4 ~I ~ ~~ uG1
Jil \'1 ~ lJa! r j,WJ .;f-~I ~I J d\ ~ ,~ u>,..JJJ.
(\) «c.r-)I ~.,)jl ..1WI _JAJ ~

uL!('; ..I (f_,Wu ~t JI ~ olji J~..u tPI \~J!..J

.".T ~~.::11
~ J[;JI j.l_,JIJ ~l....::::-- ')II ,..l4:l1~lla.. ~ ~I ~li~.
\_ ... &)i v:
u-~ t&\;~' c::--
.J...
-:...~; 1.11 ,•yJ • .c... cSJ~ . ')IJ JL4..
':J \.:jl JS_".
.l'1~1 c,S..1..->--:i o~_,J1 4J..JII:I~J ~I J..I~ v- lA J.ek JL
I_,Jlj \...~.lJ' '*-'Ji ':11,) _;J11-iA J!.- ~ ~,T~ ')IJ : ~~ ~tl

Prom Middl'tor.on by Robert S. and H~c:u lvkrteIl Lynd) copyright, (\)

1:929,by Harcourt) Brace and Company, Iuc.

 ~I ~, • (\) ~bJl ~.J.Al1; ),~JII!.Ui ~I ~ JI ~J~
.,;r ~ ~ua.. ~ ).>...m ,)1)"11~l J ~ ~,)~ ~ ~I
..~ ~~ cil' ~L!JI ~I tl,_,ll Lt t) ,§ c: ~ !l_,LJ1
:t·~III.a lr ~ ~'.P.' JI _tbUJI o~ t~;I~ ...\> (5i JI L.T
J 4L:J1 4.' ~I • ~ ,":"I~II~ ~ JI~ ~iJ LS I~
.)~'J • ~ ~ ,y Jf J WI') JJ , <.I'~ 'JIJ Ji!.j:AJ1 l.,~
.~IJ~'YI o~ ~ , ~~I o.u. ~J t_,..a_,ll I~ ~I:.. ~
- .<t WI....
.I,._.,..Y,rl • JI , JJ.\tl wl::.C1J LJ,ljJl:.;' u-"11~~I
....
. ~l!I' J~ :o\)l:.(J1J ~."
'l!J1 ~~ .sl..:>'.11 ~IJ .~~'JI ....
u J"1t
.r'"

~ r~1 ',,!Jb. ~jJl o~ ..""YItl..:..:-~I .~ r" 0# <,.)

~ t';)lb>:il ~ .!.SJlA.I, ~) 1.)1j • ~4~1 ~I ~ c.J.G.)- •
: ~ "::"~JbJ.1o.l.. IS""
RoM. MacIver. Socird CmaatiDn (B08toD~1942); and for a critique of this volume
by F.H. Knight and a rejoinder by the luthor, ace Amlrican Journal of Soci(JIODI>
XLIX (1943-1944). 46-S8.

Y'V
 :J.JVI :~l!f
4-!.;;9;y')iJ_;JI
.. .
~~....::.,.; I) LJ J)
~l JT t.S}JI Ji J.ul (,5J.>1 ~ 0.); t..:.o ~tJ o}u, J 151~1
Ii}_' ~t ~.u~ ~(j, ~~I o~ ~ ~.# cSj-T ~
W:.....I ~JJ • JL..i~1 Jw.T ~ J_u ~I t'~'J1 "J..,.~.J }L:i.,
r.>) ':J l:DJ . ~ r:r if )~I JI F r:_rjJ ~i t)"'l:J1~ ~T'
c,SJ '1 ~,L:JJ6.I~1 01) Jt ~ '::}J' u"~'11 ~;J'
&11j~ c!U~J ~ ..J:f r.rd ~J[;JI o~Uu .aL!i WIJ ~I
t)"L.:.H ,y ,)I)t <\Alit ~L..J':JI wli>W1 !)A ~A ,ttl .:.f' 4)J~'

~\:CI J tl..:.,..J . ~lt3 4f~ CO }_r:....~ I»~ ~ w..:> ~ I,.,w.;.

1,,- z . ~~
1$ ua>.~, r.s- J u .
~I ......s ..,\ afLaP...lliJ1. I~ tJA del!JI
." .r" u
0

. ~~1 ~;J' .)~1 J ;.JfLJIuJ)i.ll ~ W·

~':l GljjJ , ~~ ~ ~T '11~J; ~ Ji;J1 ~yl j ~I_':-'J
jli , ~ ~l:;. J , ;::--. ~ 4-A1 ~4 ':/1~,;11 J~ ~:

, '_!' II})\ 0.,r4~ c:r ..r.:sJ . <tb.lf V" :tb.r JS' J b~ ~ U- .tJ
I.L..J ~ J:'I c...ifJ ' ..r.!J tJA ~ '} 1.. J)b.. 41~ ..::.ti.....
1
~~i- ~4CIJ4JJ.J.lIJor\llS'- ~IJ)IJ,~1 a-~'
: ~~I ~_;JI ; JLi:Jl J jiJ.fL.J1uJ)2Jl ~ W \.S ~~'
oJ.. I"T"""~
L..J 1 .'~I .0 ,< ct:.i.J; III.>j I -I
..

"J
7~"
v-Y..
u.s.... ~
e' JT,
J

7 4f1_r.t c!L...-WJ rf~ '11 ~ fll ~J ~ J---r J11 t.S_,4J'

'~IJ ;I_.~':JI \~ JI ($,); <i11 r.>_,AI1~l; ~ ,r.J d)~_"
\To
L_~ Jt
.':tLJ.:J1 ~ 1,,-lr"'" 4iW.ir ir:"'I ~6J.1 d -~IL '0 0
",..J'" • ~~...........
i l:.A L.r
• .JI~'JI.J'
L.,:i ~ ~ J ",,;.T Or J&.~ ~\ ~ ..~I IJ.. JJ
~,_t;'";'J\ "cS~~! Ji' ",_,4J1oJ.. c)f.j clJ~J , ~lJ t4~I ..~
~W'i\ ~ i)A §J:>-1_,J (JA? ~1~ '\~ dW1 ~u_. u,~
.J ~: 1ft cJJ; Js-J . ..L::-J l..!.:> liw'il ~I_' (.).rLI' .,T)
..~~ (~.) 4...~' J !J_,LJI ~I_';-, :t.WI ",:",I~~I~ (.S.lJ1JJ~I
Jj.; :",~ \.:.iT ~. c,)A\!JIJ~L.JI ~\ J c.u;J' ~~ \'1
.JL.,~ ~\ L.J!J.,wl ...\&.I";J:toWI~b\11 ,Q.J.. c)i ci_,J1~ J
,d' ~s ~w~ - '.J ,l:..l..:AI ~.JA. c)~ r- o:
"II ,
if.~ 'i' Jz....;J1
.
- ~\_,:..... 1.).,..~, c:rJ , ;y...J1 F JT "I}~I ..1)\ WI.) ~
~~ ~ .($,)~I o~ .J..~ ~t_ - cl:ll ~, J ~~\ ~
l,.J US'L-
.... Co
cS."Lli o.iA ....
_r.Jd '.J ~ "II U...~._11~.)
~..r.:1\ u'.J6JI , .ih~
·W_,) ~ ~ ~, ul.lWIJ .!J_,LJI~I_'; J ~ll~J -
.,.l._" c)\S' c)1_,~I j o~1 ~~ ~~ '.JI uli~ - L.ltl
~&l'~.;J J~~I LI)~ ~ , .lr~:··"~
I~ 4.....4i ,tt.:J1
• J\!JI '7l:l1 J

'tVY
 ~~:i1 ~~'J~\AJI yb~\
~~ ~\ 0\1-\ J ~\.\.).-\J !J)J\ ~\Ji
~I t~_1A ~ : ~~~, ~ ,iJ'J ~~~1 ~,

if G.;,fJ t~~1 ~ ~I..,. rJ' I~~,),lt. ~.~ d'~':J1

~I ~)JI J'~"il ~4 .>~IJ . ~;>':JI wL.I)...u1c;.1.,..
~
• ~
.J!J t.AS
M
_ M ~
& _ <llW ~
•• ..
J .uS" f.:t
. ~L.:::,..• 'il '\..lli.:J I \e.I• ~ l1:w•
M

~4 ':/1~I ("_,.A.. jl J . ~I w\'6. J :u jl _,..u J..1.S ~ I:-

~~JJf t~~1 ~O)~J'~~ ~fJJ~ ~" ~
, .>.;--411.,
~~\'I rl_l2j1 ~ ~)L.JI~." Lfl...ul JiJI
c.f'~\'1 ~I L....1)...u". t~IJ o.L>_,H~ ~)L.JI "i
•~ .>.:11 !l _l . _ __._._tt ~ \('" - ..- c), .. ..
MJ.r .r- c-;- . ~
&.
v:"1\ V'\~L..,.J'_II uAA..t ~
,LJIJ ~I !l)..J1 I.i,. ~ u=J1
J)JI u~ ~_,JI c.rAi J"
. u"~ 'il rU;;J1 .1k. J&- ~JJ~ ~U , ~ .>I)~ ~4
0..\J1 , Jl!H ";,,tOl J)l> ~ rl.:A':J11:,. ~':4:..d <sP' UI •.i.J
"'M' _.j ($.lll ~ L......i'11 wl;~ ~1 r~1 c iI"eU ~ ~
. (\) ~~':Jl ~;Jl

~ ~ , c.r~'ljl ~I r".a.. ;_,.;.~ ~W ~I ~I (J- (\)

: .I'J; r e."....).1 I"L. .; ~I ~~ ~I
B.A. RoslJ Social Control (New York, 1901).

YV't'
~~ \II ~IJ ~I ~~I J~ :i...!il:.ll J)u jt J.:iJ
"',
~ ~I ~,H .r:
"I~ ~I
. tt-l...::>
H'
'JII oW c.S~. III
ft ~ ~ Ltal.J 0_,...III
X .J

~~ &)t~ (<.}l!11 ~~I o- JI!lI ~l:11 ~l&.~.".. r/J)

_lilt... J~ .r.-ll ~I ubWIJ !.I__,.LJI~1.JAl o~JlI c.S_,;iH
I.:...-!iU&)t ~ .l.iJ ' F-I J ~l ~WI '7b~IJ WI !.I)...JI r
J J WI! ~t Jlli;!oiJ ~WI '71~\lI~ JJ)l1 J..a4l1 J j~4
• ~~'JII b, 411 uIJ,)T ~ &)~I-" !J_,LJI ~ JfL.._,f c+:
~.l._r;:;.; ~iJ ,4 1.)J...ul\.1. JJ i J~ ~W ~i ~ ~~I-,
t~ ~ ., t.WI wl,)~1
. IALa:Ao.,~
,.. '-""' -::'1 Ji~
··II...\&.I .Y"' c.S ~L11
•
.t.r4'JI ~ _;H
L..,. , t'; ~1 c:r L.Ui.i c.J_,-; ~ ~ : ~~~I ~;w,~
. ~;w I~ L. ~.)~ c)l) I~I\II r~ ~i~,~ ~.r ~\5'
~I ' ~~H ~§:; f'..1.. c.S.lJ1(Jj l4U ~ ~.r:)1 J ,~ §~I
, r_,wI U!,)~ ~ jl~ c.SiJ ,~\ t?~ ~IJ ~, cr ~;11
rW, ~ Jlhi J ~~\tI ~ ~I ~'~I Ji ~c.S.)L:l\ ~ yo.
,o)_rJ' ~ d.i~1 JT , uljl~"Ji, ~~~I ~I~ ~ ~~
Ji~~~~I ,_,LJI J C)"r,,~' ~J . ~l41 JLw~J'

P.B. Lumley, The M,ans qJ Social Control :~..iS' J ' ~ ~\.IJ' r\"':"1 =
( New York, 1925). P.H. Landis, Social Control (Philadelphia, 1939); L.L.
Bernard, Social Control in Its Sociological Asp,Ctl (New YorkJ 1939); J.S.
Roucek. ee al~Social Control (New York, 1947),
~Wjl1~
I)IJ J#>J , e..,,_..;,)t .; r\" JI..iA ~~I o..iA JI ~~ 01 ~J
~ ..u ~ l..:J ~, ':II I ~I ".l,.t. ~~ ,,; .0""""; ~t:5 ~ ~
: JUl.\ loL. ~lpJ - \~ 4W"' ~.J1.1 cr.u1 ~'Jlil.1 ~ ".r.:&J
·'Sanction. Social" ~ BncyclOjHJediQ of the Social Sci,nclfJ Vol. 13. pp. S31-34, by
A.R. Radcliffe-Brown,

~,;.:1' -
yvt
I.~" "w
'¥'_J5J '-'" " J..
t&.L..:s.-" ~I .r.AIyu
J!IL ~I
"
~I _::f~
" .Y",,~
"1_"", W..
L.L..:.1
• .iJa ~ ~ C:.# ~~I ~.la ~ J4 ~I~ ;jJ} ~ !H.:... &)1~'
. ~)U,
if' ~I .i'.,! : ~J~ a...,., 4,j~ ~~~, O~1 - ,

, ~I r- l ~ J.-r c.r'1 ~1_,4l1 ~ ()4 ~I_,JI ~I ;; ..;~I

~LJI ~\_'; A., . m ~J~ Jt ;_r1 , ~ J-j1.J1 J&.-,
~ JI P (/'J . l.~ ~ W" ~ (J}JI ,;;:..,..
, ~I
~J..f:">-lA)J~&Ji ~J. ~I ~1_,4f1~ ~~I ~)LJI
~~6.. J lS J.L.;~U ~~I U!_,(;JI JJ ~ L...l'jl ~1 J
rWI JI!.Jj ~lb..J ~w... J,., , ~I .~y. i'..u, OJ~-'
tr ' ~ t.;,.f' ~ ~I_,AII ~i ~I , ~)- J Jl::J4J &)L..;~
~ "_~u- WI J 'Wi., J.Tbl.t~"W... ~ • )J c.t'l:J1 ub.b.
"I.) -=--
"1,"----
~ ~_. O~J.> .. L c..r
... . f.Jf .~ ~ a
WI"

~fj ~)} u~_,::........ '.JI ~ .)1 &..lJ ;.:,,:1;;-:11~I_,AJI O~J

~ ~ ~I,;~ ~ UA' l;L2&.l!l_,L-.. ~ c.t'l.:ll a-
L..;,."p ~1_,Al1 o~.)i ~~c.i- ~J' fl ;;,.,.j~ ~I.i~-,
~J " ~l. I)A t.}~~ LA1J ~~ d.L,L,J! \,,1, "" . .._j ~

l+-r If'~II J t 'oJ...&,. I~ ~

c.r.. ~. .;: "11
rJ" ~ .. 1~- -:'1 ~" ~~
~~I J ~IJ . ~ ~6:J1 \.;"_,...!JI ~i ~ ~ ~)_,bI.r.'1
.~~ ";"'~J61_J11.iJa ~ t.~ ~I &)i ~ J~ til' JfL_,J1
• ~I JI ~b.. !l).,tJ ~I ifJ W WS' _,.;,bJl J J:!.::; rfJ
~~ ,)1)lt ~ J!~ ~j ~ 4~~' O~1 - "
,;r'" , ~~ v-e ~I ~ 1."Al1 Lf' !J_,.L.J I ..\&.\_,; Ubi; : f"'.Y}

• ~I" 0.1"" ~ J} ~~"~,JAT~I",AJI o..\..t> i,)t J;",..~ <\>

r~ ~ ':J r~ .s_,:;-.. "t r~ )\.:u ~ rfiS .sJ ~";~~.l) IJ"l'J
~;1' - . '. ~ ~ .,;r'\J:a..

YVO
,:r UL.\~ ~b.rJ , r'}\fl c.:i- t.r~ J ~ ~l <s.;.l ~li
.)I~T JJ:A ..w, Wb tJ.& ~~ . ~_,A&.J (.)"~I t)A ~

c!LW' u:- ~ 4...WI~I)~IJ ,WI !J)-JI ~lt... &)1• c:t~~

:t.. ,,"-tll w...rJ1 ~~ clJ~J ~ WI) ~l) ~ eLL.r -tit '.II ~~
Ji ~L.JI ~I
~;:-!il J.-.....D Wb tJ.# ~ L. ."T ~I)~
J ~ , tJ.)l:.Il."i 0_,....~lS' , ~~I &;.;A)I~ ~,~J , t.~
~I Jt ~I ~~IS' tJ.r.SJ1 o_,.-:)Iu~ ~ ~~'J' Pi
.J"d• ~..- t I -l.A;L. I.,,;)
.. ~L.:.:~81
f." !I~..J.!
_I IJ l- ~i . :Lr.~
..• \'l

~ t
.. ::_"1 • La; .::..\.....t.dl
..,y • ,. ...,.rT~..,JAJ
.,r;S,~' . (..j1.lJ1
•. -JUI
c
t.J LA..~J.JA
::I~ ,~ )1 ~tal J. wi laJ IS""11..::"l.i.1J1
• J t .r»,II ~
!l."L-J1 ~1_'; _rtl."i ~I j~4 J_,.4I1 ~J ' ~;"~I .;tjl e-
. tLCl
.... ~ '. t:l1; "}/J 4J7'"
r =~'J~L...:::..
•• •
':it

~b\lIJ rUI !J_,L...JI ,;Alt... ~I : """~'" ~y ,'t -",,,,

~I 'J""_; c;j'lIJ ~~ fic..J1 u~~ ~..L.-i WI O_,..jt
~ t.J , ~t.) lS , GU.lS' ~J • !JI~ Ji J...all !~ rl:Al' ~
~la...U \AiJ ~ i_rtylJ .).)11cJ4 eft' Js- ~I <.)"JWJ~~

~~ '11u~1 J~ ()!JJ-vi cY....\A o- J) JJ • o..\fLJI

;s1.,,-!i ~~I F,I J." , !1_,l......U ~I_,i ."T ~ J-3 JI
.t! ~ JIJ , rjAr ".a lfJJ . ~.;lAJl!J)-JI okl~ ~ l.
~.;A1' c,;J1~I~ I J!A ' _;-T t'; I)A d.:!)- okl_,i Js. ' p.J
. ~U ~..ijl J ~I
M .. • ul.)W~
~I_'; I ih_. ~, "'j : ~M~IJ !1_,L.-J• ..a.l_,i ~ ai)I.J1 _ ,
t,._rt,_,i~t clJ:' . :L.1I. o..b-IJ ~IJ J ~ l...::i ~~ '11 !J_,l....n
~I:>. ~1,.1~1cJ4 ~:,I ~ ~J • ~ (JjJl pi tr ~
JI J:l14..JLA.. ~ if_;J1 , UI..I.r.J1a- t.1,;i J~ ~L.a1
~_,...:JI Js. LiL:J.l' JiT ~ \~I IJ..J . ~I_,AII • .lI. ".~

TV"
~y..-!ll ~ ~ ~ ~I ~b.W4 t...,.~-~q~I.y'
• (\) 0..r~~:h

~~..iJt ~lb J;- ($~ !J_,J..JI tUJl e)" c!'J !1l=J. r.rd
u'J6J1 • .i.e)" ~b.§J e¥'J .o)}ll ~1_,AJ1,y- ~ uljdl 'i
($.lJ1 ~I J;- ~I e)" L. ~ J~''_)~ ~I_,AII ~.l,...l..:-..J_
.~~ ~ -
~ ~I J-II :Ub.. J ~. ~ « .I..r.- ]) r.)\l,...:,'J1 c)1
C..ulU..} ~__,.;
t:.IfJ . l:......> ,I~ laa ~J !J_,LJI ~I_"
~Y' ~~ J ~ ~ 'JJ , ",~'JI ~ ;1,)'.5" ~.JjIJ'
.J2.l..1IJ Jcll !J_,L...JI J;- ~~.f JUI ~ j ~
~_,4J1 JI J~l~J r~~~ ~ « ,I_J.JI » .)t..t} . ~~ '.II·
~ JJ . j)~I~ lAf~ ~ J) ~ ~I ~ ~ ~I Ll:iJ~
c)" ~ 1.,:." •• c).A. J.i ~ ~~ I ~,L...f'"r.J-a.t ' 1.r.J I ..\.;.~ .) ~ )II.
iJ~ ~."G"($_p.T&)1:>' JJ , <ti~,f Jt ~ ,t;jl _,i , ~IJI._:::..I.
~I c.J,IJA;
~..r:rl ~1_,_4l1 ~b. ,J Ji ~ e..i ~\.} t.r
~I~I o- t_j JCJ . ( r'~':I4 ) o~1 .)1.).4;JT ( ~4 }
~ ~ tl'L.::::-'.II .!J_,L.JJ 4.:..../)1 ~I_,AI'IJ • ~6;J1 ~1r.1..r.--
~I J uli4 ($)- W"' , LArlJT t_,; ~ I)A I~ l!j\:;.1 ~.:
.JU\,

t:~ ':It~~ ~ : ~~)JI ~'~'j 4~~t 01111,.P.rJI- ,.

4o.;"l:-oCYI ~J !J)_H ~I_'; ul,l.]." ~ ~~ IJ~ c)T~ ~yl";'
~I ~UJI ~~T ~l Jot..::::- '11-I_;:.I I ~~ • ~Lb JI _J&-J.j ~~

~,~~I ~f JJ . ~~~~, V-- ..\6-1.,~J ,~ '.)11 ~

B. MallilowUi, Crim. and Cullom in SocillY (New York, J926)* (\) .

ran I.

YVV
~;\All J' ~I ~~I ($~~ ..~, ~1 • ~\I' ~I ~A~
~L ~1Pu ~l.)r.J ~~ ~l;J1 !l."LJI..\t.I_'; ~JA~ ':l
~1_,i ~..u~ ..boT~~T ~ ~J • ~I L;L... ~ ~..l.UJ ~I_,AII
~~ ":J r~~~ (,)"l:JIJ • ~~ .~I.l.AS()A u~1 .)~ ~.)l;

..G~~J' ~ ~1.uk~1 ~lt; &)~~ ~':J~jliH

04jt &JJ.i. ~&.J ~~ "~." !l_,wl ~I"'; (J.JA~ • .)§.ill y~':Il
Ill. ~l ,;:> t...1~1 IJ.)~ ~"i Jl , ~.,..~ ~t ,",:,I~I ,;r
~ ~.1. _ -s II
.'oL...-rJ ~ ..r;-
-li~ ""_~ :t ,v G
oJ
l, I
~~
". l4l.:..ti .r--
-.." Y f"t \ I.r":
.. 'il
.)\ • (.5}--T,-:,l:-\' Jl , ~L..u r~ ~1_,4J1 .J.. jf.J JT , ~~)~
·1..\>IJ~ ~I,JAJ ~ ~ ..w:.-." ~ .))11 ~\~
.(~I J~I u"LA; ~I G1J~ ~
;;"\'w'1J5'L.!.l1 W" , l-bl."
4JAJ , ';''1 ~ UA ~ ..b. "':/ ~..P ~I~\ • .l. t_PJ . ~I
~ ~J ' ii"~ , GU~,JA ~y , ul ..I.r.J1L.t •• -t.fJI ~ j;,
. ~~\ .....1..; ul ..I~\
1,· 1...i, WI.)~I ~.)j ~lr.l'J • ~. !I;
,(IJjJ t~ ·';M J
&)j_}a..A... L:.... ~\S' I~I., r\&. ~ Yo ' ""UI
\.:.-.oj J ~)I (I~j Jl, u-t~ j)-I
~\i ,;.1)1 ~')ID" ..b-I)\
? ' ;;;_jA ~1..1:r.-J 'J..f _,J.- ~I ~ JI ~I
I .. J:- 1.lA~ jt
t-_,_;J l!.. J) ~ t.)h.. ~I ~~c.;1 ~T ':/1 : ~~ '11 ~Ij ~
. • cS,,)11
~yl ..I.)"~ ~~';)I ~IJj

~I~ 4....~l!.. J) ..\.:s. l;l~~T J~ ~t ~ j ':'1\~ '.

. ~L.::::- "':/1~I .. ~f."~\l D" ~I~I ~~ ..~."o':"_' .&..:i.. ~··:n .c..

.u=J' ;~I ~I~I.~ ~_;""'.J ~." WI" jjj ~i~ .. cfJ~

!l_,LJ1 ~. ~J.~ ..I~I ~l, Jl-i)'1 !l~.1 ..I.)J.~
.J~ ~J~ , !J)-J\ .~.i ~ o.)!;\fl ~ ~bi _,i. L. .)~.
~>JI cr41 ~I."." ~I. U}..:l\ J..t;:ll~ ~ ~I ;..\»
• aob-I)I ($~j4lt
lS' , ~ ~L.-::o- J(l : OM~IJ~,ul ~'.1 t'Ji' - 'f
Js-. ~ P ~l u.-'t.I_,_j , U:l1 ~IJ)I Jt _,..jl IY tj fl
, JlL!l i~ ~1_,A1' o~ .l>i .Jk!1 ~.,t,J1~4J1 cJ." . L;~t.
.~.
. L.:II ~T ~ ... W"..4,:,,1..::..0 ~I.I.T."
. l.J ~Y::;J'
UJ~ ~ ~~ : o~I" O~1 J ~_,l-J' .J.&.1j1_ "J'
if}! .,t , ~_,..a.J10.1. ~ljA ~ ."t .q~ ~I~ J~ ~t ~I~
~l(1.1_,t .>L?-~I~,I~ "T ~_,..a..J4 ~U:.:... \II ),r-:..- '1 .1r5' ~Ij
~ J 4.tJ_,J1 4..-W\ ul ..Ir.J1 ~ e lil J ooha . ,.p~1 Ji--l,) J
:.i .)i'j ~I"'; ~l:>lJI ~
M J r;j L:f ~IJ « ~.)~ \11» ~l..t.:.ll
l~1 'WI e ~. J IJ'"I·LJl.i. UI.;
..
.::"I~I·
:r. LaJ.!...JJ..
Ito- ~I.!...JI !._ I.
1..1'7
...t.&. ..w ~J ~I J>I~ J JI-II ')6;1 Jt ;.)b\ll wl..:W" Ulle...
J~ .Ai ~ ~ J "A r;.iH ~IJ . ~j.) ~~ JI"
~ljJI ~.I..u; (JA ~1...rJ1I~ ~ ~ e ~I ~~rJl ;;Jlr
~4-I.J! ~ <s.lrl~6J1 Ji ~I" . '&1~ .)__,-!JIJ",,,)1.
ifA ~~6J1 o..iA J!.. J ~15" ~IJ , ~JI.r ,j>- ~ .)j ~

• ($.)_'~ JL;,I ~Ij~ , J_,;liiJl ..1_J.tJJ ~T.

~4- §c.i :~, ~~~ ~~1 !f.,ul ~I'" - ~u
, ~l;J1 ~LJI ul~ ~j4 4J 4j~ 'J .:J_,LJI ~ Jt.1_'; ~I

~I.I.T." !..uL.; r:}JJ ~I~I cr !..&" (.,..aJ! ~ ~I"; ~~

t~ t.5j~ ~I o,)WI f>Jot- (J)Jl.i . tA~ 4.f' ~i J4r~
IJ.. ~,l!~~ C-J . ,.~I ~I ~ "i "",4'11 t-ftla:.. ':11 Lr'
~1,.1.r.J1~t <)A I..b-I."~~..\..!JIdJ')'b. J~ ~l1J1 Lr. t,.,.:1.1,
, ~,,.I.r.J' o-iA cJA U:;.l_t_,; !...u~ ~~I OJWl ~i . (!".rl~
o~ .i>\'J ~ ~ JlA::..':14 JT u"~'J1 §)I ~ .)~I ~I'
~~I ~l;> J 0.6jtl ~~'''I\ ~I~' ~~".J'
o.>LJI cr» . ;;,)w~
U1L;JI~1 ~ A ~'.
~~,~d~l. ~ ~I:L. it&. ~ J!;
lV..
.e-.l..J •0) ~'.r.J4 4.:}.JA ~ r.Lo 1-lA .I~ ,),1 J!..,b ~ , ~_}..-lJ
';;J'~ jl'J ' L.:.. ~I ~ ~t VA La_,> .1.r.J11-l,. '0'; J ~I
~ ~ ~4J1 :J_,wl ~I"'; clJ.lS" ~J • l:Jw.i § J ~J';'"
, J.-r o.aJ , ~~J L)"L:11~o)b.r ~l.i ~ , U_,.J LS ~..\..!
. l~ Jlii } , tJ'l:.Il ~ ~11.R ~1J1.,,:i1 :Ji ~t~ , ~~ ~ ~
.. I_".
,~
U
.. ~
..\&.1 _::11 oJ..,J
. ~c...U_"'..yu : if~ i'M,
.....-.w
..AIt1_lif, _
r L:JLt

JT « :J",u' U'"':'!LA.. J) (~';II ~i ';II c!U.lJ~ '}J ... 1.r.J~

•~ ..
~H_
do) ""
""".>::'Ie"~ t. \ ~«:t.;~l!t.
(At~J.a.: ~.. II IJ!oI'1-=11»
.r
.~~I ~~I Ji 0.,.]1 ~Ib "I ~I !l_,LJI..\&.I';~ lil:>ti
~lPJl .)1)\,1 ~ if_;; ~IJ '~~IJ ~"'= 411 wl!~1 ~i
,~~&.jl c,)"'.)WJI ~ ~I ,wl ..l_r.Jl ~ ,y 4;.,,14:,. ~4.)~
'" L. !J_,.L...JI~lA.. ~t lolA ()A 411 ubWI
~_, • ,k ~ Yo
-~ Ua;.. ~~ ~~I ~r'~~1.)1ti'1411 .:.,bWI ';II
~~ ~J;ll ti-! !J_,wl ~\_';,§JJ . t.Wl ,-;,1.),;/1uA j~4_,
!J.}-JI t.it J&- (5.).;11a: ~I »~ ~ ~I d'1_,jIJ .rIJ~
J~ ~J ~'4 ~\~ j~ L.:".J • ~IJ ,":",1~4 ~,
l;~i JiIA ~\~I IJ..J • !l)...J1 ~I~ J}J ~ ~'}4 J~I
~ (5.lJ1~\! . ~~';II ,.I~I e (.)}-t ~~t J ti'J~J
~II~ ~~..u, ~ ~11Iy:... 4,i":J 0.)\1)1 ~.,b. JAb ,1~1
'-.4Jt;. J.i Wa"..1~.Y'-!
r: ~ .JJ , ~~ ... ~I !J_,.........
J "~I.d .r: lJ.?"
... ..u
~ 4j~ c.>,tJ J> J&- ~ ~ ~ ~J 4. ~J , ~jl.AJ'
(.f' U_r2> ')' ~l !llaJ. .JA lA)~ IS ~I ~l:11 ~
. ,))J~ ~l:J,!1 ~J ~l.J.:l~ ~l:J.:1~I !}~I ~\; ~ ~ J~I

R.. Maunier, Introduclion ~ III SD~logi" Chap. II. For another discussiml (\)
CI ridicule a. a .ocial control device see P. WaltcrlJ Jr•• "Non-violent Means of
Social Conuol". in Roucdt'. Social C"",rol, pp. 3:10 if.
 s -~ Jdl ~l;:> _,AU;... JSi ~ W'" _~I ~ ~:, C'J
Iw t.f.! r I~IJ . ~}i ..b.IJ~~ !l~1 ~lA..J ~WI ~b~n
• «>.!.bi (.Si ~ c)~~t J-W~.J ~.r'jl ~Wll.;"b'.:Jl r_,.i..,~li ~
- ol:AJb> I~I ti> u~1 "!.r~ L. Jf - u.rJ1 C' LU:. ~ Lo ~~.
J l:...!r. I)IJ .~ ~ cS..iJIIo.;'I~I_'~I ~~I ~, .,-!)
c:r ~)I [J~ ~i.,1, I~ ~)II;o"::,--:~.i~ o~1 ~I_,i "_;Aj,
_r.:a: :;.l>IJI ot)1 ~ (.1,.,]1 Jll~ ~~)'I ~lj , o..b.l_,ol.ri,
~ ~ u='1<!.lU' d' ~I J]J
&')16.11 ~~ ~I I~
~1_,A1J.)Wz... ~ r1j4 ' "dl u~t ~..iJ1~I ~. LS , .).)Jl.
~I !J_,LJI ~I";~ _;.:.J ~l~ &)~I,.,.t~l~ t..:,1;J1 ~n.
~I • ~.)~ ~ ~I ~~ ';II !l)-11 ~I'; ~_, J;:i..\}1\,a~,
:i..WI 10.;'1,)')1JJ,., , .f-':1 ~ t.t uc:;..; ~I !I_,LJl ..\&.1';.
. ~I :i.t.L..:J I JT ::;~ j 4 :L..:, I>-
, ~I_'; ;J~ I_~t_, : "--:i,tili,h o~,rt.;J' JI ""'_,if' - ~'J
jlj'll ~ ~ ~~I ~1.r.J1, o..b..JA ~I_'; ::;~I .)~I J tfY
r'
• ..1_P _,t -¥ ~,J.) , ..\....&.';l4 Jt ~4 ."T :t.1J- eJ.J. ' :;_,4J4 _,t
u.Js.l~ c!L...::....J .)_,~
0..r,,}YI ~_, • (l,.,...ul~I'; rft' olAJI
o~ ~J' ._,;ifl t...J~ clJ')J , LAJ~ D" ~4 ~. ~.
~I..L>~I~.", 4....J..u1J!.o ~}-i OJ"j ~ t?' cll; ~I~\'!
~I •• I.Y"'.J
,,_I lfi dI.lf .b. .)~I·
.Y. ~ J J... U,(JI;;.J>_'iJ.!~
N . i ,..-"1
J,§JJ . L,lDJl t.,Sbu:u.\..... Yo LAj.~ c}&- ~IJ ~I_'; '-r" j.
<\it; , ~ J I~I , J_,kII 0.1. i... ;L....j~1 c)T ~l_.!j ~~I J_,JJI.
~j:...J ~I .1_,.rJ1 Jl_1j J §j,., '~:'IJ ~_,..ul L~ i_,.JU...
J:> .]A "'}I }-i j .JA :;_,All (' I~ 1 J&- !...U.,;:11 r.1.r.J I &)I • :u _,..lJI
.~l:JI~~1 ~t_";y dW \.4.J.:p..r~.s-w..\!I\J~IJI.S;"" Lf,41J..l!1.
eo;''''' .} ot.I~1 ~j ~Jl ·..11 ~,,,. ~ j__ t"" _ t
~-' ~ UA~~ :/,1!l_,LJ1 ~'_"tl,;t ~ l.i.a,; ~ l:) : ~..b:S.

YA\
JJ~ r l:(JJ , J1-Y1 ~I J ".,;..i ~ ,;r ~I,.I~IJ ~1.,Ail
~)li ~I'; ~~ ~ ~II~ ~ JJ . J:-A:J4 C.,...;)II.a
JC Jt , ~ ,;r \ .,a,! ~
.LtJa,i ~
..J;'!.L...
.J ~l.i(Il
if,~~~.~."~
~ r~ ~ ~
w~ ~,~,
<!U..\5' • WI
~.)L.4.:i1

~b~~
_,l ~,)'."t
1.i1,.I?-J
~ 1_;I I4;f j
.J..u.1 ~)UJI ~ ~~l) , ..\&.1_,_A11colA ~ b'1..i_'. t~_,..
.(\)J~I ~jlAJlJ

,~41jT." ~~';ll .!J,.,LJI .>.:.1"';cr ~_,JI ')..\JI I.A.J

,YJi' . It; :q.M.J1 0.)1 ;,--JI J." . ~I J.A.; ~.).) c: r'" ~ ~
.~.lJaJ , J'~ \II ,lla.ill ,WI ~I J&. ~bJ.1 4JJ..\Jl ~la,..rr
.J1 ~I ~':.,.,\'!.):," 0.# c;_;..l ~J ~I_,J ~ ~
~la,_,.!=1'
.~ ,.I~' , ~,)~\l1 ~I."ul ~ o,)~ t,_,;l !l~ ~ ~4.;)1
.Js.\_,AI1 JI , JL....JI ,)6;1 .,,1 ~I ~ ~I ~1 w~1
:u"
...J- ..i!ll:.Ja _,.).• 0
_I . ~I ..T I, -tl
k::.)\ J c..r-' uu)t;.t
••• ~~I b.~J • 1;="'\
U" J

,,~WI ;l:fJ4 ~ ..\:.1';." ',41u~_, ~I ~l:U\ ~I.)~ Lb;..

t,.~J ,~~W.I J~ ~..\JI ,.~I ,.li..u)1I ~j~ (5,;.1J

.~~I ~ I)_,!>~' y \.j~}., oW- t_S"u, t_St)1 ,,t__,.. <')

Cnml and Custom~L-:J.~ ~~ WJ~ ~,,:..;JL. ~t .r.f- • ~I..yl
~ I)J~ .J.j~.Y.J)" JY; J~t I)t W ~Jt ~ in SQf)ag5 SocietY
'4 4.J" ~l~' r\l;JJ ~'J o~~ d..I..wcll ~\......'J' A_,l.uJ1 ~I_";
~~I ~I~TJ - ~)\.-...tJ\ ~)l.WIJ ~..uu. 4.ll.:dl A_,L..JI~I_"; ~J
'~~~J.J?' ~ ~)I.j -:J ~\.;, ..II\j)Ql ~ J (/' \.:!JJ ·..s._,;.t ~ 4JA
~I"'.P,JIJ ~'_,All ~ ~I '-'" ~.; ~ ';'T ~I~ ~ ~t ~J
,~~\'" ..:;...~ 1".:... ,:1) • ;~II.!I~I ~ IS} \.. pJ ~
R.M. MacIver, Society: A Textbook oj Sociology : )&it , ~_,.....;JI I~
(New York, 1937), pp. ~32-~33; and K:N. Llewellynand B.A. Hoevbel, T1uI
..(]heymne WIlY (Norman. Okla., I94I), pp. 60" 229, 33!i'. .
L,....,\> ~~ ..\&.I_,i ~~ 'L u-- fit" . ~, ~1_p.4~b;..
.:.,~~~ J ~j IS , ~ J; ~I_,AJIo~ Jf c? ~JliJ~
Jt , ~~I ~'JJ ~ ~,~ ~, ~'_,;aIJ , )~~J ~.r.J',
« :4_I_ •• ,~JI» ~1~1 le i-I ~J til' ~).-JI ..:..~.,:_H,
, iS~ 'I~' r:L_~ J.,r-'I ( C"?"
..~·:-l'l..Jl.:lr
. ~ 'oJo:-II J1) ""
..~~~
• ~bJl l#11'1.r.-~I~I .~ J(J" . ,..('-!.r.- ~; Jt
~1~'.r.JIJ:J_,L..JIJ&.1_,i
..::..~ ~,;::; ~i §-s.. jl; eus J&-J
~~I ,~ ~i 'oJ1. Jb. t.S~ ¥IJ , ~..,:JI c)~1 ~ ~I
J' ~i ~ JJJ , ~, J !J_,l-JI~I.,t t.fS ..kAi ~.f.. 'I
, ~ ,y ,.1.r.J'-, :i _};"'1I b~lAI' ~ ~..LW'J 4J,)~1 ~Li~'
Ht 1I~

J J-r ~flJ <.r~ 'oJI ~~ 4_,6;.jl~,)I>'oJ1 ul:l-JIJ .~ ~J

: ~I JfL)IJ ~l:1....l1• .l.JJ\:;:.:li c)~IJ . ~~, l:.i~

~w,~b 'j' ).r=--l Jl ~,)j1.\ JiL,.il.J;')_;bl\ ~l:U~

~ Jcll JL:uJ1 V"j. ~ JJ') : .tIJI ,," ~,,. r'.?""l
J) ~, III WI:; ~ .;1 ~~I rllai l.Si ~ 'oJ: u..)yiy
r
~1..,aJ1 • .l. cP 1)1" • ~ _,wI ~I_,AJI~1,.1..r.-
J;- J~';III
, lJ .j_,w\>. ~l ,-",,,,)11
F.I ,)I)i ~ ~I J~T J ~Jr
l..~ L.W c!U) u-- ~J J:f l.si ~ L. ~~.r' l.il!.
• ~~

,.IJ",u.t ' u"~ ';II ,lli.jIJ pi :tJt...,. , JI:lI ~I J , JJb.

~lkI' .JJ~ Jl ,-",WI.J&-Jj..\i ~I ~...JI u'J~":a"J .:J1,.1.,r,J';
~c.S.lJ1 )JJJI ~~tL:.:;'jIJ!l_,LJI ~I_';\I.;>I ~ Y.. ~ _,L.J.,
~A.)T.)I",~ ';ItL:.:i':JII~Jrl.;> ';II 1~t.Sj ~_,.~4JI ol::>J.
'JL....H &~J ~.)I}~I ~~I ~~~ ;; ..4>J.
.Jo4)rl
u_); ,y JT t.S';' \' ;;.r j U-- u.t:;.; 4:..,:... ~ J LC..!i J .;IJ~ ~ L;:
_,. WIJ ~)d~ r.rd ~I,;JI o~ u'JJJ~ .))J) r'~' c),l: .r':J.
t.SJ.,;n t~1S' c).A_';T we- ~
(5.lJ1 ;~~'l ~I • (./'~I ~
. L~I ~t.... J J-II Y_,L..~ ~ l.:t ' J..jl Jt ~I ,:r J~_
 t t.J ..r:,jpJ~l0~1
Ot.1~IJ £1"w' ~'J

J .1..L.:! lS"- ,
~1¥~u~1
o~1
:~>o- o,JAJ4j)~~1 J~1 0}tAll (I) 41JJJ\
,~IJs.~\}~\,J14..1.);J1 ( I) J..u. I c)}li!\ (~)
, )~ ~I .:r ~ydl (~)
~iJ.\ J,JAJ.\ :lJ)
.c)l.ill J ~ \..i5:l~ ($ ~!1 l.l t,)-.1 .
~JI r.: 1)1
Jill "-:--~LJ-4 0r~~~l:=-o\f\
4.,..J\l U-- c)l,..f~ ~I c)l..w
~jlQll~\.,u~lo~t-.~~\

4} J~I f;ll - Y
JI ~\.1)1 _,i
-~ ~Il~ 41:-~
,~~

.cf t)L. )-1.1 .s y'~1 ~\.iJ1 if'~~

~ljLf..\f10\J..@J '!';I~I
t!Jt~':J1 iJ\.l.AiJ 4._,..,4,JIt)I..L4i

lS?~1 &...A:.JI_.,AUia.. J \'~~i'

a;1.(J.1 t)1..illJ ~I ~..l::J1 o.)WI,J ~I o.)WI ~I
- .
~L..:l-I- f
~_;.,._JI, . J.hlhj~~~~-ll
JI) ~I ~I,J~I
(4-~ ~)ll~ ..
J;~I t_,::ll,y uljl ~~ ~l.;.jl;s1J:1,)!l~ ~J

&~.=11~Wl.t.
. ~I_. ~\i~1 ~~ ._"7_1I
c-:- ~J o:"11~I-~II~
o- ~.ri ~
4.:4> J ..b-I_, oli i L.L.r ..\.4:.:.J (.) jJ I , ~ 1 J La.r\ll J.&.

e ....r-... , ~I :WU'l'1
.. ~l- ...~..,.... 4...........:JL
tlW=J1• ~.JiIU;,...
J-
~ ..

•~ _;.t ~I"'; ~ia- LAi~ ;51-, ~.fJ 1~ _,L. ~I _,AI~ I> ~~

..L!

