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    Probability and Statistics Practice Papers

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    112 views19 pages

    Probability Practice Questions

    Uploaded by

    Soham Bahas
    Probability and Statistics Practice Papers

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    _ACE 4 eel om payin POO Sol: Here, pa) =20% = 195 5, BOO) i099 8g Ac)= PA B)= (5, ACO i009 and P(AMBOC)= 190 BU C)= The probability that the 2 PAU s Aor BorC person reads A or B or C = P(A) + PCB) + nO + P(AM ANC) + PC Og 2 P(AMB) — P(BOC) oe 4 8 4 5 2 =i00 ‘100 100 100 100 100 100 mee “20 Hence the probability that he reads none of the papers = P(AUBUC)° = 1 — P(AUBUC) a1 20 _13 ~ 20 . A fair coin is tossed till a head appears for the first time. The probability that the number of required tosses is even, is I: A= occurrence of head AS = occurrence of tail PA)=S & P(a’)=3 The probability of getting head first time in even number of tosses is P= P(AS) P(A) + P(A) P(A) P(A‘)P(A)}+ PAS) PLAS) P(AS) (AS) PAS) P(A) + Let E be an arbitrary event in a sample sp, with P(E) > 0. The probability that an ey, occurs once E has occurred or, in other y,, Conditional Probability of ‘A’ given E, y,,. P(A/E), is defined as follows P(A/E) = PANE) P(E) Note: Let S be a finite equiprobable space with eye, Aand E. Then number of elementsin (A > ¢ POA/E) =~" jumber of elementsin E P(ANE) Multiplication Theorem: If A and B are any two events then P(A OB) = P(A). P(B/A) = P(B). P(A/B) Note: Two events A & B are said to be independent. it satisfies any one of the following. i P(AIB)= P(A) ii, P(BIA)=P(B) iii, P(A OB) = P(A) P(B) Theorem of Total Probability: If Bi, Bp,.. Ba be a set of exhaustive at mutually exclusive events, and A is another eve associated with (or caused by) Bi, the PA) = 9°P(B,)P(A/B,) ACE theorem or theorem of pro! of causes? yy Br. Be mutually random &% associated wil _uuB, be a set of exhaustive and exclusive events associated with a periment and A is another event ith (or caused by) B,, then “PIB )xP(A/B) ¥ PB) « P(A/B,) PBA) = i= 1,2,...90 Exampl gu. The probability for a man Passing an exam is 1/2 and the probability that a man passing and getting more than 80% marks is 1/3. If the man passed the exam, what is the probability that he gets more than 80% marks? Sol: Let A = man passing the exam B = man getting more than 80% marks 2.) A box contains 4 bad and 6 good tubes. Two / are drawn out from the box at a time. One of them is tested and found to be good. What is the probability that the other one is also good? Sot: Let A = one of the tubes drawn is good and B =the other tube is good. P(AMB) = P(both tubes drawn are good) 101: 03. Sol: Knowing one tube conditional probabj ty ihsins 00d, the also good is required ie ne ther tube ig Pi YA) is required pp/ay= PANB) 13s POA) 6/109 A bolt is manufact tured by 3 mac hi and C. A turns out twice as many ime and machines B and C me Hosa, i roduce ¢ number of items. 2% of bolts produced ” nA YY and B are defective and 4% of bol produced by C are defective. All bolts n put into 1 stock pile and 1 is chosen from this pile. What is the probability that it is defective? Let A = the event in which the item has been produced by machine A. B = the event in which the item has been produced by machine B. © = the event in which the item has been produced by machine C. Let D = the event of the item being defective 1 L =) pa@y=PKO== PA)= 35> P(B) = P(C)= 4 P(D/A) = (an item is defective , given that A has produced it) = 2 =P(D/B) 100 4 P(D/C) = —~ 100 ybability, By theorem of total prot on peDy-POAyxPDIA)REMPOBY ie 4g" i004 10 PDC) 11 dats coin with chosen at S + are | har coins and yin 1s pot sides, A cot i Ti es. If head’ 0 probability that id used? head all the 4 times, what 1s the en ani the false com has been