APPENDIX A NOMOGRAPHS A nomograph (or alignment chart) is a graphical method for rapid and accurate solution of mathe- matical equations. Because of the character of formu- Jae used in fluid flow calculations, involving expo- nentials of a decimal nature, nomographs are partic- ularly useful. Even with the common-place avail- ability of computers, the use of the nomograph still can be a time saver. In less time than it takes to pre- pare and punch the information for the computer, the engineer, with the aid of the nomograph, can establish the correct pipe size, Granted, when special two-phase flow calculations must be made using the methods of DUKLER or MARTINELLI, the computer approach is by far the better. For routine size establishment, however, such is noe the case. In the development of a nomogeaph, in the inter- ests of having the scales as large as possible and to avoid undue complexity, the designer will select for the scales those parameters which most commonly will vary. Those elements which less commonly will change are set aside to be entered into the problem by the application of correctional factors. These are applied to the value of a specific parameter before it is used in the nomograph. ‘The use of such factors applies mainly to the LAC nomographs, of which there are a number in this volume. To speed the use, the more commonly used factors are reproduced on the facing page of each LAC graph along with references to the locations in the text of any other related materials. Examples of the usage of the various nomographs are provided in the Chapters relating to the specific formulae for which they are designed. For nomographs with more than three scales, a key to the usage is provided to indicate the order in which the scales are to be used. EXAMPLE A-t: The key reads, “PDA, AQF”. P and D and Q are known. What is F? SOLUTION: Align P with D to obtain A. Align A with Q to read F. Alternately, if D, Q, and F are known; to obtain P, first align Q with F wo find A. Then align A with Dto find P. At lease3 of che 4 variables must be known to establish the value of the fourth. If, however, only two are known, one can quickly chart a series of possible answers permiting a rapid solution via comparison with other data. In the use of the nomographs, a transparent stezight edge works better than a ruler. Marking the page with a pencil lie becween two values will re- sult in the nomograph becoming very cluttered. A better method is to place a blunt but pointed object on the turning scale and rotate the straight edge about ir. A blunted needle set into a wooden holder makes a good tool.164 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION 2 8 z 3 2 g & CONTROL VALVE SELECTION GRAPH1APPENDIX, a 165 Key: HFL, GRAPH 2 3 8 L DOWNSTREAM Ph 110 120 130 190 150 Key: HFL PERCENT STEAM FLASHED FROM HOT CONDENSATE166 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Key: HDL GRAPH3 3 38 DOWNSTREAM 8 H "| Key: HDL. fc SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MIXTURE FROM FLASHED HOT CONDENSATE (Density equals specie gravity muliplel by 624)E—O Atmosphere Inches of err Veccum F-10 ‘APPENDIX ENTHALPY GRAPH 4 1b 167168 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPHS 60 E70 £80 a E90 —-100 e E10 a E z aye E12 4 ta E 2 z E180 é ot Ew 8 Xylen F150 | £ Hexane E. 5 Tolvene-va E L Pentanev!\]h “go 160 Benzene eo OF ‘ _ Butanenif Busine E170 E rrepte fT — Eas iz AN F Bahylnd” ; L7 Phare E las F200 r Not: Grd based on prado f L Poinsbasdon vec tenpertore Las [ L250 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION| APPENDIX 169 Ra T F600 E700 E-son F=s00 Eno THERMAL 130 1800 CRITICAL ‘TEMPERATURE XPANSION OF HYDROCARBONS OGRAVITY AT al GRA 3 2 S GRAPH6170 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION eee aa 7 oe “GRAPH? 20000 200¢ ! SECONDS FUROL KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, centistokes VISCOSITY CONVERSIONS| | | ‘TEMPERATURE, °F. APPENDIX Cenistokesx FLOWING Specific Gravity = centipise 800 700 100 Pure Compounds Straight Run Fractions se pre Colifornia Fractions Mid-Continent Fractions TT] Wyoming & Penno. Fractions 1000-3 m GRAPH8 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, centistokes GRAPH 8 APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIES OF STRAIGHT RUN FRACTIONS AND PURE COMPOUNDS (Do not use For ceacked materials)‘OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH) Censintohes x FLOWING Spastic Geni = entipoie Ee Moy APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIES OF