« 4_-:-:1» JJw} ~.f.L1 ~1_,4l1 o~ LJ" C;~l; §~.tt!.V~ o- ~j~IJ

c-"lJ tP .!I~ r..\Ai ~ ~t) LS_, . ~ (.)_;'~I .rjl )a; J
, ~pl_' (IJjl ~ u=J1 (_.WI ~b~1 J (.)_;.~
6.rj UA fJ..u1

Ji, ,,~
.....~~ AI J ~J
·:"'I..,JIiI'"
\"..,....
JI:.-.9
~;-~
uq ~
"-4.4,.. .r:
L.4'-"Jt
~I _,Alii.. ,;r ~..lJIJ , Jlt1,~l ~ _,i , ~~ ~I ~IJ.:II
Uti.. ~
~ ~b. .c
l;..).JAj 1..7.J• ';1~• • ~IJ. ~I...:.>
"'" \II oW o~LJI
~ ~l:J~ 4L, ~I o)WJ .)1» : .u~ ~U.I O).iA ~ 4..l5
. (\) II ~_,GJ~ clUl ~

1~ J!.o ~ .Y.. ~ i (J" i.).iI 1 ~ ••.••H __.....Ai ~ iyo la 4 e,SJ,JI;

!J_,L.JI~I_'; J JI:J4J' ~~ tL:.:;)lI_,!J_,LJI~IL J t_,::ll
~I ~I .)~I ~I> ~ JJ~ ~_, . ~I ~_,.......!l~ d.A.l..:.:Ll
t.fJ ~) , 0"1..:::;0- \'1 ~ _;II ~jJ '~J , ~WI ":,,b\ll ~ ~ b
& ,§ J cS'; !I~ . ;-; JI J.4 ,yJ # ~ ()4 t.JlL;T
4.t!d ~.'Il_;'1 ~ C)~1~J , -k1_,;J1oJ.. J::.W.; J.&. ~
.1A.'I_,-j'J~J.cll JfWI U"'j~~

~Li J> .JljJ ~ ~_,..ulIJ : o,..li.;..t'j J\U~~.} _ ,

o.a ~"J • ;"'1 ciJ ,:r ~I 0) ..!\'1-, , wl..l.A:al!..1WT_, ~I
. .
../':. l..::-t t::JJ.lJ..t:;I>./:. ..I.i; Herodotus. HjstD~iBS, III, Chap. 38 (\)
-t.a')Lo .,,:r\ J~ ~I t::JI.lWI J~ !)~~Wl ~ _,_:. JS"' ~. ~ _,J ~t
·y ~l.l~ t J.:.i.dIJ ~1 ~ , ~ JS" .)\:;.;..'lI 4J
I
~.);:-;JI ~\A\:H jAj ~ Ja;..t J'J>':I'J uJ)aJ1~ J ~I
JI ~~ ._,..:....LI~JJI_,Jl o}_~1 ~L;.. ~ Job ~.t~ J~J
,~, ~ J l..eS'J~ f· o1j:l~J ~ JW~11)4 'Ua;Jl", ~I~I
~_,(:JI 4.b.)I~.lA JJ . Jt;}IJ ~_,...wl' ~ U!~I A ~t ~
~HJ ~_,J~' ~I~I o- J) ~l.:JI." ~..ul ~~;
J~I ~w J4}Jl r"'~..\1.,,· ~I J~J u;a:ll J~.,,' ~I~WJ
a~ -.:... ~ ~.lJ I r Ui:.J I t.Jl4.. if f.u'! ":'oJ' ~ ~~ U!..lJ r
Jii J) ~ ~\t.i ~I . ~ 4iJ~ _;:r L.~ u~ ~ _,.i . rtla:J\·
,;rJ 'I.... "'~J~ ~I :wI1 J!~ 1)4 "::'1 JA"-::~ y.J , a~

~llJ . ~lyJ~ :t·..'LII.rI~J li~t...-:....IJ ~I ~~ ~Ij &.k~

. ~J.. Jt .·a"~ ~ \...;\J.,b..J ~1.J:.k."t A ~t~ ~~

~UI J...aAI1J « 4.. ,,~....!lIJ~LzJl J) t~",J. l'" "iL. J.,

~., t2~....!......s
... J- JI ~UI ._,1;\'11
.• ..... JI U ~ .. t
~._,.~ ._ ~·~rl:LA.J;:J\

GUJS." , 4Sj-!A J~tJ ~1_,;. J.J:A ~ cill Lr ~ ~ .),;11,

If.f'• ~ .. ~.J.:».
N. JI J~
.~·:-Ll.)1 .it ..c&.:Q ~.• " v-
_..l\" C:-:-.T ....i s ~1.l.4:.:....
o- ~I ~1 .,1JI..yl ~I , JAlali
j .1,.,..... ~ JIO\J~
.:r ~l J:i I~li~~IJ . o_,...\t1 ~J .jL.;)U ~4 4Jt • .rj ~l ~
~~~\ ~,~~'tiJ.uS' ~~ '11 ~ _;JI ;..uL-.. ;..r}~1 Uflli_,..
. :Wl:-* J_,4lII~ J ~t~

~
..q U'IfL ~ clI..\S'·LJ.....
::1•• ~I 0r :)1 r
J.;j I" I .jl,i d1') LJ
i..r>
o..\fUlt r.,..\i ~j .i;... 6JJt ~1i . o,.,...~t JfL...J ,y ~
(JJj ~ ;.U ~ o.UJ • lil~J WW- JUt ~ cr ;~~
.J.,. ~IJt ~J..d~ 4.J_,.lJ1,:;.JJiJ • ~ JPI ~)I ~ ~J ~t
~lG §J t'~!l1.:.A JIJ.. 'J ,§JJ ,~~I J~I J ~Jl
",,'\
 <si J.p~JJ.llJ~\ ~ 0> (~.,.~I ;~1 c.::,,~~_,Il J~)
- ~I ~~~>" . ~~I ~ J Ji~JI~ld.' .u ~~ t..:..
. JWI ir j ~ J.! ..b- JI ("~ - 4..1,.,..
JJl J~~ ~J
~llJ...Jl fir JI v~ WS tL4r~1 rL.r 4;;.:;;~1.,~ ~J
till LJzj\i1 LJ" ~J ~~ <.f~1 ,~ ~~1lJ1 J.4 ~i J
§..: '1d..J1c..) ~~ ~.iI1rlt;.ll ~t~..r-! ;;_,!jJJ.. ~ . ~
\'.?--' ~ ~,;> c.fl:J1 Jfo. ~ '11 ~ ~i JT ~ ~i
• ~ \&.J.J1J
J.AI ~I J!.} I)A GU~J, ~ t\.::;:;'}I-,~J.:JI rlla.:J1
, "*' UWI .JLG~IJ
~IJ\I' o+ .)1...:;.';1 ~~ ~~I J r'ljJ
J:A=I O..\a:-.e ~ , JUb~1 )~ J_;,S , J_,4J1 c:-=:- ~ ~
I~ ~~ 4J6J1 o.l.A J t.:,1;. ~ ,LG,JI ~-' . ;~Wt11ul.;jt:11
;;~J.>
~. ~. ~ J t: JLib~1 r.r .JAJ" J Llr L...f...
c-- • o~.bJ1 I~LUrI
"" r.J" f
.

~ .)~ ~j..u j~1 ( ~ LIJ..u1 ~~ J.,..\arJ U"JI-Wl

~~ c.::"LJa.:.. ~\;:.~'il ,-;,_,...!llJ ~t ,JjJ • ;~~I ~~ \;JI
J!.a ~~I J b~J.:J1)LG)t1 dj" J~I o}!:""'l ~)..ul (JI>
l;:iLLt~ _;'IJl J « p ~~ »J ~J) J « ~~I ~~I D

Ld~1 ~ JIJr J « ~.)J~lil ]) J ([~4 ))JI-, ~jL:J1

l:J~1<:t J) J « ;~~~JI u~1 » o.l.A ~~ ~J : (") yl4ll
~li)1JJJ' ~.Q~·1I Js. ~'pi~y. ~ '~.JI c: I;iUT_,

~.AJI c.J"'JI..d1J.> ~~ \.:J~ ~WI e.lyJl \.oJ (\>

,,; ..u.~
Jii J.!.e ~I ~foJl o~1 :t..UI U"')I~I ~)w... r.} ~.il.1
• t*""')''''-'' JI., UA I.i~ ~)WI
JJ..ul ~ J",~~I cr.}- o~ ~J ~I ;;~l ~I ~ i.r" <T>
H.R. Marrare, The NIfJI Education in It~ ( New Yorks 1936); : ~J_,r\.:.)..ul
F. Brennecke, Th, Nam Prim" (New York, 1938); C.F. Koeller, The BductJtional
PhilolDphy 0/ Natiolflll Social."sm (New Haven, I941)j G.A. Zimmer, Education
Itrr Death (New York)~ 1941).

YAY
~;'f ~IS" ~I il:.:Jl Jl ~.lT ~,;I' ~~I J ~I ~;.rJt,
. .ill Io.>WJI:.0
d.. •• '-\....wlAJl F··
....dI~ ~,. r.JA . It ~~ L. cJ::'.
r--'::" .. 1 t..\J I. !,
~

(j}'YS • .ll ~~ J ~J) ~j <!U..\)J' ~14I~ Jl; J I_,!..:J

t:._~ ~ t .r~1. ~ I .z»: ,,!jt;,-
u--. lor Ii,;!
(I" "~I .._,
(S' ~ • ..r-' ."~ ....L.lt:.-
.~II'"r.5 .l~• IN

j cs:--i )1.}:-4 .l~1 ~ ~TJ WI r J~4 ~~I ~I ~

• o_,...~ J-~\'I ~J
JL...JJ ~JI ~I J&- ~~I 4JJ~ c.W4 J'~ '1J
~ , ~.).il:S~I ~I ~I~ .l~1 ~ ~~ ,)1 r.tS.)L:i' ~.
Jj.J oJ~IJ J-U ~.r.C' w~1 ~ u~ ~J'~II· ••"~
~J6., ~_,JI u~IJ r.~..\.itI1
~J6J1 ~~J ~I o}~_;H
r.~T JT~L...~I ~~I e.-I)I J~IJ ~tiJ ,;.~ c.iJ ()A u-JI
. (\) ~I ..\.AWl J c./'J.)j ~I ,)1)1~ Jt ~).x.:J1 ~~,
~.i ~T \'1 :4Q .:L,.... .r.f JJ...! ..\.t ~I,d?" \'1 ~~ c)J u-o t}4J'
4r ~ ~i ~ L.J ~I J.- ~_,i ~~.) Lrt ("~ ~ ~ ~ LA,
~ J....\.._.JJ ~':JJ ~.; 0AJ , r.1;! t)A ~ d'ljl C;';'! ~ ~
.~~)'I .
. u....., LA..;
df... ..J u"u I ,)--"q
. .) ~..
u.w ..1....r..
• .IJ
: ~ :;---:-1,
& ... _ "

if_;; ~\!JI :"i tS} ~ ~ I.A~Ji c!U~ rJ'; ~I J. . )lC~1

~1
~ )_,.:ll ~T ~ ,; ~IJ ~\fl J~':JI ~.~~ wl..\A:J.l" .I}~II
i"Yu ~ ~~ ~L...i ~.)~ '1 ~~ ~ ~WI 4!. ~.)I;'l
t.f~ ~~ 1,)"\;.11
~I • ~~ J ~~ ~I ~~}'I JI.J>~~
~I I..9P."J <s.lJ1 .l~\'1 ~t:;.. JL; . ~~ I.llfo4!. ~t ;;J,) ~
~ ~I" ~I~I if 1;\01 ~_;~ ~T..lZ>~'~' J!_;' LJA

:r ..r,;5 ~ J,W ..!.H ,~ ~ ~pl' ~."w., f"Jli:l1 ~ _,; (,)

:.j~'~~IJ~
Twmtilth Ctllrury American Bducatj'Dn .(p. F. Valentine, cd., New York, x946)-
c:- ~T JA:i' lS ~ ~LG:. JI ~_t::11 ~~I J ~~b. c:
J~ L. yli. <..i."riil ~~L; , ~ WI b..\.A ~ .r.-i' 4,;J JI ~b...
~j ~I:=-~I ;S'i J Jol.:-! oU u cJ';'t. .J!!.- _,._ Lo I...t., . \;bJ L.j \t
~# J r ~JJ_"'.i.:.. &Jl....i)fl~~ ~I elJ..v1 ~IJ . ~4_'
~ .:,1~WI.;:_.jP'_;"'J . u--.Jdl J-li ~)-.T ~I.A~I.)~ ..J!-'
~J : 41 ~lAll )lG)'l ~'1j ~ L.IJ jL(:J1J _,...:JIJs- L.I lA)-'~
~ ~ J.i J_,...JI J J---JI ~."Lt ~_yr 1S.iJ1Jw.~1 J:-.) ~~.
L;:;W~I ~I ..;e f:r.- ~~W'ilUljl ~,T ~ ~t JI ~cy~
~IJ ~)I rk J ~ ($JJIU~I i.r.J1~TLS , ;{..U~
J-l' Js- ~I.",! oJ.-:! ~i ul; .::.tUI ~.ua <->.i.. -\i J~ '.II"
J)".. ~I~ ;;"T J ~j ~~J J \,;J~ &J1f1.)1JA.lIJ • <}LJ)'I

~"'_'~J ;~ J~i c.GJ~ ~ _,.;~l5' "",\:II if I~I ).,.l-

~b o~U;oUt ,),.,.:11 ul- r-tJ . ~ WL!JI ~.;a11 _,AllU 4.....,
.. ~s ,~ ".y. .. ~I
cl).l5' ,r--J . 4..W
1)"
~ L. L_:".-A , I_t\
.. J _r. vr: u- J v-'
• jL..;)U .:LWI J t ~ 1::_1\ J
r..r- .".r'
"'I j IST)I-,i ~I •..t.:.. ..
c;-:, ~

,.:JI..vi:JI-, J
\.G~I 1J'.r... :.i...W..) .Y""'"
·-"11~ • .. 4...4..a1
~.. "
~~ .J
· Wb• (J' L-:..I')
I)A .-"'I" J IG~I 0.r
",_. .. :1 ~ .., cf l:J1~ ~ ~J
.c"....

JJ . .u ~I !l).-ll ~I_';J ~ t.f'~1 r~ .1L:rJ)f~ J~J

L;4 ~ ~,~ ~ dWI ~~.)I~'.Jl ~~1 ~lrlA ..w' ( L. ~I

~J ~ r~ ~t aGt U, ~ t;y.JA ~~ ~~; ~'JJJd'~1
_,y ~ '::"~4- 0J~ J ($.r,d' ~l..i'J1 ~~I cll; if}':}I·
, ~ r
T Jt~1tP ~.IJ~~ ; ~]I cllr r.i> J t , ~~I u~
t;.)...LA:.. ~t;. J.tl~ .rtjl o)~ j,~/:l1 IS~.J . o.r"~1~J
~!) I~IJ .,) _,.::JIJ JIO':JIcf _;J ~Ldl ~,)I_;'~I ~lf-J4 ~"
~~ UAb~ L r)J~ o)J~ ~ '1 ,.AA:.:.. J'~I ~ j !Jt.:..
~I ...b" ...J ~ ~,)1>)f1 ~l ~LA ~Lt , .)~1-, Jta~1 d j.

TA"
t.., :ttk.jl _,i ~I tJA t.f.t. ~JII>I )'11.... o..I;_, ~bT w.JJ~
b~~ 6_,!Y.1 ~~LJA ~_,AU:JI ~u. ~ ~.t~J~
. ~4'.11 ~I_' ~W\ ~b~1 "'J' c.s-JJI
:aLL ...JI ~ l:.A _r.:...i ~ : 4A~ it" aJd....JJ a~ tJI ~\""'~I
Jfol ~_,.G,JI J> rl;ill I~ J ~4 ~J • 4..:~1 ~~ jlJ
'rl';> '.II ~It... ~ :y....J1 ~L~ c;~ L.J , ~I ~ J\... J
~.,1 ~.,GJI ~)!.: ~jJl cl:J_,i .Jf'd ~)I ~_,:JI _,1t~IJ
J1' ~jl rJ' o_rj ~ ~ J_,I.::.:; '.I u.,,_,_, . ~~ ~I ~I

LSJJI WI" . ~)Ii ~I"'; s ~.t.f ~t ~,,1 T~ ~

~ Lr .tJ L..: ' ~..1.:s. ~ _,i ~ Js- ~ 'LS (hU1 ~
...l..4ii.i_, • <,> ~ J~' _,i c.rW1 .ul-\:-t .')..,..b. J .u~ ..,i , ~ J

u..~r..r
Co _. "110J..\All <!.U; , ~_JJ_'
.. ~I.. (J~I ~
L·. 0 ...lAJ14...k·l~
J J.

~~_,:JI~I,l,. ~ L.l~_' .~~ 4I:G~ '.I~I :i..:..:%~1~LL;JI

.d!f"i..\.:s. u..).,P."J ~I UA ~I ,)1 • ~_,\4:.:.0 ~~)~ ~l rJ'
~r .s i ~ I_tt ~....
J,! _"._....
:1\ lA., \ . -~ _, _.
cr: ......... l .''I
.".,...--:...,
~ J"i-=IJ &J ~-, .. , ~, .lJ1
.,i ,-!)I ,-:,~i ,lli. ~ ~ ..ct ..,i , ~J.)I ~I J ($~I ~I
.o-o._, . oJ_;J1
Jt~~JI ~.r 4.,;4..> c;~ Jf ~ Ji~~'.I1 ~lC~
J.. t'..~JI
...::,,1·l,.:..1 . , ~k:)1 ~~
L..:.:,.. U )..
L...I~I~.)I,)." j' ill..J1
.4.:~ J~ r-J ~ ~i o).)l:J1 J.,..';JI,;;t ~-' . -,1 ~)I pi
~t '.II ,:4 .., ."J 4~:h_' Js. J~I ~} Lr IIl_,4l :J..Jd Js- 4:,;
~ ~.rJli ~_;.. '11 c:f' w.-b-i ~ \.f·~:;)""J W. ~_,4:J1 ~JJ.-.aA

".rt)' :uu.....J l!~1 ~I Vj'l ~ J.o.!j ~J <'>

: )Ai 1 4 :i!. C2?&..A11 ..r.f- UJ......J\ Jt
'N.l. Spykmao., SocitJI nWJry of OeDr, Simmel (Chicago) 1925), pp. 97-1C?8.

. 'WIJ ~ _.:...
..r.f, r,.)_Y ~II·('WI
r lli..,.,' ~ '.1. u., ~J.>1
I)."...... ~
I-I\.:)
•
~u..c.J
• ;j_.:~1 ~I tI..,n JJ~'~ ~J ~I
 ~.f! 1I.)."Ai ib t, cill.1.,i ~~I ~ I"\u'j' :to(c.}1'J,~ •
.:r' r!'jl l.i. t..:.- § ~ ($.).11j)1 ~ 4"""~J ~~ J&.
.Iwi \~I ~J j Ijl: ~~ ~ , (.S;.T ~
Q,)~ J~t ~ : ~1 ~~, alaI ,,,h .'JJ 1.- - ,
t.liiJ ~I..P.' ~ i ir c.I"'" u'41i~ ~i r:r i~ 'J I'c.:r.- ~~
~I ili...S , L..;) W tf ~ ~,Jd').r.u ;;Jy.A j J.,\f ~~~
~_,.!}I ~U 4lJ...., Ji, 4J Js- ~I fbJ' (bLJ' ~I J&.
~ ~e= (_).iJ1 "I~I ~:uaLJ1 Utj:J- ~ ~. \.r.J' J&.
(".,GJ.' ~I ~.T :iLl _II J>I) r:r ~Ij cll~ J' ;oLd'J4 ,p~
~l ~ c5.iJ1~l;J1 ~JJ .;AIJ'~I
~ ..~I U;.".. Wb ~
Jl>. j L .·M<~..\&.Li'JI.J>~' "J..J . ~U' ~LJ ~l; .)~
. lfA"u'e~ -t.rIt'- LJ-
I._:' Wi
J
~LH

~Y"'-!
r. -'i ~I J .rt:
~ jlj, ~
..J...~':JI ~I_. o-UauL-i
•• J~ J
~.)I~l; : ;,,;11 Ji u-U lel;>1 ~I r:r .).J...Aj ~I ~..lii:.:I~
, ~~:JI L4.:1J1_,t ~)I -,1 ,LJajI ,If> '11j\~ 4i:J~-,
_,l ji,).f':=A u~~ ~I JJ..,f J.i" • ~ _,t l.:~t JI '.J~
~)6J\ ~
.
•
• ~I.7"n
AM •• " t.i..Ol ~ "~~J •.
~
.~):.I a~
'bJl J... .
.;;f-
f)A dlll I.L.J (J.,G_ .u t, c: ' ~I rlli:J L...:J4 !J}11~t J
rlllA1l u--41\ ~1.;6..\J\
_.!._
_".. ..w1A::J1.ki..u
.. J.
• ~ LI> t.Sr. i ~l4_.p
.)151 ..1~ 4lsLJ1 J-i I)A ~ ,§ ~,I J=JI j" ..:u~ ~ ~
x:..; ~T .J.J'1
•
eli lS , t.$"..
l- iUw.\' T~,);U
""
~ .r i 4.lfWI .J. litl.:.A.
u

~ ifl.:::- ~I~I;JI ,y ":r.d"J , W 4J:aU\ ~t.r JI CI)J~

:4 41a:i1 ~I~\ ~ dJ.l5' :uJ ..11j..i"!. L...J : (\) ~_,-!ll ~
~ .)l:=--~I;n j ~I ~Jj o.,All; t:~J\i' 4.:4~1 r:lLJ'~
00. "the myth of authority" see R.M. MacIver. The Will (Ij ( ,)
GOfJ'I'7Jment (New York, 1947). Chap. III.

ye.\
~i. t~' ~~)I.>J\_,AJ\ ~ J ~,)I~I ~4M~
.L-.~..t. ~liiJ I ~, Ji ,~ 1~ ~ LiiB($'" l:-J' (':f jl )l!..
..~~lJ ~li.J....p~~\ J~ ~T~ J) L'J J ~L;, ~l:-J' ~j>

~1.r'J\ ~ ~~I ~I j 4.kLJ1 ~ .. i~~ ..l> JIJ

~J J.&. Jr
c,S') c)i ~~, c~JI 0~ J:) L. \~I ~.)J_""';' t.;~
J..~ ~ ~ j o- \"~\ ~ ~ c.S.:u, ..\AJ.I l;1k. UI\::.J . J'_,A
o~_' , ~\J ~~ ':II 4....J~II_, ~l;-JIJ .)La:9~1 <.r-I)
,ljfl.r ~ ~J\A:.:J LS, I~ l.i~' ~ if ~ ~ ,4.0 ..\,);
l:---) ~ J~ § c,S~Y.. rW\
JJ . .rr~_':"""'J ~),)'JI
tY I~
;~, JfW ~4 ~ .P." 4 ti....1i)1 ~.4c)P ~~\JJ , ~ 4';"\; J
J ~ ~\j~IJ ~U;_, UA ~~ L.J fl)1 oIt.a §J : ~_,J'
~t:-'IJ ~,)L=.:i'Jlu~\ ~ j.~.::i~1 ~I}J~' u~.;11 ~
~\S'T ,.I~ - « c.S;b\ » J)J . ~..bJ1 ~I J ~~I ~Pl-,
,i~ ~ I.i..~ iT , I~ ~.JA ~_,.G:.. ~ I..k 1J!...l.
J) - ~ (.(~,_,~» it ~4 1..\fL; ~l5' _,t , .....wt J.>~ L..!.J
,i
.~ ~ ~L.~ (,pl c); ~ ,)I})'I UA ~~.ij ~~~ Lf4 ~IJ
~~..P." J~ <.if' ;u..LJ1 ~.iA ~~; ~~ J=:o.lJ~l UAJ
d ~~I , L:ll..j oJ:..l1~L.~I ~i UAJ . "",~I J..JI ~':IJ,) J
61~~~'J\ ~~I ~';"'~r ~J ~~ ill-Jl e_..jY
~14;~ J6.Jw 0"; I~~~j~ oUt! DA l.aJ' 0);11 ~I~I
...uL.....r c.il' ~LJl ~I~I ~ ~!c,;)1~
~_,i I..\..:, JJ , ~I)
. . co ;;..lfL.,J1 ~I t~
,J.-AiI' ~ ~I"";J~ ~';'"11 ~I~I ~~ ~L:..:....... <')
1~ ~l.).) ,,; ~ ~~ ~ ~\... .. lA ~J • ~\.:s.l\ l..u. &" ,r:.WI
: ,;.;t · ~ _,J~ _,...Jl ~~ \.:.01 ~ ~f Po" t."""'}'
.From Max Weber: Bssa,)I$in Sociology (H.H. Gerth and C, Wright Mills, tr. and ==
.ill_- ~;"",;'_!JI ~bjl ~ : aped;""':'" a.....k;Jl - "
~ ~)~IJ O)t.lIJ 4.a-JIJ ~~I ~ <.M;:; t.;1~ cr ~_,JI
IJ}J.. lu ()~.,\;J • ~)J (.$_;'~I
~UI LJA lA.,;fJ ~\b;J1
. ~UI ,y ~~ tJ J1> ~ )~~, I.J \-a> _,;WliiJi :i.kLJJ
,:r ~~ I~ r
Ji WI ;~~ ~~ 1"rdL:...~~..\i 4jt LS
~I "l ~I.r-~I ~L.,..jJ ~ J!.- ~jl?il ~~ ..,.;Jt , .~~~I

S'L-.~ :i.:-l:-J1 ~1j>~1 ~ ~ r WI ~)~ ~ J ~~1 r.:)

.~ u=J1 Sl-lS,)~1 JI ~jl..e.JJAJ j,T ()J') , ~ 1)!...iJ1 ~~jl
,~~~JT,~~~~~~jl~~..\9J: ~JI
;si l!:-! ~l) ~)J •~ d..;'ii ,1) ,;:.p,; ~I)~I~ ~ ~_,L
~~ ~~ Lr J i~WI ",:,,~l uA-! c)A J:)J "';-'J-l:... ()A ~
.L~JI~"'J.ii ~~ ~.L> ;UbJlo~ J Gb j CoilS' ~.IJ

~ ...11JI ~ <\ilt ~lA.IJ,U;;JI Jlh5 J ~)I ~ L.~J

lJ.i..-~~~ ~~ u.~." ~.~ rJA lp.A <.!.U~ <\iI, o~~;,;
~I)I ~kJIJ ~.,GJI Uftl.;)1 j « ~~I r...\J\ » tt!..u4 t~1
L..i_, • ~'J ) J.r--A
.. LL.....
.. ~.. t:- i~..i IJIfl."T J ~•• Y.II ~l:il• c.r"1\
,J' o~~ ~ Wb ~ cU6.i jlj Wli L.UiJ )~\'I L;-'L,; I~I

.~.i'" I.a~_; r)&- ~ ~l."~I~;~.~; t~1 ~j

U. I_,_¢"c?'Jj ~i ~.lS" r~IJ ~ ~J : ;;~~I L~I ~)I

ed., New York, 1946).Chap. VIII. See alao R.K. Merton, "Bureaucratic:=
Structure and Personality.',Social Forcu, XVIII (1940). S6I-S68~ C.H. Pale,
C(BureauCIacrS Other Face", ibid .• XXV (1946), 88-94; FP. Selznick/' An
Approach to a Theory of Bureaucracy". American Sociological R,,,iftJJ, VIII
,(1943), 47-54.
.w.jl ~ :\;~I J~\ J...!.j dLt'11 t~':ll
()A ~I ~> r~
:(\)u. ti d....c.l.:>
... ':II 0li),W1 .Jai
r ~Lil
r....·"
d l~ ~ ~ L. OJ~ JJ lA ~J~ fii::l ~lJ:.jl ~IJ
~ J o.)li Jt ~l.&.j ~~lJ LS pI J~ J r:r ~" . (.)"L:.l1o-
• ~I J 1",-::1 ()4A ~~ 0_,; ~ J~ c!.lJ~_, , ~)
j ."...:; tl
;;J>Y:;.]A - r.I iL:. (~\ \..i.J - « ~I o>lA.!I»Jj.,
)\!.. jl~~1 &)4 ~ JCi . ~1~,,:t.U1 ~ jI.\..,..... rjl § j.
~~ J1 ,.\;~~\,jA ~~.;!,.,i ~ ;.,.j J.CI ~t LS, ;s1_,i JII_;.
Jr L)..L. J;- ~. ~_r... §J . !!.U.iS" ~j _,t ~..u:li ~I~I ~
~ JJ~ L. 1.1t.,., , I~ u~ ~~ ~ Ji ~ Ji ~
.I!:-
.;e-
u\!..,.J1 ~..iA. ,:r ~\L. '",\ J cUi' ~..
K
. ..u.b.. 4l"LJI'c.J:::f:".rJ ~ ..r-
_ I~

cl!IJ t ...
, \"'=~IJI L'."
,d~ L.~I ':"li~ ((~ ..#-
....UlAlr ~L.S •.. J- J)'
,.,...,L:.JI»,.IJ..,HJI >jJ' ~)I ~ts:::... ~l) L..... ~I o,)~I'
.~~ ~I_"'_' !l~
~I}T UA~ is « J_,Lj1 if ~I'
c..sA 4..-lJ. 4d.:i;J e,S>;- ;;.I..ll1 ..;f ~u.~':Il ~.iA~ ~,~\JI pi J_,.
~J_'" _;51 ~ ~)JI ~~J • Ct~\ ~.ltl;..o..i,J\ ~4--bJl ~~
Lf.; ~ ('IJ,) t.J ~~ c)i J.t- u~\_.. ~)J , ~ ~l; ;n".
:a 4':11~~~I ~JJ J.JJ L...\;s.J • ~l o..iA ~ ~ ~
~\ ..;f • .,.jl J ~\ r.jl jJ> ~~ ~~jl ~)~~
. ...~t .)\.:1~,"
• (,.~ ~·:.i.........:J6

Spykmall, op. cit. On this subject see also F. Znaniecld, SociQl AChons (\)' I

(.New York, 1936), pp, I8~ ff.

~J t ,;\..::.=:-'1' ~1 ~ ~), JJ..u ~~. ~ ~J

p_ Hook, Th. Hero in History : .)s;t : ..!.JW\ I.:"~I ~ ~J\.:.::.:...... t,.,,_..;..,.-
(Nev York. 1941).
~ ~u.......J1 ~~I ~ ~l .r.!- Jli.W' ~.;oJ1 )J~ ~ <">
: Jt!..1 ~ ~~I ..la ~I ":;"~~JA ~~

C.l .. Barnard, Blum MaysJ P.J. Rocthlisberger .. and A.N. Whitehead, -

.,,-"
.l~ _,.JJ ~~.t.. ~ : ~,._,l'~~j' .j~ 4If - ,
~1 ~~jl~; ~~~,l J:6cr ,y .......\.9 ~ .r.:! u-SL. Jl1~
«~Jl)>> ~U~I ~I.r.::' r~I..\iJ' ~lJ ~J_,..a c...i:&.TJ
~ ~\f..ill , 6;l:~,lI4.WJ ~1 ~ ~1 ~\;JI 4;_,4J1~L:-J
~ J; ~~dl:ll ..l:&. it&. ,l~1 J'- ~~_,Ai r A U!..lJ1r.l.&.)1 ~_,i
..i.~ c:r t.r..J', f- WI ~~ .,:,L.J.> ~ ~J.)l L. ~~J' .till tJ) o-
~_,.G.JI ~IJ pi~L, 'i..; ~ r,-UJ: (\) 4i\.! c.P.-~_,(Ji
.C"'J Jl1; ul'~~I0!.JIJ.) J~IJ I.A)~. L. t.J till ($.r,01
.J ~T 1)-,.)~ u=J1~)KlI Ll&.)1 ~ . ~ ...l...:JJ1 _ra.J1 J
.J - ~I o.)lAIl~I . t,):ll J lA~ \.J) ~ L...i'J1
~~I
Ji ~,)~\'1 uL.j\ll Jt ~I wi)} Ji ~I ~I utiJt
4..;-'~T 'JJ f.> J~.) Ij~. r- ~l:-11 Ji ~..lI1 Ji ~I
.J IjlS"' ~,m _r.-t r.lAl &)~ ~.4,~ tST, ~~I ~~ UtA

,J..YJ} J~rJ" ~ Y..J!..J~...\JI r.w.jl Jl!r:rr:.i..~ ..r'~leIJ

;,)L..4J1
..
- .. 1',
J ~~.J-A ~
~~.J.AJI
• J ~
. N \'6.. .) ,~_~ I.~J
, ~I~ --c&-Lrl
r - . .)~ ':/1 I.i.. J ,jf..J ~J ,~ " ~.)
.. ..uJ

.~.lJ1 cl!lJi rk. ~,J!J , ~~ ~I « ~I »J (( W!~I »J

~c.rrl ~lyJI oL , ~~I uibl_,J wei ~ 4;k..) ~J~

·C.l. Barnard, TM FunaiolU oj the Ex,curi", (Cambrige Mus., I939); F.r. Roath-
.1isbergcr, MQlla,'nNnt Qnd Morals (Qunbridge. Mass., I941).

Jl ~I .r.f ~~jl t~,jA Wu.... ~ t)tk,':Jl I'~J\.ill .:.\.)t 1~IJ

:~ 0..ll.~ U.WI~' -l:=--' ~t ~ ~w...J1
'W.P. Whyte, Strut Cor",r Society (Chicago. 1943)

Page" op. cit. :,) I ~~'~,} ;:.,;'IUa.J1 ~ c.-;;:,..uJ

Sec From M.u: Weber: Bslq)'l in SDtJiology Chap. IX. (\)

Ibid., o, 243. (y.)

~ LA ~~.Y- t,S.lJ1~~'.JI J.::.(:JI ~ ~I..,!j ~ ~ L. ~~r-
. ~yl <L...:I'
,> ~I fl_,oJI p.,~>-Jl:..c.iJ""-JJ~ o.a l:...~'JJ
;).J-.aJ\ ~LG ~ &Jr JI ..\f.J Jlj' L. ~Jl':ll ~ )II., uL.j~' ~t
u~1 o.iA ~I) ~JJ . ~.)l>jl wL-:.:J1 d.
t,_,jl ,;;- "~j
~I.lll JI ~ jt.J.. <S.lJ I ~ l.:.,., :ijb.. J b.~ -' Jii ~Jl>:J I
JJ : ~l;J1 ~\.4....::, ~ J~. \-.;s1 d..·:.:..J_,...JI~~ ~)I
).ii - ~).CI ;,\.4JJ :u:..t ( ~.r~1 ;;~1 w4.')'_,I1 ) li,~
, (\) ~._,J cSJ::A J.ill ~ ~ ("~ ~IS c.i'l :L.WI~_,JI JI)I!..
« &jl. J) J ~~.~
~.~~~ ~,i
f?YJ : (Y>

:t.L.J1 ~I)':I~
O~J

~.l.:i
,.\~)

(J~jt~
.):,~~ 4i~1

« ~I»
J ~)l(J1
~ ( ,u.J..r
("
~)Ji'..::..itS'
r-fyl ~~~'1I~.i..
~I."t

~IJ wbUI ~.L..c.. \,"",,4 :t.~jl J?..J,A.;. ".....~ J~JLJ"

""~ '1\ ~l.;JI ~\'; ~ ~ ~6J.1 Js- cJJ~ ~J ~~~

\j~y""J ~'J" J t~ ~ ~j L.~ W"6- ulf 'C!}) I$~ n)

ci.~ ~~ ~_, 4:"l"J1 I!L.W ~ J-....& <lil ~ uJ.).HJ -

~ ;1' - ·~ :u _,All <.)1 ~ '1

For a discussion of "Recent Types of CharismaticLeadership", see B. ( 'f)
Manheim in Roucek"s Social CDntrol, Chap. XXXIX.
ClWjlt _
ii..b.;:.\.\ ~~.'1_,J\ ,.; ~'i...Ait 4!....a:>-cl ~.) ~ c ~~.) .):'U D lei_,
• .rot- t.fo.r1 ~j DJ""'" J ~ .tJ\ ~~" c-)l;.. ~..) ~..L..,
~\ r~\ u1 ~J • ~_,ijl rJr. ~.u\ \.l..a Jo1 ~ ~J
l:.:1 • ~~<. c:..J~ ".. 4:.
•'..r-- '" .n... .\1\ eIO_
1- I I
"-;-<> \....as
D.W.Brogan,U.S.A., An Outiintl ojth_ COUHtf'lIJ Its Peopl. imd InstiturionJJ London,.
O.U.P.• second edidoo, 1947, p. 6,.; and Hutchinson's 7'ruen,i.th Cmftll)' BlIe,}I.,..
p·4:2.1,
~ )::.AJ ~ ~ l..! JbJl ~ W' (,);.i ~ rJ' ~J . ~".;;_,
d'l;J1 ~ _r:J1Jt :t.WI ~I,)~I J'J.d lei .c:...~ j ~lkL \~ .).i

. L"'IJ Jlki ~ ':"I~ ~ .!J~ "i b~ J o..\fWI f!I~

,~ ..dU .,1 ~j a:0";' 0:. ~ ~ '1 ~t.,.,~ ~~, ~l.o.i'

~
. 4...__..L...~'
.. ~1.Aol
"
<.!.U~ ..w. JJb : a.ow, o)Wr3'J ;\a.!S~
if41r\tj §~I J';:'; 4...WI ~b~4c,j'l:J1 ~J ~I 4~ ~I
~I..; J-t1J" j J>..u rlla.:J\ IL,y ~j:o ~~ §_'.J';"
: :t.WI ~~IJ JI.._..:j\

t.Jw .:"l"'.r.-I "i ~li _,.ai Jla..!J~ J....:W ~ : ;~I - ,

~ _,l\ ~lS',;J1 Ji Jw~1 ~ ~I::.i ~ t.:... ~I , 'i;;.}-t ..\&.1"';
.J ~ '- t.i'')i ~ ,J ~ LS .J~C""'~.)i ~ " o: L.:...- "'I"
....d.Jl&. ~~ :~ .. t
. (\) 1J1?'.J ~ l:l, ..:l> lJ) t..lU

t.;\ ~ ~ ~,,)I "i~,),;11 .,:,I,)WI,)f.LA r:r jl....!J1 j..."iJ

~ i~ ~ ~ tS..iJIJ ' iJj1IJ ~~4 d'1> ~ Wb ~~
.;j, ~ it; Jt ~~} '\iT ~ uJ)al1 C.~ J.1>.,}." o.J~
.l.i u}il.1 ~ ~Jr (J'J WI" c ~ L)"L...T J&- 'J , ~ ~j. ~
~)l__J1 ciL- "i ~.. ~WI
... ~t:.:.:.....
.. ')1 ~.. ~ J ,L ..J.6. L..Uii ~IL ..

J=ll ~hll" ~I ~ , ~T ,;r ~I ~ 'J ~I t4..l;J1

, jl.....!ll ~lil ~

~w.:;.. d.5,j>' Js:: r J#1 u.s . '"'}-II l.~ }l-.!Jl.)~ (\)

y4' UJ'.,.. r:.r ~1 ,,1 ~ ~l;j ~ ~ ,l~ ~.)IS""
• )L-!ll J lS.r-.n ~_,L.....J1J~JJI ::d.,Ll' J:>.~ l~" • ~l:>.
cr tl:.:.A"I1~ r ~J negative ritual ,,1 ~1 )la...!ll .d~"
c.:r-J" taboos' ot..~, J!.. ' ~ i~ 0#' ,,1~ J~l ul:J'
.~ '1" WI') ~~ u...., cU )I.......!.llu1~ 0-- ~,;n e:- ~
~ r: .;-_.. W ~j W' lS_;..t U~t ~.)}J \.j~1 ~~ u§J u1
-~ ;:11 - • J-::J.i
4_L." ~I.) _,i ~.l) (.)i , 4._..aj I>. ~ }l.....!J I ~ _,s::; s
.),j

~ _,T (~ J) ~~IILIJ.j} ~ J..=U J.j ~ t#: ~~

~,)}JI 4:'_i_')I
~Ltll ca,).,. ~,\j ~~ L:J . tr~1 ~J)l .,.-U:i...
L.dl }.!,tI ~l (JF I..~ cJJ')J }UI ;,_;~~ ;;~~
~-:.
~;; _,.4J1 J_,l.:.rt ~i ~» : l:J.} J!.. - ~e"i~~ ~ ';:"I~
("..f.. §~~~l~, ~..bJ1 ~~ ~I»:"i« o~~ ~~~,
J t~1 ~L;-~ j ~~I JW c,S.l Ji ~J • ([~
!l_;..:..",
}.f.p\_' ~~ ~~ j .)~l ~~!l~ ~I ;;~I J!. - 4.Ji.....
. J {'""""---
LL:... ~ r:.
....!::L L.~ ~ ... WI,.~ -I. ~,tcs-
11"_ "liJ\.
~ ~~
LJA c_--.-
. '-)1~L.....::J
;;.J> ". r..r-' )1 1 ...
U'::'".
i:JL :L:,[:;JI L.AhJI
..
. ~\>.
~11.tr.~I _,
;.)WIj~ ~.lJlJ' ~.;A~I o~\ ~~'1)4 ~b;J1 u'fCl j_
~~I ~I ~.l.J J!.t ' ()\." re.~\ ~,)~~.) ~ Jl.ci::>~
.;,;~JI.. .1I ~~.J • clJ.) ~ I..! L." , ~ :\..l&. ~~l:.. J j:~

(J_;;." • ~~ :t.WI ,":,,1,)~4 ~.;A t.;1~1.T.'"1:t.~ c.;lf ljl cS';"

,)~ lS" , ,))11 oL:> J t_,i _,J I u.::..tl ':'1..b)l1 ~L....::.:J1 ~t
U_)JI ~J . c.u.lS" t~)\ ~ J~ , ~)l." (I."jl_,.
uL.....l.:...J
.. WI JJ\> ~J1':"_'" "'l.....!J1~J.AJI
"J U1J..Jl,-,
.... ~-- "11~J.:.jl. .
. (\)~l:Jl ~IJ u'1~lt)§
.l~IJ ~,)L.a:;l ~'1~
ul.) (..~
~l.J_ ~ Ja:..;; \.S , 4') I,;.t... o.)Wl J u\:-L:.LI ~h.bt .l>~_,.
§." . ~1 ~_, ~I ,)~ -¥ ~~ J!.t ~~l .r-Jl ~
~)..P." .:r ~I J~, (Jl) l...~ J ~ ~l) LA.f~;1 ~
6~

JIJ.. 'J c..f'~1 ($J~1 ~I ~J 1~ u~ .)YJI ~ r~ (~

~t uL:-81 ~ J~ll.)".,,4k ~J .z, .,.;,.....!ll llrl,:> J WI;
.)~ v\.L.... ~ ~'Jj~ ~, }l....!J\_, ..,..,_,.il.ll ~'.)..ll (\)
: ,J-
1.:.:1, L.~..~ t.J• .,lj·L.J-J .r:
~
B. Malil1Owsld~Coral Garthm {lnd Their Magic (2 vo1s.~ New York" (935).
u)IF ~ ~ jt,;r ~ I!.U~J u--')I _,.hll <)A k_,)J
~u:J1 j Lot:> liLG t.J ~ L. \J.,.J : ~I Js- ~J ~.ll&.
"\&.1
.. r~ I_.: !Jlr-:
"&':}I ~...cf"' "II ~t;JI. J
~WI ~:>WJI J Ji L~I ,...

.}i_,IIJ r1f>:/1

, ~I J>b~' ~~ J ~J~ J.4ti J }UI J!.:iJ

~~, ~)1 oJ.,. ~i ~J . f6J1 Jw.t" ~WI '11d"
~1,.1j.'"
. ~ \; -'I" tS~
""".)Y
11'-
r.s- ~u;; .l':?"·~I i~ J1:la..tJ1~.)
- YII-' r.S'""II
.u1:l(J4 ; _,>-)'I w~ JJ ~J~~ jts::..... ~ u='1 JjL:.l1 ~b
~ ~.)WI ~~I ,":"",1" ji t...1~1 i~ r:r e. ~ ~..u)ll JJ
~.IJ • (n ~ .:,,~L:.. Js- t.l~. ~I L6iJ1 ~~ ,.1...4&.\11
~4~':}1 ,:r "'J ~ Jf"'..,j~ '1 \..UWI }l....!J\ ~J..b- ilt:.Jl
OJb ~I wiS',;JI~ 4S.r "T ~JS' ~lf llJ . .)I)~I ~ ~WI
,u.i)~}1.. ~ "jS ~t; L..f',_,iJ ~ ~J.J"AJ ;,)~ JUI t.:,..
AJ . JUI IY ~ t.fJ. ~I ':"1,.1r.-
'11~ o~ ~WI
'u.,)I)i :J)~ ,:}~i~ }~~,)J..($jJl c-¥I JTo.;Ajl~;J1
~~..\..t 0 p J J.J..f clJ_) ~l ,:rJ . ltl_p- ~1J.4:- "T ~ ~l..:A1
U li~ Lt;J1 o~ ~J u-a ~'1 ~~ ~~ ~,~.}-l1
.~ JWiIJt~J~ Lrt ~
,JU:> ':11~ \.. r"T ~ LS jl-!ll t)\ : rUI Jlb-", - ,.
}UI ? L. I..cSJ• c.fl:.llo- ~4-- o~ ($jJl rWI ~)I
~i r.~ JlA=> ':}L; dJ~ e-J . I~IJ ~ ~ ~LJI JlA:.:.. '11"
Y. wl~0);" ~I,.'.r.-I ,;r ~J~ Y<J • jl....
!.n ~ ~JJ.:j J..JTJ

: J ~1 0'" ').)J L. )l.....!.IlU::J;, ~J!t.. ~ (.)I' (\)

N.P. Gist. S,mt So&ietiu:"ACultural St1U{y 0/ Praurrtalum in th. Unlud StatlS

.<ColumbiaJ Mo., 1940)J Chap. VII.
. ~~I Ji ~.)6J\ ~i ~ ~ if;Jl, Jl.i)IJ ~}4 ~
~l!J1 );::::JI Jt -u:.,;_, ,\l2:i1 J :\i..ul 0JJ.r214 ~ ')I J~ ')11.,&
. ~UI w')llA:".)'1 _r'l.:&. ~i A.l. CoilS ~I-, , }UI J AI} (,$~n
~ U.I ?! r.!. o:)~ t.lk....1 Jla7. J";:::; '::/o.b.1s ;_,. J4::.d J.i ~,
~IJI?I ~ ~ ..u cL....4l JIA:.> '11 J]J . .1~1 .r.- ~ ~t Jf'
j ..:;.,
- 'I.iil Y. I)"
Y.:':' . ~.. r.JJ.)'
.. JIItU~." ~ I". ~ ~W~
u--!..I ':"I~
4J.J) )~I ~ ,..\.411~ ,WI Jl4:.>)'1 JI P..J . ~ (U ~lr~\"'.
ti'l ~I)I l) JA JI.4:> ')II ~I . if~ ':/1 ,U2.:J1~ 'i:f (JW 4.l:-J
w )L..,J pWI-:..i';;
... ~,4.bIJI o.1.~II)I-" .,.
pkJl W~ c+...
I)AJ ' ~L?J t./'4 '11 rll2..:J1 "'~J '::/ jA) ~J' <y) «~~ J_,..t
I,,:.
.__....j ~..
,. ~~f ·I.)~.)I J.T j~I' ~.. ~L...:::,..• '11 ..:;.,~L...lI~ ~ ..-~,
'
.,b.~
.Ijl\..-!jl..b:i ...,~ I..r>.. '::/1J ~I..
, ,.1 J ~ • JJ Ua:l1~~I
•g ~ •1
V J""""'" ~
.. ~ ('""~~.i .)L(; )1 ~ .... A ~ JlA:>)'I,:,L..
.:~ J. J,.J)
.J ~ -.
J4A
..I)J i.,.J ~I ~~.)~\ J
il.r=-I c.J"_,.4:J1 ~ ~ ~I~
.J~'I
. ~~ '::/1,..:;.,~L:.il ~ ~ ~.l11~}1 (.)"~I y.J\&::..\II ~l
(5J~ 0!'p1 Js- ~ oCT ~~IJ (.wI Js. ~..i1r~i~~ 1.l.J-,
I)A jl 1.1. J .ulhL ~ ~':J uf ~ clJ~ ~J ' ~ilil ~;;.,""
~ ~ ~t ~ (,$..iJ1
J.il:JI" , ~ 1ft 4..j ..\4.:11
~t 0.l11
__:,_tl l) ~i J It\)
c-:- f.J::' ) e "1"t 4l:A
I.J""'::'
:c...l.C1~IJ
,.
J~)'I _t~ll!
ftAI'
: J~ ~I D~j ..J « ~\ J1 ~~\ Js- ('~_
• ~Jb~' ~.ll\ rl-it ..\:>1~_, .:JJ.t!.~ er- y_;J~ 0.r...r:- <'>
~,;l' -
Sacred Boob of the BaIt, Li Ki, Book VIII, I, quoted by Ross, op, elL. (">
, Chap, XXI.
,yt ~ ~.rJIJ ~~ ~ rZt ~I ~lt_'~1 J c:ll'i l..~ »
J ~_,::JI ~~ J!.- ' (..~'_' ~JJ~ •~I ~ J' ':"'1\A::...'JL
~JI ~~141' _,t, fll _,..a.4J4 J~'ll ~~ _,1, ~J__,.4C)
.
<),J-P
I.JW
-=11 ~1'15'
J ,-:,. V
u.S
_.I t M,J : \'r-'1\ J
'(\)..J.;lA..:....
..
'11 ~.

'JJ~ )':i' !.II; ~ ~t)J-,"\)II~jt J.!J ,~~ ~IJe.I.,,:JI_"

~ ~ '.ll~ ~iJ , '-:' JI~I ~ ~~ j\) 1 J.:i_,J..,c1 ji _,t
cJ_,..~ 1_,l\)~1 fl)1 ,-:,6.:,..,TIY ~.i-J r:1' ~'.rlJ (4;L\t1
J ~iJ ~ ""P.-T L.S ~_,I\ ~~ J, L..\ill ;~, _p.i Y'J.
u-"JI ;\i_,Jll-lJ ~'J
oJ_,...c~p ~1~l.J'o~tY- o~1 r_il:r
. ~I ~~.)JI J u)}~' "~j':JIJ c.r!)UI cllr_, - ~"
~':lI;.:JIJ 4.;jL,};lIJ II~'J .:"liJ..\)1 .'J_;.J jt .us <!-\1_) ~ ~J'
~)T ..uJ ~IJ~i ~~ic.:t ;..,>1,~ LJ..iil1 o~I_'J.
J1~, .u~ ~ j.-J_ ~ ~bJl oUi J ~ ..b.1_,JIJ Ui)I .
. m « 1 u~ t rT 1-4J c!6...;, n (5)~t.
u.,p.-L.jl c.r-)' JlA::> '.II ~ ~ jT).:J1 t.:.....;t 1)\ ~I ~JJ

~J.J' JlA::,.. '11 ~J ' 4rl;:1 ~ ~IJ J~ '.II ,.lA>1 u~ (5..\H

• ~~ '11 ~~ .. I.f' .r.-r.r.)1;. ~J<>~.P." (5jA J ~ U~.
,~~I t.,:1..b.t
...
L-..)U--~r~
1':"_:- I: ::" II ~I jj 4...i c!l.! ";J
M
L....J.
",:,,~I ~ JbJl ..::,.it) LSbJI ;~~ ~ _;lJ Jl.A:::... 'lljiS'j ,I_,-.
~ ~\ JI t..~J4 it, ~IJjl ~I}J~~} ~I 4...\AJ1'
~L:-l:.L1 ,,~ J J>"uJ • ~J'~I ~ ~ J.i ~l) u=J1",:".rJr·

~)' Jl::-)I ~ W.} o\Sl. o~L&.. JI J::l.)\S" ~ (\)

: )ajl , ~I ~ OJ~ ~\S", , ..l;~ ~I ~.
Rev. B. Cobh8D1Brewer, Dieti01lQry of Phras. and Pabl.s, new edition, Lonclons,.
DO date, pp. 66:a-663.

Thomas Carlyle, Sartor RlSartwJ Chapa. VIII and IX. <">

~J) j )L...:.:JI,~ ~ if~. ~If ~I ~I}I ~~, _,.U;... ~t
.J ~l:'-'J ~)ll4::,..1~ l.:->~ l..J ~.JUI u\..;,I_,.:.....'1IJ~..Ll11
• ~
• bJl .. r .
~.J--'
II \ Lli.:J1 cr:
II!

if: -iAl .s, oY~Y'J }" ,tIS ~;t, J.t1,,_.J1 ~ - ~

~, clJ~ d'~ '11~I ~ J ~I OJ.~.,.oAJlJ~ A.:AJJIJWI
J u)l~
.cJ_,:...tJ1 '11" JI.--.!JI ~ ~jJl rUI )J..\14 d'liJl
~.w~~;.lAlj ~ly o- L>_;Ai L. ~ ~w ~J . ~~'JI
: ~1.,tJ1

~1~1.r. '.II ~TJi.:,..:>\i .rt~,JJl ~ : ~1 ~ J.t~1 - YJf

...d- ~) lfo" ~ I},-, ~.)6J\ "i ~ttl ~ ~ ~1

...I~1.....!J1 4.-lil J ;§ ..All ~J".TV-
_.r- _g \':".)J oI....k :L. t o.-.Q., ':I
,. ~J ..
.... y ~

..u.L!J~~.ril1~~IJ ($Jl-!.Il ~~I ~ ~14l1.~" . J~'11"t

.:t" a';"....:JI.;J. }l......!JIua9p~J.:s.~JJI u'1lA.>':JIJ c)~~1 ~iJ
~.;-:JIJ ~IJ ~_'~I ~J , JJ\W'.JIJ ~I)l U~ t~J
JUI ~ ~j ~I" J\!"I~J . ~I '1, ~}IJ tSjll~')f
,JL-...!JI ~lS" Ll_, • ~LG)l1)~ ~"r.s! JI ~~..\iJ
~
.~. ..'14 t...~l:>- ~,L; , .us' c.l'l...::::-)l1 rUi;J1 J ~ ~)ll4::.. ':lIJ
.,Ui.:JIJ L.rl"'i?'\ t)A J(I ~w 0'; ~ ~. JI)~I <..f'~~
• "I_,...JI,_p '-"~ '11

~ ~I :)lA~ ~~ J~IJ ,J::&L..w.~'~ ~1.....-.JY1~~, - L::iU

...n_
,t.~ -I 1.l.J..J:!"
. LL-c'II. ~. ~ <!LI..:.J" """
~ U" .. ............--.
. ~~I . lOLl;;
\
• ..l:&. t.J ~ I L~ I ~) t...J ~l..J ':II ul..u:.:.... js- 4J'1.ill ~..G..:....J
''JJ . 0) ~t tJA Jt ~ ~ ~l Je- .u'~ '-?) u=ll" ~ r-!
d J,,'JI~1 ;a;1"• MacIver, Th, W,b of Gl7JJmmtlnC, p. 4· (\)
• ..,ek\.-.""1\ t"_';'".. l.:..,!.ji,j ~ ~ IU.a

~. y
-_
..ebL.\,1 ~lS' I~I ':II }fo' ':/1 ~ ~)~ ~ ~t lA & ~
- ~'(.j L.., ~.rJI., ;;_,AJ'J c)_,;1A11~L.t J!.- - ~ :Ii.l.. u='~
,.. I._ _~,.'-tl loA. J ~ \("1 4. ".:I~L L,..i ~~,\;Wl,.
~ ~J •~ ..r- ~. ... F ...
_r=..-
~1.J.r .,T;; ~ 0.);::1' lUI j~ clJ~., , ~L. 1)..p JUI,

J> JF., Lo .j,~l-> ~ y.. j' dJU ~'J ~ ~~ ~~H ~I_;J).

~IJ . L.r)"~J ~L. ..84 u41.)I.)j ~ ~I 1.1.."• ij~.,,'
~~ rl\~j~ JI ,_r.i JUI ~ ("~..Jdlul+-ll ,lli::il.
,)jll
J; IJ t.a-;JI ~:/':/~\fIJ }L...!II jt IS. I.J 4..41411)lG~1 C'.
jt ~.,_, . ,;A~I J JAJI j>..q ~tJ.f ,yJ.;:-Ar ~~~ .)I}\,IJ.
o.,b.YoJ , ..\f1AJ4J , wi_, o~~ Jf~ J..4.1 t.r.:-6.T JA:i'
•J' jl

~ ;?'-.JA o)-:~J , kL.'J4_, 4;f'~\f1 c,IJ)i4., , ~I .,1

,~I L..,.
JI)t ~ ~ I.)A A§.)~ j; .)')~IJt- ~ L..
o:pJ 1 l..t . .»)11 if o~ ~ b..f.b'O ':/1 , .,:alJ , j _,tlAJ IJ , ;UJ~ Ij'
,f~' ~I}J ,;UJ"u1 t.r.!.i. JlA::..':/IJ' ~.fo.J '~l
GU.l1
wl,).r.J1dlr U"tJI ~~)j ~i J~' wl!jl ~I_"'J '~lj~l_"
. t./'~ ~ cU~ ~').i ~ jl ~l'
~,., ~WI ~I..f.I1 ~~ JI cSJ lJ4l : a.1Ut JAtt - tilt
JSl.:.,. .r .,r.:.c ':I~ rJ.Aj ~ I , u':I~ ':II J }la..!J 1 ~ ~ ~~
)\!.. ~T . 0))11~I u.~I';~..} L)4 <!u~.,, ~~I ~L.i\'t·
~ J11 u~I_,J1 ~ L.: ~I ~Jj 1~11..vIJU#,;..; ~I ~t
':Il..&.Tb.);Y ~.)T ubl_,..J~ u~ u.! Jt, ~l;il o~ ~.)J!.c).t
~1.,ij1 tJ~ ~\S" L...,. ) oj~ j l:C...- j_,G,. t..A.:? Ji 7 ojl:.....
)UIJ u'1lA:::>.':II ~T el_,J1? ( ul.ll4 u'j~1 _",J Jt J_,:ll _pJ..
~ ':/1..... t,.~ ~., d..l!....~1 o.a ~ ,":"I~I L:J ,.J.A7 j~ ¥'
".L. ,y- ~t 4,. ~T J=-ll JJ . .!JI..b.f.jI.,~~L:.l1 D" ~ \'J'
~ .,i , ~LJI ~b~l }."...:...,1tP J.a.i ~I ~,)1_;'':I1Ul:l-!JI
.. ~ ~ ~J ~ ':J uu . tA_p:j ~I ~~i J' LAUJ.A;
~ J&- WIJ .... ~ WI ~ r~ ':J elll t_...lt:il ~~ c!.U~"
. l.-4i ~.. l..:>. ";II oW
.. I
-- d"~ ~I JLCII ~~. r I~I : ~\O;~~" o~"'I' j,tt)1
4.f'.} ~ ~li ~1~IJ j.,..)IJl> ~::; )..\41\ - cJL..;'11~j_'
.~~jl .)i Lo5 , ~J..b .)~ .)_,,_:II~J .:,1.1 jj'·.lIJ. JlG~1

~~ JI '~N~ ':JIJ Jl-!.I4 r~~~,J , ~Lf/~I I '4.....:2~ d.1J...JIJ

yo_' , ~11)A ~ Ji uiLJI~ ~ ~ jy)IJ . LAl.:.-...lW"
,(,$iJ • I.)~ ~ _,i O;:_; J'\J.:J4 ~ Or.41 _,i ~ J~ (..~

.,U~ \i ~I J!_}, ~ ~lfi .1."....., d'~i ~ U~, JWI

..WJ~ ~ ~i ~I ~~, ).)UI ~J' j~JI r~

jyJI ~ ~)tJ1~I~ ~ J~4 Jt,.,-:i ~J rWlI.i. j ~J
,J,J--> JJ..l.r 4...!il;.. ,§ J 4 e• ;'''. 4J.C.!l1 ~~ .~l5' ~IJ , ~IJ
, • <\) WI)I ~~ ";I14;;::~1I

.~. ~i , Ul4!J1
.. ~ .. (.)-"-'
1('"<, C-:-"
.~e.e_lI to .r")1 A..b I",' e.
J 4r ~-'

~,...
" UIJ....II.:,t-:.:,J,I. (.)A ~
t It
JJ . le't'o..a.... JI <lI. ~ .... ~.jA..)
• I~'"
...

§ Jo)i,j ~IJ ~lli uaAi IhJ ) 1..b.IJ ~ ~, jot J.. t.._, jA J'
.o..wJl·
tJA ~• J ~ l~'
:.L b~1 '-"'i-~IJ ~I~ .. w.~ (tlW':}1
.. ~~1 .

.~ J'~JA ~ 4li .)~I~ "dl ~J l.1~jA}1 ~

.~I.kl\" JW\ ~J ";y)' Jy ';;JJJ5 ~

• ~.HJ ...\AJ (n
: J •.).1J.ll ~, Wti Jl e:.I.. ,;;1~ etA_,...;)\ o~ f-+l'
.« uiW\ ~" ;t;J1l ».tJ\J~J J-.ill \..t."Roucek's Social Control, Chap. XIV.
~') \~'" • J,r}J !,?,- "'Y.:-".r··n oW' J\ ~ ,;;,,_i.)T • I:J • 1 ~
:~ ~ e.~ _,.n ; ~ WJL:... p~JUl'
.B. Sapir. t'Symbo1ismtt in th, BnCJ1c/()paeaiaof th« Social Sci,nclS (New York

~~93S), XIV. 492-495'

td.".....-~."wIJ. ~W Ji~~1 (J) J.:!J' ~~ "oj qjl~J:t.;t
~II~ Js- Y-J ,o_,.]1 II~ ~lt - ~T rT I); rT 1_rJ ~,lS'l
i~)U ~ _"'}I~'. o))cll ~ "ooij}>:L.~~.A ~
~.? dL.tj ,; Jl...Ai~ ~JJ , lY..~~ ~I)i ~~ w-o1f'l;J1
~I ~ ~ 'J).u ...r ~I" . ~t 4..~1~) (JLi . ~l4:.:U
~J , ,,:,.;-U ~I ..L:&. ~ ,)L...U ~I J.:&." , JA~I ~ ~
~ !l..
.;.:..!.t J.k J6. ~T J'- oe..C" . J~.~I)I ~ ~ ~6J.1
,Jl4!11 jot)' ifl__,> cSJ.>1 b~J' yJ .u~w-o§ ~ J_,.i..aJ1
o- ~'JJ4 ~ ~ ~,~ o..\:. ~ ~ (S.lll c..iJI J~
• IY...),~J\