chosen 2 3 Sol: PEL)» Pathe coin is a true co1D) © P(E) © P(the comnts @ false coin) > a getting all heads in Let A = Event of 4 Losses. ror Then PNT)” 5°3°9%2 16 and PAVE) 1 By Baye’s theorem, ____ PUR) x P(ATE) P(E)XP(A/E) + PCT) x (A/T) POA) x 4 te 19 OS. In a certain college, 4% of the men and 1% ‘of the women are taller than 1.8 m. Further more, 60% of the students are women. Now ia student is selected at random and is taller than 1.8 m, what is the probability that the student is a woman’? ol: Let M W © student is a woman T= student is taller than 1.8m student is a man 40 pm) = _ 60 eo PW) P(T/M) <. er/w)=2 100 he probal 1.8m is pcr) = P(M) P(T/M) + PCW) P(T/W) 40 4, Oy = PCT) Toq* Too 100 100 1 selected is taller than 1.8 m, the e student is a women, is pOw)PCT/W) _ Paw) TN P(W/T)= SoRaypcr/M) + POW) PCT W) Ifa student probability that th ( 4.3. Random Variable (RV) and } Expectation Suppose that to each point of a sample space we assign a number. We then have a function defined on the sample space. This function is called a random variable or more precisely a random Function. It is usually denoted by a capital letter such as X or Y. A random variable which takes on a finite or countably infinite number of values is called a discrete random variable, While one which takes on non-countably infinite number of values is called a non—discrete or continuous random variable. Discrete Probability Distribution: Let X be a discrete random variable and suppose that the possible values which it can assume are bai tym, %2,..........are arranged in increasing onder magnitude. Suppose also that these Safe assumed with probabilities given by sctnow Pama. Chenin Vere Ving Tip | Gurr’ Katarpiyva] na yo Pe) WN, yay isa probability mass function, I eel roe a pgs) were tm 8 taken over all ope ° sof X ible value’ ws quous Probability Distribution: i cen g continuous distribution random yaniable avpaee s the following, * janction which satisfies : called probability distribution or senents 1 so lity density function of X are : fade=t | pacx [f(x)dx=1 = fle “deel aki et -2xe*-2e"f =1 =>2k=1 Mean of X is defined as E(X)= J xf(u)dx =fkxe “dx ; ; vos Te Raper acc pas Baan ate Pee Variance of X15 Vix) a) E(x’) ((xy E(x’) Je £(x)dx 4g *—4x'e * -12x7e * -24xe* -24e "| 24k - ake 12 ( 7) Equation (1) becomes V(X) = 54 <3 02. A continuous RV has a pdf fix) = 3x°,0< x <1, Find a and b such that G) P(Xsa)= P(X>a) and (it) POX-b) = 0.05 Sol: (i) P(Xay “ J3x°dx = f3xtax hea’ =]-a? ievat= 1 2 £8 0.7937 OD PEXb) - O05 J3x" dx < 005 be. b 095 b= 0.9839 3, A random : (a) Since ZP(x) Engineering Mather, variable X has the folloy,, distribuuion probability —T3]4 21/3 fs or} « [92 | 2] 93 | ak Find k . io Evaluate P(X<2) and P(-2 Za, Ho is rejected or Hh luded that the difference a% LOS. onthe other hi jsaccepted, 1-€- it is conc! between tand E(t) is significant at ests of Significance for Large Samples Test I Test of significance of the difference between sanple proportion and population proportion. mber of successes in ‘nv’ trials in which the ach trail is a constant, that X follows 2 = nP and Let X be the nut independent Bernoulli probability of success for ¢ (ay) = P. Then it is known binonial distribution with mean E(x) variance V(x) = nPQ. What a’ is large, X follows N(aP, /nPQ), ie. @ omal distribution with mean np and SD /nPQ, tee Q = 1 —P, me nlf} ao | n no is a the proportion of succes, ses in th e sampl ting of ‘n’ trails, whig ed iple consisting of ‘n’ trails, which » Which is denot Thus the sample proportion Pp ‘leg by p. lows 8) Therefc ie ven fore, the test statistic z is given by y PQa If |z| < Zy the difference between the sample proportion ‘p’ and the population proportion ‘P” is not significant at «.