STRAIGHT RUN FRACTIONS (ised upon K and average boiling point)APPENDIX 173 Kettleman Keltleman Sants Fe Senta Fe Santa Fe Puente Ventura Ventur ‘Mountain View Signal Hill Seal Beach Krvemer Venice Torrance Fruitvale Huntington B. Baldwin Has South Mtn No. Texas Mentone (7) EvTexat W. Texas Gray County (1) 41.9 Sania Maria & (Cat Canyon 40.1 330 as. 120 500 200 TTT TTT TT I 8 T APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIE! Centisiokes x FLOWING Specilic Gesity = centipoie GRAPH 10 rY, centistokes COs {EMATIC VI 2 OF CRUDE OILS174 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 11 400 Rav 8 8 3S 8 Topper 1 Centistokes x FLOWING Specific Gravity = centipoise Lo 2 TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY GRAPHAPPENDIX 175 x Gs Oil, ieae Keene so Guselines Cringe! APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIES OF VARIOUS HYDROCARBONS, GRAPH 12176 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 13, E F-10 To r E 2. bu E-cw 5 F + § Er z 13 a0 Ey [300 L200 ——100 CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR, SPECIFIC GRAVITY . AND AVERAGE BOILING POINTAPPENDIX 1.0——10 PAPA. f—100 CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT 300] sou GRAPH 14 17‘OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 15 La f--1200 RIZATION FACTOR ACI ~ Foo , [ 1 E J Ee 300 L940 J c 2o—L CRITICAL TEMPERATURE, CHARACTERIZATION FACTOR, SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND CRITICAL PRESSURE ERE ne179 GRAPH 16 APPENDIX saNnod g ¢ g Seer WLLVAN 40 Ld NI vad GVH g 8 8 8Re B WHANOUSNOH DIV HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER60 _- OPTIMUM Pipe size seuecTION Revs las GRAPH 17 HAC HEAD ON. STEAM CHEST PRESSURE (Adi exhause presore)APPENDIX 181 ‘ANDS OF POUNDS OF H STEAM CONSUMPTION OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS _GRAPH 18182 ‘OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION 4 8 ait ests Arup ° | BACK PRESSURE FACTOR £ 2 c 150—4 BACK PRESSURE FACTOR (For eiproing pumps) GRAPH 19APPENDIX Key: DAS AQR For piston speed: SPR Key: DAS AQR os one Loy speed: \T FLOWING CONDITIONS STROKE, in, -sksg RECIPROCATING PUMP CAPACITY For piston gy = 5 2 PUM GRAPH 200 | es s 2 8 arena 4 E q 4 Cio 1o—J STALLING PRESSURE OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS (Add pump section pressure) GRAPH 21PRESSURE, lbs/sq 200—| 700-300-400 Steam Presiure - Gaure errr TY TURBINE STEAM RAT 185 GRAPH 22 20 60 we.cr, | GRAPH 23 Key: MNR Transfer value of M to A AEC 2 2 sie g g z se 5 3 te 3 “3 6 5 lg 2 Ss 7 3 8 C Eh+er 9 SE [ E a Ese E Bsa on formu ‘a i Eaten Es L, [29 ste 7 - C ol E = Volumetric efficiency [ Ly = Qeuanee f R= Ratofcompresion L 1 Ratoof spectiehes | 99.5 eae ME A e| Seo rcomprese ° “5 ar COMPRESSOR VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY ayAPPENDIX 187 BEST RECEIVER PRESSURE Foo Styge Compress GRAPH 2418s - - ~~ OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 25 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by'the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. ‘Type of Drive Years iF Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. Centrifugal Pumps Electric motor Internal Combustion 1,00 1.25 Reciprocating Steam Pumps Simplex 118 Hours of Operation 10 20 40 60 038 049 0.63 072 Electric Power Costs® 0.007 0.01 0.015. 0.0218 0.025 067 0.76 = 0.88 = 1.00 1.05 Fuel Costs* 0.20 030 045 0.70 1.00 064 074 0.85 = 1001.13 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 050 065 100132175 141 1281.21.00, Amortization 2 3 5 a7, 10 065 075089 © 1001.12 See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. ‘Steam Turbine 1.25 Duplex 1.09 rhs 100 120 078 = 0.86 0.92 0.030 0.035 (0.04 14200 1481.24 150 200 2.50 1310 1451.57 250 3.50. 5.00 079° O71 0.63 15 20 25 128 13900148APPENDIX 189 FLOWING GALLONS PER MINUTE 100000 ‘80000 ‘60000 40000 30000 4000 3000 2000 1000 800 600 400 300 200 80 oo 40 bee GRAPH 25, Before introducing flowing quantity into Chart, multiply by the appropriate factors as given in Chapter Seven, Tables 7-2, 7-4, 7-6, 7-8 & 7-10 or Equation 7-10. 3s——] _ VISCOSITY CORRECTION Multiply flow rate as previously corrected above by: Vise. ep. F, % INCIL WALL, 3 0.05 u—| 0.15 0.40 1.00 24 sa 5 n 2 25 — 50 100 200° 400° sure flow is turbulent, LAC LIQUID PIPE SIZE (50th 0 G00 1b A.A. Fanges Rating with Seedole 4) oF 1° Wall Pipe)190 — ~ OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 26 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in | the nomograph. Type of Drive A Type Years. i *Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. Centrifugal Pumps Electric motor Internal Combustion 1.00 1.25 Reciprocating steam pumps ‘Simplex 18. ‘Hours of Operation 10 20 40 60 038 0.49 0.63 0.72 Electric Power Costs* 0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0218 0.025, 0.67 0.76 0.88 = 1.00 1.05 Fuel-Costs* 0.20 030 0.45 0701.00 0.64 074 = 0.85 1.00 1.43 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 0.50 065. 