~~~..ul J~yJI ~ cS.iJ1 )JJJI ~ J ~L....; WI)I b..u._,

~I.) lLJ, ~jA)4 ~ ~I Jl....!
wLi~.AJ1 ~~. L;.".i }S"\'I
~ ~j...w t.J.". ~1J;i~1 o.)~1 .;b1~~~.hc::1 j.,..)1 Jl...
~I ~l1... ~~ fJ ~?JL~ _,....Aj ~i j_,..JI ~,ic!U';
~..ul ~ ~ ~i 4r u='1~~~I ..b.i I~ r)1) ~.)_' • o~1
..\fUalJ ~4 ~..b. IS , ~ ..) J) JI iL....Al\'4 J-d ;lCl

.sAUU o- ~ J.:.:; t, cU~ J W;lS::J1 ~L. -UJ , 4........ ,i_,_dl

(' I
(f-:' y
1oL()1·JlI
tJA u';) I~ 4...A..(J1
.~.... ~. '. ...b.i ~ _, • ~..."... ~..J~W
~.l... "Ijl .u41 ,J.&. :D ~. r)i UA )t~ ~ , ~~I ~I JfL..... ~
~I t,)lr ~ el,.,J1J" . 0> « b~ ~ ~I) , JU.I
t.:.i. o~
•• ••
w •
~l ....k...._jo La d..l. I".; '1:.11 :t\!.t.H.cJA ':!'-:!
~ ~ ~.)
~,... I_JJto''''''1
) I lA.J

\l1.J>i ~1.i')1 Jt- 4J;jbJl ~

, t.;-b.J J, j_,..JIJ }l-...!J4
JUI_, jyJI ~.t ..b~1 t)AJ • l:lf I~ ~1 J o.l>'f ~~1

cr. L.S. Cressman, "Ritual the Conserver", Am,rican Journal of (\)

Sociology, xxxv (I930). 564-572.
4;.,,1,JA J)J~~I_'~.JI ~W.IJ~ ~W_;lC.l ~_"";)I
~)~.1I." jJAJI." }l-.!JI ~.:v-~~, ~ . ~IJ 4_'})UllG_,.TJ

~ ~ ~ ~ u.t;.r ~I ~I s .l.;:J U:.U ltil....b. ~ cS:l Ji u=I'

. (\) I~ ... li:>t>~
;;.)}11.!J_,LJI~I.,i .w l- j.JA)IJ }~I ~t ~ ~I ~J
~_p11 C,,)I ~~ j'p,) » :tQ~;;,J1dj.JA)1 ,JA.#_' . ~_,AII .r='~
~ o~1 e _,To.".jl o~y. ~l ~I
J) ~_, ,)1)\'1JI~'y
c.r_,A.b J r.J.:i.:-i l$ j.JA}J ;,:, ...J)I ~)I ~ .J.A_,. m t~'
JJ , ~ ~I J>.b !J_,LJI~I"; JJ , (r) J:A~Iu~
§WI
~I ~I;L-.!11 L..J ' Jl.JI ub6.i'1 J_, w~1 J o";'~1~~
&.l.itl J' ~4.>Jl5' ':"L.~ r:r ~I ~ ~_ l..J ~j\t4 JW
ul"L...:\f1 L. clr.lS" , o~1 ~I)I ,~T .,,10,))1 wl)S'.li ."l

See, for example, the discussion of tCathoUcism in Mexico in F.S.C. (\)

Northrop, Th4 Mming of Basr and Wm (New York, I946), Chap. n, and his.
more general diacuaaion in Chap. VII.

Grace Coyle, TM Social : J ~ lS" ~ ~ ~".. ~.:n oJA n)

PrDUJJ in Orgam.ed GrouP' (Ncw York, I930), Chap. VII.

.II~ ~l:Jl O~ .)"....utl~,,:l u~ ~f 1..t.. ulS'~.) (r}

0+- ,,1 ~UP.} ~t:Jl ~\..ila.:..l.,,1o\.J~l u.rU L:.IS' • j~':ll QA'
,;st ~1..L:l' c~1 J ~t:J, 1..t.. • o~l o~' J~'
(JAJ JL.A.:.n." y..rJl j ~~ (JA ~ L_, ;IJ_?,-)J ~jL,J~ ~\.-;y
a.:tl...\.;J~ .rs" ~ ~ 'J_, • ~lJJH." ~I u~ J .)l...la!....olIJLl.f
ub.::...l J~' (JA 0\.1 ~'J J! ~.J ~ r.}J ~},,-:. yL!.l\ ~ ul
ut 0\.1 ~.;f ~ u';:-~.) ~ o~ ;U~)J J.::Alr ~ J~
UJ;.; c.~ u~~1 ,..LA ~ rl tl'J ~'U;,,_, J~)I J~ t.)"".)~

A.M. Hocart, ''Initiation and MaDhood"~in Man., Vol. XXXV. : ;a;1 , ~

February, 1935. pp. 20-21.
c),'''>\'IJl JA=.iJfL..,_, ~I wL.)l.JILJALa~J ~~\', ul)L:-Jl_'
(f 4"; ~ ~l.J ,,14 J ~~1~~ ~I « JU}I» Ji
~ ~i ~UI J1 ~.jl ~~IJ ~Jt . (\) L...;...li
c.)AJ t.;_,)
t.~ ~ ~ I".A ~T", ~j (5~J JJ j",..JI o~ rl~1
(,$,?,JI iflj\ll ;t.~ :.t!..;; .~JJ ~ljJ )1)\11 J-! ~ c!U~J
~~ ~~\i~l..\>i~~i51 ..'_""', ~~4 ~TJ' ~4il
r' , u~1 .,T if)..ul (5..\>1~.}J, 4 rt, b~1 ii, ~)Li ,1
..lz.4:::,.;~'.,T (~\ I)A It:,. ~ ~t~ 'J , ~).; (i.r 1:1~
~j_"') u.:.. ~ Jl~ ~.~ t.J ~l5' 1~1\'1 ~';J ~,.b..y'
.,~ JI.-IJUu:.t J~ J djJ J,T ~ ~ i '~lAJi u.Jl.._jJ
~ ~~ IJJ) jy}l ~J I~ . ;.,; I)A ~ (5)w L._,j."..)'
~ ~WI ~I~'JI ~~ ~t.}1~~)'I ~ .;I1J~ L"'Ji JI,W
oJ'i ~ L.I.# )JJ.JII.a ~T Jt-' ~ c.l'4'11~.;JI Jak,..J
. (\')J>~ ...
<.f~ ~, r \ti~\JJfAll
~I uJ)JI ~ J!LJI ~I J \.:J.,\.:r : ~~'" j6iJ1 .;u
.)1)' ~ J j..aiJ ~_,;itJ c.f'~
~ cl_,J1~ '11 r~1 ~.Jr
~ uJ)2J1 b.,l,. ~l ~ _,J -UJ . .v ~J 4A..o ~_,~ ~I
46,:0> J 4A!l1_,d'~ \'1 rUi:1l if;}.>.'11 J.t. C&.~I Jel_,.J1 (5_,;t
c,l~I.r.J' ti ~l5' ~ ,,~I !J_,L.JI ~I'; J..:Ai 'J ~J~-' , c\i1.J.At

See Gist. op. Cit .• Chap.VII for excellent i~ustrationsinsecret societies. (')

J ~\~ ~ D" <..r4~\ ~\ J j~)' .,,_,.)

c_r!J"i (Y)
:~ ~1 H.D. Lasswell and Thu,rman Arnold c.:,,~1.:S"
Lasswell'. Politi": Who GtJu What, When, How (New York, 1936, especially
Ch.ap. II; and Arnold's The SymbDls of GDvernment (New Haven, 1935) and
rh' Po11e1tJ"qf Capitalism (New Haven, 1937).
~ r~ ~.iJ1 .JJ..lI1 l.. : ~'JI JJ~ ~T ~ ...liJ • ~JJLr ~l
? ,",,~\l1 ~I J ~:t...L.... ~I.I~I

~IJ c.r4\'1 rU L.f'j\>'jl ~~ JI: rtiJ'~.JS - ,

~'r-I.r.J1 ~ ~, ,llL:JII.l. ~ ~ J-aly ~J ~I..u.t 44}> c..i
• O~~ O..w,:t.~ 0"; \II (5.1.. 'J ...u'WI ("r.J.19 . ~ ~)~
.)_,All ~J. M ~
~::II oA ..
J~tJ ~b. .) ~~I • .) • (j'
1< J -b.• YJ M •

1..IJ. o,)~ ~I_'; tJ.1.JJ~~I ::;~I ~IJ! SiS" ~~ ~~ L.I p~

oJJIJ t)A olAlr ,-:,.,r4J44l$ LSJJJI ~ J~ j~ ~~ ~ J!~
1~1,-:,UWIIJ.. J!. ~ eJ!. ~,twGll U'" cUi JI ~ :,tJ, ol:- J
\ .'.~ (\) ~ j,.,.....;l;_ ~~ ~~Y.. (.)"IjIJ • clI~ ~~I ~I
Jt ~) '.'-1 t..J)l::>.\ r.f' "II (AI_f"'"
ttl u~
.....
j~.
~L -II ,y ~...
~., i'4,),~J. _.
~ ~-P..;' ~t .!I.r.J. \II tI-~ \I, ~ <..i); c..i t..J_)~ ~1~ u:H
~\ iff!' l>~~~p' L..l' ~)~I J~~ ~~l J..Ar
• :t;;WI tI-.J--' ~ ~~4' o~~~ ~~ 1..1." )1:=>\11 IJ.,. J&.

.!Jl,:.,a ~T J;- I.,; ol.:..._U ~.lJ1 ~.~ J~. : Jti" J~f - ,.

~t LJA lkJ~ ~ U'" §~,I . ;I..\:i'J1J .)~I r:r JC :,J'/5 'j~T
bolAJ • ~ L._)L.... ~..A.'t.MJ J.-!. \I tJA ~ .I_r.-. eY.. ~'t';
~~.,i 'J.JI ()A J..a4l1 rj..i clL r:r ~.lJ1 J...a11~L:. Jb.
~t ~ ~I ~I "i , ,,":,1_r:,'J4,l:A'1 jA D!,..iJ1JUt
~tL.?" Jp- t.f_)~ ~.lJ1(5,)UI Jl , ~I ~L..;JI~fo ~~
(5.ll1(;i)1 "t J:--)I ) ~Jjl J;' ..bJ Ji , ~Ij~1 r:r ~~T
.l.i". ~I U-- ~ JI ~'jl u)J1 ~J J ~I ~~, ~
r:r ~ JK-!t L) .•.• jJ') OJ~ ~ ~ &L' ~.J'(5.)T
See. for example, H.M. Kallen, "Com:ion", EnCjlclopa8dia of 'he Social (')
$ejfl1lUI, III. 617-619.
I~ ~l L:-)J.J ,":,,1;(11~ opl o~}~ ~t JI, pn
~~ ..I~I ~ J cr!)1 [L.:.Al1 ~t )~4 « )-'...-:.J\'I »-
.l>~I ~_,.....,~ l:JI :L!ihll J ~ _,:......
l=; t ~ , (\) ~ .,1.-,::-" .;-l ~

, ~iJII~

J--" "bt Y ~..l:11 6~111~1 Y. p11 ~ L. ~, ~I

Jt, .u\L__.!.tJ"t j ,li)")'1 Y. ILJ • oti'J..b- c: Jt J~"il o-
,:pS ~.J.oJ1 ~~I J 1;.y..J (( )L.l1 )lrl)11 )) yli. ~ 1..:
,~'J c.iJ,y ~II~ ~I )J~' C:.JL:... 4.} ~j~ )1~J..\lJ.
o.;,!~~ P ~T ~J~ pi ,y t..f1 1 1.1. ~ ~ .. i; "'J-
L..,a., T 4...!;L:..l1
M
oJ.,. ,.~ ~
J • .c:1J;JJ .)~:'t:JI I~ t.S ~ J . ~~
".~ ~ •
'11,
Jl.U~1 O~ ~}}j ~I ~.J.oJ1
~),)J ~.r"il pi JIU~~4
~T )L..JI )I~'JI JJb. ~ , ~ ~J l,J ~~ c.JA 0,)1)1J.

~lt.. f.H.:... : ~J,_.J" ~~, ~'j."J,' a..~, Ci,_iS' ~"

•.ur",~'JI• r U:JI do .J"".::11 (' I~\' (,1 :1I..b- ~
• ..r
.- C7..
_J-J
u., ~ ,.,...
. ,

~~I JJ . ~I~I ~~l ~ J [.,.4.J! o.".ll; o_,AJllllAJ

LJS' ~~I d I_,.J.)I')j ~t J~,J . ';'~I ~I J ~ ,)~J '1
,y L...:l~ ~.l,) Wa.:ll ~~I ~J o)~1 ~ J o~ ~)
uri}Jt ~IJ' ,)~J t)A s_,4/11I.lA ~ ~ ~T 1.:J ~lS' I~I , ~;,:JlI

~)al' o~ ,)U::J'jl ,)J.3 oy~ '~1 Q-!JJ'lI!l!lJJ ~ f:T' <'>

,~ c.rt:-J' f6J1 ,)\...u; 1 Jl )aj ~JJI , Y."'- 1J"'L.'y .J..iJ vi ~
;t"';jilJ.[J H*~· J cUM_, , uA~'j\ rlla.:.lJ ~4 lJ'"'L....I.
c,SJJl~ljJ t~~1 ~ j « t'~l ~",.M » Jl u~ 0!..lll1.
..)J.3 ~ u_.~ ,.sJJl J......1J-lHJ.r.J ~U~I ~_,Il -4\A:.11 I..;-> ~
..J1..c,;'11 L!,; L:.lJ Bertrand Russell, Pow" (New YOtk, %938), ~L:S" j .,,\.,C'; 'lIt
MadVCf, 711. Web ~ GOfJarnm,nt, Chap. V. : pI, t.r4 '11;
.t;;.lJ1)JJJI &Ji \: .. I;.:'~~II~I ~ if ~ GlJ,) eJ • (\) ~~l .
•&JIJ • u"~ '11 ,\....J;;J I _,.J tr: ~..,J_raJ 4 ~ • _,..._4I1 ~ \"z
~~.u~~1 J_,....a.JI
~.r~1 ~~I ~I)I ~\JtI).JA:.JJI
,'::"~~La:.i\'1 '::"I.)~ _,II .)~I':"~J~~ ~ l....Jt 0_,A14 ~
a.l :t.:.:...;.
'I..lCl.... \ ..r- .. ",.~
II L...J a.l .)1.) '\
,. .J.r-)
LS , I .'_
'+"-"' ~t:J If'.r-
~II0 • ':.il

.o.,,_AI\ \I~I &J~ ~L ~i . o.r'~1 ~ J ~cJlS' LAJ~

,~~I &Ji ~I)I ()AJ • P JI (~(J~ ~Ij-,1 ~ ~ ~~
~~'1' u~Ji J b.~" &JA \. ;s1;;_,Al1JI :i...~1
~L.j~1
~.rdl ~.,b..1 1.:.. ~~,JA §clI~u~ LS , I.' ~,)JU JI.?"t../1"T
. t.r·-'1 1.lA ~ .."
JJA • c.i • ~ .. -'d:!..J:.>"l
&J~~I ~" i .- .tIl·· ~
..l WI

.&Jt cl)jS ~I_,JI ,JA" • uL.j'J\ II~ J!l. J..jS" ~ ~ ji."Al1

J
T :w..::.tl fo
".
.._,
~
·-"11' ~ ~.
. ~\.::.. \'1 ~ . Air "<j u.,
\J:!.r-' .. J 0.:
~
11

• J J u"L_.!; r"s-'..1\ cl\r t»

~~,.~_1\ wb. .., ~ , ~J J.H ,.:"l..b
... o~1
.•
~i ~ I';W u\;)LilI olA § 1;L.\i 1;1-, • .J.4:J1~y ~ ~).A"
1o_,4U~~'.l1 ~}I J~
r\I~': _I ~I : ""~~, ~ ~.,.~ i.,._iJ' .J'?S ,~U- ,
.",,4'11,llajl ,JA L.li I~ O_y:u ~ '1 ,)I}~I J....:, ~~lU;_,411
tj WI') ~ Yo. ~, s»..ra.H ~ &JI.) ~.)J • ~'-'!._,..;,JAlI ~~ ~
.~I.Jo'-"~ O)UJI o_,4l1_,AUuC4 & ~I ~ ~1J.l1;_,;.II,:r
..tJ' ~ ~.)J_"'; ;,;11 cit' . ~ u~4,T bl}T ~JJ..4A &Jl)t
.~L.:JI ,~" &JjlAJ\ l.$-WJ ~IJ Ll:;J1 ~I ~ ~ua..
,J,;:-u J;" ,l..J;.i
(..)t 4.i~ ~.)_'_"';~, . ~1 .Ijl _;;.."'J ($JJI
~~\i \ ~ &JiJ JeT'l" . ~~, -,1 ;..lWi ~~I J~4-IJnJ

C. LT. Hobhouse,G.G.Wheeler,and M. Ginsberg, The Material (') .

Culture and Soda] Institutions of th. Simpl" P.opl~) Chap. IV, Section 2.
_,t, .u ~ '1f+-A~' ~r,JI'J' ~.i-!~TJ+-li o- ~lS" I~t~
"dl.:1l ~ I~t l:;.; ~1.~~jL:!1 ~ ~.)J_,.Q t.ll . iua.:..u if) ....
U:.,JI "W o_,A.I1l...\iW 4kL JI .~'11 .)~I ~ ~ r )""
~IJI~I c1 <!JJ..iS" ~)J.r4 4i,;J1 b~_' • ~k.411 ~."i, .,1)\11 ~
Js- ~ ~.)~\'I c.,L.U1 "I.>.:r.I ."t, ~I ~ ~_,AJI ~Wcll;
!.I~ . \:.JJ.r.; rJA W ~ ~~~ ~.) ~ I~ j _,J U!.iJ1 Gt.JJi
~ _,., ..b.1J JlJ Ij" '11 ~ ~ 6J I ) ••:sc)A~1J iIl2.:.l.I ~ L..iJ"IUi..
~~I ~I • ~ll, J(ll ~ ~ ~I ~\_,A}I J!.~ ~J , 01.,....
,(\) I~ ~T L.i « j ~
illa.:J1 r.r" ,JJ
4;p ~t·MOO

~ '1J' d'~'1\ ,lli;.I\ ~ ~T LA..b.J :i_,A11~ '1."

~..u ,d • i IA\
-'.'" 1W1j> v: ~ e ;; -
..J--
~tl u16a:r J I~\
~ .. ~t r Ui..:J1I~J
r-
a,.t4l1~ T ~~ e 1.1,. , ~~ I)A Jr.,J _)z;J1 ()_; LdJId'~ 0_,ill.

bL_, . 4j~ ~ ~_,iUI ,,~ ~L-.; D" Lew :;:uJ LA.b._"

~J" ~l ~I'; ~ L f4_,bi ~ .i:... ~J_"J\ ~~
~ ~ c.:roj
,
(,5}-' ~-,., ~ ~l J.t- Ji ~-b.:ll r'~1 4 j&- liL:W1Jii r::--!,
Ulb ~_,G.. ~~ ~lU .. J,):t!..,.J
.. )..\i I~IJ • (?l.il ~l...J~1 J."b.:, -
~~ ~I_,iJ.&- :t..__,.GJ\ b~:}SJ ~t~~ ~~J .,I)i ~'
~1_,Aj16~ o..uW 4JT.1,}- • ~I J&. ~I ~ ~JJJI ~~li
~ t....." . .;4\11_;. To _,4J1il~\ .'.,r.- ~J..ul (,5JJ )Ifo.. ~t i,;It

~1AIl:U 0'" ~ ~"'.I. ~..\JI c!l!l.,,1uLJ t.P u~t

L. o3')?. (\)
.u, , y~'j' b~l J ii;.n l:,..\~\ ~,.) ~~J ' u}Wl o.)?
• ~ ~ ...ur cl~
6r!J -,1r'
vU, u}1.iI1 ~
~WJl r:r ~L:.:..l ~u... J ~..r;-Il ~
~k.:J' J> ,).}
J5" ~ J
~J.nJl.:::-11 ~
~.) l.)\." • ~ V"'L:n JS' u /,1,)\"'~1 J-l~ u1e:)a" !'I ~~
ulf ulJ) ~ J~ ~..\JI r.'.,rl'lIIJ.. ~ ~\::-'JI J e-'_,:l\ J ~UaI~,
"'~ J 1 ~ '" ~ _,...JI ""..c-A! .)~ 'I ~}JI JJ t:1.:.:.-i ( ~ ~
• t~1~ ~ ~~~ ~r'*'
,e l,.J .~.I.t'~~I ~L.:.:J ~I...\JI ~_,Afl~~Jr ~I ~L.~I ~l
• ~ jJ~ '.J bJ..b dll

,..AUS' • .)J~ aJ.::.-tJ i,_u, ~. ~t \JA ~, c.t~~1 - ~

.~ \..~ JJ..f ~~1 ~..\. )~ ~.,)I : ~~)I' ~, ~

~ Jai_r:U'1..u1 (S~ ltr1 b:>li L:...J . o_,AI1\I~I ~L.

..~.
~. o~4 J>..dl ~1'1Ji (,$;; : ~~)I' Ail' J~'- JJ'l1
.~~
~
-- M (...1.;......11 ;;,.,.;aL......
~ l-U . ~~
_.
'11 :U~ WI
••
w. ~ J

. ~~L.,,~ IS ~L..J'.JIJ..l.i~J . .)JI..:JI~.LG~\}CI

~..f.t'A~t) _,J
.0-0 dJ~J , ;YL...i1elJ~ c:.f ~ (51 J;- (.$)w '1 l#1~ J o"';11J
.ui (".J+il.IJ - ~_,_iiJ1 ~.l.A (",u rh~ i ~jJl cl!.lJi )ai ~ J
.~.ill ~~~ J:=- ~J ~L..JI (,$t~ ,.lkJ J.>t ~~ ~.,r '1
JT , ~I ~~ .,t ,o.:.~ ..... J""'" ~J ~ .,t , 4;;' ALI.u ~
-:U.\~I ~\ijWI ~~ ~ ; _,AI I .)1 . ~.rJ1 ~. c.>.ill« (~}JI »
.~y::;~ . ~Ji,.;" •~ iftLA!'l1 ~ J) ~~t Jl~ Jl:.:f4J
JfL.....,1 ~..b:j I~ ",b , u.:..J1J ",:,_,.;JI (;J ~ • ..bolJ ~ '11 !l~
.~ ~b. ...\.,clt.1)
• .) •
<\J
0 J~ & ...\l~1
.. lolAJ •. ~.J:.~';JI 0
.1.....4J1
0

,(.$
i v--
1&., A..lI..b
.. LJ;j J ~I ~.Y"
0
~;;. ~t~• if _;AJ 0 OM
r..r
--" wlW...J1 tr: c..r.
I:; •
tr
"~J , "--;:iJL-..J ~I .)yt. J~_' , ~T ~ J J)b:..1 ~
.~lAJ\ ,> ~ ($JJI JJI_,JIrf>J , ':"I_ra:...ll J ~fll ~_,_!JI
,~t ~~I J~.)I ).' ~? Ji 4~l J.&-;Ja::-U ~~I
.~JJI ~I_,JI ~ ~ I_'~j (,$.ill~I rWI cll~')~ 1.;15'
'~JWJY.. (S..\JIif~'ll ~I .)i ~1_, . (~l&. Js-~ .).l!
.~ L.S' \ _,GJIJ fbJ' ~ 4.i~1 J ~Jl..:jl ~ )I_"'; ~
«~ .)_,t..::J1 ~~ . .)~ e._j:j. .)i ~ )U GU~ ~J •~ \..:i I.::l!..t

Y'\\'
 ~ ({ojL-J1 o_,AJI})~ ~p~I uiil)l ~ J.u ~~J '1:
• I~ J)
I~.? L}~ ~i ~l: t.5jJ : i_,iSl ~,W r~
o_,AJ1 : jl!ll
, ~d.(. ~ ~i ~ J"~!ll:.A .jl5' lllb l.l ("Jj '1 ~J I~,
~Li~~ ~J ($~..kL!i § Uij' ~tl.iu ~ ~_,.4J1 ~~ I!UjJ'

~>T ;_,411~~: 41lJS"J' ~~I ~~ ~j,ul ,.l1.JI" .1;.'11-

~ ,.i.J - 4i_,AJ1 JI ~6J1 .)~~jl I~ ~J :t.JL41.1 Jl> J"
..\__.;tLa>'JIJ _,.All ~1,.1?"1~ ,;,yo § t.f1)~1 ~J~ o.liit. ~ .
.! e ... ~ d"~1 rl..li.i ($it jllJ . « ~I ~ t..;.;-:11))·~L:..JL
)_,il:),) ~. « ~y' 4.!J,) » ~\S'; ,d~ , ;;~I ~ ~ I~~I,
~~, r.Y~ J~ J~ ~:?, ~4 fi, ~ t.r!) wi:' o_,....t ri.
~l:lw .l1}1 alZt:w, J&' cUi jl , JiAlI b.)~ .ji o- r~1 IJ.. U"i).
~ ~ ,)\,)j ~I (..Jl41l oJ,.. d'}H ~ ~~ if~~1 ~~,
.<\I.,.,,___l._;- "_
. L-;;- ~
~lj ~~ ,y- ~ : ~~I ~ : a.u:.tl ijiJi ~\j .s~
c:~ .. t.r~ .... J ~
'~II· ~L11 YJ .... J J b
IJIJi 4...LS' jl ~.) ..w
... 0~.~Il\

ru,~y. ~ "~':II ~l5' L.!;>-J "'~ '11~I JI ~ .r'.J~,

.I~'
'"
l; f-ll,
..1.'~ .... .:",,}I~I» : .;~, ~''''''7 ·..YI aJL> _ ,
f)4 JJJJI ~ ~ ~IJ l..J cl...e. );~ r....1.! J_; 1.lA • « '":".rJf.'
Ll~ ~J~I .:"l;~1 J 4li ~ , t.J ~ 'J ~I 4,~.)l;j1 ~,)~l ,;r'
J~. ~.;:-:rlo~ ~~ JJ ' ~ ~';J JI ,-;-,.rJ1 .)I~'JI (5~"
~ .jiJ JJI.;; 0" ~I b~ J w-.).:.II u~ ~i~~, t)A

r-'I ~.)} Ijl » l.:J_; _y. J.,..ylI.l,,-. l+-- ~ ;s1~ ~~

ji J ~ ...
z.t-, • _" til .
~ •.r"" ~
,. t; !lL:..
~.I".R' 1,)) • J •
..LlI
« r-- ..l..:.....
l~
L!r-
.:"t ;po J&. c}1J." (J"'_'; dl_....,~ ,)&- rYl!. ~.rJ1 « .'l1.1." ....~I:)
. J.J~ ~ JI t~ f-U .'l1~')'1
~~~ ~ ~'~..\AfIJi·JI ~)JI JlA>1 ~ C::-.i..J
., ; __,All ~;JI ~La:;J1 cJA ($.;.1Ll> J' , tJA\lIJ \~I Y"J
:i,_; J.::-y ~J ~I> ~iAt ~)JI ~b L. ~~~.fJ 6_,At1
~t d1~
,,J ~~J i;§.;A ~lS" I~I ~~~_,AJI ($;.l.)~J . ~I.i ~~
.0" ~~ )\!.. ~..1J"~1 ~~I ~~':J)I ~l) I~li . ..b.IJ ~,\G
.~i o_,Al1 ~1L ~_,(; ~i uGll ~ ~ ~'oJJ ~)_, ~W
"~UU. J..\; ~ ic!.U.lS' uGll tJA-', \ Jdl ~ r/' I..... ~I J 6..~ J
.j9tJ ~t;J.i' Jil CoilS' l.J5" o_,Al1 ~,'1dJ,).J • ~li J;- ~_,4!1
~
·'I~ c.\J.) u~ LS - ~~~ ~ j b.~ ;s1 ellS" , 6._"';'J
.~ ~ 'oJ L....J . ~~I ~~~I rIGJIJ ~~I "4~1~ §
.~W;~." ).,,)1 :is.r~~ c)!..ul=ik.r!lIJ~J ~IJJ;~!J~ ~t
.J~.> ,)J).. ~i ~JJ..r4f1 tJA~.l) _;.". ~I~' JI ~6J4 'J~
. JJ)' ~.r- (~I ~~~ t;l~1 &IAi..\.:&. j.Jd _;ilci'~ )J)I
.. JI;:-~' 'r~~ua... ~"Ij bj.ifl ;~\ J ~,)L.::JI~ W) I..l6J
~ t.~J ~J.ill ~_,i "" ~~'j4 ,)L.U ~ r--\'I ~I,) L.J
. (\) _,b;J4 b.,\f.tJWI ,)WI
~.#i ~ ';'1 ~I~ ~ aJ"", ':&1'" an_,. _ "
~ L;". :
.~I.A~';J'J~ w. ~~ ~~~"i ._,AII~.)~~I ~t~.r.-=r'
~ ~., ~WI ~_,w' J ~ 151 I!J~ ~ olj1 ei\_,I\ O}
.0 Ul.;ll ~ ~ s • ~I _,:......0~ J.;.. ).:Sl.. ,)_,...J Jj! t..+,.::S" W" vU.l,)'J
:)&i1 ~\ o.a J ~\ o.,)~jJ • i~\ l...a.,e-:Ai J\ _,c.~\...
oQ. Wright, A Stu41 of War (2 vols., New York, 1942); R.M. MacIver, TorvardJ
411 Abiding Plae, (NI:W York. 1943); L.L. Bernard. War and Iu Oaw" (New
, ,
"York, 1944).
 ~I j;_,AJ1~ ~~I Js- ~u,.. 4}J..\I1 ~I"'; ~,' ~ (,)"l:J1 ~
($.}-i 4~' !ll.:.A ~~ L:...L... 1';1JUS ~ ($TJI I.aJ • ~..\iL ••r
I>li. ~LA.J\ ao J_;JI Ji;;yaJ \~';JI tY ti ~jl;jl ,1;>":1'
.ji ~r
.(""_.A _~t~. .J l..:>1)U
••.
I".....-
~.r..f ljl· tJA ..::..Ilj..Y~\1J1 ~i W ~ "'I,
j_,..~1 ~\... ~Ij ~J • ;~~ wi)} L:J';Jb.J l:J ~ LS , ~~_
~~~i r ~~~,~~)S 01,,1~1 ~,~.,~_,Al4,
4); Js- 'i.~ ~.:I'
:.Jl.:.J.J ,JL:.;JI ~j\Al1 e)l;' L:J ~, LS , ~.
o~......
wi c:,.,b 1)1 Ii~_ ~1~...~1-::'1.boi
~ •• ~i ~,JA~
if~. ,(" f\, .. n

~j-JI ~L_,.. J ~T) LS , ~I~J )1"":""4 ~)\- J.t- ~,

J )4~1.::.....? ~\ ~./·l\ ~_::Jlj.1.Al1~1_,411 "" ~~tl
,~ ~ ~i u=IIJ, ~,r!J1 ~I.f.-l\ j ~J)\ u4,,_,.!lL
-~q ..l.J, L\ J IJ"UU r.r..i
o:"II I.)'J. '\ Y" I" ~ M ~UJL;_ a.... ,..J'_::'1 (.).i'L. J:

~r':tl ~~\1)1 ~ J ~I t1 ~ oJP.-1J ulJ~iC::! r~-

.)~ J&- ~)t\ ~ 4. L...J • ~,.,....~L.J ~ ~.
...." w\.....t.;jl J :L..J \.)\11JL.s.~1 J 0_J-SU-::111~1.
~ L:J ~ .., ...L. LUI
,y M r
cll; , <,GJ.i\&. t.lt.). ~I J!. ~414..Jl4I.1ocl.)~ ($...ult~I'
,l(,J\ \..04·; ,. ~I ~I ~\j ~ .~l-!l ~J ~I ~J\Alh
~jJl r-~I ~J lJ.1.r.--:3L... J~J ~J • ~~UI ~~~,)..
~J' ,WIil11.:.U t~I' !l"l-ll U" t~ll.i.. Jt- Jlbt
~I
~LA)\11 » .)~ ,y"jS ISJ_;.i Or J!.i'J , _,....414 o~ ~'I~.
4.l:l... i:i_; Jl> JI ~,); ~i JI ;)L..JI ;_;JI .)1~IJ « ~,jUiJ~
. (\) [+:"J l4l

~ ,:;- \1 , ~_,AJ1 ..)J.)JJL::; ~J : ~\i&""4!.~' as\..> _ ~

~ o- WI" , ~_,3L4J1 4.AJl:;.... I)A ~~1 c: JfL" ir ~" ~~
.' ,
See K. Shrldharant, War withDut Jliolenu, A Study of Glrandi',s (\)
M,thOd and It~ Accompli,b""ntl(New York, 1939). .
.L.$ ~1kI1 ~ u_,;J1 ~I) 1.)1.", ~~l411 ~ ~;l:;JJ 4~ t.;§
.(ST)I w, ~r.Jlt_;'; ul) ~ WL., ~ ~ ilr.~1.l...kJ4=!.
~_,..';JI r:r ~lS" I~~..} ~ ~J ? i_r:J.1(~ ~§ ~1.4.J1 J
., i:i.,,_j ~t ,I~I JI ~~':J4 r~ ~.J! ~ ~I
~~r:.J1 ~.T
.ci'I;'~1 ~~ ~IS' '~1Al1 Ji ~I ~WI JU ~!cS.lJIJ
iL4:.:i ~I J J '\:.14 4;1 •';II ~1};t4 4 _,..!A ~ I.iW 1tJ..:--e .jI.fs , ~_,lJa11
.t..~ ~ .j i J.&-
J!Iy.. ..\i i.JdI L:..Ja.... .) i~ J.:>- ~ , ~I J
.clI~_, , o~l...,.. r:r ~' 4.:;'·'f L. ~ WI ~w. ,;r ~_,..tI1 .w,;; II
.0...J
J-
LS 4l-4i .JAJ i~-t I IAIA, t.r'"'I ~)J6
~ • c.r oN " • j ·0..c-;-
~·_tl ~":J
,,jlj , ~ cS.)C.f' 41~ ~\~JI ..u i..l;ll I~ c)\) llJ ' ~4 ~
. t!l!J I ~ JA ~.~ c)T J ~'11 ..i>.T ~.,b. J 4;_,AJ 1~ _,~ ~I

.~~I rf',,;..r ..~ t)i r:r ;~.r.ui:i_,iill 0.1...j§c)\ ~ cjtJ

'[~~ ~ .J5't.t~1 "4 ~I!I.I o~~, 4_t) I.S .jL..i)UJ'J1

.), ~I J_, . ~r.ll cl ~J rc.;1.;-T ~ ~ clf.) ,j&.J
.~ lS" Il~ ~IA..H;JI do ,-"t;J1 J~~ l.
. \- ~• v--:
I:'':. ciI.)
~ r, ~- . ..
J\5'_,i ~I u._,.i :iii}:-.- J ~ 1.- .)~I .)i ,> 1~;'..r,?S ~blc!U-l:
r-=r [~.~;. ~.,b.J o,.,lJ1.jt.; , clI') ~ b~~JJ' ~-,I.?" ~I ~
.J ~';I ~~~\·f~.j' .)l:J.IJ• ~\>~~ ~I.) ~~

.,b.~ ~ ~t ~I ~L.t c.r:J ' 1~ It)t:.>.1 ~ L.:i ~ ~l.4i

~.,b.,r.l .jlS1 rlG..t
.,i
"i t.-.!~ ~~
.i.J'~ cl}1 ~~ ~
l ,.I_'-J .
1.), If.> ,iu).\ Ji ~\

\.r.J1 ~lS'i..I_,-J
JWI ~
_,T ~I;JI
,oTrl ,i,
: ~~
~J

it L.L> , JI!..I... J"' I;

, I~
ii, \,;14

.~lS" ~J - uJ~ ~T J 4;:i ..~ ,T & it.p it ~ it

~ ~~.i ~I ~ ~ ~I .jli, i.r.J1~ JT4~1 u~~
.~ ~lk.o..U ~lW ~I ~ _pJ\,j\J . ~ ~ ~ &)Jt; r~t

.t I_J)'i ~\a.. t.A.S

.... ~
'o~L ' UWI i~~'\ J t.J..r1
.. .}.J.. .. ~~6J"i1 .
""\
 J ~~ ~L.......... Ji.1." ~I::>~ ~I ..L.!H t..:.-J - ~I ~.r.J1
rUJ~J-U ~I d'lr)'1 Jl->IJ , il~)'4 ~~ JJi
~I)jl .r.41IJ ~UI u-'JI.uIJ~4~1 ~.)..u ~~.; ~~'"LI",
~f~J' ~~'1~c.J_,.! L.JS' ~i I~I ~4 :t:i!I1~ ~J

.~ ~ J:',) rfJ ~I JJl '}I ~ Lo 4)_;JI o.a - wl..b~1

" 'f., U:..JI ;; -::'1 I~I
if./'~ J.Y'" i ~w~ :{,J.....lA:j1I~WI..b.i
;.lf~... .. V 00

o
If. ~ \11 .1......iJ1
.
4)
,t JI L:.......,
9'
- ~~-t\ ~.)
J.iil ; c-;-J .:16 L\;JI
...r. ~I>I::.:.:....
. '11~ '
~~t~" ~~ 41jIJ't$"'~1 ~_,ilAJ'~L-.;J ~)J_,.a ;i~ljT P
~ ~plA ~t ,~,po}iJ1 ~ ..)Ji ~I :t.~1 jlj, ;i)J_,..;J1
<ill :ti~1 ji 4.1) ~J' L,.)_,..~~t J ~I~I JbJl.i~
jt! ~.1J ~ -tiIJ , ~~~I :U)WJ ~ ~ L.,)~
WI 4i."AJ1
.~li,ul sr:
1.._ ~6Jl ' ..!..ali JI ~JJ
tY. . ji ~~ W
'1~_,AJI .. J
~)J~I cr J~. ~J ' ~~~I J} J~I}.> W" ~~\l1
.~i~ J~':JI. ~ ~,l9rLJI L'LAJI ~L.:J ~_r.. b~li~)
~l-> ~ ~t ~. W J4--':JII.L...r ~t J.f . li.l..J.Ar J J>~
• b~ Ji ~.JJ.rD~.):.:..!ll ooAt-WI ..:..it) 1.>1L. )~ L.~

E.~ 'J ~ I ~I : 0j-AJt ';J.A "'?,..u.::J r~ f-y J,_,.. - ,

,~, 6S ru l ~I_,AJI~l ~ ? u--> o-»: ,.~ J.O 4S~ ~1_,A1
(~ \"I.)~t '~~I ;i~.-l.:.JlJ 4.: ..a;'_..!]1!J..,ul ~I~ ~
~J"~ lS .!Ih'1 Jl tWI I.".I..~~i ~,.,..
..l.';",~)' dl:.lL; . ~I
.~ cJ!• .r1L...liT I~ ,..'u. l_,w,} ~t..J' LL;JI ~.} ~J

~I ~U~J.JI,;r c).,,~~ lA I~ ji c).,.}a·.·.,,! ~J. ~J

'I}~ ~t c)J') ~ '"~ ..,,T ~~

JIJ.)~ .I;i ~ ~,'pc,)i."
JllzJI~t~ J4" . J~I ~ ~ ~/.J jj~." U!.?-~I~

·~,v
~.)_;ll ~ ~LA::JI Jy ..!J1.!l1
~I J L-~.).)_"~\ ~l:.t\
\)..a ()~ o.)WI JJ p.JL::--)'I ()T ~~.T ()';tl ~.' ~I_'
oL::~JI J LbJ\ ~.;, :II) J) ~ c.~ ~IJfL.l1 J;- ~, I~l
~>clJjS ~ I~~.JJ ~;"~I u~}J
4!;u:::i1 J>~ 'J ~
§l-!ll ao I~ ~~I ~~";I\ A~ ~ )'_, • ~~ J L~r
~_, . c.S~..w'~ o~ ~_, , ~I J>-'=! ~ l....::! ~H
~.r j P I ~.r- ~..\A.o J_, ~ L.i ;5"\11 ~ ~._rJJ~..,._; l:J r.J.Z"
. ",L.::>.I ...~ '"\1; j
~ '\ '" o: l:Il ,("'I ~
I.)"-' ~
("~. ~J ~....T'
.("". ~ b~.
_, ~
"II

~ lS, ~,rJl b~r~ ~ ~J_,A.l1~)I ~1.:!:...8IJ' ~

.I.)L.:.J] , ~ l..!. L.J ~ I ~j\) uS_,JS'; 4 4.J b.. j ~ _,H
~.r_' pi ~_,> ~\) u_, . 0~.}--.5U~4 ;U:WI ~j:lt:H ~l;J4
.~)'
~..
"II ... ::_'I ~, tr 4,.)
t.r '-'~
' ._,.\ ~ .. . wT
....r.:11 J..~ ...
(l..r-:Jl
,. ..;AJ I ...