% LOS. Test II Test of significance of the difference between sample mean and population mean (cknown). Xq be the sample observations Let Xi, X2, -- from a population jin a sample of size ‘n’, drawn that is N(p, 0). Then each X; follows N(H, 0): Gel doe fates with mean Pi normal variate with or It is known that if X and independent normal vari o? then Zoi Xi isa 2, mean p= Zoi wand variance © = 26 variance _ACE z 10 ® Examples pando, 6. 8e Be Now putting ¢ -1EX, Ee,X, 1,96, we reject mull The mean breaking strength of the cables supplied by a manufacturer is 1800 with a SD of 100. By a new technique in the manufacturing process, it is claimed that the breaking strength of the cable has increased. To test this claim a sample of 50 cables is tested and it is found that the mean breaking strength is 1850. Can we support the claim at 1% LOS. ’ x Ms { Sak, iy Hypothesis Ho The mean breaking . wa of the CABIE TS 1800 LE = 1KU9 aandard deviation 6 100 gad alter ongth p> 1800. ie onesailed (right-tailed) test is to be used os. a= 1% ate Hypothesis Hy The mean breaking the cables ts increased Now the test statistic Z = o vn n= 50, p= 1800 & 6 = 100 Therefore null hypothesis is rejected ie alternate hypothesis is accepted. ie the mean breaking strength of cables is not p= 1800 i.e., p# 1800 Based on the sample data, we may support the claim of increase in breaking strength. A manufacturer of tyres guarantees that the average life time of its tyres is more than 28000 miles. If 40 tyres of this company tested, yields a mean life time of 27463 miles with standard deviation of 1348 miles. Can the guarantee be accepted at 0.01 LOS? Null Hypothesis Ho, The average life time of (yres is 28000 miles Le. p= 28000 Alemate Hypothesis Hy: The average Wfe ume of tyres is less than 28000 miles Fe = 28000 The test statistic, FH 3 X= 274 vn 6 3. n= 40, 28000, 6 = 1348 27463 ~ 2x00 134g ~~ -2.52 v40 => [Z|=2.52 a = ~2.33 >Za Null Hypothesis is rejected ie, alternative hypothesis is accepted The average life time of tyres is I 28000 miles, mes iss han 04. Experience has shown that 20% of a manufactured product is of top quality. In one day's production of 400 articles, only 50 are of top quality. Show that either the Production of the day chosen was not a representative sample or the hypothesis of 20% was wrong Based on the particular day's production, find also the 95% confidence limits for the percentage of top quality product. Sol: H,:p=1, ie. 20% of the product os manufactured is of top quality. 1 HP 45. p = proportion of top quality products in the sample _ 50 1 400 8 / From the alternative hypothesis Hi, we note that two-tailed test !S to be used. ee) Te ‘inno Pam Cem Verde NS 1.96. refore, Za I 5. Let LOS be 5%, Ther ! 3° 5400 , Since the sizeof te sarnpe is equal t0 400. zs 3.75 3.75 > 1.96. Now [| = nce between p and P is sigi The differet at 5% level. . ‘Also Hy is rejected. Hence Hy is wrong °F the production of the particular day chosen is not a representative sample. its for P are given by nificant 95% confidence limi PF <1.96 Pq a Note: 4 in the denominator, n because P is assumed to be unknown, for which we are trying to find the confidence limits and P is nearly equal to p. ie. (r- yf =155)s rene 2 x] 7 n ie. fo isha Zaxtoe) sr fr 7 1 ) 1 Vz 3 wo We have taken <(o2se ie. 0.093 < P< 0.157 Therefore, 95% : confidence limits for the percentage of top quality product are 9.3 and panents ina panents died, Can Ruopolian hospital ane anil, you counter the hospi, efficent? p, ie. the hoxpital is not efficacn, fi-tuiled) tent is bo be used One-tailed (le! 245 Let LOS be 1%. Therefore, a , where p 0.09%4 a P= 0.1726, Q © 0.4274 pa 2.0084 0.1726 496 (0.1726 08274 640, *. [A> eal ‘Therefore, difference between p and Py significant, Le., Ho is rejected and Hy iy accepted, That is, the hospital is efficient in bringin, down the fatality rate of typhoid patients, 06. A salesman in a departmental store claim that at most 60 