U...Y'
If;; ~ c.S .J• l;,t l!,. tY...r.'ill
»>.u~ o: Ie: 'XI ~I~I .!.. II
t.r-:'
• ~I-, ~.) _,AU t.r'L~1 ~l_,:.Jl

JI o_,;iJ1~ L.~ 4Jl..b.~ : t¥1 ;; ~1~~' tst:i - ,-

~ J~ ~.)6.JI",. LS , ~l;.)-b- ~.lJ1i~1 JI1.i J J1';:"')'1 rJ.&.
J 4~~1 ~IJJ\ (.5~";;~bJl b..\. J t.ili , J\.....j'J1 e.)l:::H
. WI ~~J.r
i,).J
I. - .)\ Alai
l
.'~ .:··11 .l:.:...:,..
~", 1wT".J""""" .. ~
- t.;~ cll~J. ~~I
c.S~ ~. &)T~~I ,>J~l.J1 J.!i ~ ~ IS , J)I o- t'; J~
~J ~JJlA,J1 ~~JJI ~ii ~ uL.._~~1I ~J L..:;:>J . !J~ ~'iJ
« ~I~I » ~.) .r.J ' ~ ...bJ1~jJ~1 IiJ~I J J!.j:Jl J-IJ'- ..b.i
\~ « :tAk~1 » ttW' '~~IJ r ~~ :y.~':J1 ~_,&. ~
~liJ~" JJ . 4l~JT ~jOJ ~I J :ttjJI "::":,r!i WIJ , ~I?"\II
~ ~ J.i cU~ L-I) ~.,ijl JJ)l4 ,~\'I ~ ~ .;.i_r4i1~H
t.::~J .~ D" li_,ll..~ ~ P dl:JI ~ aoWI rl;:i p~
~)l:J1 ? C""l:ll ~)11 ~r.i &)1»: ~Li;)'pI b~ )~T o- r:.
\",\A
~w JI ~J.J..J(,)"L:JI~ ",:"A. ~.ill .1,4)1 ~.; ~rU ~t ~j
J#t!l J ~w; ~l) wr ~~ ~bjJ.L.j~ J~ ~~~ J
• <\) ~I.ul ~~ J ~J
§ J J;" u.:.J1 ~Ja! ~L}~I ~~rJl .)1..>1~l.t l~iJ
• ~I JI J.J..~IJ ~~I ~ ~lt.;u I)"~I ~~:~I;'~I ~~I
d'~ ~I ~I ~JlA1 ~ l;} ,~I :iN ~I E~l.j ~IJ
if~~1 ~II~ ~J • ~lb:.:.. dl:.J1 JI_p-l ~ ~ ~tJ
, ~I ,)I)i ~~J.:l1 ~~ ~.t:!~~ i_'~J(_,.4 ~ ~ J~

,
~ &(' ~..wl. c.r~_.:'" ~.iA . ~I.. .. I\L..J~I_'
(AJ,J ... ~ ,."'1.:.AfI~r ~JT. J

":,,b'Yl r:.r L. ~~ J_".:U ~,rJ 4..:.1)1 JI.J>~ i;..uli ~§:; L.

J.:.. ~j -o.J.(5 ~J\; ~,)i !1~_, • ('I') ~L.j ~T ~ ;..u:LJI ~WI
\11~ uC! r ~.L.::JI ji, IJ.,. t...1., c.i>~' Ji j,l.;L \~l
,y .lz.o.J1 ,_..,..JJ . ;~ !:WI ~I ~15" ~ Lt,)~IJ ~~~
fL._,.JJ ~4 ~I ~ oUT W" , ~.)WI ~ )1 ~4 ~I
~y'y.)1 ~ ~J . i.r.J1 ~J t:.\-;11 ,).)fl ~ ~ jt ~I
~ ~J ~.rJ1 ~ J \II ~L...\tl w~.;J1 I.JA~J '-"'..\.:-! ~T
. '

oJ)aJ1 j>J.,. ~ 4i1_, . ~ ~~,;JI ~J.,.teJ> Js- o_,Af1il~1

.F.'J ~,)}11 ~ ~LOI JtI_,:J1 ~ ~t ~ L...\>J

G. De Ruggiero, History of European Liberallsm (&g. tr., London, (')

, .

,J ~ "The htenigentsia" J Arthur Koestler ~ uJ (r)

• l-la. ~~~
See his Th, Yogi and th' Commissar (New yOrk, 1945)" pp. 61'::"6. See alia
,.UGhsociological works as K. Mannbeim, JdeoZo,y and Utopia (L Wirth and B.
'Shils, tr., New York, 1936); and F. Znaniedd, Th, Social Rou of th6 Man of
.KnotIJle4ge (New york, 1940).
 (\:j.J;) ~\.Al\ ~:lJ'~~\k\ j ~~~l ~t.
J l:..L:,J : ~~~, ~, J ~J~ ~, a....:w' ~,,~,
""~ \'1 ~ _;:II Jib. r)&- J.-i ~I ~6J.1 c,S_,AJ1
~ UI \W~I
J _,AJI .,,i. ~".R \'I!.. JJL:::..... rf \::.:;JI ,---
.£
I,,;
~I IL J:J... .w~ J
... ·~II:i..bJ.1
~ if' ".
~~~1 . ~ ..J-+4 &) .. la !;ill I!U~ . I _I -
)." ~ (J
t
~I u~4J1 r:r ~lr JW ~. ~.)~ ~~ j 1~ ~l:>. ~
~\ o~1l ~.~I .rjl b~ if ~~ . ~ ~I cS.r.cn
~....~ .. l,.t!.. ~r..rv-
, LWI ".. " I... L~:' 41 ."i· u::,I"
~~,~ 1.._ ,,_
1- -~ ~1.k-11
~1,,- v- . o~
J • ('> (L.....~"J ') :u...;.,L4II
:t.W1
.. ~~~I . r: \
~~ LY'J • r.?- .)1.iJ1~WI ~b""~ cSJ~1 ~ ~WI ~bT r:r t:l!JJ~
~.. " J U;.I~ t.:..LAi .".~L-.::::J.I.. ~ lIa~.·u..,&. LeJ W I r.s-
Ie: 4.ld 6J II
.
~I (.5"; ~ ("JL4l.1&)jD L. ~~ (".,,1._4i &)r ~ ~ c.i)1
0.1. ~J • ~.)UrJI ()A ~~ l.."t ~I.'l ~ ~I L. t.:.. ,,1_,.-
;L _..t.1..:.::.. \II .1....JJ1 J ~ i J '_IL
r...\.4:J1:iu-Ii C~~· . (' . .) ~. ~
• .. .. ukL...:,J,.
J t..1;! ~I JT LfIAJI 4.L;UJI
~~~I J J:... ~)II.i.,
o~". ~ .)~. L. ~T ("'!'
~r..rt Ie.
.... r ~ o~, ~b.JI
, ~ ":J J~

"c.S.)~1J&. L.l>1.'l J o~1 c5.r.-r ~.)LJI J." , L. ~.) 0)3 Jt

~J « ~I)I » & :t.w"Li.l1~~~I .,~ ~ o-» . ~I?":JI
(.;.~.)\AJ , ~ ~L!JI ~}l1 J ~i ~J.i ~I;:':" 6.;u·; "•
. ('" ...
J~~. -q ukkJl
b:t;JjL" . ~1 .. J' LJ..~
..r--- . j ~':l'
..
. ~..ul w~k:J1 r:r ~~ \..J ~L.tJ j.)_JJ,§J.'lJ~I.Jj~"
tr""~ ~)I « (")1,; !JJ.i. » \"",,,4 :UJ_,JI.J~I ~JI..:.:JI~~I,

J_,::-.} cfo u' ( " 0''\ D =tW.liJ\ ~...t..! .)y l)"'t...,i ..r.::-' ,)\.)1 (\)
J ~» j t) BrCWhOD ~\.::f J P. JJ~ Jai :u.;. U ~
L.$ ~~
~\J:~ J' ~ l.!A (.~-~, rJ.?.· ,j l!SJ" , ( 'AVY ) ( « u~
• 4, ' .. ,>
,!JJ.J!~ I..l;:iJtJ« ~." c' "v_dl» ~4,,' ~).,l.J"'J:"\'.J-.r'.
!.ip.J . ~IJ ~,)LA:;)'1~Ir":il ~ ~) ~~ ~ ",:n
" U"~~I ~.~ ~I} clI.lS"J;.r,;S ~~IJ ~;lr ~L....I;.).
A.L... L)A ~..,.:.. ~ ~ ~ ~"z~I ~c.S,)~1 4;;1.4.. j ~~Lw~
J,JrJ4 ~ ~ il:i JI J_JJJlI JJ «aal4l1 )) ~~Lo.:J~
~4JI ~~I I~I~ jAlS'c JoW 0"'LAr uJ..bJ LA)1'; \ j)lH
• (\) ~.)l&. ~ ~~~

~ ~L.n ~\')~I (.r ~~ cl..-i w~~III~ tY J)J

~J.. • 4. 1. ~I wLtl4!U .e . ~11....,b')\
1,,;1j>".
~~6,j1• u. &- ~ LA~I'
.
II'p'"J -& ~t ~_;..~Jt ~ ..)~ ~Jb. « ~IAJ' }) ~~I lI~

~ J
. . )J.UI c-:-
u':_ll J ~~r
~t\ cY + ~.
"~
~
..
"11
(J'"
4.il:;...11 .1L!.:.l~

~J • c ""L.::..\I\.1.....aJ1
~. • " 1I ~l;..
1J.r L.~ cr: ~ ~ ~t ~~
\':"_,)~ c ~
c''&'