percent of the shopper, entering the store leave without making + purchase. A random sample of 50 shoppers showed that 35 of them Seft without makin: a purchase, Are these sample result consistent with the claim of the salesman’ Use an LOS of 0.05. Sol: Let P and p denote the population até sample proportions of shoppers not making# purchase, Py since p=O.7and P06 Voorn Vang, Tap Camus Kad ad (right-taited) test is to Be u tail om os be Sta. Therefore, 2 = LOSS, pat . poP 0720 21443 7= PQ 0.6.0.4 ya V So Wd<% refore, the difference between p and P is ™ Hy is significant at S% level, 0 accepted and Hy is rejected. rat is, the sample results are consistent at iS, with the claim of the salesman, a sample of 100 students is taken from a ” jage population. The mean height of the sudents in this sample is 160 cm, Can ite reasonably regarded that, in the Population, the mean height is 165 cm, and the SD is 10 em? Gos Here X = 160, n = 100, p= 168 and o = 10 Hy: = (ce. the difference between X and A i1is not significant). Two-tailed test is to be used. Let LOS be 1%. Therefore, Zq = 2.58. yu 160-165 o/v¥n 10/100 a> Za Therefore, the difference between X and pis Significant at 1% level, i.e., Hy is rejected. That is, it is not statistically correct to assume that p= 165. Probability & of Significance for g Test of significance sample me nall Samples Of the difference ‘anand population mean, (unl hetween iknown) "Of a sample of size n, nN (, ), we have 5 If X is the mea drawn een that from a populati X-p z= <7 follows ol vn Blows NCO 1), If a, the SD of the D Population is not kno have to estimate it vant the using sample SDs. From the theory of estimation, ja is n-1 ith (n~ 1) degrees of a it is known that an unbiased estimate of o wit freedom. When n is large, — ne was taken as a satisfactory estimate of o and and hence ‘s* hence z=~ s/va N(O, 1). But when n is small, we cannot use as an estimate ‘was assumed to follow a distribution, but follows a t-distribution with number of degrees of freedom v = (1-1). Hence —* =H is denoted by ‘t’ and is taken as s. 1 the test statistic. is also taken as Sometimes t= wa -1 Xo da” Sivan is called Where student’s t. We shall use only x where s is the sample SD. siv =] Tone Top Ge Kate rican Del Bhopal Rane Babanerar Beaplara Loshsow Patna Chens Vino / F-test F-test of significance of the difference between population variances and F-table. To test the significance of the difference between Population variances, we shall first find their estimates, 6] and 6} based on the sample variances s? and s} and then test equality. It is 2 known that 6; = L with the number of aie degrees of freedom v,=(0,-!) and 6; = with the number of degrees of freedom v2 = (nz-l). follows a a reo It is also known that F-distribution with v; and v2 degrees of freedom. Examples; 01. A machinist is expected to make engine parts with axle diameter of 1.75 cm. A random sample of 10 parts shown a mean diameter 1.85 cm with an SD of 0.1. cm. On the basis of this sample, would you say that the work of the machinist is inferior? Sol: Here x 1.85,s=0.1,n= 10 and p= 1.75. Hok=p; H,:Xep. ‘Two-tailed test is to be used. Let LOS be 5%. lo: 0.10 Wn ois 73 Mdv=n-1=9 From the (Hable, for v= 9, loos = 2.26 too = 3.25, 2 NP bo and <9 Engineering Mathematig, ‘Therefore, Ho is reie ted and Hy is accept at 5% level, but Ho is accepted and Hy j, rejected at 1% level. That is at 5% LOS 4, ‘ork of the machinist can be assumed to 5, in LOS the work cannot p, inferior, but at 1% assumed to be inferior. istered to each of in inj yn adminis 02. A certain injectio the followig 12 patients resulted in increases of blood pressure: ire B13, 0, 6,2, 1,5,0,4 Can it be concluded that the injection wil be, in general, accompanied by an increase in BP? Sol: The mean of the sample is given by 1 31 x= Yn = = 258 ra Deg ; The SDs