.pllJ J..--li ~ wbl&.IY ~~I:JI J.:.:J' J o:~ ~ ~

~~~\ IIU" . ,WI ",,4\11ilt.:.ll ~ lA;1_,:. ~l) L. o~J)_,.
rLJ;j1 ~J.:r u~'J1 J)~.~" J..:.:.Jl) ;;~I~'
~l..k.~. J.JJ . d..;,'}_,_J1 ~J) ~ ~ ~..ul ~._,Jl ~,.r-':}'
. (J","";'.rJI.)\r-j'J\ J~ ~ Y.. w~~III.l. ~(.),)~~,

: o~ll~ J ~L..l.)...\11~, t:Y' (l)

C. Nordhoff. Communj!nc Societies in ths Umt,d StateS (New York. 187S).

: ~..l:IJ\ o~..\..n oL...l,)..\Jl ~ 0--"

B.S. Wooster. Communitiu of the Prerent and Palt (Newllano, La•• 192.4); W.A
Hinda. American Communitiu and COOP81'otifJ'Soci,ti,s (Chicago, X908); and'
V,F. Calverton. Wher, A'WMr Darll1 to Tr~ (Indianapolis. I!)4I).

: ~~ ~_'\j 0" ~~ d'~~'~ 4..i".J t.. ~"

P. Noyes• .k{y Par}Js'lJ House, An OnBida Boyhood (New York, 1937); and J.S~
Dus" Thl Harmonirt.(Harrisburg, Pa., 1943). See also the discussion in H.F.
Infield. Coop"atifJ' Commvnitiu at Work (New York. 1945), Chaps. I~IV.
~\&.4'1 ~J.,.~I.)~ t)A~_ : 4,W,liIl ~~411or.J1 ~iA.AJ1
~L...t ~~I LAI) l:.lL; )"..T ;~ j ~ ~ ~I ~ t.iT
.~~&;JI ~~ ~ r:rJ • ~b J t)Al...Q:J1~ ~L.!:.. ~~I
: JjJ~ ~.I..~~)
~l...JJ u~~1 6J.,. ~...\Ai : J"tJJt 1IU:.:N1J at.i-l' _ ,
~I.. )) • ul:.l...>'. -...U~I J ~lS" ..w . ~I....J""':'" ._I~ UlA!II ~.,b.
~~II;U..r... J
IJ.J". ~~..P.' ~ ~I~ ~J 'JJ~I ~~T J ua>~ ~"
4;...T u,)~ WS'J. rWI ~,y- J.rJI ~ ~ Jy.r ~t ~1.k....1
J"'\ ~tG J\ J:;"'; ~i c.r-
\ :.'::-
~lS" ~I .. tJ' L~·"'1~'.J .Jb...
e .....;b..
Ji « ~I)~ » ,JAJ tAl-b-1~ <.S~Ir""'.J1 ,).f.U .jIJ • ~
,;Jl:.. ~ts" J . t-.:..
.. •
lJ:I~ \) ~.- A 1.A6J'1l;J ~
• -r;
a) ([ ~ - tW)'1
o.J'::'
l>

1« u_," '''; ·0.r.II» ~l-:>.. u--

1& •• i..L.l1I~ U> ~I~L:!:..,..I
. .....I.
~" ULAr' ~ ~i ~ ( ,;1IJ ~~ ;jl}.1 ({~\..C\ »
"'1 ~LiJI ~kw..J1
u-'
,(,J • d, • ~I ukt..:-)I
• cJw1..,?
.J;.... ~
• r--- \.S lA~•
~;u-.ill , 1;_,s'1')"-;~ j ~\~.. "H J!.t \"~I ~ Uti JIJ ~
.~i ~I ~J • m ~..bJ1 ~ j ~I ~I"j J!.} ()"t. ~ ~
.J&- • ..l.:u ~ ~r~ ~ u~~1 ~J..~t o- t)4 4iT ~)U
~,' ~ .)..\ll~ o~ I~ t J'.; r ~l! , ~'.JLAr\ ~ i c:f' o~ ~
~WI J .~\ JI ~ j s" )J..\4.. J ~ r~ 0L:-II J&. ~W,
.W-- ~ ~~H O.;-'jo- (~. ~lS' ~I o~J • ~)\:;. ,)'p')1
. W,)I ,..w IJ~ .jJ~

t)A "-4 J) ~1;.rI...\iJ : O~IJ .)W~ 1)"\:50 -.,r_,.i. - "

~~I ~J , l.,)I)i J Jj";.r JJ ~\;..':"1~1.r.1
ukL.~.n l:lla

See, tot Bxample, LB. Deets, Th. Huft.rit~i: A Study in SocW (\)
.Co""""" (Gettyeburg, Pa., 1939), Chap. VII.
~I &)l)_, • n) ~~I ~ ~ ~I ·cS.)L:l' , ~~I J::.:;JI'
oj.;A o>!::-o'l:fI ~\;.. ~~, ..),ll~ . ~J L.l; <.r~ ':II
ilL j:f j &)151.IY"" ' u-l' .Jl:) ,;r~.} ~l ~ j _,t .)) ~ J
~4§t.$j c:,.il) clI~,~) ~ rl~.) ~~.40- ~ o.!ll:AJ1
~
. LouT ~ . - ltil _,i, ~
I~~~'
~ ~L>. ~~i '"
~l~ J ~~.
~1.'J1 ~I)J , lu L:l~ tf JWI lr ~ ~~ , ~.)~
rt.!':ll ~ l) ~T ~~ I~I JI ~Ui ,jA ~t IJ..f!"l. a·iH
, « .)t:;J.l ..»1~ '> ~t ~i J ~AIjll ~'-' . « J=Jl
~ JI ~I ~_,:JaJ1~~ ~,)t "u_,. :4;.:ij::.l1~b:....:,i ~t ~_,_;.T-,
~l:lll ~I.:)i"!lj..JI_' ~1..l4:J1 J ~lb..o .)~I ~ t.S~ u"~1
_".Uill ~ ~lb~1 .~ ~_, . ('I:. ~ Yo 4,..l1 ~L.T"
~

r ..LAB.) yu... :t;u UJI ~...JAJ,,_lor Lt". L... . • (' II_,

I... u- _, r:.r- U".WJ IS" ~ ... .)bJ~
~I.}~I_' ~I .) r.J. L.... .1ZJ':l1_,, l.r... !11~~~ ;.;:;5 J~~
uL:--L:l1 UAdJ~ J.!._, il.JJ1 JJl::l cll.l5' f,J_, , :t.~ ~-,}I'
~l JI c..\I) cSolT ~ , ~I .~ '::"I:.W:JI• .i,. 01) Ll.." ~~I
~ ~I _rai I t.$i (_,..4 J! J.r,!. ~,i_, 41l1.e ~ 1;) ~ ~ .)) ,§~A
t:.l:.:~1
J.i_, • ~ ('~ ~ ~~I J..-i ~lf_" (_.WIuu.~'11
0: ..\A.:.U » L-Ui.i , O.J=:"J o~ ,;r o~,) ~4 r-', L)" • "o,r.H
J..4j .::,,~ ~J~ IjlS ..b.i iY.. ,f ~ ul_;-;)'I ~~ ~.I.:.JJ.
j_, ~L.t ~ ~L.r ~ ."wI_, ~I ~~ ~t) ~ , ~I_;;J'
JL...,JI J..4iT ~)Jl ,,l,. &)1~~I 0.).,. 0.)1; cSi)~J • ('() ~~.
~r- ...t!Ll.::J1 ~".JAN.r..)
.:"tJ 1..')1.i~ L-1.:11 ta"l11-' ~I..\.A:.JI t.)" .r~I

G. MlssoJ BdJuCGtian in Utop,', (New York~1927).

No~ cp. cit., pp. 289-:Z93;see also CalvertoD, op. cit" pp. 262-266. (y)
::U:LJ.\ ~l&:l.:;J1("~\ J-4i LS ~ ~ JI.J - ..\>1"F. ,~'\f
~\ ~J ~~J."w~1 ~.rJ1 ~4 ~ ~JJI ..bWI ul>
.~I
.i
v
tJl....4r ~ "11 ~l!L~
(f" M • J.r-'
-- loll ~\) "
: ~.d'
.."
OM !_ n _ ~
~.

~.l ~I~I~ :d.L_..;LAlI

w1&.4J1 ~ J I~_;" ~~ ~\ ~I
if lAl~ L. ~ ~l;J\ ~ r~~~ ~..u\ ~1)1...::.Jt) LS . ;;~~

.~
IA".. '1 , ~L.:-JI
.
.ll .r_it ....
(p ~ ..
·~..
10 o~ J ~"....
.:..1":. -...la..I)1
.J
.~ lS _,.4; t~.l::>~I ~ J oJ.:iW\ o,i,. .;;..i \S'J . ~ ~ J \> WA .,b.T
.o~1 o~ ~li <!U_) J.,,!J . ,)1 Cb ;,~\ w4.» 0" ~ ~ l..
jhtJl Ji ~.I~I_,.JI ~ i~I J6J1 ~ l.S , ~_,i ~.J.i ~,
.~I J~\ ~LJJI o~ ~i I~ ~ !.J~I tJlJ • .r::;.f:ll "i
,,:A. ~ 1.)1ro'; ,,,i ~i ~. ~lS" ~~i UA ~k~1 oJ.. ~
~ ...ul .!J_,LJI~I'; ~.l! I.).. tJI ;n" . LAld J_, ..\..~I ~.JJI ,,1r.J'
~l) , (\) YJI J} L. r~~ ($,ij ..Ir.- lAJ,j~ u=rl 4J...L!J\
• <,,> ~~I ~1.:'QktJ d'~')1 J&1_,:j1o..L.:&- ~ 1f ~~
.(f) c5~1 JI L.J) o- IJ.r.lA ~.lJ1 ~J~':II J!.- ~k~I~"
• t.S~ J1 ~\ u>Jj .r.l,r.- lSI n)
Deets. op. cit.. p. 2.1 ( n
.~..J~'il U'J ~r~.t ~\ j la ~ 11> ,),J=;J ~ (~)

.u!~, y~1 J~.)~I ;;J..?" JI L:>~ ~U-'! J.!~) 'M

: )a.il .. ~ \ ~ I,)" _,.-L.J
Ch. Dezobry et Th. Baehelet, tCDictionnaire G.nkal ds Biograpbie,t cl'Hirtoir'l
.. .
.tIe Mythologis. de G~graphis Ancisnne st Moderns Gompc.r~'& Paria, Libmirie
.Ch. Deleagrave. septi~me 6dition revue, 1876. premi~e parde, p. 1368•

WJ,.r-Jl .)..l.t.J JS:...!,n J y.;l"'.::.1\ ~ ~I.i ~I tk> .:;\5 ~..JJ

W} Jl ~j1IJ.r:-t...(i ".Y....J~'ilutsUl'J\ Greece, France u=..JS" W.
'-.).l.I u--J Jj''J' t)A J1 (.,1.: ....\.u. ,,1 J'..t..::J ~..u..;.tl~,-!'1)\ J' l.f.!.AJ

~;t'- . .~t..
yyt
.ifJJ . ~~ ~~~~ ,~I Js-' IjlS" U~)'JIJ ~ lI.J.fJ
.P r ~i ~ .)1) ~) ~rT J o~ ~.lJ1 ~ ~I u-ejl
~15" l.il) ~~I ~T~) ...\iJ • 1.f.P' ~A~..l4.. o~ ~
,u.)LA::i\'1 ~.itl .)T ~I <\it J} , U"L:JI,.'l_;.J « ~..u4 ~T »
_rT (.)A ~ ~J . :L.jb. ;.)~ JI ~ )~'l ul) J.f II~I c.S.lll
.GU~J , ~.) 'J I:f ~I l..\tj "" J5' I)A ..k.U ..\;..1_,J ~ ~ I~ .t4t
.wl_:.:~.U.
. ~~..:ro. '''1 • ..b.1J w~ II! L..:..." , ~~
... !.r'... ~o u.• IL:- J o..U
(.Fr-
.(\);si Ji ~~ yo~..u~.l ~ JI o~1
.~)~I ~ ..:ro I~ ;5'~1 r)li !.IJ.i. JI ~ r.f~II~J
~~,) j~ c.IJ~J . I~} tilL. ~ , ~._"~I u~L.:;J1Js- ~I
~~I j~ o)...~1 ,j_,.....rl ~J ~_,:JI ~.u I.)I.A:..I ~lf

,d•JW' u......t
.. • r.rIe: l.rL,)~1
.. ~IS' LS' ,b .f'!U ..f.-! W~ l.:5"1
s .)\ N .) ..
h

..~t ~,;r ~l)J . JI~":Jllr Jb.., c.S~ ~~ ~ ~J "c.S,)~

II_,J~ ~ ''pI 0.)[;o- .)J.# l.)ji ..w Js- ~WI ~~III.lA
,J ~, ~ U,)L. ~I ~WI ~b':Jl-, . P. L"l:.:ll ~...,411c.; 4,..... J
~ I f:...., '-:T
-~ ,
~
'~'I !.I.,L.JL• ~I ul.)~1
•
~L··
.. ~
~~
.:!lJJ. ~I ~I L.. L..T • ..u~I~ ~I J ;.)JLJI ~lAJl ~~__,:-tl

,&J.4~T~I ~ 'J.:..)r)~~\~) ~ JU>I U" \)I.i

. m ultl4j.' LJA LAJ.f'-" (J~IJ o~)11l+:.tlA:' JI II,) r
.!fJJ. ~4 "'! ~ Lt \~ y:
a.~¥. oll)\.S1~ _ f
-L..!ot j,~ .. ,jt u~4J1 1I.1A J) uU) , ,j fcA ~ ~ (')i
~i ~ ~[;~I o~ J ~I , ~I-
.. . ~li~1 ... J,.~ '11
...la-4f
,~I~' u4Ll ,;r,j15"' "uJ •.~~1 ~ ,)~~.t ~~, c!Ut.J,1

IbId. pp. 23 if. (\)

See, for CDm.ple~Calverton, op. etr., Chap. XIIL ( y)
, ~~~I • .1. j ~lCJl ;;~ ~ .• ;';.. ..\i ~I ~li)l.J1 i.f.;.
ti'l w,."t.::.l, ~W'J
_JaUil ~ ~,),jI1tJ." l.d' '-:'~
;;~I ~t
~U;H J;- ')U-~If 0.r"~1 ~li clJ~ ':;';J' ~I ~WI~-
J ("~, r.Jo> • .r")tI J1J '1" · ~~I li~ ~ ~ J::--!H-
,,;r ~t ~ ~ ($JJI ..\......cll ~1.JjI.".Jl J!.- ~I; ~~4-.
iJa.::.... ."..ual ~Jl k ~ J~ l.. ~IJ . (\) ~~14l-TJh
J>b j _,.':ll JJl J ~p. ,~bJl ltf~t;;~,;r k.liJ' ~~h
. ~)4 of)' :i;~ .).J':.A ~ ~ L.. \~ J , :;J"'\'1.

c,),~~1 ~ JJ ~_,:...
~\l,l?>-Ill~' ~ l;;t cU; Jt- ~?.J
if" ,lr ~ ~I&. ~ !J~ ~l) ..w . ~~I oj". J ~~I ..u ~.
JJ , ~ ~~, c}-b J 0"'\.:.11 ~)l. ~l)J . ~~" ,. ;;')k J)
~T J~J . ~)I dlz.Ul5' 1..\::0.1"
~ jJ~ ~ ~ c)l::>\Sl ~t.
~ ~W ~.JlA <,5j ~ ~lS" j~' ~ cU..iS'J UL.\J o~l'11
,,~ I~_,t Jj .. J~ )1 ~ ~>~ Ji! ~_, ~4- rt-·
fo, ~U~j j;~ ~~ I.:r' ~~,;,. l. ~\ ~~J 4i:J~
• (y) ~I ~\=Jl ()" ~~ ~ ,~ c)l) ~'Jc..f'~II)A~.
~ t:.'_,jl ~ ~\S' jf.~'.:.11"~I)I J!. ~~I ~J:

c)~ L.,.:... Jl!Jl ~1 Jl}l ~\S"J • l".J"'_; ..:-;\S' ~JjJ' .jt,

J_,~ J ~I ~ ~\ e .r"~1 ()" '1~ ~ ~ ~l&.4 J 1.....•
. ~li ..1JAJ ~~J..j ~Ii) ~ ':/1 ~lA:J':I4 t..J C)~':1\ i.l&.J rWJ1,
~I l_.,;~ [,,,,), ~4' 14~ ~} ~L..~I ~4..:r L.T_r..
\~1~ . it" JL.....u11 ~b. J Wb ~1 ~ ~(~ 'd ~~~
~~I ¢JJ.)S'J J~I J ~4 ~ ~ ~'J,,'Jt~\S" pi~.,b.~h
.
Deets, op. elt., Chap. VII. ( \ )

Nordhoff~op. c:,it., p. 398. ( y )

_ )'JJ'/I ~~~ )Wu 1I~1 J ~4 ),1 ~ ~~).. ~ r ~l 'JI
;~W ~ ~lt (IJj tjiJ JI ciI.) t) o.)..l...!ll~11I~ u.)i I~IJ
.~t,jl ~~ ~)I r~T,:r r~JIle.J~ 0)})1 }~1 V-- ~.)~
• (U J.t L.!J I C.pi ~ l:.. l.:..e ~ ..
.J::i..v 1 T.L.:1' 1-lA c}Jl.:i ~I.) w'S' ~~ u=J1 ~~I ~_,
.., 1""1-,tJ ~.r.'1 ~4~J' ~I :t.JUI~ ~~I
1~.lJt pi d;:J .)l_....;u clL.... JI ~ _,.),I ~tJ J ~l5' l.iLi
., ~.)WI ~ ~I I~ ~,li. J~I tJAWI ~~I ~ .)~
.~ ~\S' , 4: ~ ~~» J' ~IJ ~41 rJA I).)~ j!S' l.. e
J t5 TJi t.a6;,.:U~
,~. .1J'oA. cJ ~T~
"
LJ.. ~
1("', ~
"
jiJI
.~jL.J1~~ J!.. JI j..,~ ~.r.11 ~L) ..\.4J • ofr'_,t.P.-J
.•p LifJI..:.:,"erLwu ~ ~I.) ~)l, « ~I ~» J'~}J
.;.)~jJ. ~11-lA ik:l ~i ~LT ~ u=J1 Lb;.J1 ~I ~
.~I.lli ~..ijW ~i) ~I JL...l4 ~\;JI ~l.t cU';,)s-
",;,,1.)\11

.m ~t..:J1 I)~ r:f j :;_j . J; ~.P.' t.iLa u=J1 ~..\)I

.,~.iJ~JlA.U ~~): fft:11 ~ _ ~~J.llJ ~W1 O~~

,~I ~)~I ~,l,.J ~~III~ ('~ ~ t5.lJ1 ~~I J.~

,:r
.( LJa.:J1Jb. ~t.,.,.-1"_:' 'J ~,J,b.r l!,i.. J LS (JJ..
,.J:. 'o~1 u~w~, .
.JjL ..:HI~ J;- ~~':ll ..bT~~ ~J ?~ ~I~~ 'il
..k..aJL
.• 1< Ofl
~I _",L. V' __~ ..r"!
t. l:J ~ o~1
.. w~I.,.l-
. u. t.
.J~ ~.lS' ~ ~i ,§..:J . JL,.,JJ ~I,.I~J okl"'; cJ4 ~~ 'JI
.~ JT§tLa>1,y- t!.:.; ~1 u4~1 ;to..ij.... JSJr ~~4J1 o~

Ibid., p. 56. See also Hindus, op. cit•• pp. S!Hio. ( , )

Sc:c.for examplc:. Calverton, op. cit., pp. 267-280; and Noyes, op. Qt., (,,)
'pp. s-n, 12.9-I31.

'Y'YV
~~. ~I.A )\:I ~, • ..L.J_, ~ CL:l1 ~ LF~ ':II .1L!.:Jh
• ~I... .
C.:·.,._u,
.::.J\) ( ~.,)W\ ~ r J\.i !.I.).J! I~ ~ ~J ) t.1S" u~411 ~.:u.
~• » Ji a: ~ ,:."..w _,:I »
,. ~ .4it J,~L:L')
_ MJ.:1\ J..S
,.Y JI M
~t.:.·:--
J)J . ~ :U"'.;A '1 ~ Ua~ ~~ '11 .14)1 j.~";!o_' « ~IJ
~~L... ~\ ..b_,_rJ1 L.1 • 4rJ.>_, ~ ~ ~~ _,; u'.;-i~I.ttty
~..\.II ~, J 1,,,,.:;Jr~ o"b.)1 o~ ~". Ai Jt- r~~~
c)~. ~T JI <.5,)~ \,S.lI1 ~I _;AH_,~~I ~~_, t.j6JI 0.)1:4I1_,
JIJj ~b. J 4it ...b) cUi ..d:- . ;;~lAJl ~ J-li j i tl4(]~·
JL;JI
J.-JI J i~ ~\ \Sjj .::;IS' (; ..bJrJl ~.:u.~ ;.)1 _,l ..b-'-:,
~L.~ Ji~\ J j~'" ulil4...!3'lIJ ul!~1 ~, U"'.,.L P-
~ 0'"
c.r"'I :i.L;,lAJl ~~w
. UWl
.4. L-:JI ~I • ~t..:J1
.. '-',.r_; ~ 1'"- J...\j'-
'\ .u.
I.) ye-:,..;~I JI.J>~I'~j ~ ... rII,.Y.. ~i·u:- ~. ~ J .)..4i':l~.
:\""..." J I ~ j; ..\iii . ..b-l _, ~ ~ ~ 1~ L•.t.i'~ _,c .j,i y.).j ':l I.tP r
~4- ~J - 4.. A~I _,T ~ ..)_;II ;" &"~I\,-:,L...:.. c? ~~ 'il.
~I J) ~.i.)L.5'j . ~W~I ,)I}i UA,)) § ,-:,l...> Jt-~L.JI
~\(""1 U
..J i.lk .r,,:(,,)
...r".:'1'~_, .~':-1I'
c--;- -'.:.AI_,...,
~ v- q ~• .» .~,
......
(~l!tIJ

c:r .)I}';JI ~ JI ~ 'llj~J , .~I ~ c.r..J.. <.f'~1 rlJ2j

.~I~b
 , "

:: C;jlU ~~ li~ Ot.iW·~ F.."J'J .!IY-S' .J,&.," u:;

.r j'_"~' ~~, ~ ~l4!H' ~U '~I t._,:::J\ JI!-- 'JJ.)lS"
~)l_l, J.:&. ~..w.J 1'\ l....Ja'il c:4.JA .b.1_,II ~ I ~I,) J ~ L?'
• 'I"JI ciY~II ., ~..\AJI
~I"V-I~:..\AJ J..,-4 ..
~·':JI.
) tj' :WW~I o~1
..
.._,
.~
-- "II ~ ~L=..
••
~L,.,i
,"
OJ.tJ.;.ul'
.. ~
J)(;.. j~l1.
"
· 'Jl
..r_J;-J

.4./'lj c...i..!G"; .;.:....~.... u4l:S ('~1 ~..u~~, J.i \.:;1~ ~1.y'

~Ui.. ~} c)A lIIt;j,ru"~\'1 .!I.,w' ~I; (.)'4 ~ ~~

~ o~WI o~ ~."...)J.JI,&))ii ..\iJ • ~I J .l1))l1 ~_,..a.i

.~J
• ; 4~1 ~1..:=,,81
..•. 1':"'1,) J !I.I~..r_ 11..ls.1"'; ~)JI
~lA..lJ1 ir:

..!J~ ~1'; GU.:6J l+i)u ~ l..J ~I _"')IJ ~~I ~I&.~l

·~UI r
~I,)~J WI .!1."LJ1-"UU t_p'jlJ . ~I ~~I

".A....A ~ • .)t ~)..u I~ d' ~1~1.r.-c:r t...u ~ l.J

~L,' J&.
.).f:'=A

~ I~IJ. I~ >W- ~ 6i.: a,:II ~i I.)A ($i _".UUI

,~J ~I uli~l_' ~lal.r.IJ , .)LA.:i'J1~ J)' I.:i.';
4,1I.w1'
.,pi ~L...1J , ~~.:1I_' .)l4:.:t.'JIJ.)~~ ~L:,JIJ ;;.r"'~1

~\'..l>" HIJ ~;JIJ ,.0",-" ...I_, rLJJI ~I..\.....&.I

WJ

'YY"
~ ~.,r l.f' ~J.. J'
'1 c!U ,§ L::A" , ~I."s i ~ .:.. 'J~I~
(JJ~~) ~ ;~ '1 ~l&. ~I; ~.),.b.. ~I ~L.J'1I!l_,L. u~·
~_,:; ~ li~_'J' rWI ~~ ~ ~ o.)~..JA (/' l.,;lJ ,jt_).
~l:J' ~~ L. JA.::l ~"J~I~I J;- ~ J_"~I bolA j 1~-

t ~_,
..u ~1.A!J1ti(;_,
.. . . (\>li:,; s l4A J~".,PcJ
I.! •
\
l.,:.,1.UA (,,:'.I'.J-J
. ill • '·"1.;J

~~ '11!l."LJI -41"';" ,WI !l.Jl-l1 _"'Uu~l:r J ~.)tri JJ,.f \.S'

..\>; ~ . ~\::.(JI \.i. J \~ J...a.t J ~i.) lS , I..~ L.)~ \!...L.;'
(J_,G,_ (J~ rljjl
~~ j _,. ~ !J)...JI ~\_; ~~ u~11
~t ~ _;..r & j" (4j,.b.I_,JI ot)\ ~ ..b.I)1 ~)I [,,,j)1
.(u~Jjl "T (_IJj~ ~~Ic.ST ~ >..\co.; J .)..\a:l.lE_IJjl) l_:..~JI ...
". lolA" .)~I ~ .~ JC b..".) c./'\:JI ~ U~, ~T JJ.
~~c::r bj~i
Jj \.. c.J.J"!. '1 _;."(& J" , <s~1 ~.1L\I.
~n
-
.. ~~I..b.t
~.
J <!.U.:6_j .!..be.~ I ~..... '1\ ~tl
.. d ~ ...~ c.AL;. tor ~I (J,YJ
L c+: A' ~ (" . d.bl . I' .. J ~
~.)?' c+ J ..
A·

J5J'1 ~JJ)1\ •.:u. .1~J~)J~t; ;:r&JJ~LGul~.

~ ~\~ Y~
,
~ ~J,"-' c.?' .~J..
':
,.J\ f.!.It.....\.)J.I\ ~ c:.r- (')
j~ L.. .).)j 4...\.]\ ~l~r_, ,
.

Crow Indians by R.B. Lowise, the Bskima by K. Rasmussen and V. Stefansson,.

th~Melanesians and Polynesians ~Y·B. Malinowski and M. Mead, the Australian
Natives by W.L. Warner, the Andaman Ialanden by A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, the
Alorese by Cora Du Bois, the TanaJa of Madagascar by R. Linton, and the Cllli-··
fomia IndlaDs by A.L. Kroebey.

: J.ta ' ~~ 1o!:.I\.....,)~~ ~U:.~_,1., o,L. ~ 0';,''''' ;;,)~~.J!J

W.L Thomas, Primili'fJf BBhtwior (New York, 1937); A.A. Goldenweiser, An-'
i ,
throjlology,An Introdw:tkm to PrimitilJ' Cultur. (New York, 1937); and G.P...
Murdock, Our Primiti'c" Ccm~mJporariu (New Yorkt %9z6).
 J1c1,.•~ ~.~ r:r ~~\'I J"1)iJ1jl.).:JI Jl ~6JI ..lU&
'b..t:!'_.;;~ ~l,.,t
... ~ .._ \::.IJI".... ~ ~.l) uJ.b; ~ WI., , Jl4!J1

'r..l,·l1~t_,:JII~_' • ~~ '11~~I; t.;,).,b. ~I ~4 (,)"WIa-

Lit.: ~t ~I~
t... _,t ~L...t _,t !·.,"-:u.jt,_;,_;.A; ~ (.S.lI1
L. ..L> JI ~ ~" , rj?-"::I r' L?~,'JI c..i ~. lAl..\&.
WI.) ,-;")1...,, . ~1_,J.l ~ Jl ~~;JI "Ijl ~I '7~1 wlJA

ir::....
'~ t:;"~&)T ~~~I ;~I ;;"""1).)J c.Y' c#~1 J ~.I.. tJM
..::.,L...:,J,IJ o~1 ~L... i.u..b.r
. .. ." .. J.;&,
r)~~.A\'I .~ .JJ~"
.... ~ ';J o":
..
~~ It
J ~1.4!J1 d........i
.. ,.
TL ..bell 1.1. JI ~.I..1 ~t ~J
.. ~I
•~ ~I> ~ JL! J.JII~ ~Iij~1 ($;- IS" . ~).Jo::-'_,...JI
. c.r~ ':/1.!J)-II ~I_'; J~ WA

.&) l.. ~ J&.: ~,~~, J ~l";f" .!JjL-J1 ...;~,

.J.,)}':JI" Ji-':flfiJl J!.. ~~I ,~t~ ~I ~ ~I J
,J Ul4Il 41_;a.ii ~ clU' _,i ~".) ;iJ..r.- .jl(...."
~)I uk.L.:;~JI
o~1 ~ ~ .!1_,L.. ~I'; It!_..\1 ~~I ~.f "T ~I J>I.)
~j.A t..)~~ ~I jJA, ~~4'I.)I)i § ~~J. ~I
~ ~I ~ ~J • ,)')~I ~ ~ u.r-JI t.... ' :t.:LJ
~1_,.iJ ~~~I ~l4. ~I; J!.. ' J.&.1_,.411
.~ til::;J.l ~I~'
I~J , ~.)L;.JI_,T ~I !}_,LJI '7'1.{i.,,1 rWJI J"I;; J !llp':/I
.J ~1_,A11if ~ !J)-JI
~,_;. ty ~ .4...j.ll wl~I~1 ~
,.~JAJl ~I ~I_'; ~ c;.1Il~I ~).JJ ~.I.. ~~I •.l,.

~)-JI ~I) J,wt ,;r (I.;t ~ tk-Jl."

~ ~iJ LS ~..bJ1
;~?'11~ JI ~ \'.c..O,., ~'~J . ul,.'~I·.1l..iiJ
e1 .'.i.. L.. ~ ~ 1;l:':~A, ~ ~ 'J L. ..tdJ ~ I~lr.. ~ f
t'~,
JI}_"::'JI L... u~., · ~I J~ o.).,,~ .....l} J)lD. d
jH!·i JI ~> c)A c.J~ ~ J"'~ ~ r~ 4.i.)lA.lI."~jlt
~Y'" , ~~ ';II !l_,l-JI ~\.,i ~W~ ~~I ~Pl~1,.,A111
. ( (\) -lWl ,..\4:1.1~I J r~~~ ~I l.i\j~."t ) ~U;."

iJA ..I~I if~1 ~ ~ 4.:1~ ~I_'; ~..bJ1 ~) J~'

~~_,.!." ~I ~..li~1~l <i> r)11 ~ltl." ~~I ~I~ :U_'wl.H.
;~_;..~.r>i 4.:1)- ~I_,i !I~J . ~I ~4- _,t ..li~t..il
I~t." . dJ.lS' y" ~ cr ~~ WI." ~~l .,,1 ~~4 '{
;5'~~\S' ~I-, <../'-' , !J_,L.JI ~~ ~,;I ~I_,i ~~ !J\a.
.r->I (~ L.Jl ';II , (...~ ~I.)i ,y ~I }t L. ~b ~~ 1....

~Ij ~ .).)11~I.J! ~~, . ~.) _;4JI~~1~'JI.".~I

t~..". 1.l.J. ~~ 'Lil:>T ~ ~ ~JWd' ~1_,4J1 ...l". J)

~I ..r~
-~II' ...... J ~L
.. WS ~• I -.:q ~I . J\:.II I -':11·
JI"JI v- v--
.~ l:f' ~ ~I JL!lI.

:4)1.;.11." ~..\JI ~I_,AJI~ r;.rf ~1_,4l C!:~W ~ JJL:.=....J

JI ~u'.J4-' . ~Jt.'; ..11;.)WI-,~I o.)WI~I';J ~.;LAH.,.
~\_,AJI (~W L.' . t.S_;""'; LS •.)~ ~ ) t~W ~.i (~l.jl 1lI..u..
~ll ,;r t.:ll \i~ l.. I~II~ ;,;." ~ l.:i J.)~I I.lLult t.S.r.(Jlt

OJUl ,J~ J.P" t""";J·lI \..l.a J oL!JL;... Jl "1$.)1.111~ (\)

, ~ _,I,):-",,_.Jt L...r,J.Jlt ~1'_,.o~ ~l~t ~6- J ~ "tJo!_,_fj'~n,
. : ~'~..L..-I .~.
kS. Toman, "Some problema in the Sociologist's Uee of Anthropology," Anufrican-
SodblOfical RftJifto, VIII (1943), 625-634; R. Bierstedt, "The Limitations or
Anthropological Methods in Soclo)olY>" A",.rlcan Journal of Sociolol:J, LIir
(J948), '2~·30.
~..,Ar Js- J.-i' u=J1 ~IJIr.J1 ~~ ,y JT , ,)I)~Io~ J&- u.,;;~
• ~~tyl 4r ~ j c:~l..:J1oL ~ J:....-:JI ~ ~~ ~t 4r~
L;;J ?~I Lf)-JI o-AA ~JI
~I,.,AII ~t...I.)..uJ~,
~I Jt,,~4,,7j'-. III
l ~
I e: I( ~
r -' - V"
~
·"11 o..\J..l...:.J1 J,t ~ ,..W
r.. " JJ;.JJ
~'J.) I~ l..J.f ,;r 1Ja1..b.1 j" ..Ii ~ ~ 4.:-).JJ ~-,i ~W, ~ ~.
,;J_,LJIU"':!,IkJ~..vl k.~ 4tl,)O(.5.lJ1 ~I ~ lolA.,• ~~
J!..:.." . ~~I o,)WIJ~I ;,WI ."T , ~,jlAJIJ ~I ;;~WI""

~)L,JI JI jA.i. LS !J)...JI ~I_'; tl.J>l ~~) ~_,:jl &)kJl

~ ~'!J_,LJI ~I; ~ 1... ~ ~ ~j §~WWI ~.,JI
~~ .Afl] ~ "JJ..,.;J4 ~~I I..u.J. '::"I~'~IJ' !I_,ul ~'''';.
:Yl:J1t!;WI JI c:~ , ~~ ~I ;~, ~I.J~ I)A ~I ~J..!,

. ~I I-AA l)A ~L:JI \W~I J.

~J.II ~ ~l~ '1: ~,u1 .A.J;.,tJ ~,~I~I" ~ ~,

.)1~ )\i ~
• n' ~
I -.:'1 J U J, L. I~I ) . lii.S
• .. J ':Jl....:zrl!l I II ~I
~.JIJ ...
~§ ~I.: ;";41! ~)I ,.1.r.JIJ~I ~ ~J..UJII.lA ~A.
u.,F-;
~.wl·.. ).JA )1 1·L4:JI..la:.. 'J
u: ) 1_~.r!! ~I -!:II&)~ , ~t. •
tJA ':J
.~J!J_,WJ ~I";,_,P~ U!.J.)\! (0 ~J ~,.,:JI &)~I J t-
if' r::_.# ~ ~I J)\;.":/l ~I."i ~J ~ ~,,:rl _prJ ~ ~I.
~b~1 ~ &)lS (.5,.;.1 4 c)":j . cU..\) ~)-.. ...\&.f_,; l.i.1'
~)T «~;I ,":"",.lll»
~~ ~§ ~."t;~ J!.t' :t.:~11
~~JI." '. ~t~.) ~1d'JJ' ~.r='~ ~ ~J) ~I ~\A!n·
~~1 ~ j ~«~~~JI uU ~..utJ) ~ .)tuG: LA~ -'!. c!U~.

rr~
:ilL..:... J. ~,) ~ ..rc'~ ~..\.II ~~I_,rl .\,)t ~Lu ~I ~WI
J~J ]) ~t c.i Jl ~ ~I ul~ :.i~ J J6J1 ~ I.S' (,)!J.lJ
~.u (,)!,)LSi J ~JJ. :;-:.! ~ 1,)!.lIi cl!JJlJ . clJ~.;j- « c.r~1
.;)i ~I J_, . D!,..ill ~ )\4::.i1 ~) ~ __,w1 Jt ~ .:it;J1 ~~I"';
~I_';J (,)!JJI~ ·tl,; <!.U~ ~J
j...... • )..P,'}I ~J)\.; j;_j'u; ~DUt
• ~)J_r:, 4JL c}"j.;.'J1 ~L..~I ul~ !J_,LJI

.(~\l1 I,l,. ~ lS ~..\JI : ~~~, J,; ~."""".r.-Jl - ~,~

.clIlS' r _iAj J]J ' ~..'.__;
;:r ~)J J::-) ~ \'JAr \I ~~ ~
<\Ui :"i ~ ~I~ ifA. rY....ul! ~~IJ . W ~T L. ~_,iJ :"LJ\f1 ~
,()A J i JI~~p Jt ~ rY \iY- :"~ ;;if ,<..I'~1 J_,i .,;~
.J u)1 ~ ~ ~ u4fo ~ JT~~1 ),)) IS « 401~])
~ '~I « J,I c: JliJ .r.f ~ ]) ()P ~~w-l....:> \II Jt fP. .)\.;
'.I~1~ _,.L.- ~~ ~~I:i r)A I• .r.- ~ ~
Ji ..,..1 J) J!l4J . -t.LG..t
J,I .";}SJ.J .J.ft4J1 [I""; J!. ' ~,,) c.r-' t c)&- \ _,A;' ~ c:r .)J..p
.~.:r J]" ,c:,W':l4 ~l..i)'1 ~~ ~l ~ 6!,.A.II" • 4!l;:JJiJt
J~ .'.r.-- ~A~t J~ ~ ~ (J..#I "T ~I I~ .I~ ~I
,~_, ~,) !l.,l-U ~JJI ~I_,AJI ~1 LS,;.T'oJ~J • ",4,:/1

.~~ L.:. ~.~ lJ.,.J' ~LJ).U...u1 .~ LAJ-}-"s ~;'J . :4)l:;..

,.(~~, ~L;jl]) A~ t_»- ~J ~I ~ tY....ulJ~ ~~~I

': ~~y, o\ilW'J ~..\S'j ~"w'~'Jif ~~~1 ..1~1 - "

.1 ..41';" _,i « ~)-:» ~~ ..u.1~1.:r ~~~.i &)i ~ ":J

.~~ 1.,o_P #~;:""~ [J,;JI ~n.._,.A.. ~IS' I~I '1'
.1:.r...
~,~ LSJJ!,!1..,LJ10'" o~~ ~b 4-.:-. ¥~I ~\:.:;" OA
.1>A'~J ~~I J '«~I)I 'OjJ ~.'j.:.:,i ~I_,; ~J' :'~I_,4J1

,-V't
 ~1,m~ ~ 4UJ~1 QU)W1 - " ~.J ~j;J1 u~t
o1Jl~ ~J A_,L-II ($J!J' ¥~14

, t.,,:J1 ;'
~.ul ~IJAII

.,)!JJI ~ - t ~U::l1 )
( !l).J~I.h
.

Y e..,,:JI, :
(41)-11 ) ~~;I.LI~!,AII
~~y.u:b~_,:-LI - , .
~.)."AII
!l)-ll ~I"; - y

tit
,. t_,:J1
rl~1 ,j.t b.la:.t JlUf
r.ol.f.i~rl&.)~~ Irl.t;.a !JAIl
.•,.T Jl ~~ ._,.&!_,..:II
,.)1..11~ - y ~l1:J1 )
t t t
(LI_,lUJIJ ~I
!!~
,
t.,,:J1 •
t
~1.:..bWl~I; ~

t ybT,w~I-~) tl_,.;l .
u~' ~
4t.I...:.J1 :.)WI

,j.t~ ~J) ~,;-nJ ( ~';.)I.J~ .,

o t,,:J1
( f - \' e..,,:J1Jt. LI~ ~I +-__ t__ ~ .,,
d}-~4 W-I.,b.'~ f "t ~~ ~I;.PH" . J~~I J «\bU1 ])
.D!....vl~ J_;JI U rJ j i ~. '''J l:it J.f, . (j"l:lt r:r U!.~I ~
c" . ';'':;1U" L.".~t ~ t. JI l.:L,,; I~I\II !l"LJ1~I_'; ~J
.l) ~~ J!.t ~l:.C1 ~" , .;.':;1 ~ 't:J rA ..\i l..A~l jlt dJ~
.~, !J_,L...JI ~l;:~t j".I.. ~~ 'I.)".!l ~WI u~' Ji
~"j..1~J_f:A.. ~~ J • (') U!..~II t)A ~.~ ~J~ "l4:11tP t5.JAr '1
~~'J ~WJI~ ~".#J ~ c.r1..j"J ~ ~J.~ J!..
.J' &J~~ « ~L.J'l1 ~ ~ )) "i « ~I~I ~ )) J ~ Q a.;.:1.1
\,.~ :~.." II." ~b;. (.)_,D (.)t ~ \I ~I ~~I ;;.k.~ c:"
I

'. ('(') U!...\J~ ~I:;JI ~1.1.r.J' 0" J.w=A.:.i r l.. ~I ~I u~bJ

.B. Kidd, Social Bf)olucion (new ed., New York, 1920)~C.S. Lewis, Th, (l)
-Cas, for ChriJ'tianity (New York, 1944).
: )i;i1 O~ IY' 4! ~ L.J ~, II~ U-L.:.HL'."J.ll"
J. Wach, Sociology of R.tigJ·on (Chicago, 1944), Chap. III •

.e)\ )aj1 !.l"UJ ~\ o--::l.AllJ d.,...ll\ ~ ~, j e-'_,:lJJ

.R. Otto, Das Halig, (Geotha, 192.7). : cr....\J\ J Jt.::...... r.:-4 ~". J.j J c.1"
uWjlt_
. .
: t_"';)' v-ii J I..l~'r41l e-)1, ~ ,,1 r:f...!"
'H•.
S. ¥aine, Ancient LaUl, London, lohn Murray~ new edition, with Sir Frederick
~ollock'8 Notes, March 1930•

~;11 ~
,Spsnclr, Principles of Sociology, III. Chap. XIV, Huxley; Evolution and (Y)
.Bthics (New York, 19(5)•

..~ 0 0=.-.1\0 _}iJ O~ _,J ~..u..ll ~ \ o::J!.J' ~I.,," =L..!,;L:lJ

.ltA. Burtt, Types
., . of R,liglow Philosophy : _}ij1 0'l .. ";':II ~ J "I~' J
'New York, 1930), Chapa. IX and X, and for two pertinent essays by studel1ts
, .
.df (D8tura1i8~ sec chi.ps. II and XV by S.P. Lamprecht and J.H. Randall.s Jr.,
;m Naturalism and the Human Spirit (Y.H. Krikorian, ed., New York, 1944).
 .I~I I.,wJ ..\i ~ .)..ul ~~.~. ~t ~l:!I ..,~ ~I I)A,J

. • jAJl,;r e.~~'.r.qil ~~ ~..ul IIoI.r.JIbL2... ~J ~I

~~I J>',J ~ ~I."...." ~~\'I.eWI JI;;" tt J..L.4A~lf L....e,J

4ili ~ ~bJl ~W Jl' 4.tJJ)1 ~Ul ~,JT, I&.~ ;s11-i.,J
~L..tJ ~4 \II ~~~I ~~ ~I J ~JJUI ,.I.)~I c:f' ~
~..ul .eWI ~ UIiilI JJ}11~lJ . (.)"L:JI~ 4.Lul.1 ~l.:.:J'

~ J:.i..ul~4~' !l."LJ1~I; ~';J ~Wl cr ~J.fJ

£L .P,f.~ _.1"'":..
,1'0."..... L.~~ <f I..:>~I
.r.' rf
.' t~~ ... 4....:.,..ulJUWI~t
. t"".J. .... ....
.:lJL.J\ I~ ~J .:r.r.-J ~.~ ~~ IY' dij";:LJ !J)-H O...u:.1:i
~TJ'

JUai .:r~JI>4.dIJ ~~t ~ljl.)~1 ~~,T~ (5..iJ1~)IJ

- 4..l.::>.t
...la...i. .IJ.. . ~Ii~ :t.li\l ~ 'T t.;W\l1 ~WI
..l.il . ~I J"J... ..
Jf .~~ J'; (5_,.4J lA~~J ~ _;A.. 0.)1)4 ~L...;\'I ~lj~1 l.,:i
~ Jt~) ~ Jt~) ~l J~4 ($"AJI .,.ltJ ~J 1.1 ~
• ~ L...;'J~ 1ijU,1 :tt_;.G

!S,s .,,1. ~I"'J ~~)l1 ~'=!-t"J. ~ J:.:i_,:Jl alt Ao _ r

uk~LJI J,L...J~IJJ~I J ~~I ~J &)L..i'J1&)1)ll: ~..dl
'...b. Jl UfbJl 0.r
cr: t!: ~I... I,).J!
... L ($.J1..JI .;-'1:.: Ji , :t.-wl
_ :0r'__
II

.c.:t..ul~) ~I !1_,w1 ~I'; ~ ~15~I ~I_,I; ~ .~I

~~I J lell J. ~~ \II ~~bJ I;'~L.,.,L.lGJl I-,-!t JJ ~~
!l_,LJ1 UAt.fo. ~Jt JT ~JJ ~~\l1 ~Ii~~ ci~1 J.i
~J..J ~.uI1 ~I~I ~~I ~~ JIJ • ~~\l1 EI-..ll~';"
,~')~ ~~I.J' o~1 Wtyl ~ JJ~ r:r ~I J!.. ~t_,411
., (J~)J ~L:JI ~~ J ~..yl 6~.,...dIJ' ~...ul ,.~IJ
~1_,:11~ ~l ~'~~4 ~~47"'''~) ~1~1 ultljJlJ
Ji ~J;.JJ, ~4 ,J-41 ~ r.i"! ~I c!U:S ~~I ~..\Jf
.(')~l..&.~IJif )lu~6.J ~I ~\ ~ ~'JI J~~I~J.) J~"
",,~~I 1... 4116Jw JfL,_jS" ~JJI !J)...JI ~I"; j,r.il.. y~_,.,
~I':"~U-- ~..u r
l.... WI \1li.:J~ ~I EW1 ~~~
~ ~~';}:/l ~~-,=,I~l u}_ L.~~..b. LJ!..' -')all
.!J~ cS..iJ1 ~Ii dJ~ eJ . (~)l}"J)1 ~~l::AJ1 _'I~I ~ ~_

\.....:WI J!i.' ~
~i ~ ~IJ ~..\.II !l,.,LJ1 ~I_"; ~ ~
J....w cSr.'.. ~i ~ ~J • ~I ,,~ J 1.l.4.:..;;.)J.,riJ4 ~~ ~L
(1.,r!11:r.;-s ~T U-- ~)4 ~~~I w~bJl~..bJ ~1_,iJ1 J J~
: ~ljiJl ".l._.,. JL:.:i1 _,..l ~ ~ ~..ulJ~ J Ji , (r) ~I ,,1
~~I !I,.,LJI, ~'''; ~ WWI ~.fJ ..>i ~~ Jb.. ~T~J
~:",~ J Pi ~I__,AJI.,~ -.::.....1.,L. 4L1S" ~~\'I ~t;b.JI-,
....c-:-
','_l\J :t.....JJ1 "1 .J,iii
... c.JJ Ub~• ul...J+U 11'- ~~i
. u- . .,lA::&.\

~y::; ..>l ~.,rW1 ~~}I J!.. ~_, ~I'; J 4.:.-a.:l1.".IJ~IJ

J .ut ~I , \...:",)
M.. ~ . ~ ~ r. t..... .rr"q">:t.e.l..:;c..1..::..1b.1·
• ). ~ jib..~ ..
.),,_:JJ I~ ((~I4.J)>>~ J+-1liJA ~AUl...ill ~_,(:JI4.b.)1
..:t,L". ~ J}AJI ("IJJJI~ k....;\J ~ LfJJ . ~~I ~~,
~\ ~4 ~",~I :t._...._ n:iS.rJl JI la vW_;t1 ~ (\)
J.iall .,dt:.l4 I!lJ~J ~4 ;;";1..-.:_/11UJ,) ~I~,\,\ ~_,liA J\ (f'.J_j.

~;t' -. · :A_,,",_ .. '4 ~1 ~~\I ~)1 ~ J.u~ i,S.lH

• ..1A tt;lt....:.-J • Wach, op. -clL. Chap. VI ii~~ cS~1 :tl!....1Jajl (~)
. • ~ ~ <:t.~1 J-~;.J1j t-'.P. JS1....:.n
..f-l4 ~\ ..l7n o~1 j uP)' ~~ u_,J;.:....:.l\ ~ u~l en
~lJ:,~'L..1., Medicine men -! ~~~, e')\J ,j'+.}' y..r..J 0.).,._...!.II_,
• • medi~ men ,IJ.O~ I l*' J-l\ 1.l.eJ ~ u::a _;t\ 0-- rA _,-lcL- J1
tI':.r1 - . '
 ~lS' 1.)1t.&..}.!J1 u~ - ~.)jp ~I~li ~,;t1J':J1 ,;r ~.,,:Jt
~L:,)I J JbJl ~ lS, J!4 :J}ll ~ ~ t.~.04-:; ~I rli:Jt
-;.-i-~k:_JI ~\..,p)IJ($} IS .);r~:J)l1 ~ _,l, JJ~I C!}~I
I,
~J I:r.- ~ ~J
~i • ("". i _'I
"'::+' ~
':t I" • § J.£:.I .::1\
")y4 '-" .JW J
~ lA .....
'-'--=-
l..~
J

.lfAl~ r:r 4l:JI ~_;..JI Lt....\JI ~4 e.i L.Xt. Jt , ~l J_,j

JlCJlltl-W' y r~H!f .;-
J II ~~ -
to,r-A~
0\" l..~tA1>c)_,c ~I~IJ
to

• ..r-&11J..~ d'W'JI ~I
.. I..,;;
<.r ilL..
J""' •

t
.).r.1 _,All (,) i y.#,JA :; JJ:!5 ~I:S u!i~ : ~iJ~aJ'-- - t
~ ~I (,)i,) .J.iJ : ,,~Lr' I..t.::..- ~l) ~fJ :J"p'-)I J J:-T ~I.)

4J6J1·JI ~~I 4J6J1tJA ~~I )~. ~,~ J, ~§ ~Ji

<.)T)J ' !J_,LJI ~lA.. ~ jlS' U!,JJI~t « ~)I l) .,,1 :l.~1
Ji J~15" l!i Lt~1 ~i r-.IS' )J.) J::.tIJ ~ j ..u~...)) J!. ~Jj-T
~T ~,;~J.. If j\fJ t .:41;JIJ 4~~' )~,W U""!,..\A1'

, t?,jJl .I_J.J~ ~J..\i' ~~ lA~'\r .1;.t l.. &-- J ~WI ~I.)~I

\I}>~IJ ~",:JI~ w-- ~J
Jl:()I41L." ~)I .yIA:lI J!._;'
o_;..T ~ a-J , u)L.~1 ;:J~ JI ~ Lr' (S,)j l.... , ~)4 ~~, .
~L.)I d'~~1 J".t IJ,I~I J,I
r..\S")J:J?' ~J •• J;.LI 01::=-'1
~JJI o~1 ?' LS , ~~I tW,J1 (.f' ~~ ~JJI )I.(;~,
. ~') « 1..;AU;.. J.C! ~I ~~ §)I ~I oJ)
I

.<.I'~'JI J)a:1IJ)t>Jl!i !l"wl~~." ~~I~,x....:I1~I

.,i ~..ul ~1_,4J1 U" ~t~~J"AJI ~ ~ ~ L.::i (5';- LS."
.r"~ cY.,..u1~) . 4UJ...., ,.;). J ;.\11 ~ .J.i ~I ~'''''I
See Tonnic" Die Sine, and Durkb.eim, Blsment4r,J FM'TTU of the ( \)
Rliitimu Lij. a.W. Swainct tr., New York, I9I6).
IJ\- Jtr .Ai O)J~ ~~IJ • ~IJ u"~ '1\' .J.P:.II u-e :to" &•

.jt J:::f ~ J' ~'..y' ~ ~ ..uJ . ~~\ ~1..J+il4 ~I-,

Lr ,> l!.r.- clJ~ ~..\i tS;~ ri)ai J .r'~' o.lA ~ I-,~
&)t uJ~IJ . _,..Q.%il~I J ~I t)A J.:U ~ \'1 I~ ~
~I~ r
J.::..!.i tP ~..UJ ~ J~'JLU~I &)t JP ~ u.l."""
'CIJ)~I W~ u..l.4i JlU~\ ~i JI JL!.t q1\ ~ , ~H
b~

~~iJ ,JA ~,;; s.:.J1S" ~ ~ ~IS" t.;iJ , ;~I \' ;j_,.!l~

WI,) u.~_;r '1 ~I ) :UbJ\ o.lla ~t c.S} \.:.it \II . m :i.)iiJ ~li
~I~I ~t ~, :ua.A:J1o.lla ':J ( 4.!1~1 ~~I
! .. ~ J ..\.AI_,.!JI
l,..Jaj ..w \...'-"• UJI I)A
.. J,.. . l.:.J&.
,. d' i y ,"J.i ~ tALiJ
• ..f4J...J LA....f4'-J .• I
!J_,LJI ~l4.. if 4;\..y1 41H' iill J !.l)...JI ~lA.. -s \lJ .~.l.).
• u~- I ':'11~ ~ D!.
. ..\,]I \~t.r .ft l.. J...\it)'1
• 1,,- ~~.) .. ...uU , ~
' ~
JS-w~1 J..i d.:f1~1~li~"\']1 ~, J~ ~t e-,~I IY ~.A.~"
•.:v. JjJ ;~;u;..J~.) ~~ J&- - ~.)~ ~ ~I ~I o~
• ('0 .r'I.:.J I '.r

.jU'J1 J) &)t .l;...: ~_,s-JI ~u.., ~A' ~ e_jb:.:Jl J'lUiA

~ J _j; ~1_,4f1 o.:v. ~T ~ ~IJ ~~I !l_;....J1 ...\il_'; ~
u\""'1
. , ~ ~I WW I".,!l.r--~.
.. c.r- J 'I lA... ~I.i. I~.....Ifl~ ~ , J.
~~ rlJ..l} JI..)JI ~~., u-II Jlp ...ei_,:1IJ~1.b."J t~1

Spencer, op. cit.; III, 152 <\)

: J ~ ~.,,:-' ..u :uu.:J\ • ..\..e ~ 1 .J.i:..j (n

H.S. Maine. Ancient Law (with Introduction and Notes by F. Pollock) London
John Murray, new edition, March 1930).
~I J_,t ~I~I~ ~..ul .)s.1~1 uj ..\iJ • y-UI ~1..u:.:.1\1
~ d'ji \..~ ~jl_;jl ~T~I. ~I Jo..\fWI !l~1 ~LA..~
. ,,:,,1~)'I,y ~ if~ !l?<.I'41~f)A'
iJA eJl,;Jt ~ ltJ ~.4J1 ~bI1' J' j-t..dl J~I f~ - ,
"-=" ~I~I .G ~l ~J - ~JJI ~I_,AIIc)l : r~YI _,.Ui.t.
u~L~lI ~) L. e;-~ ~ ()A tj~ u.l>f - ~b.J.I JI.
o~\AJ1~l) UJ • 4..:il;.. Wlj.,.?J U~.i ~ ;;~I ~~\fl.
..u l.ii r,5J \.:.it; 0: ~ :uaL,' )) JI ~ ~IJI.J.--! ~ ~I.

:LJ~~ ~l....~1 J,.,r!ll ~J' pI Js- ~ljJl o..)..L.AJ1

U.).a ..

~U ~ jS'~1 ~~~..lJ1~l GU;~J

.. ~I )l! ~ o.J.F-ll.
uL'_.h"IIJ ~1 ~I J ~.b'-". J) iJt4;.Jlj L._, L:..,.JIi.
J ~I ~ ~)~ J.i uti . ~~':/I o~1I ~I~ J ~II
J Jt.;1 ~I :;...h"11J c,)L-;~ _I. II
~... ~.J'::': J~. t.;~ 4.Ld1 ~"~l4:.J11
J;- LdI)IJ r~1u~ J;- 4l_,l...JJ ~I ~I)~I rl~\f

~)JI w\>t ~L;.I ~ J~ ':J ~ rlJJI .j~ 4.:>- J~1.

~..b.r:UJljAJ' (\) ;-\11 c.J)J1 _pJ ~o_,_i )JJ...A J' ~u......:u_
LS U!...ll\ r'"'~ J,.,._ w I~LJ I .:.J IS' utiJ'JI ~ ~ s JJ • J-.:.I ~
,:r ~ (5;..t uliJt ~ ~I.:;II uDlf~1 ~ :t.WI u~1 ..;.it)

~LIi.. (~ J (Ju,,)lJ 46. J WJ - t~1 ~ ~ t...;,)l.....

• <f) ~ I~ U,,_'-J Jtb. ~J ~...ul.)~~.

oJ.....a j CJ.}j 1,)1 • "..._ill_, :t:o>~ tl Jr. ~ u.a r~1l (\)

~.;&1 _ • ~1 ul,& ~ .)_,-.ilu ~\.:u
See, for eumple. J.M. Yinger, Rlligion in til, StnIU" Jar POfIUr (y)
~ N.C. 1946), Chell. V.
~l..u !J."LJl ~IA..J U!.~I ~ ~I .,J.,. ~\.i ~j (:-J

~':/~ U-- l~ ~ GU.l) \!.r.-- ~J" ~l:--~\ r:r -is JJ YJ:'-

• ~\ ~U:a1\ ~I) o~~~.) J.f~ J.,.J.;J -....Ai W!..uJ ~':/

.\S o,;::-ll.:,~)\>\tl ~ ~ U!.~I~I J_,i11~ ~t ;"'~J

~J uUJI ~~ J ~ ':/J. U!,..lI\ J..~ .~~I u~~':J1 ~
.\-0,; <.)!.JJI J ,.I}~JI UI r ~. ~ ~~, u~\ J ~~\
.1..r.J1 ~l ~ ~J t.WI ~b'll J "'}~J\0'>'" -b-i ~~l,;r
.•
L J ~.':J J~M. , ~ 1
I.r~ . U
.. ~l) ($
.lJ I ~~~
- L II .. •

"~~IJ
,,4)
.·..,.JJI ~...
'-'H ~
. -'1\ u-..JM
-':_AI-"II ~~ "Lr'~1. ~..bJ1 til
~l...:tJ.; •

- -"1\
-wIJJ-"' e cLtb-JI"
. ~cs":.. .·..IJJI~ \.fM
_-I
-"""'..
WI ~~I r..,.i ~. J
.J
• \S' .!JL:..J...• ~ \::-jJ._r. II ~ L....\I, ~ . J\!. ;;~.... I ~..ij.. Ij t.4b;J
It
I

."'! L:S" J ci'.) d uSL._"., t"_';')1 ,~ J ~.lJ1 _,.;,~

.~ JJlI ~ ~ (,).)l; ~~ .J.:-' o)il "" « ".JJ I ~ _,J J::-' _,....»

~JJI ~l.:J1 ~,~ ~~~~)\>i~lt.I.)";"~\y'l:S_'

.J. '''':" ."J ~l..,...T)1 ~ c: ~ §;~,~ cS.iJ1_raJ1 J
~I .. ~':l\ ~I.j dJ')J ,
.. I:......iJ.r.tJ IJ
t:; W ~~ I~.. c!UJS 6.;1S'
, ~I (4- r:fJ , Jl4i':J1 ;,;r ~ ,.,.1J1 J~ rL.:.':I1 ;s1
, J-a:11J-HJ , ~J ~ ,)jJl t.~_, , ~.~I ~__,.:.....lIJ

ci)1 JJ . ~L....,.,T)I~~\ Jt'CJ}1 ~ ($"- U.)~ J~l41S'J

. . .
L)A • ..ti-s b~ , w~~..L.a:JI ~ .~ f .r,::S ~__>;~ ~ \S'. (,$.11\
~l::.....rJ.d1 \~ .. ~ ~)I ~l J&- :y1S' ~,)i ~.".~ ~\:.:,(11
""t r
 ~ _;:II~~..vlJ&- ~ r J!l' « ;W~t » ~~"Y1- ,.
l. .::.f>. :
,~l::-;'_'r.11 ~I , J&- ~l..J1 tJOylJ JbJl .:;l.S" LS ~~l.W"
.J.col..J1J ~ ..ul !J-.r-
N • 1 'I ~I
..Ji". ~ WWb• ~"l_"l' 4...u.:w::::..:.. l:.bl-.,··
b_.J',It If Tt&.L.::..'1loli}l.
,. . _ c.:r-' ~ I~IJ ,~w,.c.
("'~r- .. ..T
<~I
.r' J~\JI., .
t,w,IJ J~ tjl.::1l~IJ . ~~I J.,i t~ r.~ J ltd' ~ -tilt·
J~~I~ (~o~ t~1 JT) « ~4\'1 » ~ ~I J'1Ji-
~'!L". .. c.r 'I
l_..J ...I.:....;J.r.~ "ldjl J LJlt
.. J" (.~l..:>':ll
~. !l-t~ n JT}~
J~ ~.\J':uL.!i1 ~i J.lJ4 ~ ~ 4..J . ~I ~A~

J~I I~ J L:J i¥' u'1':1..u1~J « ~I J..:&. ]) ~I I_~".._...t·

.;.c....... ~ , ~'il r cr ~IJ ~lJ ~L.:.:JlJ HIp.~.l~ »,

J~ ~J ~l::i)\>T ,y "'! ~ I... e ~.Jt\()1 ~I 4U.:

~ J=i.,:J1 J&- ~ ~)JI ~.:w.J'« ~Y"t o~ ~~, ~

. m ~I (J)J d....GJl ~..\JI ~\YiJI.

J J.! ('1..::.1 cS~ ~u~~J.J-S ~ d.)J1 rWI J ~ -UJ

V' ~l.:~81 u~~~lJ « u~J_,.tJ.IJ J~)I~ )) o~c..J1ul~t,
...II
, 4._"_...III--.AJb ...; L. ~W:i..
~ ... if <..AI..f"'J•':/1 • ~\
_,r:>d J...~ 6.;1 ~~

~':t~'11 ~~\ ~,~ V" ~..u \..J ~J.l1Jll oJ~ Jt

See Weber, The Protestant Bthic and th, Spirit of Capitalism (T. ( , )
panolia. tr., New York, 1930).POt appraisale of Weber'! thesia, see R.H. Tawney'lI
lntroduction, ibid.~ and h.iI Religl'on 4nd till Ris« of Capitalism (New York;,
:1:926),and Yinger, op. cit., Chap. I IV.

Quoted. from the Introduction to John Dewcy'B Human Narut. and (Y)
Conduct (New York, 1922).
~L...'J..u~ ~~I (.$.I...J • « ~..bJ1 ~I J ~~I
. ]) til-i'il
"

.e ~\G §J ('j~ ~W\'I ~ (.$~ (""I~JJI

M" J I.G~Ic)X :WW'i1
_

if.).:J1 u~J . ~ ~f ..: '~c,;II ~$L..JI ~.J "",t:J1 ~~b...

~~ c)t .. ~~I .At ~ <S.t ~~I ~li , ~LJ~I J1> ($.in ~ ...ill~t

,J-- J.J ,,,~I ~ \.JS" ~~ § ~ IJ>li ~ ~lJ b..Po.,tA .:u,

.t:A ~I I~J . (\) q] \._,-;! ~T Js- ;~I J-ar ~I ~I~t

,J'; L. r~l if ~I JI ~JS ~ ~ o- « JW~I ~.ill :»

,UA~I ~ t5.P l..J , JIj,_, ~IIJ ' ~4 4.A1.:l, ~I
_JJ:. (,)"L:JI ~ ~ ~t Js. I.J.A~ ~ ~,~~ ~~ L.J, ~

_,i <.?.JJ\ ~~I ,_,.,L...t ~ '.J ~~ '11J~)'I ~I_'; 1)4 ()"t....l

~.I.. J W'll ~.lll I~_' . r~ ~ Yo ul~1 _,t ~..u, ~~l

. '""~ \fIJ ~~, , ~I ~liL!:S'"'.J4 r~~Yo'
~ c)t ~ 1 rJ' : ~~I ~,-=,)\io~'J",JA;I~ ~..a...-11~JJI - ~
~~ I~ ~..ul c)t) I~I !J_,LJI ~LU-, U!_JJI~ ~~I t.jl::J1

.~ ~~J , 4...)'IJ:U.~:jjll~ §j ~L!JI ~U)tl ~Uu if (.$~

~IS' I~I <!'u.lS"J , ;;";1)1 Jf~ ~l:J1 "'I~ r:r ,~}.~~~ ~

..,;_; u_,)i.l1 o,l,. ~ ~ I~J • ~.1_,t \:l~ ~ ;;ty I..\a:-A
~~I..la.sl
.. • • J.)
J"&.J:I'Ayo'-t\ ~
M Ie: ·~
c.;- •~
...
<.rHII ~I
M
; .r:
~lAIl

.bJl..!l1 • .1. r-4 » ~ I..\S'Y ~I-, ~.rJ1 JI ~)l()1 ..w, ~

!.)~ ~t ~.,)jl ~l)J . « cl:I~ J ~I ;;~ U,.,.... 4...~1 _,l

Burtt, op. cit., p. 376. (\)

.. (u!~\ ~1 ou.::;\ ~J.n w ~\ ~ 0.Jl:--!1 • .lA ~ j1 J)

~;1'-
rtt
 WWI ~..., ~I)-" t~1 cl...W" JI c.rl..vlJAWI )Lall;:i§ j,t.
~:JJ I J.i ".it '.JII~ ~,)~ ':J ~, ~l....J'.Jl )~ j~ lA s_,AI~,
.,).,P.-jJ ~ (J_A ~t JJ.N 'J ~~IJ "..ul OJJ~I.ul:>~'J'~'
~ ;;r ~ ~ (Jt d' ~..vl ~.fJ.. 4J~1 I:I~ JJ , lS-,-!~I.
Jt ~~;}JI ~ ..b.l)1 ~I J J~J~I ~ jt Ji , .;.:r
~L..:JI \~(f~ LS. ~.f~r j"~t)A~" ~xjllS~~
• JAJI JI .J.:::....,.; 'J ~~I :iii.. ;, o~ ~)j ()..iJ1~I.

c.i_;J1 rWI J (n u_,.:.::iI ~I ()_"s:J1 u~ ~JJI ~l ..\AWl i)Aj

, (Y) \)l...'JI" ~"" .. ' II" ~.,).Hdl ~ , ~.~I ~j~ J ~I~~
~ .)1.) lJj , (f) ~~I 4;~..\J1~ ~~ o..b.l"(;~,) Ji\'1 ~J'

,~t <S,J c.U~ o- ~I ~" • (t)LL.:) 1 JI ~,) _,l d':.r Jit

~J,) , ~)I ,,1:i..'.'iII elWI ~ JI ~~~I ~t J ~.
t'j JI ~ u)t>'J1 c,SJi~~~1 ~ J" ~ L. J ~W
·~(O)~.,b.U~~; IS-I.J.¢" ~~t ~~\) ~)J • c,S.JA')'

. u.1J.&.I.... 'J..,..:.,,4;Jf ,r.S'r lei~ o._r...:ll~ ~I~..ul ulA...JAJl~

J'JWI~}' ~~~.">';JWI",,)1 ~~ ~lS.lJl ~J..IIJ'
!1)-J' ~1.Jj o- ~.J~ o~ ~ c: ~ ~ c.rl:J1 fl.. jl.

~.;1' - .« oL:J ) J-\jl j (\)

~ j-11_ • ~.)_,.1;. ~ .."Lr ~ ~r (T)
~ ;1' - . u)L.~ i.l~ t.P r.JA1 ~J.j ~~~ 4.i~.) (i)
cli~.ll' o..u, tyt <> t;~,
y5'1 ~~l' r~ 1)1~1.) (]A <9
r:L-'Jl ~":Il ~,} 4-ii ~Li~.ll'~ ~.)Li u=J' L:LJl J!11 t.P ';}'
~ .rt' - . :i .'. l I".
F.S.C. Northrop, The Mllting 01 Bast and W"t (New York, 1946), (0)
especially Chaps. IX and X.
·J...! ~T (JbJl o.lA J ~~.,G,. 'J U!_.AJIIJ.".~T J} . Wl;J1 :t..ibJ\
J~ ~ ~WI ~.;:11 ola .,J (Jp ~t ~ ~T ~I , ~~T ~lbJ-
..p.'JJ · .)L..l~\ 6~ J ~\ u~L:...U ~I ~I_,AJI,)~ ~t
....\&.1"';
~I ~.)T ~_,n J~I J J6..l1 cJl) lS c.)"l:.Il;s1
:~ 'J ...u l:S" I~IJ. ~)IJ J~ ~I ':"L.:i~T v-J ~,) ~.)-
.}S1 J~I 1.iJ:. ~Ii ~.kIJ\ rWI J 4.liS6J1 ~~~..\JI ,> 1.)~
~..L.4! ~ J~ ':.'1~ If I~IJ . b.L...Ai I ;S~I uU~..lllJ;- lil:1l t
, ~I ~IJ.I ~ JI ~) ~ ~I I~ ~\.) t...- 41 )6... <!U~
.s.r ~ 4,;;" .'. I.)j'&I• ~~
""1 ~ •.•'"' I
ti~'
..
c)t• ~~. • "'"I';~I cs-
I~ ,!jl..:
""'fl'

• \ _iAj c)l ~I ~ ~T _,.!11_,~I t...JL....J

~~I JI ~L., J~ J ~.r!t: ~I •.)WI, ':'yWI ~

.&)_,.;UJI ~J , ~J..vl o..uW~..vl (JjUI ~ p.. c,;J1 t.,l:;J1
-..t:f ~,,_AJI~I - ~~I ~I J o-L>J o\fl)J tJA UZ ~J.JI
.,J "ii....:J1
~ , d'~ 'JI .!J)-JI ~u.. ~J • ~J.,r!ll

,§J_, ,I ... ~ ~I J J~ LS ~1a.l ....JI ~~

wl_I~1 ~
~ ~I o~J • ~_,.; J ..L..) ~L:JI J ~jUI .If,- II~

_~~I ..\&.1";" ~W\ ~_,;liIl J.&.1_,4J1~ )L,l; I..b. r'} ~T VA

.1J~ lIaj.:.i:iu~\ I)~ ~I_,d' .)}JIlt::J1~~I ~\J}\"T
~~I ~I-ili rJ' fit Jl ~.);"':i ~ J~ ~\J . ~ ~~I r'~
'4,J'lAi ~J..\fl ~I'; u . ~ 4.La:.:L1
wlj~'J1 Jl J_,AII ~"l
~_,AJ~ ~I .)~ lil~l.T.'" "pUr ~ ':JJ . JW\ C""'''~
.clLr ~J ~J..ul 41.L., ~:Pi ~\ J.&.1,j4JI ~ JJ;..; ~t ~ ':JJ
,ft"\
 .~_'~'JI~L-JUJ~I.:.CIJ ~I .::..l:l(JIJ ~JJ~'~ ~ ~~
, J..4A'1Lr ~I I.i,. J ~..\;i," fI' ... ~.lJ1 (~'JI -,' ~_,i l4H".
~ ... ~LG.\ ___,
.. . 4JI
.. ~J ~J..ul,~ ~.lJl jjlAll ~ ~
• (\) ~ ~ ~~ 431 )~4 ' ~~J LeI&. ~~

u~ r.r'1.k.1_,AJ1 ~~ .)_;14I1 : ~,;WJ .;:.11 u...Jt - ,

~,JIaJ ¥.r.J1 ~'J6J1 ~ ~_, Ip_;$J (lJ~1 f6... ~

~ILr clI.l5" ~i ..).iJ ' ~I ~I,)WI J-!r .~~ ).)~ ~.
r~,r'S ~ tli.Ul' t..Sb.:.. J~, ~ ~ :ijJ..ij1 u~,~'J
. .)~ _,i .).fkl.".. , ~lb ~II

.t~)II~J...b,L;JIJI.)jLw ~L:JI ~)L.:II ~.)T L.I-J.¢'J

~c.S.lJI ,\t.;J1 v-} ~T LStpl W-, rLG..T')_""" ~ .)jl4J~,
~I_,.JI II-b~,r~~:ijl';"';~Ii.))l4J1 ~J' ~L,-'J L. ~ ifljT
(fj~ L. ~i .)jlAJIJ ' Ua;..,JIat, ",;,lO_,I ,y- #-' JW~I~.

I~J - .:11)\11~ ~lb ~I j A ~I ~1_,4J1I)A t_,i ~i'

~L.::,..'1I
'- ' ..~)· ~ . "'~iJ j.tlA1l
j Y_J,r. J'
..t.U~liblo..b:i
" , ' J~ -
~~\'I !l_,LJI .u.lj .)t ",:,~I ,.'1jA ~J..J ..I",_II~ (~)IA1I.
,;:'6.11 ciJI ~ \ .J~. ($.lJ1J..-li u~I
J .),Ji1.4l1 ~ j ~_,i:
,'.~I.)4I1 ~.ia ~ ~ ~.)Xi ~ .)j\4J\ ~_".JU.. ~ ,ClJ.iI_,.
ojili;;_,.;ru tJ.ri1 ,I~ \'1 .)t JI.)_,;lAl4 ~I..\>i )L!i J,iJ'

~L.J)I ~)_,1,Ir.'J1 ~~..\A:LI ~'c:.r 1l~11~1 »~ ~..b.,

WI." ~J .).,,;\&11
~'J ~li ~..\:IJI ~;JI uL._,GJIJ ~~h

Sec R.M. Maclvc:r, Th' Mod.mStat, Ozford, (19z6), Introduction ( \)

aDd Chap, VIII, Uld the laDle author'. The Web of Government (New York,.,
, 1947);, Qlap. IV.
 ~t J:.i I)A \.).Po'_,.. .jIS" ~
~ _;::.,_, ~.) ~'IL'?~~~ ~,;1iI I
\,);..,.,.. ~lS"~' JJ J. - cUl~1 ~.riJ ~LOI JfL...)I41J..uI
.~t lolA ~J • <\>« ,,_,All il~)I ~..:,~ ~y ~l ~,:r
,j ;'.,4'11 ~1_,4I1 (f l..l.i I_r.....~ r uJ)aJI ~ ~ :'_;lAJI
,;.I'~ u;J c)f ~ ':J ~J • ~I ...\$.I"AJIJ 411 ubWI
~ .''&'
,... v L:J ~ ~ ... l..l.r ;;,~ .. L:J.;,:., .."",."
_I!. 1';1'11 ~~I
•.
. . II-

~.J.:JI ~I J ~jlilJ o..r.:J1~IJ ' ~I~ ~J.) ~ ~'-ll

,~I ._'; ~..1' j ~IJ , ~ ~)I J.,,_:JI_, ~I ~ J J-¥
• <y) 4'ljJJ1 ;;UI

~.~ clIj,f ~I o.)lJj : ~1 i.)UlJ i,j:011 a;_,..sl _ ,.

'~;,\Al' r. ~t J:y.) Jl_,p)rl ~T j ~ ~_'.o~1 :t...:,~1

,.I.r.-I I.;§ ~::r ~~ ~I o.)WI ~Lt :uJ...u1o_"A: J:1.!. ~'J

.r.~l J ~_...., ~)..d4'# ~J ;;J,) ~~I ~ <\)~ ~J

.~I o.)WI ~.I . -q~ J,t ~ "t .;~y ~.) ~ ~JJ-,

.)~ ~k;. ~ !l1;A ~ ,:Ii. IJ~ _p:J rWI J.:l1 t..u4

I~~ ~t _,t ul"",::- 'l'U 1..1_e1~I l.,d.i., &)~ "",l:.U _r41/~1
..~I r Y.. ~~l4l.1 ~I".. .~ _,t ~~I r..b.l (( ~~lj")'l :&

.. (r> ~ .... :rl r r~ ~~'.JfI~1 JI. (J,;JI -,t ..b.~1r.J! _,t

~~'JI !J_,L..JI..\c.1"';.~ ir ~1Ali ;r':11 ~ ~I wbWIJ

.F. Pollock, Firat Book of Jurisprudence (London, 1913). London, 1923). (,)

..Po~ various
. definitiOQSof law and lomewhat" ,diifel"Cl1t
,
conciuaiona, see (y) ,
_N, S. TilnaBhett An Introductitm to th, SociDIDgy of Law (Cambridge, Mass.~
I939), Chap, XII, and G. Gurvitcll. Sociology of /;ar» (New Y,?rk, I942). pp. so-fio•
.::i • .. ,n "". ~~ ~_,.J' :i\ !Jl QA 0...1••• :: ...... 1.\ ll!...~I~· L:.. \.!..t..u (r)
~ ;11 _ • ~.;.n
'f'V..
..:f' ~ ':"1r.1?-JI ~ ~t '11 - I)~I t....wl ~(.,JI J_,
d' ~J~ ~lfI,lf."~\ . U,:.ll o_,4llil~~ ~.,";JI ~j lill ':"1~1.r.--
~_,jl~l.:-:ll )ii~~)1 ~ uf~'.JI.1.:wJ\ ~ ;,)~ ~ua...
.P ~\..
\:il ~JJJ ~_,ljJ \:......~ 411ubWI [.;...JJ ( 0 ~.)

1(" • LIT!' W:ili. • t . ('" . 'J ~..b. lA i~ J

JJ~!J .)J.i Vu---:.
~cJ~ .... J N' f ..
~I o,)WI~ ~ ~I ~)JI Jt , I,j.~ ~~~ c)A ~L:...
~r~ ~t JI ",:,L;-.!11,JAJ J:l11 J» ~ .)~I tP UA l;J~T
~L.t
... .)~ -J!.IIJ 1;.t-JU ~~..r.
_"It .. t, t.;t ~bWI o~~.J ._r.J1
~~I ~ l..l:&.J • ~~IJ 'ik.;JIJ~J6tJI_" ~~I ~" ~

~.;it (.$~ d'~ ~J)J 4.t,~ lJ,,;tJ ~~_, ~~I '11~ '1
, ~ t t.i..(J1
... t •• ~~
'. .... H j ~ _~J
u-
• ~WI :Lt..~
....
'11wl)~1

()!..u, w-I1 Jl:) ~ 'JI ~~l4::;.1 ..b~ '.J_, ~.) II-~I '~J,) ~t
.~ IJ~,IJ..u1J&- ~lll (>jJ ~

~L. ~bJl ~ : ~..urJ1 ~~, .J ~. ~w, ~lj( r$

LlI..y1 ~4')1 JI.J->~I J cU'1~~[j t))~ t_,..!J~JI O,)~
.!J_,LJI~~ ~I•• •
A,lWIJ _rJ.. U JrI!q~.1.. fJ"'"
N 111& J . (h_J1
J '" J
.<\f~t ~ o~~ ~li~,j&- \ ~JI~I ~I ~I . ,)I)~I;;I.:-- J
~ ~t ~ '1J ~I 11-':1;' v-- Jf_,
J ,:j,._;"~1 tr: )_,~
~ t4&.~ V' _,f ~~ ,WI ~i)l.,t dl.:Jl~,)b..~ oJb c)I
.~. ~i .)~\;J\~., . .v\}t ~J ~ ~ 4....,)4 ~.lJ\.c.r~":J1
.o.)Wl~li. ~ ~~! ~bl&..u ~'1 ~~ c:1'J ~I .I.,i,.J!.. J

.J ~.l:.A J5' ~ .ylA:J1~ '~l 0_';.~ .~~I)J ~ ~I

~~ lS, ~~I_'J ~_,4>,~~t t)A ~'J(i ~jJ ~~~ o'l::>

·\pJbJ ~t...:J1 yll1..., ~J ~ ~ ~~J ;Ylk...~ J:i_,:ll c):-

-~t'~
ij~J ~I J' ~\~\ J\'p"~11)" ~1l.J5' s . (\) (5;.i ~ ~
L~.~I ul,)W\~I_'; JI u~ c.)l ~, J ;~1 ~~ 1)'4'

• dy
"\i er... ~• ":}I <rI... j
!l-,
..r-"o.)J"b. ~\....::...\
.._.. . ~I ",
.,.
'-:'~ i!ll:.A :~, • .,UJ~ ..)_,iw, ~ t)' ~ uU_ ,
~..bJ\ ~1 J ~I ~.,W~~jli11 ~ . ..)t JI y$;~
.~L

p:t ....~I o,)WI ~\S'" U : ~ij.. aJU"" Jt ~bJl_ YJ'

, ~I rl1.:.ll J.r jT t_!.;;JI ~~6. J ~ '-:'~~_,ili ~ J~

~_;A> if tli~1 ~ ~ cS~1 u)JI JI J(r a:>i ~I ~
')!J~.1;..~.)i ~ ~ ~\ o.)WI~,I. .}-'J1u)J1 ..w, ~
~t c)A cS.lIl ~I .JA IJ.,.J • ~ ~~ .,t ~ ~4'~ J}
J~ ~ ...
I tA,}1 .:..t.....::.-llJ
MOO • ~
~\l1 r..r.--II L. e>._
J..;. 411 ..
,-!? ~I !l.)WIJ ~I.)\!JI ..)~~ c!l.!)f ~j • ;~~II ~JJ.I
cS.l11 ~}I J ~L.::JI,)I)f ~ ~LA..:.;Ai ~41)a..;,1 ~ ~
C¥' J ~ ,j&- ~ [Ai.. ,rJ 1~ .)\')j ~WI O~ ~ cS.}

B. Malinowski in Oritn, and OIurmn in Sat.JttpSod.ry (New York~l:~6) •

.;tt Ub;... O~y-- J; ~ 4-e.A.t ~, ~.) 'Jl ~U I!U~ e"'''

:"Ld':,U ~;\An ~_r.::J\ 0'" u-:l" =i ."..,.1\ obL.Jl ~
ct. Timashcff.l ope cit., pp. ~7S·~8:l:·
uWJ1-
~ _,lJ!J_;i'Jl ~ O~J ~_,;..)L. ~1 .)? ~1)\ ~ ~~.)
',.e!!J ~~ ;} ~\_';' .)1 o~.? ~ _,in 01.)1..l1 J ~J.r.. ~~ ',I'
~1~ 41,) ~ u_,l~J ,_sw,
.cL..!.H .J.t.t- ~ ~\_,AJ' or. u}~t.
~ ;1' .....~\~, ~Lo~n ~ J:i,.t1 =4--_,ill o1,)l.n ~ ~ ~u
 ;"Uu ~
:O_,.;JI ,§Y.. ~jli JI r)'1 (~ 4J~1 a~ JJ . ~I
• <\) ,.\....) ~I;I(JJ') ~WI ".lA' ~ ~~
,~~ : '~I JI_PY' "tj' t;!.,.J1 Jt1_,;h J' ~bSl - ':JU ,

J~ ~.*;'J o~1 JIJ>\11 ~J ~ Ji,.; ~i 411o.)WI

~\;,wl ~lG 4"~I ..r.f. uli~1 .1;..~ ~ ;-Lkil u~1

~y. ~l..:Jl.Pl:l1 ~I i.f' ~~ ,)I)';ll ~ ~J 4"~1

~t ~ ~I JI.,p-\II j JaAi -';:kJ ~IJ J:',) ~I ;,)WI,.,• \~

~J • ;~~I §WI ~ J 4&.~ ~..l4J1":'"dL...,)1~ ¥

~~ I.. ~ o~ ~..l4JI~L.)JIJ 41~1 o~~I~L.~1 ~
, o.,\,,.b.~...L4i
.. ... u~,)~1
_ ~ • L.~ ~
.r+: cj' ,)WI ~'..r::1,J 1~"I~q J
~~ ~ 'Jti11~I."AJI(.)A}ar tYJ ~~.~~ JI ~bJl up
~ ;~~I tW.J~1 if ~l:J1 ~6J1 J....J ~I:;.. ~ ~ WIJ
JJJ o')Wf wI> ~ ¥. « J)JI J ~I ]) ~I'; ..::..;IS ..!..d
~I; I)-" ~~I o~~ Jl_poi ~t!; ul)~1 ~?-' I..~
r'.br::,..,1 (JlS' .J!,)I) 1 JU:;":/ Jl'11 \~~I J G.\).i) • JJ.rU o~~
f~1 ~I .1..,)ljl ~~ J L~' c,~ L.~ ~J ' I._p-..!}f..J1
c: ~• .. j' j jJ.L-AJI d
""'~
,..
($" ~
~ ":/
J
• o"\'..l...>u!'"
.. • ~
A"

,~~ L \~ 4ii e ~..bJ1 oJ~1 ~ ~~ ~I O~~\ ~I~I

. ~6Jl ol. J!.o J 4..jjU\ o~~1 eJ.:i1.,4l1W'"'" J Jklf
.,).p.-J £;..liW.1
u~1 J~~ : a.Lo~ ant'" JI ~bJl _ l!Jlt
,~
~
lC"'t ~ ~ -!JJ ~
..J --...
u~k. • J".
~~1 u\.U.
•J
~ .rJ.
JJ I~I ~6J1 ,,~ J!t J c.SJJ.raJ1v..i c.!.lJ~~J • 411 ~I,)~

See J. Dickinson" "Social Order and Political Authority", A~lJr;canPoli- (\)

.tical St:i",CII RlfJjIJw.XXIII, (I929). 324 fl•

.~"\
~I.~.~ ~t...;,J!.e ~I ~ ~J~.;,.r o..b.l_,o~\i~"
. ~_; l4J1JI .~~'JI o- ~ ~ ~I J ~~I _;;L(; _,i
._,u, J' -"4:;J" ~. l o\",:.~ .sa,"" JI ~W\ - ~IJ
~y''J c.r'1 Jt"p-~I J l.Ali ~t ~ ~I o.)WI jl : ~\l

it ~~ ;_,All b..iJa ..:,.;l5"t ~I ~.

~ ~ H
:l.Ji.:... ~l.:-I
....Y 0 .. ~..

•~ ..~.J\~I~WI ~.~ ~ )111...\c.1_,i~·; _,ill D~ J!.eJ . ~.)~I'

~J..i>~~jJl-, ~I o__,AI1
~I) ~ t.lh JfL.J ~I o.)WjJ'

:')Ai ~~ f6J WI.) j'p'"~. ~ ~~. LY.,..iJ1~_, ;~I'~

u4i J ~ i--Y._ dJt iJA ~)4 ~14l1_' . d'li _,l ~ J~

. .;..\ ~
._,.~~ "I) ~ t~~JlJ 4 .... :;JI .:..bWI ~ tlj ~T
J·<.)!.)_,..dl ~I_,AJI~IJ ~~ Ihi~J . ~.Ji\i c!~ ~~ ~lJI'
. ~)~J <.i1)~J ($'.)'" J!.e r-.J.A11~WI,

JI.J>~I ~ \;~W .: oJ,._d"j";W, e'..;.r!:11 ~U;J - ,.

J_,JJ\ J ~.yJ o- ~ T_},: l.. ~Y c.L)_,ilAJl .Al.".. _,-m ~I

~bJl..w J._..la:JIJ ;.)~jJ l.fl') ~~ ~I_,;JI ~~" . ~~i,
I.:u.·
. ~~J .. . ~I;JI ~)'b.J1 J uLLk:.:lI
... J 1 ~~I
M'
u.'ilyotl J.

u,)T ..\;J'. L-::i_,;L;JI[_'~4 _;>'.J1 ~IJ _,.!~I er:J1 :u,L~

~.)T \.S , ~~_r.:J1 JI :m~ 4.; I...;,i JI ~ ...bJ1 ~U\ .:..IJ_,1:Ji
lS l;,)~ J ;~~ ~'_';cr JI ~.).iJi 4;\1.11J ;~\'I .:..1)."kJ~
.;,)~j J ~L _;...i J.-l:. .!J~~. J..-.ii·· ..ll J ~;n JI <$,);':-'
JI (!::-r ~ ~ ~i t, ~I ~\ 4.i ,YaJ ~1_,AJ14~
J_, . ~I ~GJI Ja.:...;, e \~~.
~.~~ JIJ ~~ ~_,A3

J c,S,)WI wbl_,J.\ tjt J.i o~\ ~ JJJI o~ _,.J ~t ~\

c.J.:i1__,4)1
)~I JI o~ L... C4~J .ul~ ~.,-, lJS" ~~I ~~
• ~_,il.ill J ~LA;."';II -,1 ~6J1 ~ ,)~"JI JI ~~ ~I..v'"

4..w,l:> ~ t: '~I '-'!,r

r» .. L.,y ?III
i \.:,.MJ
..db• ~~I
-
JJ..DI~ ..\.iJ

..\4, '1 '. ~

J .. ~ ••
~T;;.Jl'\All l-::-----"
~ ':J c.r"'1 )_,..~ ~ · !Jl:.. ~l
J ji..lJ1..J1ul::i~)'1 J1 ~I o,)WI r~ r~ ~T ~ rtc. ~ ~
-~~bJ.I~J..-!~I-~I.J.!A"\j'~~~ _,.;. F-'
.... }.': 'I~ L. J)J ~I~I J~t c.:t ~..eiJT ~,)~I..\4::- Jl>~-,.>
,~)t;J1 ~I ~t:J1 tJ4 ~ u~IJ .b~ J"~ ~l .]A ~jlAJI.

Jl.w)'1 Gll; , l.il~ J Jw.~1 ~ if ~I J) ~ t!.lJ~ ~ _y.".

c)&- jjl4ll ~A "';Io.l..J [-,)1 Js- 4f1~tJ ~ I~~' ..l..:tJ ,.;JI.
JI!J.I cll~.JA I~ u)2i ~.,~ Y.. "';It!,.~ "J~)J . ~ i;; >:...
~JI.
..l.AA;J , ~tJ tJ)1 0jJ1 ~I ~l:-ll ~I l:J ~..u c.>.lJ •.
~lbL ..w....J
t; ~y.
'IAJ~ l:;~1 ..• J. LJUt
'J""I UlWl
~ .. e: c!U.l.
r
t ~~ •

L...,~IJ ')J..bu (~ '11 \t1 ~ u=J1(JJbJ.1 ~ :UJ..\J~

.::,.1..1.
:;".ll J!.. .)I}~I J.;.&. ~1..uIJ Lt;J1 JUI ~ oJa:-l~
~ c)A ~J~ :l.= . :}_,_I1 ~J) JJ ·~bl:J1 L.>t...J ~..u~
~US-l~ e,i ~l ~u,;,...1 ~ )t.. ~I 0t ~ ~_,AJI ~f)~
~~ ol~t~jlAll ~I . ~ l.JJJ ~.~~J..ul '::".)1) ~I ~~~
. t..)~J ItrIJ...\i .)~ ol.)~1AlA ...
4.......b.,
- : d"ll _"..:.II J.&- ;;jl.4U "r.C1 Ufll;_,J1 ~ &)1~J ,

J'.P'~IJUA~I c.rl:.ll ~ ~ ".ill ~L.1.j1 rU2;J1 4.l ~ - ,

. '1.)i&. ~j.i if}H ~j.i JI ~I •.\U

u~4'1 Jt .)I)~I ~ ~ tjl;::J.1e'WI ~ ~~I - '\'

~ I". ._;
f.r.
"'I J 1 .jJstAll ~~•
j W; I~Io: • .. ~t ~~
. C'" • .J I;~

c:=~1 Yf - r
 tAli J,) u=JI u'J~1 • .L..,. ~ ~J • 1Y.,.f-':J1 eLA.. ~ s:1~'
I~ y ~ ~.lI1 ~~lA:j~1 tl..,..a11J!. ~\.:...lI ~li ~;..l~N~
....tj..l .jt ~ ~.wl u~1 J ,JjJ . ~j~1 ~I~I ~ ....
. (\) C"" IJ J \.hi J&- ~ ~ C!-r:u s:L:-:J ~I j ~
.c)jli ~~ ~. : ~, .~Wlj .j_';Wl ~ rt~Yl ~Ui.a
:t~ t}~\ ~ ~ ~4~' J 4.,J~ ~41 ~~~
~i {,)"~
0&)1 ~I o_,4l1 i'~' ~J ~ IS ~I ,1..r:J1~ ~ ~t JI
.uMr.t
L. l1; t.;i JI
L-"i.. \; ~ ...~~I. .
~yo".
~I o.)WI l.S ~

.Jj r.J b;... rJA \.:..J

,li h...I (J lb... J L:..... ..",-\.:.. ....I ~I ~t J ~• . ~ . UIAlr
':/ u--- •. <tI
.r:
~, c:r L.I L:;y.) ~ :uLJ1 :i:. ;",'.l:.l J-l.f~ ~J ' I'; ~~

~.)WI ~ ~ ~ ~ 1,)1~}lAJl ~. \.S ~I ~~ Jt U'..r~1

, Li'A ~w. ~ o~~~~. ~jJl ~_,llAlli clJ.) ~J' ~I

.c.. ~ ~ ~ l:il t.r-o JI )\.4:i~1JI , W'!.~.Jl1LJA ; ... 1it~ .; <..i>

.:t.JlA.. ;,_; Jbt Jb.. JS' Js. JAJ ':/W ~,;li,j~ ~i ....~} 1,)1

.~~'ll JI.J>\'4 ~jlAlllJ.. ~ r I.)IJ • ~ daL cf..tS

.~ ~t ~ I rJA ~ t; .~.Ji4 o~1.&. __,..j ~)UI

,(..li.) :)1I.J:! '::") .b.\I1i..~t·~..T'I d)\!. .r

• 'I .r t:.:t : ~~ ~ - ,
. '1yu
.~ .::11 o~ J l.G..,rt. ~I ~~':I ·11d' .r:J1'_;;s• ~ • f.:-J
_ J~, . "II
IJ"" 'OM

"L,S)l4J'c:.;-.:}J . ~bJl ~jlJ UlilJl ~I ~bW'e J.L.:i ':J

.4i;:-lIJ ~l...!Jr4.: -~II o~WI ~~ ..\.9 ~l) tS.i11~_,; c),jli

~~.r o~WIolAJ ~JJI ~4J.rl1 JJI:1 ~~J:>rJAj.l..:...

•
U~\,;.AJJ
1.1("", ~I ~L.::,..~\
....
~L81 J ..ulA:ll
••
.....~ U - •
~\;..

. .~, ~\ r:r t.~ II.)J....J_,UJilAll USU;_, ~L:.l ~1 ,,~

• ~ l...:J ? o--Wl
 • c)_,;1411l.u c? ~J.iill 4 .... ~ll o.)WI .:..~I ,;')11,;.1 J cUt
ubI&. L:.JIi '~I LJI.) ~ ~ c)t c)jliiJl ~ ~ 4'l:J4.t
..::..41r ~, ~~I iJAJ • ~I ~lll JI L.)J~ .J:...j V ~4'
~ ~IJ' Jkl:.ll ~..1.>1J cr.? t-I)I J"...\a:JI» ~~I :UL.. ,,~,:Jl.
., It,
~jU-
ItlJ'I L,b;. U; ..JA~c.r;-~
:. II l._f "II Ul4J1 uJ)i.U ~."..;a> ~•.
j - ~ .,.b. JI - o~1 rPJ ~4,':l)1(.i_':';" J .1.d ~
I~ (-!;JI ~_,il;iJ1[JrJ1 ~IS" "-;'!) ~ r_i>J ' u~~_,.J' ~
("':t
. l.j"-' ~ v:.I·..L.A:II ~I) r.r"II ~I,)WI \.r>.
'" I ~ ~ ~ "U':. I.~~

~ ~.,,-aAlIJ u~:I}1~ ~\;JII~ C'.r:J1 ~1.:Jl:A.t

~~I
Lt,J..I1 J i c)_,lIl Ji <.).r:J1 ~I L1'~ t ,> ~U; _,II J ..c-=JI c:

~lt tlJ.f.J ~~I ~11.:r' ..bJ1JI ~I_,AII b.:u.j:. ($~Jr ~J'

1;.t_u:J1~I wbWI ~:i...~·o}.:- ~ ~i ~..b.J ~ ':J
C'IIL!JI.r.-'
. -"II J ~L_IIJI ~I • .lJ1~I.)I
v~I- _,. J.:.::..-J- (.)!, 'r ~
.;'.

~J; '1 <ftJ 6_r'WI o~1 J ':;"'.J_,.J..l.~I~ ~t l&l5' b..i.t.. ~~

~ WIJ , ~ 411o.)WIJ ~_,;l.iiJ1~tl_,...J.'
c)_,;1.AI1).,rtUJ
"":'!~JI ~I~J E~ JWJI c)_,;UI ~t 1..1.)';" ~~:tIL.. dJ..u
. "UU
.. ~. tJA ~_""L..:>.t
•

: ~~y, .~, j "",,,_JJt ~ ~,_.:J' )\( JI ~, - ,-

~ ~b;. ~4-' r1t3 Jl> ~ J-r 411AlWI c)i ~ L. I~
uL:-l:.l1 c)AJ • 0j lABJ 411;;~WI ~! tl~1 ~l:j W) cll;_,
.j~ dtjJ '411 AlWIJ c)_,;l4J1~ if)!.;' .).P.-J ~ u....,J..o=H
:is,lL. J&- lA~1~ 1 ",.i. o.)WI JlY I~ ~T Wb c)~ U"lj,

rl}>l ~ c)J)~ J-l11~ ~T ~I.r' ~~~~" ~_,i\An

J>I.) ;1 ;~JI J U"',.,..L. ~ \j ~ l....J ' ~_,.41IJ c)jliH
~JJl ~ ~I ~I ~~':l}1 ~ .)J..bJ1J&- L-i1)1 ~~,
~ :u..;,l41.1JI ~.J~.l. ....
I~ !.It.:... 4)" l:J\ ~I • ~l~'
• e.>\i J I~ <'
.J1 ~ J~[.) j I ~..\....Ai' ollS , cit J'~':l _,J I o.:u. ...\&.1
_';.t c:es I";
~1_,4J1 rl.;;:>~ ~JA:).. c:t ·kl_,..) ~J • :.i.S6J1 ~j\i.,t .~

~"~W'Jc:t.iI."A.I1 .jliJi~I.jl(11.j)l.W ~t ()A f J4., . t- ullWI.,

.)}JI ~I,.,r til' dJ.C..!l1l.TJ C .:-:JI J o~1 ~~ ~).,~ t...
J tw.-I_,:-i ~IJ All_,ullL...J1 ~ ~lAl.1 JI ~ ~.iJ1

: Jl:.Il J...Ul1
.J:.- L.J ~T.) :.}o11 J' ~\ OlW'J ~y'-lJl\JA Jf UJj
I..+.(JJ . ';'~I~ ~ WJ t!i ~I o,)WIJ~)lAJl r:r"YS ~t
,c)t J~ ~i~., .~ ~ ~ c...ij,;:... (I) o..l &- r:r 'JljL_..
....q -~'1 ~ ~~ LfIAlr
~J~b ~~I':"_:,v..- ~ .•• ~J ~t!:'
• ~J.. ~... ~I
.M ~bW'

• ~I~ ~)14l1ubWI ..1~ l;.,.J • ~ ul_r\'\."T L!.r:J1(!'J ~

fl.:Al' ~ y.JS., ~I_'" ",",WI J .:.,....;
rl£:. ~ ~ ~ ~I ~1_,4IIJ
.uW I..JJ~ o~J o~~ ~Il\r. C;)_',rAI~ ~ l!.:; ~ "::"uA
~_,4:J t:.:r _,i o,)..P.-.JA ~bWI cP r 1;1:l ;;..o..tlJJ . ~I_,A.II
• ~l.::J1 ~ J;- ~J~I r...\&.J 4,rJI JI 0-t.:>~I'::-;'~ ~1_,;iJ1
~I olWI ~ ~ : ~1;iU ~ ~11 Oll'--" - ,

~ c!.U~ ~., I.; .... ~,)WIJIF~IJuJ.}JIJ c))1.4l.I o~l-

.:i,..) 6.:11
•• Jl.&.':1~4Al..:i1 ~I,)WI~ . 0J _"h:J ~ ...r'"
1I1 ~_, ~~lAJ'
~~, :u... J!.. ' ~ 1~:;:-;.;,;5 JI_p-T J ~ e,)_,i \411J,J> :tA:llIJ
.~1 u~J\>,)1 '~~.J~
_,T, 0) ",;,_,llJ.1
",;,~I ,)I.J....J. \~~,

J.C. GraYJ Natur. arid SourclS of. tM LafIJ (New York, 192.7)J p. 282. (,)
 ~ ~I)~ ~ u.,J~ ~jl4ll ~ ~rt~ tj'J • ~I_,AJI J
~U:.\..... ~ J!t
~I ~1.,4I1 ' c.rUI ~.r:Jlt Gl/_) J;-J . o~~
'~JL-JI ul~ ~ _,t ~I J,J.r!l1J~I ~.fi.Jf J..JI
.•~~ ubWJtjJl ~J ~~I ubWI~~~J....i ' ~~I
~ ,..ul)~ l:J ~.. ...,~
.~• ..\J..,b. .s s: -114..01
.,.. ~ c.r"II ~I.. ~_:IJ J
).x.:11 r
~I u~~)I) '~I .,.L-.J \jU..)' LS- ~Pl ~1-, ;;~4
~Jl ~1 ~I~I ~ ~ J - o~~ ~I..,:.JI J (~ ..;A'il
..::"bWI .,~ ~ ~~j ~I JI~~I :ijljl J;- ~).J.:JI I.L._,.
r..).c.~~ ~~ ~ .L:.. o~ J~Jl!.. JI U..I$. I~I-, . (\> ~I
.~~J!..)~I .;1 ~~t L:.:.Gl ~I ~..\A:.l1~ Uflh)IJ ~I
~I_ . ubL_J1 J .i"T l...,.) .)~
I" 6. ~.4;'_..r-,.s-I... v--
L -II_,~;
:.ul~~II
c)A ';_,;lAIlt eus eJ • AJ:fJ ~~I ~~ ~I
...;.;1:11~~
~~ rUil ~~;. i.t ~.,.:.~.tf ~ 411.,WI J..~ J .
. ~L:-- J!.~ ~~ cr.}J '6,)WI .,~ 4.f~ ':J
~_,;till ~ :a !...-." ..,\,..aJlj UJJ': r..AJ, ~";\iS' _ \'
.4I1.:..!i li ($.ll I .;) IAlI U" .,I..).c.L... ;s1~ t,\,1 ,c)j lAHJi (.).)_,::-..\J I
,Vr.-- Cr' .u~),;:....~1 c)_,llAJl.;t e" . ~I ubW4 ' c)~I~
~~ ~ 4~ dj.J> ~J u~~ ~.uti,:t-~ JflrJ J
'~~I ~ VA ..I~T..~I~ Jt ~J..j "t ~.tAiJs-J...-r u,rJ1
~~
~It ~ e:-"'''Ir ~
...~ ~II
.)~ ':Jt .1'-1:' o:
r
.. ..L..J:,....r-
~.) "II o,)WIi
~l.G,..t Ji~ ~ ~L. o.l".J - ~;'f.J1 )_,:......ulu~t 4.:J1r;;_r

..Morroe Berger, "Law and Custom in the Army" Social Forcu, XXV. (\)
·e 1946J) 82-81, and "Cultural Enforcement in the American Army"J Journal 01
.[.,gal lINl Political SociolotY. IV. (1946), 96-x03.
(J J6&..;__,.l;JI (5,)ll- , I~t LJj.r .:..lijJ; • ,)~ I) ~1P.=i I "Jll

~ ~I o,)Wl cUr, ~.,,;lAIl ~ ~..\AJI o,)WI ~~.r; }~'i

clJ..\S"J . ~.r- c..r- t~ J"':':""..u IJ..\N ~ 1u-J) 1 '":' t;.:;, 4J> c:r
• ~.r'
~ .. .:.." f"'J• ~ .- IF'
"'1J ,~~\'....,.-'I ~ • d ~I... o,)Wl &J.
'j ~

~ el,.,J1 j c.4Jt ..u ')_,...JIJ wAdi (jA Jd :t .. ,.1::-11 L;~1.

:ie}'>11 J ~f~1 ~_,G,JI 4......IJ,)~ • .:It J.AJJ . ;..,:.......ul \~t
c)jlAJl ~ ~I ~..l .:'0';11wl.lr.\'1 JJ"u t...IJ,)d J.:,..J1J
• ,)~ '-S'"'L...~l

r-4" .:.• :JI A,)L__.j\ ~ c;.iJ1 JJ~I b.~J;s1 JA l-J

~~I" 4J~i ..w
...
.!...>.t". I~:~I
1,;7~.).1
\" £«\.J ~ ..('"
;:.......ul
~.
~.. J",-
~,))).
~( ~II~~I ~ , c.>..1 .~;··II!J)-11 ~ c!'~ .f J :i...:,f'
~ ~I_' ~jli tJ_,.iA ~ ~I.JA r.1h:.1 ~.I.. ~t c!Ul1 ~
..\Ai c)i ~ ~1 J~ ~t r.IJj)1 u...L:J ,y:_,__, (. c)ll.).\ ~
~I([~))_'i«~)) Ja.iJ_, • I.iG.J \ _,_}I ~ d ~ ~I
JJ_;JI IJAJ «,y:_,_ Ji ({~
'1'1J ~ '1J ~I ;,)WI ~ ~_
j ~1~~I « uL.~._,$1) Jt (,$,)WII~jlA1IJ c.>J~"\}1 _j_,;l.iJ1~

c)jliU ~ '.rJ J..l..4,. ').r:u JaAj:t. .... :JI o.)WI_? ~ JJ~I ~6JI.

t~ ~ dJ~ ~ J,.,AJII.l.J • ('> rlla.:.llLJAr.~ ':J I~:r.- J.

:u)tLl ~'r.'..f.'"~I ~ ~ JJ..\II .j._,iLAJI~~I ~\;J\ ~I..,AJI
I.)~ ~ L.. ~U!\Ai.,,::.... ~_,;\All ~'_,4JIJ ~J"UI ':"li~' d,
. '~..uw_;
: )a.il ~~~I ~_,ju.J ~.J_,::-..ul ~"';lAJi ~ ..; JUJI:u~ (I)
MacIver. Th, MotUrn Stilt" Chap. VIIIJ BCC I.
 ~.J:.I
.. ;.,W1.J~~_ll ~~~n
.•L.k V' ~J~: ~1 •.,W1 :J' at~, o"Wl ~ '-¥.'
.?I -UJ • ~I o')Wi I~ ~~"".1I o,)WI r)A 1_,La::. t..~ '11
.~I o,)W1cS"':"""'J&.4.li.96..J1 ol.)t4:~1 o,)WI ~ ~.i.~

cJI5"J.(U~~':/1 ~Lii.:1J1~ ~~I_,:ll ~I~I ~I.;... ~J

~) ..u_"~1 A"WI~ ..~ ~.:!j~~I o.)WljT ~TJ r)A

I.i~ 4;>.,b." JI O.)WI .)) I; ~.e u.r_":~I ~ ~ ~·'.ll %
.~ »~~ ~J~I4'1 O.)WJ
~ ~litJ «li..r"I~I~»
I,.\i ~L;) iff ~1}1111..iAI)A ..b.T '1JjJ" (Y) 0: J )IJT u)l...~1
.t.I'J , ~~I o.)WI_,~I o"WI ~ 4i~1 Lf' u..6 ~l; I)A

. ~~':/I ~lJ d"~':/I ~;JI 4....IJ,)J ~i ~I.):ij~

.6A I,. 4.:..br:......l1

o.)W4~ ~ : at~1 0.)1..11.j.AA _ ,
-':"'J.:"JJ • ~1 .:"bWI .:,,1&.~_,.. ..b.~~ ~t::..;:;; ae~1
.4i.)WI o)_'''J)JT-~.H~.II.J~ C!l:i o)-",""J~~I o.)WI ~I~
.~I• _,::- J <..b.:...J1 .. - ~~T
o"WI J.!lot; (!!J .. ~ • LS « ~,.b." .tI
.~~~ y. ~ ~t ~I; ..rj ~I ~ 2~ljlA!J1 JoWl
.~IJul..\4::JIJ .I}!/I~ )_,..~~~I b.)WI~J . ~}I
':"'Wl ~}J ':"'l:)tIJ J_rll ~ _;.JJ ~I_,;l ~ :G.JIJ ~lf1IJ
.~ 'J ~':/l:J1 .L cr:- J_, . u4fIJ":,,,)'IJ~I ~ _,lIJ
.~.)I_' ,~ (.).r-)I~~J ~ ~1 ;;.)WI~ ~~. ·ll ;.)WI
Jb.)1
.
« u~~)}. ,~~.
V-v.
"",,:>WI ,i'~
1,,;7..
.1...; t.:...J ~ .r~~1("
..
.,

Spencer, op. clt.. II) 205 if. ( \)

Laws of Limitation (B.C. Parsons, tr. New York, 19(3). Chap. VII. (T)
, ~I ~I J!.e ~l&.~1~l:.(J Ji , WI J!.. JlfJI Udt:.u Jt.
u}t ~)J .6:.L_...-: ,\\ u\~W\~.;..':i clJ ~ .;,'M::"II ~J'
u·.·-lI ..\._.]IZ J _"tl ~II~
r:- I.
I
~... U!..T' ...JJIJ. ~..\ .. " . Lt ;)W.·
.. L.,;r c;-

..ki)1.)I}~I~ ~ ~ clJ~ Js- ;~~jJ . ~~ ~)Jl c:.,,~~ .

. ~I ubW~ ~ ul..41 JI ~'lII.S~ lS ~.b=" Mll o.)W~:

~ : i~1 atb',' .J, o.)l....aJ." ~~, ~, o.)Wt _ y

J ~,rlIJ .)J,c1i.J1J ~l4.l:l1 ~t;j\ ()A ~ j tAli .:f' ~1 o.)Wti

."WI ,y- ~I ;,)WI ~J • ~~T:W~ ~ r.1.r.J1~.
~_,4I1 ~~J ~.~ ~j r.~\ <>- JJ';J\ A)...u ~ o: ~·..bm",..LI
:tt~ .., ..u ."WI L.tJ • ~~I ~J ~I_;'J ~\..\Jl~~1 o~
~ I !.I.r-~~
J 'I 1'..1.......2;.
. (J
-l..lA; J.f'• J.S'i:J
~ J • 8-lA.J, I ~ J ~.... ~ L. .d.
.uv-

4i~ UAli~I~~1 ~ _;)~lu>l~\ rk ~ y.-, 0J"\t..J.

j '~-L-.,." it o,')WI J ~I ~\liu LS_,!1 ~.J • ~\ A.)WI·

~Ja.. "t EP ~ JI _yJ.j ~11.Y'.'fJlu':J6.J (yo'll ~I.

, .\i"'\"p~.J\
l
L J1L-Ph
~•• 4-l:.. G...r ....J. W J ~l:;.. ;S? ~,.
. m ~J tJ""~~ .)~~I o.i. ~'.J'

~I ;"WI u.)..b-~)ltl tY 4...~ (~Wc.1'YJI J~J ~ ~J

, :W~.)IJ
ulj~IJ uujl ~~ ~ , :L,l:;. .:,,~~ J 1..~1~)1
.~ JlU ~ , .)~' D" t..:,l;. ~\;Jt J' WI._,. ~ J~ J Jl
L...}J • :ij-.,b.'~.11~',)L.JI~~~ rlJ ~~.r [.>l..:J~
~;:J\J ~\ oj" r.u!\'OJ J!..~~\ ~~, ~ ~~ JLu_
~'_, :u I=-.- ....11 o.)La"_' ~\ o,)l.l~ ~ 4,i)l,J\ Jajl (\)
B. Sapit, "paahions" Bn&:JeiOi'tUtiia iI/ rile : jl.:.•1\ l.i~1 JlA1\J ~",_"11,
Social Sci.nell (New York, 1935)~VI. 139-144.
t'~:r.~..J'~I 'i) I J!.t ~
o.J.%.:lI';:"~ J ~T E_,) .dl_,J~~IJ
L J......
.. _. . 04ii..;.·
Jlf//J'" r:JA J':-
t.L....:1~
I.. ~I ...
~'~l( .".11~I.)I&.U--

l.f ~..b.:.....llubWI ~ ~L(1 ~LG ~_, ~ JI ~ ,:rJ ~l:--l'1

..)~ ~I ~J . m ~~)I ",:,.W~I~)~ ~ (").- ..".
,~~ ~ t, ($}-~I "",~'il :J_,LJI u'J~ J 4:~...." II o.)WI
• ~I ~1.)W1~WI ~lW.1 UA

.J1~4~1 ~~.l~" JI o"WI ~ ~l:>':/I~~ CU~eJ

.o.r-Ail~I JtI",J1 ~ ~~bJl o.l.. jJ.' A~\l1 v...4i J
.o.)WI~~I J :i.t.br:...J1;.)WI.r~ ~t clr~ J&- '-!?._, . .r':JII.,iJ
.~_,!) J l~~ ~ ~ ".r.a-- \II ~I~I J §.; u=J1~I r
.I;i_, ~ .~~ tr.~ cSJJ} ~l.t)\ .)~ c,S.)1-L.i )\!.i . ~~
.J ~I ;.)WI h~ §cS;.i ~)t. ~ ~t JI ~;.
~ ~f JIJ ,UI JJ.iJ1 0~'J ~~~..li ~ c)tJ ~UI
~J ~I !l",ul ~l4.J of)1f r J r;.r.' ~I~ J ~
.J ul}J11 ~ ..::.J..;. cl1.l5"J • ~I j ~l4!J1JeI_,.J1c)A I.l.
.~U (f ~~)J ~I ~~ ,J ~~I ~\,)WI ,,~I ~..bJ'

..JI r~~I,;r Jl4::J'J1

~ .u.\""'I...A, }r=-4 \~ ~~ ~
.~_, . ~I ~..bJ1 ~IJI «~..bJ1 ~'l) <)AJ ~L:-l1 w.~J
~~I ~l,t.~'J1 ~ .~1 JI ~~I o,)WI ~.).; ..\i ~)JI
~I,)I&._,.~..\::- ut.~1 ~ '1~ ~ r'" ~ _,1IJ~.)~IJ vAl' J
.. . .. .
• O..b~~

~ ~..r'~1 ClL:-J!1~ u..b. ~ I 4.rJ1 J J.;..s La (')

. ~ ,;.l' - . v.~1 .I'($.)li1J :u .,J*l'
,." ,
~§ CoS.)'..tAl : aJ~1 ~',)TJ J~'J.' ~IJ as~, ~.)laJl

WI ~I.)WJ o~1 ~\hll ~ k_,..;,.".. ~~-I.u :is~' .ll O.)Wt·

4~ ":II .J"I~I r:r ~.b." leU ;.)WI .r.J ~T j ~~4~~II
~..br·:",tI A.)WI ~t ,~ ~ .1.bJ1~~ l. I~ ~l ~';'~I
"II ;;__~I
f..7 .. • o.)WI Jl.C.!T L ~I:>. ~ .~ ~~ ~ f c.Sj• W...
. (0 ~)~_,::J\ ~yl pl) 4.;~1 ~\.)IJ~~~I ~\~,
: a..r..-.' o'~\aJ, ;,JA ~,~ aJ~' ~'JTJ JOj.Jl"l, ~,
UA ("r'L.t ~ \."A1 c_iJ1 ~I)I u.r-ll _}aUU ~~\tl ~I.)~_
~\J u~1 ~ u~1 (S~ WA r.rd." ~[;Jl ~~":II JIAi:lI,
~.wl JIAr'11J!.e ' ;.).J....:.. J~t ~~~I ell. .,.lIJ . ~ ..la.f)1
Uk "::k ~ I ~ cUA~· i-k&. ~.) J.. J.j t.S.lJ I wi). I ..b1~~ Js-.
.. J.tY...?-.\fI t: wlt)W1' ~ '-'::-"
(S""_"" "I cr: \". J ,w,~.~ ~"I.:._ J'

~ ~t u"1_;';'11l:.I~ ~ ~..\S'J ~I ,y,.~.,T~,

• 0\) JJ ~
Lr*.. ,(, ..\,A.:;..... \ ~
I.Y
4.i T -l4::.tJ ~
....
;w l!.. ~I'. ~ ae t?" _JJ, err:
L_.

.}lUi... ~(.)~ .)t J-.: cl!_,.aj .)t J' ~jo ~ o~ ~ ~J ~\il

e ~bJl. . ..
j ~ "l.;Jt ~\::....,t u.)b, \...~J . ~ )~ ,.1
i., ir: 4J'7
U·

,,~\:...,t "'"~ ~ I.f.)~ ~lWl ~. L...l.:.&..,i , ~ '1 JA.J " J.:.ej.

~Lc. .)~. :iJ6J1 o..\.. j l..,.:... "is ~li b~ (.)~Jo"l)~ ~ Jt
WA~ _,L...JI .L&-I_,AI I ~ t.,:JIILJ . c}l:iJ1 ~I L;J1..,o";;,!.

<tIl'11~ .)\S" .)IJ ~T c.» IYI~\ o: Lc._,; ~ ~l.s.iU

.• CiJ.f\i U" fo!.':/-
J I_JJ,:r
..,. l:&. ) ...I..AI.)l
..
'. l. \ ....
~~.
1,4:, ~~ ~U11
'"
...,1.>11.1J
~
... ~ M~)rl _1t.'AU
c-i~ .. ~.".
..
· ~~I ~L...L:...
. J Jwt Jt
..L..&-I"AJI ,:r ~~ ~\;lJ1 ~I')IJ ~ J~ u"41 L..d_",

"'"\ y.'
.~_;'~\ ,)1)':J1.Ijl p~1 J.} J~
c...i.rz:J1 ~.) ~~-b:j' .~

'Yl u~4JI" ~4':11 ulA:lJ' ~ j;;tJ ~I J)JI~.J

.• ~J ~1.:,.j.~;'Js-~.)"l~~ ~ I..I~.J~I ~J

,~A~t ~ ':I ~..\i ~l) ~ ~ ...u _ylZ" .:JI~

~4 § ~t el)1 r.iJ
t~'lt ~I_,JI !J)...JI ~I... ~JJ' ~I,)r ~J~.iJ.I. ~~
~I u~..b.~ ~i.j~1~" . ~I w~L:1IJ 01..b.\J1J

.t? ~~ ~ (£ ~ ~~ » ~.J..t J ~~I ,,:",IJT ~ \ ~ ~I

:1\I.J1._
~ __ea-......JI
..... .r). v--
I Ai. • UI..LJI w~1
l)A ""
~ J v--
I_':~I.. I .
J .r

'( ~_;:....~ II ~v=-'I ~I ~I ~ ~ -Ai "JI..:.":JIwk.J~"

I~I ,,1 ~f';Jl ~l&.~t c)" _;:;s J ~JI ~~T
e,5.)1.:J1 ~~ "T
.~~I" ~t .1~ (_"';'}I ~l.; ~IJ :Ub. .fJj ~t u.);l
.JLG~I~ w!:W ~_,..::u I~t ~lfl ~6:-JjJ ~_")'I
,&i'lj\'1 UL:111 ~I"T ,..L.hi ':IJ • ~P J ~~ ~j. ~I

J
, I ~ J ~_ c...iJ) J !l.1 'I ~I...Z..
.r-.. . ~...J
~.J'.. u..J1
_
,~ effG'.. L. ~~':II JJ}JI ~ j.,..)1 ()A ~ r!U~ ~~
. ~~ ...)1 J;. ~~ ~L..T ~l:--'i ~I ~Wz&.f
,•.,' .rt~· ~J aM ~.'h'ft"'J J~'ll ~J - ,.
,I~I JI :U~I ~b'iJ ~)\;..'il ~I UA§~ :V~,
,<.r~'J' Ui_,ll J-:!..:l L2iG':ll j ~l(:ll JL....)' ~,l:..1
. L;,; ...; J-¥ ~~ ~;'~I JLjl ~I~, w.J qJ jt}l _,t
..!Jl....;..t. ..:..I.)L., ~I ::"'1" Li.
·...wl c.r.1.1.4:J... WI
H
4.l!..t l)A"
\..;..~GlI~
v::-- . .
.~l ~ e,5"ij1~~I ~ J!.e ,))1 J~IJ ~ ($';" JL.-,.,J

~)U ~~ J6 ($~J. ~\i1A!J1~ J ~I..r ifl';~' ~ ~.);,.

~..b.:..:""". O.)~.--.I ~i .(,""~l>tA...G ....t..u1 ._. l·~~ JUIWI
~-. ~ ..... v.... E-~.JI ..
J.!!::"1I1)" J~'JI .,1 ~ o- ~I JI &,.",,:J\ ,jA ~ ~I LP.,.
• ~..\f4:1' r_jtj>';jl ~I j I~ ~ ~T ~ ~~ Gb. J"
, ~4 .~~ ~I ~ ~__,G..L.. y~ ~)JI ~ ~14I1 I.l..,.
)~~ l+,:JI ~ .)l1~I ~J,~::tltl 4;;)WI ~ ~ ~1~ ut J:f.-
.j)b..)'1 _1t..ALI
U-' L- .,,1 ~I... o.)WI,:)•.,.b.j d.:.:;y..
.,I
~II--'L,tl~
.. :J • ~
.. ~ ~ I!r~
J J..-L...r _,t ~ (.5~ ~'1 ~J • ~lA!ll Jts::..!t L)A P ."t,
«j.;A."yt»,,«~~I:l)J , ~;::-H ~)lllj J6JI~ LS ~~.,.•.~lJ.'
•.l.. J ;;.,G,_ )U , ~L ¥ J ~~)I ~W~ U4 4;..11 "WI .
• ~.,v,.:' tl ul,:)Wl
I r:r ~...\.%:.U ~\G ~6.J1.

W"' ~~ .. III ~,:)WI~A ~ c)11.)A <!.U.lS" ~I I.i. ~J

;;1 ($.J.. J> jt;,; J) c)':1 <!.Uj." • ~Iji!'''." 4..:';11 ~I~I J&. J:1U.
~ ~Ii ('~ JllaJ Js. ir WI ~ .1;..\ l..~ dO J . ...J GU.. ~_,.l... ~
~lA!J1 u':l~1 ~ J c!lI) ~, c)AJ • ~ J>.~ ~wb-" .ll O,:)Wt.
~."J ",-Uii.. j~1 JJ , « J..~".!" J} » ~
~JA _;JJ.
d,...uAt\ _}; JJ !l~ J~ ..l>~1l..:.;:-JI,:} J_, , ~J;:-".)I'
~l:.Il o- ~\J. J.f :ilL.. ~."L':11 ~ ~.,b." . tI o.)WI ~ _,t
~~I .)."..bJ1~..lr." .11o.)WI~~..l. _,~ ':I j~ ~J •.~l.4!Jt·

o.)U\ c.)'1 .r<.1; c)t ~."

'. • r.r-
~I..:..rl '<~I \'..\J ~........~~
~I ..r' ~.
.. 1".6.;':11~
~. "iofl
I-~I - ~.:tb.
.. .).;A
J JlA!J1 J L:JI
.... c......J ~..br" U.

;5':11 ~~~':Il_' .",.ua.L1~ WI_, - ~ ~T J )J~I ~t.

~~ ~ ~IJ , ",';'~I ¥lA!l1.J~·~I if JL..u1;1 ,)I~',
40:"~~ , ;l)b.1~ ~':I ~J~·",ll.o.)UI_, • ~)L!.:il Jl;j~J'
P ':I' ~\.. ~Jt-"".ll ~.)WI~,;r I.:r. ~i '11,~ ~ p::...,.
• ~~.~ ~J dWI ~.?.,.r.Jt;..
 ~~\ ;,W\ jl tr ~)~ : CU~, • .)WS "~,, .>joAS'
W
"i)
. It ~~
"
;w rS:) t;.J~ c---
•
_wi I.r.r
':/1 1 CoS • ~ ~.
.. ,JA
#' e:

J-i ~ (5; ~~ ~I ~l J ~ .i WU:.. JJ,.f <i" 4r1~ .1)-"

;;~I ~ Lr ~ .JA ~ ~~I o>WI ~J ;I~~.
J:f Ji ~ ooU'tj.J1to ~ Jt i+:ib. J&- ~ 4 ~pl
;)~.,t ~~ '11
.:,,\j~\ J JJ.. ~T ()J> ~I ~ t~ ()' ~ ~ lJ C;)J,r#

.~ ~6....u cfj ~~~I o.lWI~\ . ~ oJ..yJl ~I_"

~~ ~ ~~ j' e:---J . ~~ A'tr cSt l;J.fo. J) Jr'l.j.
f 1.1.~ ,j~ ~~~ u . I~...w. I,)I~~

i.)UI ~ : .~~ :JA ""!~, J'J J!Ua;U ~bJ' - ,

~.») U;.JA t.,,,ljl w ~I , L:;~ l)A ~I~I P' ~~"tJI'
~ _,.~.A. jT ~'.l ~ "",L>. ':Il! ~~ J.&-J ~I?)'I \~ ~.
~~ ~ ..w.) ~ ~ _,:jl ,>, J-r J~I 1.1. dJ - l:f~
~ 4S_;'~1
u'.l~1 J ~ tjtol (,.AI.. \~ J'~'.ll ~Wj\J
~\ ."T ~ lla:J\J ,.~~1 ,;r ~~I J\ ~bJl l.A ~~1 ~I.l. J
~ _,J 1 4r J ' r....L..AI ~ lG......:.. ("\&. ~.J! ()A L...l..-:s- t:~ 1 eo
~• • J 1 L..::-.
..... \..Ala..:.. 01:....;, J l.::ll j b>.6J I ~ \r~
4 ~
.. - ~
••• ~
Ir: 'I

J~ ~~1 o.)WI ()":J <!.U~J 0 <u ~..b="".LIo.)WI l- i..A..w-.",

,

J-411 I~ ~ t.;T c.I-~1 Jd JI ,.~f.J1~ ~~I j ¥)1·

~\ ~I 0111 • t~
~1~\ ~~ ~..u\J ~L:JI _,.',1l
J~i If cS;..t JlCJi ~l uk Jt ~_,lUI ~)\.. ,>. ',;n ~~
.(il)t OJ_;w_.r ~ . ~ IJL.a:;1~I) .; LS l:i;' J-¥ .!l~t-

See RoB. Lynd, KntxDl'di' j()l' WIuu (Princeton, 1938 ), pp. 195-197, (\ )
_-- -fOr a discuauon of the needs fot conformity and for novelty,
'C: ~_;'\;"" ~ r..ui .t,;~ ) _,....:.I I l.JA .~ ~ •..\.:-:H I~ ~ ~

. m «: r~i J~I r..w .u~'

~._,N ~J \.. l:iJ ~~I (,$.J...,:,r ~..br" 11 o,)WI :.~..\i_,
.~~\J ~ J~ ..1.:.r.}..J • (y) ~\J ~.~I 4.........,:,r \#,)~J.<!.IJ~
A.).. ~ J:i_,:jl J cll..:6 ~~1 o,)WI~ I.S ~1 J :y.)~
O,)WI,;<.!..U~ J.,t_, . t~1 c: ~I J' ~\b:.:I\ ;;~\j ~J 4)\
.JJ' (f) t.L'>Yl0 ~ ~_,Li Ji t:;..~_,...l (.)"\.:J\~ r}.i'~~'
~ ~;~ ~l,. ~I~ ~ ~Y.. (~~I _,t ",:,.,1-\t1JI.k.;
.~..l._:.w:':. tl o,)L,.JI e I~ ~, ~~r
..k" ~ t)"1.:.IIJ (,$,),;11
~I

• (l) ({ J.) l4Il t' ))

~~' ...11~,)WI:~
..,---;-- ..
: ~~YIa.JaJ'" . .
~ at ,,." "." bWI _ if

"J:...rJ (5_'~ ~j Ji ¥IJI ~I

.!~.:~fI ~ , WI') ~J' rll:. ~y.
.~l JI JL....JJ tlJ,:,r ~JJ LL4LWI J}, ~?I ~14...",l;. ~

.~IJ' ~L...~IJ~l:li1 ~I,)' JflJ')J U"'~IJ ~~I ~."L':JI'_;'}r

,1...L-:I- d>J . c.!.U~ ""!U l..J , r~~ J! ~I_' t.;~)1 J~ J
Sapir. loco cit. (')

.• ~..b..~ tl cblall J:)' ,yo ~~\ ~l ~yJ tll cOol_, (n

~;:l' -
.~\jJ' ~ ~
r::.')~l _,1 y_,L...~ ~~t ~ J..JU ~_, ('\")
".)~ ~ ~ j"T J -LJU;.l1 ; )1~ 0-- ~J~\ J ~)l ,,1 ~¥'J
.lSJ\ J o\_,W\ J ~ Jl J'b ~ ~ IS·U\ 01 J,4 ..b..,ll ~)' \,,1
. ~ ~\..:..-t.P :U~.ll\ ,,1 IS}\ o..J ~ j ~\ ~,~)'\ ,,1
~;&'-
For the social p8Ychology of fashion. sec K. Young. Social Psychology «()
'(New York..1944»)Chap. XVii, T.R. LaPierre, ColllCti'O, B,hcwiour (New York,
.1938), Chap. IX. - - -_ --~
j~I~.Y' J J6J1 c.s-LS ~';';;-oj J~ 4t~ o~~pi
~>_,.J _,1, JIdJJt ~ ~_'_;j ~ .r~1 JJt ~p ~I ~J.:,JI
L..y ~t jl)_, ~~)I ~~ ~~; cS.lJ1«: J-II ~ ».
o,)laS' ~~ j>.AI_J 4w1 ~I (k...,1y' ~;, .ul; , cSJ-lJ1 j.tWJ.

~I J.". ~l(_JI}L. ~ ~I ~~~~l J;t 4t.,b." .• '

« ~1:.....4I1» .)T t..?'- ~ JI ~ ,y 4tk" rlt! o~WI ~ ~..bJ1

4.,..JJ ~I ~ <,SjJl E~_,...:JI J6J1 J ~*" tr!J~J ~I

'~11;,lUI J
tS-' uL.:..,c;..,J
.. J. \,;I
l....r -l:.J ~J ... ' ~J... ~lJ.i. r---
~1;._.

\.-..\.:&. , (\) (9;:lI ~ ~I J ~ ~:, ...\iJ • ~ ~,

~
-UAi Jl ,~..b.:..J1 o,)WI ~:,w r-...l4i J 0,;4)1 ~J JJl;j' 6~

•. Aft t.1Ai- I ~:
cS ..ill &:r'" J ~
,.. b;.. ~~I o,lW] &J T JI , L.~ 1..\..l4;'
..

.)lS" ..liJ . &."i ..y. v-- ~ cS_,ki' L.J , ~ .1;..~ J:.:- J e~

« ~I J~~IJ )) tl~1 ~I ~ (,$..ill Jl4rYI jr,!..)~ ~ ~
ULWIul-:,Jl
_. • j ..tl4t. .. U"'J"~1)1
~_, ~I• ')1.il
.r. ~ 1-.",
u--;. ~"11
~~ ~, r;1_,_..J1~ ~II' •• ·~" JJ m J>.fI.;::11 J!.-
l.a .r ~ c.1)1 J..aAIIJ ~ ..IJI ~,j. 01." ,~~)'I ~ §.r
Li:1J1 ~ ~~I :ilL ~ l.S , ~I;JI UA~~ ~l:(J1
, ~.br" ..ll o.)WIJ ~t.:::..
.. .'1\'
~I ..I.H J'jl ~;; ~lJI J:...r 4:-bc"".ll o.)WI.)'1 \~J
• ~\ wlA4i ,).fo. ,y 4 Wl~J>..ij' ~ ~I ~~I Jlhi J.

Til. Theory ofth, Leisurl Clau (New York. 192~)~

Chap. I. For Veblen's <')
~ommenta 00 fas.bion. see lIlso Chaps, III, IV sod VII of this Volume.

4-.).) :yl-!Jl ~.r' c.r...f JU J ~I~ ~~~ 0')

~,;lI- • ~1" ~l.l,.) u~J"'Yl.u~_,Jy._,_ri'j',
~..ij~1 ~ .').')_;II _'1 _,l~I ~ J!.t ~~. 11 o.)WI J~l ~_,
" ~ ~ 46•il~' .('l.\I'_, ~t:~1
0' ...)_,t WI
• LIY' ;;J k'
""'...T.s: IJ" ....

.~I~ ~.)~ c:i'_,ll JJ ~~)rl \'1 t...)I.....4..J~, J.t-.)~ '}l

.J ~;'J.?!. .)J~ !Ha &J\S' jlJ (\> ~J~ '_'~ ~l ~.,...1" ~
.d....i,,-'
.~~I~ ~ '1 ~ ~ )4:1\ ~_,6... ~ JlAl'11
i~..u. ~ ~~ 1."....... !~T '11 ~ 'l~J.)~ ~l ~.J,•.:k· u! ':J

.u=J' ~I}l ~1 j,L!i if 6~1-, or.I)if1t.,.1,.,i_'t~\II-, ~1

.~t;.. 4. ; eo: ~ ~6J1oLJ . "::"~I JL... JI ~)I ~ ~
..:,.bWI ~L..t l.:i ~ ~I ~I o~1 ~1}.J4!..\J1 U~\
.if' .r:-r ~...b:" . LIu'.')WI (~W J JJ) ~~...\ar J=1'_, :¢..\:I..... II
.J ~_.r_11 u~l . ~I.,~.~I.;?• t 4p. .. ..iJ1J cr:
• I)AJ . "'-' I':"_~I'::"~" .._,..-.A

.~~ ~..\> .. "ll ~bW ~~ ~L..t Jt t:~WJ1>.JI ~I~}ll

• ~I ~1..:>),I J.,j'lA.J,
..
... .
•~ c.>1I1 t,S..uI~' : ~~, J,.-J1 "J at~1 .,)\aJ1 J~1
..,\i ~ _,t ~I_,i ~ ~ ~I ~."..JIJ ~,.b.",..ll ;.)Wl~ ~I

.c.rMil T .b.ti"
l:.;l..'.) JI .J>.) ....• ~ J.. • :t!,..w,J1 I.J.)..
~ kU J 1.')\'
.)
.J~ ~lS' l... p1l:;~ d~ c)i~ ~~ .. .n o.')WI u~L,..
. ..
. b.)l..l.>t;L>

..)~~I ~ L.. ~t a-: .ii :.'+&11, ~.ll '4·;'~t JA."_..,, - ,

.~~I .)~,)jl ~I . ~I ~Wl ~ I_;' ~jJl ~I .).l..4J11.iAJ

,k_:j "sf- \.S - ~L:, ($..iJ1 , c,S.;.t JI ~ a- .)I}~I ~.,r-i

.~I (_.t.J1 ~~ '11 .J:'"lrJl ..b.t ~ ..,\j ~L.-lJI _,.;- ~
~) 1..~ ~ J&. ~ ~lS" ~J_' • 4S..b-""l\ o"WI ~_;, ~~
~I JI (5;': .11~I o- Jl4::J'::I~ ~ ..L'"", eftl O.lWI ~
~~ \II :{;lCIJ \'"""')1." :y-)I ~.i~ i~J.,,\IlS, O)~Ul
.)~ ~ ~l ~u,y I,)"_,j)l."~}I "J~ ~ ~ ~ 'J rllai c:-
cYJ • ~~I ~ JI J.J-4_,J1 JI ~ <.ill :t:..l_:ot:" ..ll OJWI
tl."AlIJ t:.b;.)1.l~.)jl :i:J:oc:~ .1I OJWI )L!:.:;I($-U ~TcilIJtI_,J1
,":,,_,LTJ~ ~l ~U"1j11)A I~ b~ ~lJI .1.d loLt. c:.-.i.. '::IJ
, ~_,i IS, ~..b::.....lI."WI,jty WIJ, ~I J ~I}_,:.:.....)\ll
J ~yl!J1 ul·.."~4 Jt, ~l .~I.c.ilfo. ~~" J-..:.iJ '::/."i ~
dl:11l) J_')J~I J ~I~I ~I.r.-IJ;:'_;; 'J ~_, . t.r~)_,__,.;,
~I . ~J L1'l:lS" _,Ai _,1 ~ ([ :U4 » '.JJt "! ~~ ,_;> (J_,iI1
fj

LiJP,'t_, ~J L....;.s1 o)l:-J.l ~Jb\J1 JL!11 J 1t1~1 !It:.

~ L-~J ~~I u'1')l J j-~ ~J o- ~~. I.. ~I . L:1>IJ,I\
U)''116~ ~J • ~..b-" ..tI ~1.,WI.".t..Ji> ~~ ~ir 'J ul~
l,w'
• "<_, ~1..
_rJ c.S .J--A
.. ~ .~ J I W)J . wYi ~T .)_?,aA.. ~I ~ _, .
,;r
J~I ~I t..~J ul)~1 il~ ..IJ ~I ~)l. ~1..vJIclJ..iJ
• ~J P JJ 4.:~1 o.,WI
~..b:::-J.I o.)WI JL!:;\,j1 : t'pYl, ~)L,..,'.,tl J61j-& _ \'

u=I' .:..)L,I_,l1 JfLJj J)JI."...:JI JI Y.r.- e.-.I.. ~-bJ1 _rAa)1d

-LAl". tl~~' J ~J"" ~ GU~~ ~J ~jlJ UL..!I~}

~1J4 J cST' t .:.~I c::"1,,L..!1 ~ J"_; ~I ub..L.J.1 t.::,J"Wu

~)tIJ&.J' ~)L4> ~~Ji~I,.!'llill ~I ~...w.I' .!H~'JI

Spencer. op. cit. II. 213-2.14. ( 1)

~jAJ ':J ~I o,)WI;;':J cll~J . .,:,lC...J\ :t;~ :t.;_'~l u~' J
_.J:, jjJ......J\
v ... Ul:J1.. '~Ll:ll
&.? J ';II f..)" WI i:i~_ j ..JJ"l:.:J1;~.J...!
•• ~ ~J("~
~I ubWI ~ ~A,.j~JL.a;';II_,!I\.(:.::...';Jl ;;U,:rJ' ~~I ..,U
~~I ~L;.. tJA ~I ~~ ~ ;;tJ ~ if ~ ~L:=l\
--II \.e.s. J.~-_
..r-- ~ N..r> uk\ ,.,\'1 ;;\S !!.lJ~Jl 6.!1...4~~.J .; JJ'A
t.r"II ~td., -:1 I

J..el&. ~ WIJ ' ;;~I_' j..J1 ~\....,~J_,b ~I_' ~...\:IJId'U\

($,)1;;1 ~ 411~I,)WI ~JJ }l..jl ~~ ~J\.4..
o- '~J.AJI
-.c:-- ':"I,)~ a.P ,:r Jl::.I4 ~.)~
L.. u"4' ~ u~ J'
r~ ~ ,)~ ~I ~WI j o~ ;;.)~j !l~ ~~ J&.J . i:i~~
llA'~J . ~~ ..,tl ul,)WI ;;~t I:b:..:; ~I
_" .. •
~I,)W~ . ...L.4:J1
..
t...;) 4:.,b." ,,' LJ '0,) WI ~ ~ lJaL.., 41I 0,)WI ...l.__iA; l.!;:> 4i i
')1Ai ~ J.I.. <.ill_, , r.Jd1 ~ §..;A wl! J i:i.)~)1 oL_, . i:i~~
rJ.A:j1
JI, ;;~I, ~~JI~. d'~':J1 J)6J~4 J!..ii l.ii~..r4'-
.~ ~~ u~l:J1J~I o- ,)1] (,S.ijl($)~I

JI ~ .j~pI tr : ..¥..y.1' ~1 J at~, i.)U1 - ~

~ ~ ~,~IA:. ~~ c.)A ~I F-' j ds..b-7, ..11o.)WI

~I u4J tel........o~J_,~1 ..u)\ ~,.b.": ...11 o.)WI ~;;t

~\J~I J !l_,L-.J1~\A.. ;;I.G L;"4';' ~t j~J . ,.~I _,t
J~\ r..r1." <-.L..t.. ;1' (.j'\",)1
J ~I.(JI
. cJ'~... li..bJ I~J ~l

o,)WI;;, » : ~~I J~4

i:i r~' .....
~i J l.._'J J ~~'jl ~~~l
J_, . (\) C( !l.t....k !l~ t,jj _,t .)UI ~ ;;i c_Il r.,dl ~.J,:..." J\
ul_'F c.)"~ '11 ~lS" , l:;JL4> ~~ J ~ ,~l:J1 J~I cr ~

Tacitus, GBTmarn'a. p. 19, ( \ )

,,jA ~\_,.... ;~ ~t....'~1 ~1~4 ;)'~I r..L,&.J 4:.>a: 11~I.)WI
o~~1 ~I~I d Jt ~I ~ ;'IJtJ,(d~\'141;::""}il ~
);; ~'IIU::>\l1 J ~.l>~I4:..b=" 1I1'~j\t1~ ~'1 ~,y
• ~~ \II J~~'.:II J&- :t.:}! (b'iS' ~) ;)J _,y':Jl oLa JI
~ ~I" ~lA:.:i)'1 r..1.A;ll_,AUi... ,y I~ ~T ~ ~t~J
~ ~~\ Jt .)_;II ~t ~ ~ ~I ~i . (5;'" wI.; «dJ.)i»Jb. <S~
tL~~I) L...,.. '~"""-" II ~bL-J1 ~~ ~ 1.ol.:A1~
~_,.J ~411 "i .))11j~. :UbJi o.L. J 4\ilj l:;~ _,~'JI
.JJ\
~" ~)lbl J>I.) J
l.S~';:ij~1 ~.)WI~I.j cS_;.t ~ c)AJ
.... """ '.. L. J~. ,;r.r--" t.:._.J.j _..d , o..l..io ~~I
15'.... L.~ I1....i I.T
u....ru ~'" .. .. •

_,s:...u.. ~ w4 c.,rL.:..1Ji ~ clI~ JJ , ~I?\l1 \~ U"'~1

~~Ic)A~) , l- r.lA::J)\J ~JW'J ~WI ~ e- "",WI

.~ J:i_,:J1~ I~ ~tJ ~l..:JIJ ~.))11 ~u...J4 I~ ~t
LS.lJ1 ~~Ir.S..uIJ LI> dJ\f.) ~I 1-41:is..\?.'' .1Io.)lJ.l()~J
. 6.:.J
)J... ~ .c"" 1.
.. (J"'-'J ~
l:.J1uL:l1 4..11] -'.II; J ~I
......r~ ~.

It :i..JL!J1~I:'~I » ~. ~ ;~I J 4.~b 1·11J.JAl.J1

t.;lb.l-.
~lt~t ,,1 ~1:,.-J1~lr.t"i _;"~..:..iJ c)A~~JjJ~)1 ~ ~t
~1 1)1';:':""1 p"'Jl ~1r.I..r.JI~,f' ~.~ ~bJl DL J ~pl,lli
JSl..!..J~~I tW,J~IJ u~Jjl JJ~t~ ~L.r ji J'-.--.!
~I , Jk:.i4 'JJ J.-14 ~ '1 ~..b.:..J1 o,)WI f> ~I . ~1i~".J1
~~ ~JbJl ~~ ~. ~J uL.~ JI ~ 'J oJj.).r.--e oUf
. )1;:"''11 Jt t\.j)ll (f ~~. L. ~t 4.it IS , t..t'~ 'J
i~UI .(,~I ,-,1..-1
t""-- o~
. ...,..- ~ .:AI ..l4J : a,t..ur.=_11 ."w, ..Ia.J:W
..
la..~.J Ji\1l ..~1 ~IS" ~).J ."",~I J,;u:. J::.J J ~~\iJ 4:..\~" ,tJ
J.t
j
\,.-lW' -c...
_ ~
"A... T " L. JJ~)
j '-:'4"
1 1_, ~
~ .. d.lJl ~l.(ll ..r-
1..7
....
I

~_b;.:jl c.l:W- ~}A ~.AJI o.)t;J1 ~ iJA ~,;.TO)~A!J. ,:/:; I..

~_"';:'A ~ ~I ~141.UI •.lJa ~ ..~ ~t ~J 'I Ji'll.
c)~ : JI.411 ~I I~ ~ '1 ~J ? c.t'l:J1J&. ~..b=" ,11 i.)Wt
c)t ~ ~'1 clJ~J . ((U!,.r'WI .1S6a.. » '11 t_Ia L. 4:.1,." ..ll • .)Wl
L.;I • ",,\.:11lA~ c)t ~ ~ ul?-'11 #~
JJj '1.Jt ~ Y
lS o')\AJIJ - ~ t.J ~TIS o,)\j t.J", . ~.br" • ~,)I:.t.l~ c?
,)I)i o- y~~~ '11 J ~~I)I Jt :l..A_~11,-:,~t ~ ~TJ
~~'11. ..)6.::...,1 .("'"!' ~i oJ" '1 . WJI ulAJJl
I",;; J ~I ~..~ ~..Y-'
. r.s- • J" .
r' ~I ~,lS"iIII_,_.., ~L.j
),;:-ot j ,~'; ~. c.$~1 E')I ",t rWl
~i ~lt :u...... ~ o)J.AI\ • .lAJ ...PH ,t ~I Sl-. ri ~.fAJ1
~I ~,,~ ,WI .~'JI ,~ IJ~ ~, u~t ~ ~ ..It o.)1.AI1
•.)UI.()..,i-! J ~)~I ~L..a:;.~ ~.J.> IS . u}1 ~
.,)UI ~ ~T ~ '1 cJJ.l) .• .".. c.:r-;51 (Lw;)I) 4:..\~" III
~~ ~ ..:,i J&- o)')li ~\ . 4~')~'1' r!W4 ~~ 4:,.l;e': ..LI
u~L:...:, ~ ~-L> W' , ~I.}T \~ '1 ~ ~,)L4.:,;1 L:'~
u'1lS"" !l~ ~I ~ . ;;~ JL...:;.. \1.4 L... ~I.J ~,,-J'
dJ:' J) J~J ~J.>: till ~bWI _,..l ;)t:1 ~ ~ :t..lA~.)La.:;1
« ~)I » ~..yl ~T .aL..!.lIJ . ~ ul~1 Jk;.,)\ c.:r- J:W
l.r ~ ~ I J u'lIS".; 1 • .1. .l>'t; (.)"l:J I l.f .~..),t .)~ O~ .>.~~I\A"

~J' ~.J.l.io~~ «~"..]) ~~ ~~~I ~~I t~'1

J,,_JI U" ,)U:JI o-: lA ~I:S~~ ~j' ~IJ . ~ Jl:i'J1 ~ ,)lj~1
~ ~ ;;~~ :Y).i ~J Jt , (,)"l;J1 rJ"~ ~".. lAo~T ~t ."t
« u~1 d))) ..\:&. ~I ~ ~\ll ~ I.. Ii) ~TJT, r""')1
wT . 4;;..M.l1ir ~~ JI ~, I~I ~ ~ I~ ~y:.,_ ~l ~.
~."A1' w '-, « ~)1 » t lil J :y.)1 ~ )ij ~_'La::.i'11 eJWI

~ o~ J ';$ _rr::.,. o.t'U; ,)./!-4 .::.-d {(u) lj ))clJ j CO-'

JIJ'''JI ~ ~~,T ~ ~I . IJ:.~~ ~ 4...,...1.. ~.1J1
~)JI Ja
J:i__,:J1~ J-r ~TJ. if~'11 ~ ~I JlC.!':l4 ~j ~t
~ . .,La:i'lIJ ~..uIJ J~)tl 11.,)~ j ~I .l'L!;,."t...lG,..i ~
J..:J" rl&. ~ ';>''1 ~y ir 1t1))1JI." rt..':J1 JI !J_r::;.
Yo ~~
J&- ~l:>TJ...\j u~~'.ll oLJ . (\) ~IJ ~~~I J ~?
- ~,)LJI ~ 4r ~J ~I ~~I J>I_' J ~t fit ~,~.
~ .1)1 j) tI'~ '.ll." ($.)I...L:;')I ~I j.~~ ~T - ~T) I.S" r
cJ'1 ~I4. JJ ).~)l.• ~1("" J ~ J.lr:t.At...r.
l. wlJJI w~.~,.:h
A
..
.t ...

~.)l "tv ~ ~.;Ai J ~I ~ ~Jli u=J1 ~)JI « ~UI ».

dL....,T ~ dL.(;J .If'lb J!e ~~ J [.~I WI.l'UU J~
~~ ~;:;; ~It~,)WI J:.:i IY uG.. ~J • (~JAJI ;iT) 1 6: )~ »
. J(.!JI ~ ir ' J~)\ ~~ r:r o~J t.:'rJ1 ()Aj J ~I~~
L ...·:
•••
"4' ~~'11
H·
~WI._b_,_"
•• c---~ I...~~%' JI o,)WI~.:L<~I. .I

.:f' ~.J&!.I.J. ~I J~J _'I}~I ~ ui..!:(j l.ilt ~LJI wlJP

~I .:JbWl ~;. ~j \*~ ~I_'" I)A ,~ ~JJI JL..) ').
~J6e.. Jl_,k ~ ~L..r ,fJ ~JI ~~I ol::J1y_,L.TJ ~_'_;II-,
JIA:i':J1 ~I.r ~ J <\.}I~~ (.5..iJ1rWI ~11:.:J1 )W:;IJ ~ .l>':lt
ul_,.b.;J1 ~.....~ ~ l.. W~
•
J " ~~ ':11~1
u- • ..
~.. ~.t'~ 'j Mr~
I. '0

See A.L Kroeber. "On the Principle of Order in Civilization 88 ( \)

Exemplified by Changes of Faabion"~ Am.riean ifnthropo1op" N.S, XXI.

No, 3 (1919), '35.2&3.
_;; o~I)1 ~~I ~bW o~ ~ ~I:.::.:.. J.f J.>...f J.i ~I
~J u"~ ~I ~,;:II :u~ J l::.-- I.JJ) e,S)_j; I~J • c.S.r~1
. .u( ..:.

.!J.,L-li ~1."Al 4.0:,,,/)1 tl_.i~ o.J~ J..z411IJ.. J L:.....u

~ ~J !J_,L..JI ~lA..J ~..\fl ~ ~ ~lAr I.i~ ~I , if~ 'il
.. ~..t.::.:' .ll o.)WIJ ~I o)WI ~ ¥.J c)jl4JIJ ~I o.)WI
L.+ciflJ.;J JI ~\;.. ~ o.JL!'1\ L _,-1_,l;JI ~~ ,;r ":is ~UJ
.~..bJ1 ~I J ~~~!JIJ)I (.f'.J~ ~ ~ J~ L.J t.r'1)..l.J
~l- .tjlJ , (\) JI!JI ",:,t::.C1c:r J l!J1~r.J1 JJ\> JJ . ~I
J~ ~.lJ , ~L.::::- \II ~.;11
~l!ll ",:,l:.:C1 J~' ~ jl tl_,;l
~6J1
_ . 'J ~.
I·" !'i8 ..;> ..
.. ~if..r u~u .~~. \II ~.. l:.L6u
.. J
_,t.:J c)i ?J , ,La ~T Jw ~L.;~. dJ;, eJ . !l.,LJ1 ~1_,Al
. ~LiJI ,:)_;II o~ ~ ~ ,y !J_,LJI~I_'; J
. Jl:.:JI ~I J ~I_,:..... L.. 1..\A

• J~'*1\ o~\ J vUl,;ll 4i-J L.5 y~' o~ )ail (\)

~.;a1-
rvt
 : ~~ ..J.4l\ ;~W\.J 4:.J:\ o~Wt.
Li,}"JJ' ~U' 0.,. :
!l"L.-J1 ~I_;J l:;.....1),:) l.:.t!"'i ~, aJt-:.tl
"",lUIJ Jl!J1 ~IJ ~L:....:ili &)i J:- ~L...l 4JL.. JI t~)11
~J ~ J.aAllll. J t~)1 tfiL:.:.....J . .!J~J ~ ~;..r~1_,dJ:
~ ~;L~IJ ~.;11!I."LJI ~1Ji1~I".. ~u c:rJ.}}l1 _);
Ill. ~ ~J. ~I~I?J ~l1,. c:r ~ cS~ ~J' li~f~.
i..Lf1 J-J i.f-.: ~ ':JJ1 ~ I~Ib._"";J ;n 4)_~ ~,
• ~,)_,iI1OlW~ d'bJl c:S')..ril1 ;~441' i.)W4~1;J\ ff'~\'\'
I I:: : a,.,jJ' o.)W. a-....p. ~,
::1:' ~I· -"'I·
I...JJ'. 0- .r.::- tJA v::- .. ... '" .. • o.)Wt
, ~l.till o.)WIJ ~\ o,)WI ~ ~I I~ l.:i &l' ~J'- ~.;.
o.)WI ~T ~I JJ . u4_,...;JI~lli.. 4~ L. I~ (_)jJl ~I I.l..
IL LfJJ ,~')) ;~lJ; ~l,;J1 o,:)WI ~JJ~~I o.;AU; ~~
;,

... ~1 ~llWI JI ~t!.·t

t .. ~t ~ .:C". 'lJ . ~ ...JI ~ ~... ~ "'I
~4J . (\) «: ~.))l1 o..\Wf r~J!lkr» .,t ii_rjl ub~ t...J~~

:~\.::)
J ($J!.l vY," 4i~ \~ (\)
John Dewey in Human Nature and Conduct (New York" I9,u), Chap. IV.
~n b')\.al\ I)~ ~, bJ.. J ~Y,_,) o~ e-- ...A.L::.:;.j ~ J
y~\ r;,A ~'Jl j.41 J ~.JJ ~..u\ ~~ J ~.)JJ W" ~.);lJl O,ll"J\_,.
.J~~ ..~IJ ~ J.::l=-1 uk r~ u~n lJ.. 01o" ~j4 J.I...lt\
• ~
\.:. .1\.1• i ..F••
.J..l>
.iJ..~ .)I)t ~ -;S,r... UJ); I.f' U\..!; L::- ~.)j o~lt. ~t ~i
.~ ;;~~~ ~l uGll ,y.' ~~I .~i r:r ~JJ.!S ~~J.."
~~
..f
:1\ ;;~UI ..... L....l
I..I(.)"~...
~ ~..~:UbJi
I..._ L...:,.J\ i~WI
~
~.l.j "
.o>UI Lr' ~A L. c.I'~'.l1 ~IJ _,;l:JI."ul.I~I r:r~'"
~\Z ~t J ..~I ~ o_"'::':':" ~» o~~ w~" ~J' 411
~ ~b~ ~ ~.»))I ~1~WLt~~IJ • ~;I ~ d4 O.)~
'~ ~..\JI :tt~1 A..\... ~ ~)~ , ~.)WI ,:fJJ . ~ ~IJ

,~ ~T ~I wbW\ cf=-J 'lJ . cS.r~I ,:r L...1..b.1;;~

.c:.fJ" ~l:J1 J~ ~I 1f,.,Ai j ltl ~ lit I ~".}II ul,)WI ~ j- I~l ~I
~J ~1 ubWI UA--':!.\i ~.J.) t.:..:r ~t ~ ~.),;Aft .:"bWI
~ ~l4J1 d"4\'1 JyJl ~J~ ~ ~.r.-' a.lJl .()"'~~I J..
:.l .~•.::- .::"b~ ~ \~ ~t ((~\f.lJ1 JlAt,~I )) "l JjJUa J~lS"
. ~.)} '::"I.~k~J~ IA--!. ~t ~J'" ..k.' ~'1 ~J

,Jjl : O":!,, a.... J'..PJ~ ~t 1Jjl-JJ ~"""" ~~)JI Ol~Wf

->~J.J..... b
,,_ u J.rw
l!1\
~ .. JI ~ '-II
..~ ~ ,,~b..:.:..,..}U
•• &)L..i'll ~I.

{~~ ) ~.J::i ~lj,rar ~ J-~ ~ '.1 cS.lJ1~l!11 GU-l.~

L _. I...4rIt" :11 o.)WIuL..:$I
,-, ~ .. ~r..
.<-A..J;.:;
" va- ....r . ~1_-.. jt!.i . L...,u
.. J
~ 1.".1 ~I JI ~l..lJI "t ~)I J.ib11,w.,\ "t ~.l:
...
.}::/I
~I . "-! i~J. w.~J ,)~ cSt IY ~I ~fo..~ ~~~J
~J,) ~ ~p. u ~ ~ ;U.Jf"'" 1f~1 l.ll.-~.) _;II o,)WI
• oj..4.~ J.&- ,1..u'J1 J:i ~ ~I "t ~)l1 J '::"'.l"I~ J' g;~~1

.c)A ~T j&- ~ ~i..1. ."~ ~.») o.)~~""s:J l.~ ~J

~t.. Ji..r-'
<tI~ ,~tA..G
.. .. " •
l,JhT~:.J....
t..t.i~1 .J ~I~l;ll
.. •• ,.
~ UI;....J .r~1 ,j I~Io~~ cS;.t,~~ ~,)ji clJ~ r:r
.,i « ~l: y » ~.)...,411•.)WI ? ~I '~J . Ua~..\:&:.1<.ill
 'JJ~I ~IJ ~l:JI ~~)U ~..,LtJ ~I)I ~ J,l oJ~':
~I.)I~I ~ ~ t.;1. 1.:....._,4i Jw.f J ~i::.L1S' ~J..f 1..l:J1i ~ •.
L .....bll ~lS" UJ . JIJ}I 4.,,('; J L:,.l(Ji (_)_,AII JT ~1))1.
, ~I.()I t.I~ ~I Jf ~J , I. , .. 01 ~1.4l1 rW' ~li ~l..J\'I,
~~,lS" U ClJ.lS'" , b,..1 A'J~, ~ ~f ~I.,b.\' .)I~I fT ~~'
~ otJ J~ L. ~ o~~ J~J ~I ~J..u ~i ~~
",i~~~i ~ ol....4i J d/J ~tJ' ~~IJ ~~I o~1 ~L.t.
J (.$~ ~i I~~ ~')II ;.)WI ,:J,.~ ~I,; , ':"IJ~I UA0J~;
4ili WIJ ;JWI ()~ dJ;J . ~";'I ~ ~~ j~"'j till ~_,:JI~,

b~ ~~4J . L:rl:&-J ~ t~\' (S,r)rl JL.,_,JIJ;- ~)JI J.-i'

~ J.:1Al I .)...\J I J l:.A._;, J..!i ()T l:J .r-f ~l::J I clJ L..... tr ~ ~:
UA ~, ~~ ~t e ~,T ~ 'J ~J • l:J ~;l;;.1 u=J1 clIL...1l,
~L(.)t if' t.:.. ~I.i ~1 ~t.J1 ~IJ . ~,)jJl wl,)WI ~} .
.~.pU!J ~~ ~bWI,

&)jX) ~I ~)J' 01 : 4A~'J ~.ilAiJ~1 ~..)}J' 01.)W,

~~ J1 , ~ ..1;7 u" ~ o.)WI4I~ cJ lS' I~I L. .).,b,j' ~.»)II l:;.)~ ~.
;':I;} I ;~~.t ~ c!U '1l...J . o~I ~ ~ ~ :;~ obi-
()t ~ ~~ . ~..b.:J1I,i,. J I)J') ~ ~~ <....W' ~I .)J.hJI-,
. ~t!.J, I~ J ~..,.I~~ I~-
t.AW ~II:L,tkJl
c..r' wl'l
.. l ~
I':':~
.
.
~)W \..-L> JI : ~~iJ'J1 it..)jJl i.)l..aJIJ ~I - ,
- ~ ($.lll, r;~1 ~..::..Jl) ~ ~ (.$i..l..A4iJ - r'~'
A ':/~T ~,,;; ~t ~ J.i ~J • ~.)) ul.)~ ~L..:SI Jt-.
(Sl ~I ~j~ \'~bJl.~JJ. ~cY l.::k ~J)Id' A L..
4: ;~> ~J • ~~ il:;j J' c,S.)jr ~ J,.I.4:i'J......:~ ~
J ~I )~ JI ~ ..u='1:.tiJj' J'UU o- I~ ~I ;L!ll ~~.

YNV
 ~L..;)L, •
J.4i1 ~L.~I ..bWI J:tl!... 1".\ J~j "IIJ u~1 • ~

.t.,,::JI,~J ("_,wIJ . ~IJ \' ,.,.:JIJ ~l .J'!> If ~I .)~IJ rUaAJIJ

:L
...r"'1 ......JL..t
... ~. c+~ .. ,(, J J . \~....).JA
~ l,\
l
b~ •• Jl.Q!J1
'""

.~.~ J 6....;,IJ I)J') ~L..iJt ~.)} 0bk. JI ~.)JlI ~\:iJ'

,.)~_,Jy'Jp':JII ... ~ ~ 4.J6. o~J - :i_ 4~' :i..WI(~L..:JI
.~I J~ l;~i lS , ~I ~L..kJ (.);lA.l1 t~'ll ..L.k)
• ~t!J1

.. J~I ~ ~ ~ ~..)jJl,ul.)WI rY..,P t)A t.,:11 Ij".

~ tJ ~L..i J~I ~..)_;JIo.)UI ,;t.,.,s:; ac- ;'1Jl!.. l;~J
C)L....II ~_), Jt ~I J ~).dl «J.""",» ~} ~ , ~I J.4i ~
~t; ~y.J ~.}.l ~ 4.:'.• ~J , (\) c:I..~1 ~J..\J" J ~~I

J,WI a- tJi J ~L._;i:J1 ~UJI If).,j,i l.bj.. /;~l:..lJ

.:U;~ \~ ~_), .)1~ ~;,. L..._, . ~_,;..t tl_,;TJI ~JJ.r4l4 J;_:~
.ciI.).J U")1..u4 ~IJ..u1 JJ~I JII~ ~"l ciJ ~ ~ ~I
. ~~JI(; _I~ ~I '" , ..~IJI .-lLJIJ .. L.~
"" .. r.f ~J ~ ~
.~ ~..~ r~J J~I ~~J4 ~.)i r:r 'J~, ~p
. J..UIs jijl
~_jj" .:y'\.._,i'J':J1 ~.)~I o)LJI,;r _;..T t_,l !1~J
_A ~-1I.. ~~"'1~ w'J~I) L>
.~• ~I C-:-'""~" J (ul J)~I J J '("''''1
... Y~
.., o~IJ 'OJ.!J Js. ~.)..w _,..a> ':J ul)J') ;~ )JJ.j ~I ~~ ~
(.jJJ) JI I".~ r~ Ji 1"..1. '.:!. (_)JJI~I d'~ JI ~.jj

'~uj'~JlCl J~I ~~J J' ~ t~_,ll I~J - ~L.t...

'll ,~..\&JI _,...aJ1)_,..!ll ~~~UJ)L! ~I.~ O)jJ".J:;J

.ua,a~1 ~L; ~ )~J I~ .)J~ ~J}I o- t_,:Jll~ ~i

 Lt;.;1} ;;I:::JII)A tP cS;..l c...AJ) ~ r L. , .Y'J ' J.-1lj,
~bUI ~~ W!A .>.;JI~:-.p; J /).J~l~. '.J, ~'JJj
~ ,)~J '1 ~.iS"J . ~I \"""4 ~ I.i~ tfPJ ~.).riH
~l>jl LA_,:-; w~ ~I ~~j'J\11 ~.))ll wl.)WI J I~ ~l
J!.e ' &).ul J>I.) o~1 J ~J :u_rJ1 ~ JL.JJ ~..\...!}I.
,;~I ~.ul J ~J~I ~1 ~4 J J!.)JI (w"!J ~I e.) 0.)1&:.
~ r.rAi J&- .)~~IJ , J!.;,bJ1cY' ~~I ~l:;J1 ,_)&. ~I ,1.rJlJ
~ o~. I~J' t)L.!J1 UA ~,1) Jel)1 ~~Iw'.J_,s1l1
t5.r-:
,I .• I~'~ ::-"" ~ I,., ~"1":"':0 <.r"1I:b..) J ~ .:..q ~,»)ll
I)A .• ~ " ~I.)WI u- . _A
~J l.:......AiT ~ .:,;.; ~l u ~'1 jl5' '~I~.I'~ ~J , (.i:/J)1
o ~~I ;l::J1 UJ);.
~t-;. UA: a.~, ~,).rJS1 jj~---..u ~~~I ~"I - ,-
flJ ~lb il~1 J .>_;JI~. ~J JI yJJ ~f ~,)jJl b.)WI·
:Ulbl UA ~ ~ ~t~ \S" o-
L. },.,rJ ~.... J-li c.i ~.A.~ l-.
J ~..\JI :ti)6.J!,. \Jb~\_,Ai oJF Jw.l.1L:J. ~l5' W)JO ~I.

J&- JfL.) ~:\:S' Jl ~..uJ1 ~ I..e-" J-li JI ~ _,:II _,t , r~l .

..boi J U"'~I l4 o- ~:r!~I J~.,;: ~ Jl , 4lCi :U';lll
JI
~1,.1..r.1 ~..)I}'.JI ~I 0-4: ..\pj ~t u ~I ~ CUI
1j~1 ~ 'J llil . ~JY-! §l.A~l:St L:...j~. '1 u=J1 ~,).;JI o,)WI.
UA."Gii ~i ~ &)1.) I~I ~ ~~J :u~ ~~T ~ ~ ~l
c? ~ 'J I.1.J . ~.>I})I1 ~I J=..1.;r4~ ~.;A Jf j ~.~
u.~llJa;51."~I J~)rl J.)i ~J J. '~~Lql J~':ll.
~J.) :U~I ~ ~~I J~~I ~ , tl~'1IJ ~I ~
~I ~ ~I)I Ci~1 JI ~ .::-; 'J ~L. ~T J J..WI ~._
JJ . ~l:11 0.1. J.;JI ~ J~ ~~. 'J ~, ~~ ~ ~I
~ ~ j ~~
~ ~I JI jl.:.AJl~ ~.J~'.JI ~_,:lII~

rv~
~.lJ1 .~ ~li ~_,L.':JI Ij". ~J ~.)) •.)~ 4..:;i ~ ~_,L.t
~~ ~b..) ~JI J~I UA~ ~~J' ~ ~l JI ~
.~l.,,~ w- WI" JbJI ~ UA 4\fl.e:.1~ ~~ :l ~l:lIJ a~J ~,I
j\!.. 4.-.O.l u.·-- ... L.~J
_..4.-..)1 ..\.om 0 ~~I
.. ~ 0 lA~tS'"
L!__ "'I wi ~_t'!JI J
·ci ,.I)J ~ c,S.lI1 ~I ~.))l1 ~.!IWI f>JI J~ ~T ~ 1).)[;
~~_, , o~ ~ ~ JI tA .:,i J l.r :tfbJla~ J ~~ oUt.;
-....4;
JV-
J u..
_o.l?-~IJI ~ .. ~lJ 4.....ii JIa ~ .~ .... ~,i.~
~
tiCl
....

o III~~)\ o~~clj'
.~I --'I· cr r:
, ..r.' . . if' ~... ~T \.:J ~..r- .:, -'':II ,;r
'j LJb. ' Jl!1II~

.,a.:... ~ 1.;'11J IJ ~ _,J I .) _r.J (,$.) lJ.&- !H.:".':' IS ,~ I ~.)..ri1' 0.) WI :t.l.J I
.~.).,4I1 o.)W\ ~li' ~ 4...~ ~W't J-l~ lAlJ ~ i ~I~' J c:h. rJ

.~ ~iJ''il u~ 'J<.).iJ1
~I J.-lIJI~}t_, 4~~ ~
., ~.)LA;i1 ;'JJ~ ~JI..P'':JI ~iJ ~~I ~.)WIJ 0 ~~

>~J:Jt ~I J J-li ,11i ~ LS ~~1 ~ L. ~:d ~\S"J

..:w.,~}4 ~l41 o.)WI .~ ~ ~t ,yo I""'~ .!II})'I u--!.J
.~) JT ~ L.I~I tl,)11 r.::..iJ \I~I "t "::"~I~I Jt ()I .,1
• ~I \~iJ JL,.._;....'JI.)~ _,i ~I.)~IJ ~~I ~4J.,r!14
.~~I ~.),;II ~bWI JI jtW ':'T ~11.lJ ~ ~ J~ Jf Js-J
,-,1))'1 4ilb- ~lAil ~I'; ~""'..P." 4.~:I.;J~ r,S.).J ."..I_,l;t.Jl )~4
• (J~\ .)~ \ r:.t LA.t...r-1J

_~ L.I# : ~~y, i~I~aa;\.t' ~1~ ~Ir ~~)h~Wt

. II.l".~t~ ~ ~I.)~ \_'~Ji~.).)I1 ~;..~\ ..::,,\.)~
~j_t l:..LL
.~J~J 0 ;~I J o~.~ ~\.....i r~1 ~J ~ ~b. ..u ~bWI
.JIF~ ~~IJ~.))JIo.)WI.)J.) tJA ~ u, L.J ~~..ltJ ($}-t
..J.:..\) ~.) ,;I I 0.)(.11()A Jt ,~ dA L. (.P l:rl:> tL.;sl ~ ~ \)t
:o,WJ ~ J=ll~}I O~J • ~L.:~.81
o~1 J ~UI J.ly:.
.;~~I- • .T.

, (\) .Q.
J"" ('
lbl.J;A".j (J'"'
"ILl'
1,.;;1~
<"'I c;-;-
.~..._.tl ~ . u
. ..A~,))11
..
;')WI»
~l uJ>J~J' ~b.ll ~L;Jt;{..~ ~'I::J ~ ~~ DA ~t."
u'JY ~_,kLI.I~1 ,,~i ~J r!lajl 'J-b- j>\.) ~ l:A)v'
&),t v- (,)"'l:J1 ~ ~I ~ lJ.1~ c)J' Itll .• 1}Al1~~ ae ~I
u=J1 ~J . 4~t J IJl!; J-11l:.J..u1 c...i_,JIJ~l&.L:-JllJ~
L..W~)L... J I~. c)f4-JI"#r? J..eWIJ,)~I ~ ~
~li:ll ~ ~ ~1 j J..WI "I)J if'J .• l:..!J1~ ..L1t~I J
~ J IJ~' c.$J_;I1 ..IJJJ . if}jl Jl..&.l J ~ ~ i)U;J1 J
~ u=J1 ~J • ~I J"":' ~ J~ ~.,;a:ll ~.).rJ ~I
~ ~ ~ t.;1. o~1 ~I c)~J ($.)6wJ1J~ ulJj. ~
• ~(" til; J_\",:,:>1
J J J ~I ~ ....1 H ~..
.. >-' oWl
.. j C.lAS".1)' 4.JII;p.-
... J!
L:.it I.:.:.l&. ~)1 , lAW L:.J)t' ~ ~\ .. J ~ .. ~T~; I". cs .. ..u
t.r . .r.. J
.~IJi~l; ~ 4ii WI, ~J..ir ~J' ~II J I.:.iIT 1,. 'JI'.~ ~ '1
~ ."
~l..:::>..•'11 ~lt.lJ1 4T
l':""~ ~J' J~c.ru-J
H·~I'. ..A • J.I..b-.
... i:JA _..wI
•
.4..:- ilrJ L...;. .,....rl 4)A ~yl ~WJI r..L_..a. jA\i . ~ J
.•)\4....i~ r
u-fl Jr~. "-iT f.) ~~ ~L.~ 1)1 ~ J~ t.J
~~ljl ~I ~ ti" :U:WI ul..~1 Jl ,~I;;dl'J~~ ~

~, oJ''; ~ 1.S~1 ~I ~ r:Y' \.a ~ rr-)J 6~ (\)

· ~r rUi.i J3i:,J eit.-l\ J ~\ o~'1~ 4')1 ~\ o~\
~;11-
\ ...~ "",L:JI j ~ cil., . ~I ~bJl Ji , ",:"L!JI ~I Ji
_laUi..oJ , ~1....uIJ fl'., , ~ _,JI ~~ J!.. ' J.,4i L. J&- S~~
".iA U" .,_;JI ~. j~~~. 'J j~4J • ~)~I ",:,)..,i." ~I.
~ \~ ~ ~J . o~~ §~ j J.N I!U~ JJb. I~~ ~.r.:J1 ~L.~JI.
~. A)tll· «r" j.,~~, 4...iw'll
.. ~. c:rJ . c.U ~t.u V--:I
M
u...
l'l.
..LAJ• ~,. "':J ~ ...
I...W ,~
1.1..
L:JI <f
0i "U".r' J .:.,UIJ!oJ:I..~lll
. « (\) :t:J I cl/_),
~I I~ ~ ~)L,J ~15' 1~1u.rJ "Y ,:rdJ
J)I.;..~I J~

~[; Jb. J) ,j.;- :UL...l1 01 . ~..;;f it ~L.J)U I~ ~r.:J1

~ 0t ~. ~ ~l:..oJ.j ~I :U:}~IIJ ~M').;Al' ~,)WI" . t.!iW
,~ ,r.'U
.. J ~ ~l_,:ll (j"
L:JIJ.,L.!.i ~
1_--:" ;b; ~.f Co..>.
.. cr
~I,..

j ~}/ !+.C" ~ A)J_,.AJI ~ c./'J . ~~ ~ 'J

I .:j \:I J.-W'
~ 'J ~~ ~. J J.l l.4J~ ~ • t.Ji 4--1.
• I)AJ ; JJ.r--
'..'1 IJ"-
"I:.

..li I..~ L:J ~ ..)) ;.)~ 0__,(j ~l ,)~ dJ';~" . w.. ;JJ""':"
.~~~
pi L. 1.::;" J.A.} ~lS' ul~i Ji '-:'JI.:J ~i L:J~ ~ t:?'
1 ,lA
or: ~.. - ~~ . ;,:)Wl 4Ll;
~ • "M "II ~6J1 ~I.jl
..J ~ .~r.;r' ,

j 01_,.:- ~~ IJp a.iJ1 "",L:JIcl!JJ t J (!...ail'l ~t ~ o~t