of the sample is given by 2 aye(lyy). =15x ( ¥x at 2 . $=2.96 Hy X=, Where p= 0, i.e. the injection will not resul in increase in BP. H,: Right-tailed test is to be used. Let LOS be 5%. Now tooss, for one-tailed test for (v= 1 1 te for two-tailed test for (v = 11 ) = 1.80 (fron table) s x185—(2.58) =8.76 x X-y_ _ 258-0 enc 296i 728 We see that [t] > troy (v= 11), Now t= Therefore, Ho is rejected and 1 is accepte That is, we may conclude that the injectio 1s accompanied by an increase in BP. ‘Bhopal: Pane ene Ree Been Leis P| ema Wang ‘Fewpt 'Gonor| Koso ean Hifetime of a sample of 25 bulbs is «1550 hours with a SD of 120 h. The yy manufacturing the bulbs claims ike Fund compa cae average life oftheir bulbs is 1600 b, jethe claim acceptable at 5% LOS? 1550, s = 120,n = 25 coh: Here x and p= 1600. pees HR. Lefttailed testis to be used. LOS be 5%. —p_ _ 350/24 Now 0 2.04 and v= 24 yo: for one-tailed test = tor for two-tailed est(for v= 24)" 1.71 we see that |t] > [to] ‘therefore, Ho is rejected and H; is accepted at 5% LOS, That ts, the claim of the company cannot be accepted at 5% LOS. MA sample of size 13 gave an estimated population variance of 3.0, while another sample of size 15 gave an estimate of 2.5. Could both samples be from population with the same variance. = 3.0 and v; = 12, nz 15 Sal Here, my = 13, 6 and v2 = 14 H, 6 = 6! ice. the two samples have been drawn from populations with the same vanance. H, :6? = 63 Let LOS. Be 5%. 8 yy = 2.53, from the 8 » Ho is accepter © ses could have cme two normal ; opulations wi vain, | lations with the same Since F< Ryo is the 05. Ty ‘wo samples of sizes 9 and 8 gave the sums of squares of deviations from tt respective means equal to 160 5 spectively. Can they be regarded as drawn from the same normal population? Sol: 2, =9, Z(x, -R)° =160, ie. n,5? =160 n, =8, L(y,-¥) =91 ie. n,s} =91 st 77160=20, n,- a2 _ 8; _1 62 = F8E =i x 91-13 n,-1 7 Since 67 > 63, (vi-m) = 8 and v= (2-1) =7 Hy: 63 and H,:6; = 63. Let the LOS be 5%. Bb Foos (vi = 8 V2 = 7) = 3.73, from the Fable. Since F < Fost Ho is accepted. That is, the two samples could have come from two norma! populations with the same variance. me 1 the samples have t say tha me are unable of the samples We cannot form the same population, to test whether the means aiffer significantly oF 9% / 96. 7, , Wo independent samples of 8 and 7 items “SPectively had the following values of the Variables Samplel:9 11 13 11 1s 9 12 14 Sample 2:10 12 10 14.9 8 10 Do the two estimates of population variance differ significantly at 5% LOS? Sol: For the first sample, 2x; = 94 and Ex} = 1138, (EJ 1 loo) = gX1138-{ 2x94] = 4.19 For the second sample Dx2 = 73 and Ix? = 785, Since 6} > 62, vi =7 and v2 =6 Hy :6; = 63 and H, :6} #63. 7 £P 121 3.96 Foos (vi = 7, v2 = 6) = 4.21, from the F-table. Since F < Fos, Ho is accepted. That 6; andi, do significantly at 5% LOS. not differ is, 01. Seven car accidents occurred in a week wy), is the probability that (i) They all occurred on the same day (ii) No two accidents occur on the same dy, of week. 02. A die is rolled two times. Find the probabil, that ° (i) Same face appears (ii) Sum is 10 (iii)Sum is greater than 10 (iv)Sum is neither 8 nor 9 (v) The 2™ toss results in a value that jy higher than first toss. 03/ Four fair six-sided dice are rolled. Th, probability that the (i) Sum of the results is 22 (ii) Sum of the results is 21 (iii) Sum of the results is 20 04. A man alternately tosses a coin and throws a die beginning with a coin, What is th probability that he gets head before he gets § or 6 on the die? 05. Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that (i) both of them from same suit? (ii) both of them from different suit? 06. A card is selected at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it is (i) Spade (or) face card (ii) King (or) red card (iii) King (or) queen card ng with 10 other p and ina Ive persons is at ent ot the bel bility that there are A&B abe em find the proba « persons betw pate a det ed at random from first 200 mber Is Se x Ame punbers, Fina the probability that the ju oar is divisible BY 6 OF 8. 0 saris selected at random inside a circle, A , ind the probability that the point is nearer to ie centre of the circle than to its circumference. In a class of 100 students, 40 failed in ° pahematcs, 30 failed in physics, 25 failed in vpemistty, 20 failed in maths and physics, 15 filed in physics & chemistry, 10 failed in chemistry and Maths, 5 failed in Maths, physics and chemistry. If a students selected strandom, then find the probability that (he passed in all three subjects (ii) he failed in atmost one subject {i) he failed in exactly one subject (iv) he failed in atleast two subjects (v) he failed in atmost two subjects (vihhe failed in exactly two subjects Three unbiased dice of different colours are rolled. The probability that the same number ‘appears on atleast two of the three dice is Probability & Statistics vei and 7 green balls. A ‘ andom and its colo awn at 5 colour is he ball is placed back into the um along with another ball of the same color, Th s . The probability of gettin rea 1% & red ball in the next ball is drawn at noted. 65 67 © 156 1 a = 49 © iss © i36 Conditional Probability A ticket is selected at random from 100 tickets numbered (00, 01, 02, .:.. 99). FX & Y denote the sum and the product of the digits on the tickets respectively, the value of P(X = 9/¥=0) is 1 2 3 ay 2 3 Oy MD Mis 4 OD If the probability that a communication system has a high fidelity is 0.81 and the probability that it will have high fidelity and high selectivity is 0.18. What is the probability that a system with high fidelity will also have high selectivity? 2 3 4 5 @, 5 0, ®,4 An unbalanced die (with six faces, numbered from 1 to 6) is thrown. The probability that ‘the probability the face value is odd is 90% of 2 1 ° ; ° 3 that the face value is even. The probability of ® 5 getting an even numbered face is sane 9 * + it , (@ None probability of face 1s even, given ay greater than 3, is 0.75. What is the pro! that the face value exceeds 3? [Genta SET! Pa) Chennai Vind Vind TOP wou a ince ent changon thal ap alton ¢ 1 death bY luotor seetly me 60% The treatment J the ehances in 70% A panont of d What in the reel dio by hin eontn be 40" wrong diagaon A who had divcaye X_ died j probabstity that Lux divcue wax dinner’ correctly? 17 For a certain binary communication ebannel, ow the probability that a (ianutted 8 0.95 and the probability ‘is received ax a that a transmitted * 0,90, If the probatulity that a °0° is 0.4, find the probability that (i) a0" is received dada’ is received Gina ‘1° was transmitted given that a ‘T'was + ix received us a *L iy transmitted received. (iv) ‘0° was transmitted given that a ‘0° was received. 18. The probability that a student knows the correct answer to a multiple choice question is 2 . If the student does not know the answer, s the answer. The then the student gui probability of guessed answer being correct is Given that the student has answered the question correctly, the conditional probability that the student knows the correct answer is (a) win tc) 5 ” Pane Blssbaerma < Bhsbanemmar|Beraakiny Luckew Pata’ Chennai Viayawads! Vir Tirupati “Gunns! eriny, Maat Hat, ~ do 19,.A fais coin ix tomned until tread OF four yi, of cour number expected Wine, The required 1s a0 Rock batty have length b= (150 X) ey, X in a random variable with PDF sa) [i -39) if -26x<2 | ¥, of the bolt lengths (L) lie in the Cem to 150 + C cm, the value wh Otherwise if 9 interval 150 of Cis 21. A random variable X has probability density function ax given below: f(x)

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