~~~ ~~ ",:,."Lt E~I" ~0~~1 ;~11,,~~

",:,,).....),1JW 1.".....)L.."i~,~1 J rL4l.1~ ~I
~I t...1~I,.i>J
~.eJIJ ~I iJA (-...L-411JI Jy-!l1 r"yo "'! c:,~ 1';15' LSlIt

j ulj .,t ~I j ~ i}i L. 1~:O6. b~" . ~I ~.>J

~ ~ .j1~IJ)Al1 o~ 0iclJ~ c)A ",:,j~IJ • ~1. •.~::_J1r~~t
~11;1 , ~ ~ (,)"'L:JI~ ~1.) 4~~ ~I~ ~.)_,&JI• .,WI

William Jame8~ Principia 0/ PSJlch(Jlogy (New York, 1890)~ I~ X"I. ( I)

Reprinted by perJJUuion of the publishers, Henry Holt and Company.
I~ cL~ ~ ..u ~1 r.i> J ,~1 ~I~ r~
L.til'
.. LiUJIv iL;;
u I
......j>'1Lib..!J~
)~- -1111~.I .'
. ("1-, • ~I. •
()"-' ~
......)1
;·1 v

'l.kl!i ~,,~""! jj~~;"'.J.::rJ r

I~I ~.,)j1I.)1...1It.r_;.)1 ~I
...u , J!)JI t.J ~ ,,1 o.,WI l..-~ ~ ~I :t:...1.(J1(.5;a1 ~\i
. u,) W" ~ ,;:...? L. J&- J~ ~L....o-, o,)WI )J~ ~
(J..J o- J~I ~ ...ul t..J~i Ja! J ~. u='1 ;;~l1J1 ~ o~J
J-!.t ;;"'j~1 ~IJ+-!ll Jr- ~I j ~..;>1 "-) c.S.)J . ~.) JI
.oUT ).b.~~'
. • 1:..··)1, ul..\.ill
1-4' ..r'.. J (j"
LW ~ " <.r
"11b~I

d~ ~ JI.J>)l1 ~ J ~J
« ~I » ~bWI ~ iliJ.".;
~.)t ."i ~UI J ~ ~ ~} « ~ ~bW }) "J:"l4.. ~
D.a J:o . ~I ~.i ~ r~.~~I
j .~ ~-,} ~ 1.,:11
.J.._,..a:J4 .f-'J ~J c)4 ~~ ~ ~'fl' :.,IJWI ~ ~IJ_,!11
dJ~~~\tI-,. rC a Q.;J~I ~;'l.JJ~ lS LS)";~J~I
I::: oll .) _r.aAL1
v-. 4....,!;J1 wl"W! ~
.1'J..%i1 r.t.?" lAll pjl
.. I~ ." . oJ..l.k.
..
c.s-0"1,t&.\..:.>.
.. . './1; J.JN.;-
-"II; _.l1; ~.... ~L.A.. "-"~
d" JI:t •.
a%.!I I ;WJI
.,
L "--. ;J l..t ~I..ul ~LJI ~~I ~I ubWI ~J<.riYU
. • 1e.-
~. .. r" ... , ,
,....

~,i~ ,4Lt) ~ ~jl)1 6.iA')1 r.Sj lS .)1", .\~IJ .;.t:I1 JI

... l:.k
l...:., ••..r-' ~:b.. ) l:;. I.it ~ ,..~.,L..; ).>-J ~ "11~I
.. t,.i o~Wl
A'
M •

. l:.i~ lJI1':r.J 1.:;1

.•~ J ~~ ~14....,1;J1 ~.»)11 o)WI

'L.JI.)~I -,i ~.) _,Allo,)Wl ~,11L U" ~~ Lew\.:&. ~ ~)IJ

..w, ~ ~ ~;\1L Ij LSb. ~ t.;T J.i; ~T ~ .)I)~
~~ J.r- ~_,~ ~ , ~1 ~ , )~ll~J . l,:j.)I)1
.~ ~" ~IJ".\;JI ~W O.)W~} I.,dJ ~.jJl jl_,..:J1 .)1)~1
~ ... ':l_Jll LJA ..b.1)1 jt JI ~ . ,)1) jl_, . Ll>
0~L:.. l:J ,J,J'1
'11~..)_,.illo"UI L. ("lc ~ ~ r:fJ_, . .c... ,.~.l;':H_', J~I :~
',(,Ar
uJ).H J ~t;JI oij'l::> ~ ,> c)L...i'1\ ~ ~ ~I ~ .,Jr,
~I ~p' A ~_,
.~~ c)T_, ~ ~t ~ ~ ~I
4t)6JI :t;1_,:.:.....~'jtL:l1 d., ~~ o~\ ~~I.J ~ ~f ~
. ~IJ ~~~, u~1 ~ j' j~4J' ~)1,,1 ~...ul JJo
L'b !.Ib. ~t LS . 41~ ~L:-, ~l rJ4 ~l:....:, J~ ~f ~"
~ t.;..." . ~I) uti,,! d ~ r>'P ~i~ ~, I)" klji_,
~\!...JI '-oJ"'i· c:.r-..ul_A''\;,;;.:.,; ~~
"" •J " J..~ '11'~ j . J..~ ~T ~ t.

~.)L4.:i'11 d'';1" b.)l~IJ ~ljA UAJ • 4r_r.>., ~ lJAJ , ~I

;r~,)j1' o~WI()~ ()t ,)~J • .4J ~\::l~
,.)..4.. ~l..i Ji J~'11
~§:; ~y::::.u J"~' J-->I)I dJ . ,;..T _,l:==>1 cST fL ~~I...A..,
L....\.__;&. t.;.C., . upl 41_rlJ
o,)~I-, ~.r fit ~,))II ~bW~
J~ ~
..,I.i ~ . J lj ~l-...
•
.!.;St r,_)'2>. ~I ~JI... ,LJL.;
N ~
.... -
~
t • ~\
~
I-!,)A
~... \..AI~.'
. 'r'" " cS.J>• T .. I ••
o).)LA! 0,)
WI v---
L ...-·';_ 1'·1 '"
WoO: ,,~.

J l ~..ul
..
o~, . Jl.Q:j'1l)
..!,)A
4.A..:aJ1ul
....r.!
At:l.l ~I ~" ~. l;;~..

."i ~I o~ JI F- J. \:.11 ()A "t ~I

.J> o~1
. <') ~.).)l,.o.)WI (""IA.. J.c- _,..\Aj ~l, Jli:.&.'11'::"1"'('--.
t.S) c)T ~ : ~1".s1 .J aw-t11 ~,)jJ\ ot"l..N1 ~b -" I

.)_;II ~ i~ ~I ~l::-.....':'-:II_'u.~.ljAJ ~..))11 o~WI ~.:L;-, (",...; Y.

'..
~I ul J.~b ~I CUr·D" ~ u:·~tlul.)WI ~b.. J ~... J
~ 4.t..~1 ~tJ . 14;-, lb~ -" l:4L,1~ ~)I ~?' ~bWI ~~
tip J,} clJ.iS J--..!> ~, ~..uIJ ~I ~.~_,4I1l:Jblc. c.U>
C4T l:.:J~ J ;J; ~I ~..)~'1IJ Ll::--11 JLlI J l.:.iI.!_r4I"J
~ rv j~ ~ J :ijUj\ .-4] b- r Jl!.ll ~ r.P pI (')
t.): l.-.i J ' ~.r Yl ~~ ~, ~~I t,) J ~LA:>-
~\ 0-- u~\
It.R. Grinker and J.F. Spiegel, M.n und.,. Stf'as (philadelphia, : ~1 v~~
1945), especially Chap. XIX and xx.
-4flAll.,eWI c:r o~..u:.ll~I uUI~)'1 :J_p.-J J.:1~ '~~~~I
• (\) ~.~ :"11 <b-.J,_,-..
11"_ t;L.;~1 ~~I . J5" J
c5';"~\ ~,)_;JI ~bW' J&- ~. ~ ~~ ~IJ~\ !.Il.:AJ
~~ ~r ~~."",T, ~~I ~ J ~l:....Jlj ~4 LbiJl
J>.) L... ~l:--ll !l_,LJ4 ~, ~.,)_riJ1 ~bw4J , ~.:jjl;.,rIJ ~..\JI
~,)jJl ul.)u4 cl1.ifJ . .rJI o- u~_' .r"~1 ~1Ai J~
w~':il ~_, . ~_,.}I o~ 4.oj~1~~~I ubJ1....J.4 LbJl
L.....
,:> ~
~'!L". U u·:_tI J
.. j • c_-;- ~ ... ~I L ~\ ~L.:>i ~
rJ~.~··
',;r ~lAJ J lc.-j>.J=-J u~~) til' o)j_,4l1 ~t J,MII ~
~I JI i ,~~
~ J'J LAyJ ~.LG'.J ~ I~j "l::--114.4kWI
UA j J6J1 r,/' LS J~' I~ JJ . If.> ~.i ~ __,r 4i,)'-'-IJ
lIY.f
.-lfUJI ~ ~BI.. ~T..bJ..r- . T ~lG I.."l' c.:.ro _rJI.(ll;..b
I
.a .
I.w.;'" u~6J.1 +

;,lWI ~) ~ ("~. ~T Il-~I ;;)_,!JI J...1, Jl:J~)1 ~J o.)JJ.:J.t

ir.J=t J ~I o,)WI_,T ~.,))ll ;;,)WIy:.; Lo~_'. ~4 ~:'.)ll
lff""'
, ". d'
v~ .~.II~ ('"!o''1J J.L...:> ~I ')..b.
s (.)t>.J ~1..uJ1J ~r
.. -"'I
. _)a;JJ ~411~~ JJ .).)11 o.)l-

,j"\,' ~: iit.),jJI"~1 ~1.)W~ d>k" ~~"1 rtli.:J1

• .)UI J ..
• -"rL. w..:J.1
~.)j11 o.)WI ~'" .r.:::-- t''l.:.:lI· ~ <J"o I';''' i ':,T
""l

~I.)WI ~ ~t u ~lb 1;1" . ~l:ll ,,~JJT J I..>_,:ilLS ~l

: )2.i1 ~L:.J' o\I..\A, J =4:; j .Y.J_r;~' ~J~ (')

is. Malinowski, Su: and Raprunon in S(J'()ageSociety (New York, 1927); M. Mead,
.set. tmd Tunl"ra""nt in ThreePrimitifJ' SociBtill (New York, (935); and for the
United States, A.C. Kiosey, W.B. Pomeroy~and C.E. Martin, S~ual BlhaIJiour
in th' Human Male (Philadelphia~1948).

~, ( -4- ~r..JLA-, ~.,:..J'I.A )~ "ly'-,,;.j";l1 ;U.,,~I1)1 J I!l..!..i

~.il' - · ..L;:8\ rW~;a; ~" ~J uWjll'-f,it....

fA"
~J~I ~J~ LS I..\.>I_,l·.: .~ « ~~ ~.,)_;J11~bWI » J ~I
.'
~..J--'fN'
.:11"·
~.r.:::-'
•.q.,&.
v ~
..... j,i L.I dJ'> I~ J ~
~ .
, CU_) J&-
.\~I ~ '1~6J1 :I.1A J_, . ~.)J.&.lj,:..~j ~ .r..J ~,ilAl_,r. ~
,L.;:AI If ~h;J1 .)~I ~I.)~ ~I ()l__J1 J J~'
.J" J...'- ~ O)J;AJ~J . ~L..,r_, ~~I ~I.)~ ti!"'}J;:-"_,...J'
.~L.~ L. oGJ . (.5;- lS ~ c....dy!JJ. '_;"~I ~ ~~I L+..
. J6. J) J&- 1..bIJ ~ ~ ~

•.)WI . ~.~.~~."'I '",6:.:; : ~ ... ;~LalJ cw~YI

.. . ~I - ,

.i,)A o.aJ , JJ~ ~4)'1 ~1..r:JIJ~I ~,))l1 o.)WI_,~I

. ~,).;ill ;.)WI~ ,y I~:r.-J WI U" ,j-C£~ ? ~u=I1 ~~,
j <!L,..l:J1wb~ J!.. (J.rJ1w'Jb. J (Jp u=:J1~:~}l1 ~bWI ~,I
~p r.r"II·I)A lA.P.S
.. 4J,)
w.r_4wl.)~ )'1 v-
. .IiI ~I ~....r":1\ ~I,)WI _, ~ yP

U'" ~~J r.1~ ~IY"'~)-. ~I'; r: 4~ C~I ~ii ~

.J' ":",,.)t d uu , ~~I :i;)\.5 )'1 ~I ~.)WI r~ '1 dJ~
, clf,) J-Ai' ~I ~i ~, ~~I ()f.:lJ , ~I_' I~ .j'l ~I
., c.U~ ~ j \~ JI ~~" ~I_,JII~ IIbTIf ~ I~I ~iJ
.J'-'-~I ~ j~'J J.:.:-JIJ ~ ~, JI ~~~~,L) I~I JT
.U\lbJl o,u o+ ~ , ~~I U'J~I ~ c:r ~. J' ~L:JI
.iT Ji ~ (f I~ 4 ·~.)W~lh... ~)-.j~
~ I~IJ .

~~ 4.-fC1 JI t.:"lAJ.JIi~ J ~j, ~.""".,.fJltdl ~l ~~j

.t..:;.A.. .q.)T )J ~ 4 0.)1&.~ ~ JSJlI <)A J! WI c.J~

• :t,.)J'_§ O,)~
tf
<\i t•
!J_,L ~ ~_,L.t ~I . ~JI;. .1..r.-.))11 ~~ ~I O.)WJJ
J-r t_,:.t" 1.1. !)4 O,)~ J)J • ~4 t.; §~ I)A ~ ~~I
.iJA f;J:- It;1. o~ ~I if.i.. l... ~~ e \~':/I Js- Jl:I~
·"rAV
,))
§J • l ' ..~J ~~I t,.~Jr ;;.)~ uli~ c)A '-JiJ'=! ~,r'
~~ ~w.. ~ ~.).;11~.)~ ~I clJ.) J r~1 ~IJ lA..\.il-t_
~.).J11~I,)WJ ~I o,)WI~I ~~I U' ..">c~' ,; ~ ~J • ~I J.
•~ JT ~~ L:...W ~L:;i~ ~I ~.; ~I ;;)J.4J4 ~~.
~J , if~ ~I l:SIJJI ~.l) ul)..lifl oJ.. ~ ~~...l. l.J\ ~
;_r.~ ~ __,..o _,.. JfL.. J L.i)ft 1+:iIl;... ,.1jI d'~I 1'1.r.- J 1~ b.J 'J'
~.)} o,)~ ~I (1.r.J1 o;l.~ ci1.) J;-J . ~~ <iII ~~~.
~,IJ~~I ;;,)~~ J ~. ~I ~l::D' ~I,)r §JJ '~~I 'i
. cll..\S" ~,)) ~p~T lil::>i ~~ ~lS"

~~ LI),) ~_,b,;r ~I o')WJ ~t;J1 :i.4..a.l1l:J~J

Js-J · ~4 ~p. ':/1t,.jbt ,;;~. ~ ~I ~I ~\.)WI o- oJ.:f
tj ~t lr teWI ~~IJ }l-:..IIJ u'.J~':/1 o+ ~_;:JI ~J'
~At)"\:J1 ~t ,;r ~':J_,J..\.A .l.:-r ~J • ~ ~1 o.lA j j>..u-
~~'JI ~_,JI ~,§ ~~I ~~L:...J~I_;.!4J l....
.!JI?\J r~ t~1 ,;r IJL.;,) ':/ ~'.J o~ ,u':J~1!HaJ . ;"5\1
}\....!. J!.. ~I wbWI lr ~ )1..\4..~6.J1 o..u. ~J , ~r'Jll
j!.tJ .0.;.1 JI'
~~'.JI ~W"l'IJ t:t.~1 ~lA:lIJ~)~J c.:t.JJt,
JI.r~1 cr Jb. cS~ ~
~~ ~)j ~\,)~ ~I ul)WI 0.1,. .

. ~ ~lAlI ~~ urlhJ J&- ~ ci'_,J' J ~ .;;;sJ'

~ I) 1.)1: ~l ~.)L-aJ1, 4l?~~' ~w, ~ ~, a~, - "
~ J l...ti (.);"~I I)'- lJal..b.\ o~ ~,.)}JIJ ~1 ~\i.)W~
J ~'I.)~~~I ~ .)IJ, ~~'.JI o~1 J I:k~~r~yl
0.J.J..} e,5,lJ1
JUI ~ ~~ ~ J.-i" ~ ~1.4J!JUI c!L:k'
ci'l ~lCl 0_,4J1Jl;;J' ,.l...!i L..4 ~ ~ lS ~lCl ~I_'; ~ yJ

U'')lA:,:;~'. It'
,;r.J>J ,~ J" JI ( 1._.:Ar;;"~ 01...>
N'.r ''''I t.J1 'A. ~_J-
.. u-:.

'fM.
WI ~I.)WI .)J.) ($t - IA;j I..~J ~I ~.)I~\'I ~, ~I
JJ~I ~ 'U' J oLA .).J)J ~.)';I ~I,)L-U ,WI .~~I ~..b,," j:
~ ~ i...).:.c. J • c.r~ r
I Uii J) J ,lA ~ b;--. rf - I.i l::> t t.l:.)..-i.J
~ .r1l c.rJ~ u~·: ..~ ~L:CI I..L.". o- :t,..)tAjlJ~1 J.
~ L.J WIJ ~.,)..,iI1~.)WI ~ ~i ~ \It ~ c.r~'1~
r~1 .;. T l:J..U' ~4 '.II ~1_,.tJ1~ ~t 1.:..1.: ' ~.)~ (;~ ~
~bl.1.·,· ...1" .)I)~I JL.! ~ -b.IJ~J J L.c-~.JA ~!~
~l::>~L.,i I)A ~~ ~J :iJ!LJI ~IJ WI ~bWIJ ~I_"'J
. :u.. LJ),I .::,,~~.

~.J ae (_.WI ~b5U : ,))l'" a..LAJ. ~1,):SUWjla:.l, ~1~'

~J )\.G~I U"')- ~
,.I}':JI.J J ~.TJLS, 'JJt: ~~4-.)jll p.
~I ~ t.;i , Lil: J . .c:...J,. Ir.· ~LJI ul,)~1 .. - , ,) __..r.
. y " ... ~ :r.- . ~ Y'-"I
..u "<,r"II J~ 'I ~... ..JM··1 ~.. ~L.; , ~~I A..?'. ~1r.1· ul~ ,-",lb.S
~ v..i ,~,~I". :L,t;.J1 oijlj.,~·J :4.. ~I .u-y..) J J>..dIJ ~ .
.~ ~".J ~ ...'-.)
~ '~1 .!\,!_:-
U"""""
~iJ ~ _,lAll ~ •
c)t
.:"Li·
• .)~t)
·l.::J1 ~ ... : c!N.Ur,h
..
~1
~ ~
_II i1U1 ~ _ ,

J-l:-!_ t... _;S1 ;~I ~~1 J (Wul ..uT :t.LJI":,,b~JI~J ,).}H

t)" f .. ,.\j't u-
. :i...W. l.:t11L. ul-.:.AJ.I
c.r.:-:. • cr: JJ:ua.-...J1 u~1 . J
JJ~ ~i JI , .,~I~1 ~ ~,.~ , .,_,..;J~ T) J JLGf.j1
~I ~ ".u ~J..
~t!:- ,~)\, . ~ ... (..1""
I::r_ I L:OJI J~.,J11
"II .) lG,W r..s-~

J1 ~J~. .u-..~ \ti~, ~~~ ~~ t ~\S' ) LS :t.W'~b\t'

~

~J o~.~ ult.~ ~Ldl JT J-AJI ~ ~ J]J. -Uilo-

J1 ~_,...i ~ ~,.;~ '1 UI&.J>~ Jl, ~ 'W.i~1 c.l.l; J.f UJp.
.VI~ T"
• d..4;'
t:r L. :UL c)li tWl
..... 4~..utA; Jt ~ .)~ \ lli.;.
~ jL..... ~ o~~ ~~ ~bT ~'p'"J ~1 • ~ d'~ r-:'l...r
l)~1 ~.)J!~J • ~.l.A1\ 4_.WI ",!Iif ~.~ J.:.Ar C;.lJ1 "",L...~4
~~ .)~ 4&..1' j JI o~~1 ~1"AlIJ ~JAlI 4.-WI ~I.)'l\ ~
rL..lJ ~I L)A)'IJ ~I~I ~~ oJ.! ~i I.S ,~..lA11 ~I.)'i
• (\) I:UI.w ... d.iJ1~I _~~~I
~ •• ~'-" " '-7

.6)_,k;-~i." It."..\>. fit ,-:,1~'11 ~ t.f11 !J11J ~wll.lA

"->
.Y. ~l:- ~I)lj f.S
-~"-llJ L.i . ..\AJI~~I
'I.wl+ r-- II
•....'.:-lIJ
~

~ ~I J 1)l:.M ~I •~ ~~ ~\:JI r~
~.J.AJI ~L.~4
'I~ <ill , ;~~I ~L.,..)r~ ..\;..w J:A't:11~L:JI J j)l:a,. ~I , clJ_)
L-. ).;>-.J ~ ",."h.:; LA oJ.> J I." , J~ I ~..u ~..wU J:f ~~" L.
.tj\;:;J ~lt.!l~ iJA clJ~ &!. L. ~IJ . ~I .i.:... .)I.G~ J c.r.}
J 1..,6
.. ~ 4;
)~ .Y.. J ~..bJ1 i)kJl ~
,.b.
H .. • ~
~. ~ ~.r_.u;
:
r-.,
v-..
.~...bJ1(./'~ '11iUijI J ~ o"b. ~bj ~bJl ~.l,.J . ~I.yl o~1
. 4}-.4i ~p L. ;s1 y..,.L ~I;!)A iliA IAJ ~ 6"

.~)l1r~ : ~JL-Sl~,,. Jl;J-\ ~~ .)_,iJt ~ - ,.

.c.I'~l ~ rJ.j,..rd !l_,ul ~I;; 4JAt.f.A ,~ ~ ...b:Jl~I J
(5JJI ci_,JI J ~JLa:.:.. ~1_,Al1.:r.l.J • .u l.4.f ~~ lo I~ ~.u
. .A .) :'1 ~I~
.u J4I ...
"'1:uG.!.lIJ ' c_-:-
f$'
.., .u
.~·,-tI J ~"Lb;jl ~.. ::.... .. ~ -
fiJ '\i.J""i ~l.A; ~~.a':;.! ~ ,YaJ , o~1 J w...> ~ u.f
.~L_.:jIJ ~I ~~_,:..J.IJ~~I ~~I)IJ ~I J-JI
_~6t,llll.l..J ,y. o~ I~T i' ~ ~l.J'11 ~IJ~'1IJ ~.J.l1
.~ J.i, ~ ,":,JWI ~lluJ •."..aWI ol:::J1':"I~ lp} J=11

: ~ ,,:,,~':JI ~ ~p. y....J1 o.,v. :.r ~~ J..J5..uJ (.\)

'J. Pia~et, Th4 Moral Judtm,'" of th4 Child (New Yor~ 19~7). See also the
••nal)'lill of G.H. Mead, Mind, S'~lf curd Soci4ty (Chicago~ 1934)JPart Ill.
ul,.,.:-JI J ~I ~IJ ~I r~1 ,j j ~4. ~I .~ I,
~I,.,.~IJ ;.: o.;..:,rl ~I..i J"l_...!.. r:r I~ ()'J <!U1.". o.;:-->\lh
L..S , c.\lJ! o~ ~~ if\,.,.i." ~\ d'1.;A)II ~J ~~

~I)I ~~I ifl."..~1 ~ I.pl ~.)~ JT ~I ~I ~ l:J~

~.~ II ~~\'I
It.
LbJl J.~I ~j ,) ~ ~
.(" .. 'J, U~
..
wL,..ll
.• ~

. cS_;.l ~.".. ~I,)~ ~ jI~-' . {n ~ c.f::ai (.5J.J1~

~I,.,_AJI Ji, cJ~.rW.. ~I J ~u. c)l! dJ1 eJ
,)1)\11
-l....Jj ~b J ~J~ ~~i~.~) § ~.tIY ~)4J . ~_,L.JL
~ ~I.,_..AII ~ J.1i!. L:'~-A ~i 'l'1 "",I _,Al I ("lG,.i ~,
j)~

~J. ~\;Jtyl ~ J L.W ~ ()~ W'.,.;>\lI~' 1.S.i.."" ~jl'

.u t.; , ~I d
.r: • !1.1 "i:i..\&.!.; .)..
O..\..._s.·~ V".r-" L::;.1 0J_'~ ',):'1f ~I• Y...
')J...l...> J 0 J~ .r'~ UJb~, ~.)I JI ~
~..u:. ()A O..u:.\; .)I::a._;
:iJ,.....;r. .r ul
AI .. ,\
.",J" _,..,..,
. ...Jij J L.%,·,
J ~.II cl '1 '-1 ~ ••••
....J' ~I•• • ~1.)W1J ~v-ail4fL

. ~\;JI d.... .,~t~if0.r.-CU1 § c: ~J~~\ll :4".)I~

~ ~ , .Q_,L """I"; ~.f11
)~I J J>"y' 4...~ )yt !1t:..J
~~.P." (..~, ~ CL:JI ~I (.)"'~I _,t , )~ ':/1 ~..P'~'"
o)J..,-.-!.llJ,~• Io;>~~
I~I)1
loT o.)..la:.ll~..I o)~ ~,I . ~~IM
L;.:;lA,".~
...

~.J! uP ~I,d:& ~lAJl wi ,,1.r.J I ~L!L)A cJ.._,.:Ir

~Jt;J1
. cs._;J1 ~I J 0J~ u,.r J ~I ~ . ..)lS' LS , ~ )IJ ~r'
See. for example. T. Burrow. TM Sodal BaJis of CtmJdoumul (New ( \)
York, 1927); K. Homey, Th, N,uroti,; Plmrmality of Our Tim, (New York, 1937),.
especially Chap. XV. and N'rII Ways in Psychoanalysil (New York, 1939), es-
pecially Chap. X; A. Kardiner, Thl PlJlchological Proneilrs of SfJd.ty (New Yo~.
I945)J Chap. XIV; and the article, by F. Alexander, T. Burrow~ B. Mayo. P••
Schilder, H.S. Sullivan, and B. Sapir in The American Journal oj Soeio'ioDVol
XLII, No. 6 (1937). The problem is well stated by I<. Mannheim in DUvltosi,.
Q/ Our Ti"" (London, 1943), Chap. II and V.
 ~ ~ ~I_;...!~I ~~I ~~ J ~I .L ~ ~ 'JJ
•.
~ . . ;;.bl J 1m...rL ':/1 J L::;.':/1
IYJ ..
dJL... ~"
~ . J..-J" wbJllli..J1
.1..1'.)W~.T
~ d'6:J1 .0_,L.. ~I_,i J~. ~T J s_)ll ~.T" ~I cS.;.t
, ~.)UI d.i~6. ~ .)~I J,r4> ~W .ri ':J ~~I u_,_t; J
~l..:::- ':II ~II)A JjI.b':/l Js- ~~ 'J Ji , ~ I.)...\&.'11 ..u ,.~ '1J
,Ja! t.Sj" IS, ~.,J1I~J . ~I ~t ~ ~j)IJ1 ~_,411
~l.:Si \i._;J1 ~I J CoAt; ~I tW,J~1 d...b- JI ~~, ,":"l:.:C1
.u~..J.J'.."l:GJJldli, ~..bJ1
.. L
...)) ~I uL..J_JJ..
"I:.:(,..ul~ 1",_ ~LJI
• 4.6.)1
~,I_', ~..bJ1 ~I J .)_;JI J~ JI t;_r.. ~ t...l;:i ~l) ~I
.J) ,>J . (U « ~.rJ1 L)A ~.;t11» JI , ~J~ 'J J~I I~ ~lS"
,ifJ' JlA!Il _,...:.U ~I ~~I .~ ~ ~t .))lJ ~15' 1~1J6.
0,li , u~1 ~~ ~ J ~JIJ 45'~ ~I_'; J~I ~ i)J.AJ1
,<./"l..::--'1 1rllajl ~~ ~tJ ~~, ~~. ~i ci_,J1 ~ j ~
• ~_, J~ '11~...f"~. cS.iJ1

.J!..i : 41jl II ~.),r1JIJ 4~Y' ~'"u'.:e ~\i;;J, - ,

.!1~_I II Lk
" ~ ~ .. l.=.CJ '~uL"
.. ~\+'>~'..a....$'
",.,....... .~'1
.r-
~..l..:-.t, ~WI:L....~..
- 'I oW..\&.1 y..
.. ~ d ~J. ~I' ~
f.Si- IS_, . F-I J b~1 ul.JJ~ DA Y~J ~lA:.:J1UA l:f_r..
~WI ,y-!l_,L..U ~~ ':/1..\&.1,.,411cU.1S ~'J> '1 ~ j
~ 4j ..\&.1_,4.I1.l.J. u~1 ~J ~_,Ajl '":"~~ ;;JJLJI
.• &("WI~IL~~"J;;,)J~I~~.J!!W_'~J'

'I~ '.)fij ~.JL:=>'l1 !I)-JI ~I'; ~~.T~.) J.~J

'~ :t-~I ~L.:.:ijj t~ tY' ' ~~ ("'_';'JJ ~ ;;~ e ,-;-,,4
.~.:,t ~ ':I ~.))JI ..\t.1_,4J1
jI~J. :;';oJJ ~I..,- UA~ J~

B. Fromm, Bleat" /rom Pr,ltltJm (New YOl'k, 1941). :)ij1 (')

~.)L11 j a~ J.,AJ ~J' ~~\11 ~I_,AJI r:r ~'t; ~ ~~lA.~
_,. .)."iI1~~ ~)I 't~I c)l el)IJ • ~l4:jI-, ~~I-,.

\..,,¢' ~~.J • jlj'':J1 4Jy...a <t-4) ~ ~.R. till ul .....

.;·~l
~~
wi}' ~.)WI JI.J>~I j c)~ ~l:.r." C,)I.:J 0~1 ~~ Ji--I,) ds

J\J->~\ J L.'. ;;~~ ,":",J~ u.o~.)l.I ci'~,lA t: L. k._j ll_;..

t..b.
WuH'.J! ci~~..
-II .. JJ .4 ~I j l.(G; ~L.....t
•.... ~ ;~I

£:J1L....J\ ~4':J1 ..\t.l_,4l1 ~J ~,.).)I ~'_,4J1 ~ tjl.;.:Jl~,

J." , ~.)l.4:;';J1 .,1 ~1 !J_,LJIJ c)T ~ L. 1,# , !J~
~1 ~... ,I 'L • ';;s'
I' c.s-"11 ~~ . ~ '"uI:J ~.~ I _". ~~,
. LJA ••
. .).;--All·
jT ~~I ~.r : ~"ulJS,',»J .))J' ~ t)~' ~ c)lAk 4Jts~
4:.,..i....!ll ~I ~ (J_§J ~...\JIcl.I~ (,) : tjL:.:J1 ~~.i .!.lb.,

~.lJ1 cll~('") . ;$1- ~."L ~I..,i e cJU.)1A.:..~I r.:.)i';JI_,

.JJ:.I_,i ("~)I L4iJ ~ J l..1.. ~ ~ I~ J..\.-!A .).,AI1 ~ c)_,(:,_
..b.
• Yo.J , ..b-\J <..Ai .JA J .r:
"'1 J..iJi~[j ~.. L:- ~• <' , L.~ \,;
dj, ~

t:_,.:.II ,y tl W4 4c..'ll ~'ll t,)AJ • ~ _;II b~ J 1.;1:>' t- ~k..,.:H.

~ _,.wI ;;...\&.1AJ1
~\~ (.5.)_;l ~I ~ A ($.1J1Jl!L1 <.!U~ Ji~~'
<)A <lfk.~1 .;AT ~ ~;JI ~ CoS..:u1~I)I i.AyS ~ Jt'
U-- t~1 I~ ~.J • (\) Jt:AJ1.,,1 (.5_f:..-J1 ~J..l11 :UJ--\l\ J:.S.
~L) JL!H Jl!..~., '~'ll :tJbJl lA:!\J ';JLa;1tjL::H .
t_,;.11~
. ~'ll ..... ':J 4it J .::1\ .e., '1
. c:" ,r ~ J ~ 'lll j ty'''}I -0.;6 ..
~.)I :,
~

On the general &ubj~t, sec R.M. MacIver, Community (New York~ ( \)

J9~), Book III, Chap. V. For various aspects of the problem., see K. YOUIlg,..
Sodal PljJcholDg:j (New York, 1944), Chap. XV.
,LG..1 t: if)~ lC..... ~ ~~ »1 ~JJI rdW',;AU' l...~dI~.,.
• 4J J..\.II
J C_jL::J\ I)A ~_,:JI 0!.~ ~'j l).i : 161,J-AJ1~ ~t - ,
~\::DJ J_':~Io.llli ~, ~, ~ 'J1f1ao 4.k ~?. UJ , ~I~
ij'J . u~IJ u~\ J ~~I ~J ,~~':J1 -=.tl&...,...;)1 c.i
!J_,LJl ~l_'; ~ '~~li ~ il~'.J1 J_,..m ~, ':'~I ~T:
JI;_,Jw.. ~I ~ ~ ~';_,_J .J~1 ~IJJ u"~~';
,JJ-A..It ~i.• ~
. If'.MJ.I ~I.. y. ~'~L··.U_·..I...\ll
.. '-'" ~ ~W ~ ... J~ &)t
c:e ~ L. I~ ~ It-Gl o~15' , 1...1)'..\.11". d.l..ll ,;AIJ1...
\;0:; ~.".
~ J ~i lz>)\lJ . ~ ~IJJ J LS tji;:.:J1 o- ~ _,;JI ~.lA:
I~•• ~~I
cr: ~ ~hl_JJ JI ~)tJ1 , ~l..L!.;
c,...... JJ" .. .l.:..o L..1..\l1
.) t l=il,
t__";')1 JJ~' ~·.)jIJ~,"""" J...ui, J::>J' , J )J,.,.._.J~, ~, ~I.'

.l>W ~ ~ J « J1.:l1» ~ e: J.J> ~ }I:

(.).Al1 [_,;JI Jj\ll
~ 4 ~ tS..iJ1~ _,II J , d" a~ J1441 ~."L- ~~

~ ~ I~ ~. L....J . L..;J~ (S}'-T o""-'li ()A ~1.1~

{( ~I }) Jy ~~ '11 ":;"1~1.r.J1~ ~J.:.c. oUt ( ~) ~ __,.....)-
J~ ;J~ JJ-hl~~1j , ~, ¥16 , .Jj!o.t ur ~Wi J l}
~ wl).:~ J J6J1 if' LS , ~~I JJ. ~.~Ij JI ~IJ)'
~t..:" LsJ ~
.. . ..r- ~
..... - l.S'"'"II w~l·
.. .. w-o ~ -r.f..J ~ • ~."
Jl:.:...J'.~ 4r,
!l_,1-J1 ~I_'; Jt. ~J ~I.r.! ~ « J-h.:.'1)) ~'o~
JI :t.:~AJI~l:.11 u-e~lj)1 ~J , .1....." ~ JI J.a!. Ji ~~~,
.jJ" J~ &Ji ,,j.:~1 JI.,,)1UlJll U..\f~.J . ~~_,) &)p ~,~
J~ ~JI\~~-'! ~ ti'l ~1 ~I jlJj.u-e'.,b. ~ T JI ~
. ~ J--. ~I _,; ,:r .))Jt~
 .!.i"t"-1 ...I\ ..1,-__ J'o!_,i

r
, , c!JbWI~I"'; .rj~~ ~.rt ~~J ~I_'; t..:k.:l ~!,i L.:;i}1.i .u!ti
,
~I . • .Jt
L...J ~=-J
+- ~J .J'! .:..I.,r. ~ -of- ~.....) .:..l.'J:"

I I
t
l l ..kA..aJIJl .
~
~ ~

,
Jib :1\ tJ, i'
,
, ri.,i
I

r:!~' - t)blI
I

I,
Y -Vl:.::Il
jj4'~1' J"U&. ~ r'~1 ~I ~, c.it. tjl:;
I
I ~ ~_,l...~l;4l ~l uj!,:l' !l~1 i~li.)

.
I

i
+- tjL:.i } rl.ua...l t)L:.;) r'..u-, -+

d'1 §L...!ll JI ~'JI.}.iT : •."....,--", .~1 J tJ\!:Jl - Y.a

..
(l
..r' I
". \I r.i ~ ~..,,-T \ .... :t....
."..L-.l
L"".r-w d.iJ1
... ~
- ll ~L> J l;.p.1
.. J':!..w
• Y
.. •

~J>-."T d.r"t --;J>- &i -,1, ~~I ~.J ~~;.u ~.;frY ~US'
~l jJ. 'I JIi~T ",:,}T"':'j> -,T, ~~ ~i ~.iJl J...-li ~l.w,
~I :_,L__...._;l.\ ."i JUI tj U"' t........;.. _,i ~J~ P J :i.i)')
.~ 1~ ~~ Jw ~ ~i Ji, ~~(A,>c}Ai ~ ~
..,'~ ~ cr l_....,i
~~_,.. I e.
<.r 'J~ ('~t J
:w...Jl'~I ..lJ.1~_-:11 ~ •• T

~~ ~ ~~I ~b~ CA ~iJA.,,1, J..a1\ ~I~~~~I~\-,

~jJ,~' (-,jT~.", ~.J+l\J&- ~~I J:f Jl (_,ijl Js:- ~\
'r~"\
.,1 , ~.r->l a, ~.ttyt a-.,i W,_,tlS' .,T ~;,..*-~,~ -UJ ~l
~. "'JI t.:i L(.,. '-". l.::.! IJ"""1\ « ~ - I J) 01.:411 ~t:j jt:
.t» t: 6..&.~
II -~ l..

('J.i:a_ LS.lJ1~}I if ;l:A11J5:'L....;r clJ.)s) ? ~I ~l ~I ~~t.

~.,1, ~'cJ:':J:) ~j Jl' r?,Jj ~j~' J-. (~~~.
! ~ J~t d~1 ~\;JI JLf) r.~(.5;.1 4i~,y- ~T
. 1.1( ~J'

okl_,AIi~ L.:-i ~lAi Lo~ L:.. -yt ~I'; JjL::JlrJO ~J~ o~

j J~J • ~.).}II u..\&.I';~J ..\:.I_,AJI bh ~ Ji !l~ ~~ )f),

~I_'; IS~J J)l1 .u ifA <,S..iJ1..b..UJ1 c;J... " ~ _,:JI .jl::11

L..5 ~~ ~l6lJ!I.,,:JI .)~~ 1;.\;~' f-..!J . ~I u~ C:'
([~~» ~\ t.::.:;[At ~ Lilli ,)I}~I J o.,u.L_!j L. t.:... , ~TJ
. ~I Jil_,:n~ \lJ6- ~Ui..o ~ "~~J , ([~I.fo..;f » Ji
o+ J.,).ill ~_,:JI ~~I ~i J ~~,l ~I o- ~lS' )",
c: Jtl_,::jltl~t
0;.01 rY 4) lout I3p~~)-JI .l&.I.,,4J1
. I.
~ ~!~,).:II - I • "II')""""J~
....r 4t..J!.4~ \. h 'H_ 60-
~

WI.) J+-li UA ...rd : eo:¥lJ ~~, ~ t,JU;U ",,_PO' J~'

uJ)iJ1 L ~I~ ~J 4.!_,LJI ~1,;J1 C' ,).)11tj\.:;'~ J.)i ~l
~ ~_,. ~I ,~~ \.. ~ ~ ce.. oW Ji 4L.:.i uPJw,;n
JJ.-.J~J. ~~ \II ,Uijl I)A ~ Wj_,i. ~IS" .; LS uJ.}l1 6~.

,))1\ ~J~ L. ~, ~ o- (,5,)L:z:i\'1 tl,rall ~ ~I> ~ I~

~'I ~I_,AJIJ&- L. ~ JI UiA ~J~II~ J .)~j ~L.?,,;r.
~I J ;~LJI Uj,)aJl .jl • ~j_;J ~,.,;JI C:=:-J ~I~IJ~'
J tjl:.:r ~I_,AJ\ ~J..~i ~)..u ~_,LJI ~~I~ j,~J'J1 ;;~..u.
(5_';T e ~~I c}&-J , ojlTJ .)_;tlu4J c: u~~ ;;~.
. ~I i).}J4J ~~ ~ ~ L. clJ~ ~J' jl_pJb
4..( L. ~ Jlur c)T~ I~I" 1f..,L c)A" o..b.l_,~>.
Ji~I-, :Ul..D\'1~L..:, J,_,AJI~ c,.)l~ ~J..tut/l" • ~I
. ~~.,A:l ~W:JI ~ ~~L
I.A~..T('~ c.r"'t uiJ.J--'
-- -'11~ L....i
..
: L..o:>
..
".\,...!;.:J, fJ,r-..
""J
• .e, "j*A" _,..
Ji Ui_,.. §~. ~1.iJ4 ~I ¥. J ~ cS.;.l~Y-=' ~_,;:
4_.,\;J\ .)_,Allo~ ~II~ ~I (;JI.>JI clJ~ J ~ ~~I ~.

~~.".. J ~y" ()AJ)J' ~.j--~' L J. ' o..b.J ~l...J\'1 ~ ~

. .!JJ=.-!ll
w.Jlll~ L LQ.~\}., ~ ..,,~ ~_;''ll L J!lfo.. ~t ~
!.H~~ll;j.f' 1~1i. clJ.l5' w ~~ JlJ ~~UJI ~
!J_,l•..••. ~~IJ
~I_,i ~ w.JA" , Lt.';'; ~~i JT.f-l ~" I)_r!A LA;_,..
~ ':J .ul L:S'J.)i - ot....A; JI cS~ ~l JJ~ I.)}_, , ~ th:.. !J_,L
• t.J _rJ> ':J tj~ J'lllu J_,..\11o~ § (f t.!.:; ~.T
~ 4.kLJ1 ~I ¥ L. , ~ &)A , ~ tjl::J1 I,l,. J~ ~lJ
, y.~ ~I :t.~1 r"4 ~..).)14 ' 4 c·1I r-.J '1., ~ "1 ~L..i
, ~I JI~'J\ rl-\.JIJ oJ_,!JIJ ~I_' u_,;J1 , f5,;.t ~ ()AJ

~ J, ([ ~1_,.! )) d'~ t (.f' ~.J')l..D.j,_,; lAll )aJ J ? .;AI_,l; ,f J

~ Ua:.11
~ tl~1 I';"" • « ~I J o~1 .,\...;,» :uawl ~'t J
(~\ ()A J~ l...:i \,1; t""';~ ~.u ~.).)II ~J t~1 L
d.,.iJ1([ .~I ~I » .)I)l ()A J~ (('pI J~ J :l) o- J~.t4i_,
cs4.r :l) _,i « ~I .;::j. » ~~ ~I_,:ll ~J.A; ~ ~I ~.
, ~Jj'l;S.) <.S""~ ~:r ~ ~~" ..I..,.....:uaLJ1" • (\) « ~~~
~ ~l:.&ll~j ~~ ~'~pl ~~ ':"~I ,y 4 r:r,,1
~b.., ~I J;-' ~)'I ~,~ 'J.f"L ~I_,AIt~1 ~

Cf'. A. Kaestler. "The Intelligentsia", Th. Yogi and rM Commiuar (New (t)
Yark~ 1945), pp. 61-76.

f· ..
, ~.)t 4~ J ~Ij I.;~ &)~, ,:,I)\tl U'" ~J • (n if;Jf
I ;..;.t .,.. ~~I
v-- .J>- I.JI r Ui; ~
• c.s- b ) .)1AJ1« ~....J'"J,:/1 UA..JI»
1":"':- I..
_
• ("I
J
()"""'

~I ~U ~.A.~lJl '*.!Ji_, . Wu ~,.,.l1;=ltJ.rJ1~I ()-6

4.._ "JI h~~ ~ ~J , « ~_,l6J1 }) ~~~I ~t J ~~

~L; III ~i ~~ .•~~ ~t~ . ~I)I tL..;,J'j1L.f- j~I.u1
~,.,.L ..\&.1";u-o ~ ~_,....~ L.." 6.L;lAJl~..ul ~)6..i ~i Ip~ ~i
L..;I y'I ~L.:::,..
..... ':/1~I. u-o L.t..,~.? L__... j,~c"!' LJ I ~\hL, .J'
• ('f) ~I.. UI...\JI _,.
~I ~~..r-,LI.c·~ ai L. !l)--lf ~4 ':/1~1.,,4J1~iJ
§ ~I.h.o ..\....J ~i ~ '1 ~1_,iiJ1 o~-' . r~~ -'! ~411~~~
..Ijl 6~." .)..,iI1 ~~ L.1r ~ ~. ~i ':1-" ~.b J&. t...4i~
~J'~II.l. Jo~~I:UWI JI ~~~I4>.l.J.~
.k.1_,A.I1 ~ ~ J_'~I , c;~ (j)_'~ ~ §~ ~WL..AH
.~ _,i .)_;JI (.Si) Jl!f'-,.!J_,LU ~4':1r

: .4...A~;L' ~).., ~~ - ,_s~.).dl\ ~.J..\.J !l."l,wHJ~l_';

ut J~ : ~~I ( J)iS1 ) UijllJ ~J1-U ~lo::.?Y' -"1_,iJ1
~ ~i cJ.:---o t~.JA if ~I cJ4 ~\'I ~11.l. J JII-L.:;
.)_,iU ~4 ~I ~..rJ1 t~.JA ~_'. ~J}o~ ~.r.f-' ~)WI
oC-" ~I ~ '« ~»:tIL ~I . ~IJ~ _JlA (_).lJ1
" <.J15' if:)~~ ~~:fJ.i' t5r \.5, ~~~'1J
L•. M';mford, 1'/16 Story of Utopias (New York, 19»), Chap. I. In (, )
addition to this excellent analysis, see also J.O. Hertzler, Th4 History of Utopian
Tholl8ht (New York, 19:2.6),especiallyPart Two.

For an BDUlysis of the utopian mentality~various in its forms, and its (T)
IOclal functions, see K. MaDDheim, Ideology and Utopia (New York~ 1936),
Part IV.
 ~I ~T ~ ~IJ.!J~ : ¥y.-J1 -"'_,ii' ~~ ~ ,
Jl::/l ~JJ t:t.)~ ~ 4J1J.JIJ~,;lAIl ,;r Af ~I,) ~~~h
, ~y:_.ll (_,LJI ~I ~ ~t~ ~ L.;L, ~ ~ oIj~

"IS}JI ~ ($.,,_:.U' ~.t Lf'-! ;ijf ~)- _A ~~ ~l!11 ~JJ,

IG J!.. ~..b...; ~i Lf'-!J . (\) )L.j UlAJlJl:il J ~I.}JI-"
JS' J .))11!J"L-J ~)I JoI_,JIJ ~4':JI..eWI ~ ~I
Jf J f ~i~ 'i ~4':JI.eWI ~1 . ~IJ up J1 uiJ.,...

~ _ L)A Jj.J
. bw- J Il!lli·
.).J. ....':I t.;1 . !J.I.y-".II~ yo'141L..t>lo
.~" ~ •• U; ... .J

.'.
vJ if t;.. U .rI! t.Y""' r ~-
1("1 ')ill II ...k;.. '-"..
~ .. ~LLCJI
I.:...1..;J ..
~ ';i .b- J:f JI t_f:J..J o~1 ~1~i o- uJ~ ($.l11 ~I 1~
.($.)L:-.- ~~';iI..1.'!WI o~ ~I . ~J J) L,tA ~L!:.. ~l...
J) e;:h': ...~ ':JJ. ~I)I ~ J>I.) J ~ !.I..,LII ~J.::tj
.:.-d ~ . lJ...b.J .eWI ,,~ 4l~ ~ J,i ~bJ ~ ;StJ .)1)'-11<
~T JJl:JIUA~J •~ ~J J(J ~.J.t2,a~. t:tjJl dJI..u1 ~
~I I.).,.JI ~.) 111~J - ~~IJ , La. , I~ Jail : )I.!. J_,A;'
'it ~6J1 ".A,. J J~ I ~l,; , L. ~ J') JI l$"'l:-J 1 ~,; lA.Il Ja.i! LS
. .1)-U f?)liJlpll .r~1 jJ~

J~ ~rt·~1 b~I';~I. ~1 <.1&1)1t)A I.)~ j.t::.lJ

Jt.1_,AJ160 ~ ~l I.l. U" rtA1 ~T4;~1 o- J]., , J~I\
j.! . ~I!.. §J ~LJI J(l ~~ Jf J ~I J) J."Ai c)t~.
1~,p J ~~r:r~~~~~) ,
~I J.;i e)i~1...A:I.....
c!lI~J ~~)tl ~ f J.:,..f.j ~I JA c)i ~I Js- ~ J"J,
~A~.i"-:'.P.'.1. ~i :i.fl;J' ~I_,AII J_,AjJ? 1.~.)b i dl>-~.:.
~ ~l.:.I:l-'I'
. .
'!' c..fWIo- a- oC., '~I .. L -G)t.I.....J ~~~. )11

Atistotle~Bthica, II37C. ( i)
.~i ~ ,JAJ , J,.L.:JI ~\..... .L:.... ", J.LJI 4;;.0....;~ ~T ~
.~,,)l. t. JS1 ;,)~I \,.fljt cStj 4. ,;l::AJ.1!J_,LJI ->..1'; cSt JA
"Y:-_"ll ,).,All ;I~I ~. ~i ~)l1 J::.6.:l1 J ~_, ?~ c..d).
...1s.I_,A1IJ U;_,t.1 l.. ~_,b~ ~ ~i ~ cS.iJ1_,-", ~_,LI J.->I,)
o 1- ~_,LJI

:: ~l.i..11 ..J)ill J' ~

,,"I ~ ~,w, ~'"aIi J:&i ~ - "
...1s.1yu::q ~ . J""'.1W"
Y ,<
..)':11 c.)-' d
I,; J"• ~L . ~1..b.1=ih.J. f ~l:.;i,w..rL:JI.:A
.u.}.ll"t ut)1 Js JU4" , JL...i~1!J)-JI ~~~~I
" ~~
.. ':11bWI
•.. .....wi ~I~ ~..
j .~ ~ ttl I;j)J . .s.....Ai r.)" biJl

.J.-11 ~j !1..,LJ1 ...\&.1.".~ 4iJWI ~ ~ cSt ~ 'J ~T..t:!-

o ~ =J_,LJI "t
,1,)"L...i .:J."wl ..L&.I'; ()~ : Ol.Ai,;atlJ JlG!Il.,.J. - )'JI
~Ui j." . ~I~IJ )lG~'If.} ~~ ,:r ~~" ~,).)11~bWI
.. fiJi o.)~ j WI') )~ !l)....J1 ~I_,; ~ _;; ~.rJ1 u~
.~ ~J~ if~ up ji wy cSt J' a>li ~)..c:J4 ,,':/';' ~
_.,p I~~ 0 ~)I Js ~ ojlA:il ~ .!l,.,LJ1t_,,:J u)..J1 o.)i
.•-lA Jilj"~,») ~,)k ~\..!j WJI ~ ~L... u;ftj Ui)1
.(~ ~~, J' ~t.JJI ~ ().;~ U!_.lJI~~IJ. ~L:.LI
l.a J~' r~ J ~ o- <!U~ ~~ t, CO t.r.""i Jf ~ ..b.':il
.j l)"1.T."~1t}J ~,)WI ~jtll c}>j , ~~I J-l1 ~y." , ('~I
_JAW j6. 4.1S' dJ~ .1.)-,,y ~..u .)A. ' a.}aT JI ~L:CI
1.l. t,.Js. ~,)) ~I,)k (J....,D ~;, ,:r:i ,:.Qr ~~.lJ1 ~ ~" ...." ""!o

Jf..• ~ \..:.._..u-
cr: ~ 0 J~ . '-..ii' yo'I I":"_I~ . 1..iUJ. If L)~I
v--
~L-i c: ~llJl ~ ,),;JI~I,)~ ~ ~)JI o.l.:J' )I.G~
.
.~WI
~ JUI t.5~ l..:.:>-' t.:.. I~ ~ ,.Ijl~4 uj.JoA tY' ~ L.
-bot':J ,y:J" : « I)~ ~,)? ~)A I~L.. c,))~)) - ~11.l.
l.SJ , ~Ie .1)1:;LJ.f J" ~~ Jj. ~ j,i ~ el)1 J
~1.lLJIJ ~I c,1~WI ~I,.,ar ~ })\ wl'_\~1 r_,Aj ~T)
'-.ill ~ ~11.l. ~l ~ , rWI e,ST}1~ J&- :{f~1
l:.....l-I ~ \s . ~_,i lAllJ d.:~JI..\.cl_,; J!.. t.5_;.i ~'_,4J ~W,I ,.,.r.--
uw..J! ~ ()A cL....4i .:r ~, ~ U"'I;J\ J~ c,)i ~ ~ r¢I..u1
6.;>i ~ ~J ~ ~_;'':J\ !.I_,L-J 15~ ~lb.. l.f d.~)l1
.r.f Ji .,;l:-.e ~.~ ,.I.,_., ~UJ\ \~ J.&- '-??. L. JC ~I~
~ LJ.}_,..:w.1J;- ~~J 4_.WI !.IY-JI ~I"'; ~~ .Y'J . ~~
~i)1 ;_; Jf'J,) r)"J •~ ~"_;J' .)_,!J4 .I}-'JI ~Ui.. l)A..;:;5
~i l.:.il_;t eA L. jJ- if u~ '~I ~ U;_,.. j ,(J~ ':J \;ji ("WI
~~\ w~~'J ~L;... ~ 111 t·,' ,,; (5..\11
(~II~J .~
. ~)\;.i ~'j~ J6J1 j:r~
~ .y :!f _,L-JI ~lL an........" ..,.WI J)iS1 J' -aJl1 - ~
J )~ c,)T ("WI (.)i)1 1l~'IJ ~1..\A:.1IJ )LO~' U";.~ !)A §
~ <.i'l :toWI -' i~_,:...!ll ~I,.,.:.II ll~ W"' ~ u.p J1c...1,j_,.. Jf
. l:) J .:u,p._ ~
t:J.r- . .J. LA~ • ~ . r.~WJI ~ ~l> :t...4t -. A

,~ J> ~ ~i ':JJ 4UJ ~i ~ ':J d'~1 '-"i)I JA..i ~lj c!JJ;

:0~ :t.~ J.&.I_; I.)A ~L..:JI l:.t 4A.).:Aj ~J e.j:j ~ u,.J~ Ui)\
;..;;5 c...UIJA dJ_) J_,i !H.~J . I~ _,..15'_,L J}r ~I_,AII b~ ~~

~ • '" ~,)J...:... ts"

if.J'U J . ~I .. ;;.$...JW ~
.. .r- ~J •• ~ I':"_..w ~ ~\
.• ir: J
.i <L.L:.
,r.) _ t.5 ..\II ~ WJI ~ !l.1 '1 ~I"; c..r-'
_"""-..r
1_:" ~ u..D.. . w,.i..r
" W WI..oI ~J.dW4 ~Y.. ':J ;~ ,.\.,T J I..f')b."'JI ('.)s. ~ )~
~, ~I .
ol:AJ14.l.C.!.. J', r.- WI I)JJIJ ~ ~r- J ~I ~-'
~I ~ ~ ~i~ <.).lJ1 ~l(J, _,t ',~'J ~ ~ J~ ~T.
.t )~c)T ~ cS.il1JwJI ~~ Ji ,oJ.i):it:- ~ ~.)~t,
~)~I t...;L:11J o~~ ~L..~ .l>~1 L.IJ ~)ijl t
~~I 1..1:Lt.....
~i ~ ",:,1-"",1J!l?!, c)i ~ ~ tSJJI ~WI JT, ~ ~J.. 'i
~t 1»1-7 j..,-JIJ ~LiU <!.U~ ~ .......t,f.)"!..\i clJ'~.J--! L..!.It..
1~ ;s1 JiL!T J WI.) i;;; tl-J !J_,LJI §I..!... U"~IJ~'
. ~.Jdl o~1 J U)_,_, ,-,.
'.))U :l_;l;..~ J&- ~ ~\l1 01- LJ4 ys ~i~I ,yJ
. ..\>1;\...h.:.J1 .:,,\j ~I !l_,LJ1 ~I_'; rlG...T J.# ~~4 c?"
~I J~ c)l ~ ~I ,flj~ l) oUT ~I ~ J.. L...wJ clJj ~JI
~ ()~ I~ J,~, en « ~I ubWI l".L:.... !l~1 ~lA...
lJ.JJ~ ~ ,tJ.T dJ~':"I::i~~ ~J • ij~1 r:r 1.Af1_;~,
~4 ~.) ~J , ~L.:;JJ ~~ ~.)li ~~ '11 .:,l;Jl,J1 iJA'
~I J ua:>'j1 J&.' ~I JL.JI J ~I J# vO.J· .)_;tJ,
, L+:! ~ ~JWa.:..J .')..t_,J I ; ~ J~ _,L. ...\:.1_" t.r ""! l.J J.4..ll·
I~J . I)I} ~ ~ ~tJ~ ~ !JJ~.~; .)) J) I)A ("~_
• (y) ~~ ':/1o~1 el.9J <s.,b.\) .)jlJ ~I ~.rJ1 i.? ~~,
L;i..f': ~~'JI o~JI J l.i'JJ.r"J !l~1 ~I"'; ~l4S" i..l,c.
~,' cil}1 JJ. Ll. ~)~.J- ~I..P."~I ~I ~U~l-
4:f~\'1 Jt.1_,_.&I1
&)T 1.:5';,)lljl '11 ~ ~ II:J ~I L.1)J...,
.,,)1;\l16~~~~l) ~ci_,J1 ~ JJ' 1~~~'p'-!J_,L1Jr

Dewey, 01. cit., Part One, V. See 11so Part ,Four, IV. (,)

Por A pertinent discussion, of ~8 problem. ,in somewhat different ( r)

language but wIth a similar conciU8ion, sec P.W. Bridgman, "Freedom aad the-
Individual}· in Pr~~Jom,
Its Milani", (R. N. Anahcn, ed., New York,' 1940), pp..
525-5;7.
 ~lAS'
.. ~ 15 I>I_, : f1jl-JJ ~t ~,.".....ut OJJ..rII- ,.

? ~;_,,,...; u~J_,AJI Js-l;},r041 ~~I ~!l).-ll ~I ~1_,4JK

JJ'>~
"'L' .: -II I.. er . Wlt_, I::...!.. ~
.l.:.. ~r . L....
t.;J.N. .),jll ~t~} ~
~1 tS , ~.))11 ~bUI ~_;::;J wl.AA::.JIJ)lG)tI1.)" j ~

~1 4:::-..i ~J J&- ;;).llt ~~ ~ tJ , ~~ \II ~ UA ~

()~ alA ~J~J .
~1_,A11 I:W- o)_,_jl ~IJI.r.'JI Jl1.i J~.) .}II.
J>~_' .o.,L J .l)JI ~J , ~ '11.r*1 )I} JI J>""" _,II J~

~)I i~)'1 ~)U, £I;~ I)A ~.J'It ~,j..A_ JJ . ~WJI e:

~ ~_,i LL.T ,jw~ _,-.! .!J_,L-U 4J1~1_,AJ1 ,,j,1. .y~ J.
~I ~~J,:f'.u ~ ~I . ~L...i\'1~i C' ~li~ ~,ji o-:
CU.l)_, . ~ ~~}J ~ ~j ~I ;J.=,..}I J"'I1.._, ~I)t ~J ~.

~,.A11 ~L.. J-w:rJ J :o';L!.JJ oJ-S-JJJ , ~I ~.~ <b::.w":

;;~J ~~ ~T ~ ~jJi ~I Jl £I~j I~i-" t.J;;;.. 'O~:

. JL-i\ll ~I.

!J_,l-U ~I ;~l4J1 ~ (,.JUI -,1 J:i_,,:jl : 0.t->~1~,

J!- ~'I .ll.>....;&.jl
~ ~ L... J~ cJ L=...!il; : ~,).}II r~1I J'

, ~I '"
..w, ~I),Y'IJ,,j J l._.a:jl ...l,.;t t'l.:.:Il
; s '''A':_lI
c:-;- ~ .)..f"~,,:
oL::=-J1 J ~L..T w,;W ~)I..:s '1 ,)I~~I 6,1,. ~ ~,t Wi>.\'J.
-L> ~T JI : J~ , 4.l:L... ~b. ~ ~..uJ. ~ ~~ ),1,
!l)-lJ 411;~l4JI ~)_,_,;; ~ ~ _,jl ~ ~~1~ ~ ~-"
1.).;411 f> uAJ I.J ~W.I 0JJ..,..;JI_"

c:r ~ b ~ :r.- W La.. J I J-'""" _,J I b.lk...1 J c,) TJ$JlI ()A

~.t;J.AJ. d'4\11r~1 ~J,).)114 .. ~ c: ~1.6~J.)~'
,jtJ ~I if o~ ~ ~l ~ '.I ~,))11 ,jT ~\!JI J.a.4l1 J.
.bJLa.. JjL> I,)' .))11 ,jt .f.A.:lJ . ~,)_;J4 (\1,1 1,)1~ ~f,
 .... L. ~Lii. d _JAJ"
.:J.::-'--" J d .;;~i rJJ..u 'j ~lf
..J
~JJ , ~t
. m ol_,st 'J 4&.4l1 ~~."JI ~T oUi ,r4~1 ";-1
.J ~,L}T l.il~ &)~~,i ~ JWI ~~ ') el_,J1jJ
Jl.t:J1J:.)1jl) .J.jJ • dJ) -r.f ~~ 'JJ ~ ~I_;\~T .0_,.L.
~.; y'JP~1 ~:ztiJ> tY...# ":,,l:.:) r)\;~~ l..:9 I~ )~
~L.'":"ll J c.),~ rjl » j~ ( j}A11
t~'jl ~ ) ¥.~\11
J ~ (; )I J i ~W;JI £;.A:-J L..W ~I> ;l}J1~. ' :yl~'
J...

cu Jl j 'L!&. J1 4Iii";,., ~l....,:,.;.

1 i .._.1._. <\iTJ - I.l'.
u-"II ~~I . rJe.:-:.
~.i..;:M ~~ ~lb ~~iJ ,WI 4.;.)J lJa_YlAi'j ~l ~
~~I ~U:JI (J) jt ~)ti ji ~ J~ c_)]IJ • (\') « \~\14
UI ....\...1I
tr1,"- ,< J ~ u• ~ "-:tl!.eT~; • IJ'""'I
. Ja~I...::.,l.-:=J.1. I.Y
J} ~J ~i <.I' ~1J.A:..l1JfL....... j ~~I (.JkJ' ~1_,_11
c}~ ~~I ~)I ~. .A.~ .~~ 'il ~1 l.f ~I J'lUu
"'~ '11Ui)1 Ji:.! jiJ , ~l..:~1'J_,!-.. j~ ji ~ JI,JI
. U"L...~ll.iA Js:- UA. jiJ, "-:fJ §r' ~}qJ ~ JJ! ~I
.~ ~~ W~)~ e l)1 j o~ ~~I ~~,l:! 1~ Glr) t'J
J!ll
. WI .. J jLU:J1J Jl..C1
.. Y_IIoWl

~ ~Ji aliJ • ~I:(JI I~ u-o JJI\jI •..r.J1~ J.a.411I~

, t.WI ~I.)~I~ .1...:.14 I,)"UI ~ u\i~1
~.1J1 Jb ~
tlJ~1 ~ UJ:.-A~J. ~1~1.r.J4 ~ !l.JL ... 1I ~~':Jl ~lyJ4J
~)1 ~ .l·~..l.:...!i~ LS , J !l)...J1 ~I
ul~I.;;J1 _,iii ~ .r.~n

-For a scathing evaluation of the ruling regime of Soviet Ruasia in the ( \)

form of a fable, which incorporates the point made above, see G. Orwell, Animal
Farm (New York), 1946).

Cf. B. Malinowski, Crime and Custom in $tWag, Soci'ty (New (y)

York. 19.26).

t"
u~! L!JJl:J clJ.lS" . ~4'1! ~~~ ~ ~,y ,"- ~J!'
. ~b._s". I_~ u~
tJA ... _ j ~ \,..?" ~.r.:t! ir-: c..r"11W:;JI ~,)I
" .r:1..':11
.~! ~i, :Y'l: ~r' L::_l) , ~)I crii JJ . ~~I ~li*-
.)jIl )J') )~'1! c..i t:.i;...)t !~I'11Low ~. ~T ~ "1 ~~ ':II
.r.5'''11~I C)~1 L:...LAl ~j • ~~J C\.tlG..tJ ~I.JA - ~.
~U,;J Li..vJ ~I ~~ '11u~ _;U ~)! JLC..!.\fI ~ JLdI
~,)~I ~.,.JIJ ~I ~~IJ t)4 ~J J...JI (.)"JL..:1 ~ J
'" (.).}-t OJlr ~lbJIJ tl__,.a1J.", o)t

==..z--