100-132 1.78 141 128 «112 1.00 Ot Amortization 2 3 5 7 10 0.65 075 089 10012. See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. Steam Turbine 1.25 Duplex 1.09 5 100 078 0.86 0.030 0.035 4218 150 2.00 1311.45 250 3.50 079 O7t 15 20 128139 120 0.92 0.04 1.24 2.50 157 5.00 0.63, 25 1.48APPENDIX 191 100000 ‘80000 60000 ‘40000 30000 10000 000 ° 6000 4000 3000 2000 1900 800 300 200 100 6o PLOWING GALLONS PER MINUTE — 30 20 aa ee GRAPH 26 Before introducing flowing quantity into Chart, ‘multiply by the appropriate factors as given in 7-4, Chapter Seven, Tables 7 VISCOSITY CORRECTION Multiply flow riteas previously corrected above by: S Visca ¥ 006 oss 0s 090 a0 095 D- 1.00 1.90 2 ins 20 3a 110 * 3 2 was u—4 5 120 n—|3 50 123s nate 100 130 4s 200° 13s 400" 140 “he sure flow is turbulent. SCHEDULE 80 LAC LIQUID PIPE SIZE (00th ASA. Flange Rating with Schedule a or 100 Pipe) 7-8 & 7-10 or Equation 7-10. GRAVITY"OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION - Summary of Factors F, for Graph 27 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in { the nomogeaph. Centrifugal Pumps Type of Drive Electric motor Internal Combustion _Seeam Turbine A 1.00 1.25 1.25 Reciprocating Steam Pumps Type Simplex Duplex i 118 1.09 Hours of Operation Per week . 10 20 40 60 75 100 120 i 038 0.49 0.63 0.72 078 0.86 0.92 Electric Power Costs* 8 perkwhr “0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0218 0.025 0.030 0.035 (0.04 Fy 0.67 076 «0.88 = 1.001.052.1824 Fuel Costs* S per therm 0.20 030 045 070 «1.00150 2.00 2.50 i 0.64 O74 = 085 1001433145 1.57 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel S per foot 0.50 065 = 1.00132, «1753.50 3.50 5.00 5, 1.41 128 1.12 1.00 0.91079 O71 083. Amortization Years 2 3 5 7 10 15 20 25 i 0.65 075 0.89 1.00 142128139 1.48 "Do not use both. : Factors are multiplicative. See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm.300000 ‘80000 ‘60000 40000 30000 20000 10000 8000 6000 4000 3000 2000 11000 ‘00 600 400 300 200 FLOWING GALLONS PER MINUTE PIPE sZt 193 GRAPH 27 Before introducing flowing quantity into Chart, multiply by the appropriate factors as given in Chapter Seven, Tables 72, 7-4, 7-6, 7-8 & 7-10 or Equation 7-10. VISCOSITY CORRECTION Muliply flow rite as previously corrected above by: Mewen " tun os oa D ss n reas 2 u—] 2 a » i 100 h 2a fin qpoeed shh sae hw tae 3 eo — sols 3 8 ™ 8 | 8 | 5 g al é D - “ LAC LIQUID PIPE SIZE (15001 S.A. Rating with Schedule 160 Pipe)sac “194 "OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION : Summary of Factors F, for Graph 28 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Centrifugal Pumps Type of Drive Electric motor Internal Combustion i 1.00 1.25 Reciprocating Steam Pumps Type plex Fr 1.18 Hours of Operation Per week » 10 20 40 60 Fr, 038 049 0.63 072 Electric Power Costs* S per kwhr “0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0218 0.025 Fy 0.67 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.05 Fuel Costs* S per therm 0.20 0.30 0.45 0.70 1.00 Fr 064 074 0851.00 1.3 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel $ per foor 0.50 065 1.00 132178 Fr 14 128 «1421.00 Ot Amortization Years 2 3 5 7 10 Fr 0.65 075089 = 1.00 1.2 *Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. Steam Turbine 1.25 Duplex 1.09 75 078 0.030 112 1.50 131 2.50 0.79 15 1.28 100 0.86 0.035 118 2.00 1.45 3.50 ot 20 139 120 0.92 0.04 1.24 2.50 1.57 5.00 0.63 25 1.48APPENDIX 195 GRAPH 28 Before introducing flowing quantity into Chart, multiply by the appropriate factors as given in Chapter Seven, Tables 7-2, 74, 7-6, 7-8 & 7-10 or Equation 7-10. VISCOSITY CORRECTION Multiply low mteas previously corrected above by: Viewer. ¥ 0.06 os ous 090 oo 0.95 1.00) 1.00) 24 Los 34 1.10 R has 2s 120 50 Las, D 100 130 am 200° 13s u— 400" 140 n— We sure flow is turbulent. 1» —| su 8 3 2 3 5 8 »>—4 6 Peaens > 7 LAC LIQUID PIPE SIZ (2300 fb A.S.A. Flange Rating with Sched = a & 2 8 re196 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GALLONS PER MINUT! wom on or 50 40H 30M 20M lon eu on 5H 4H 3H 2M & & Se8ay N WROD oS GRAPH 29 tense pipe OH Pe C125 c-100 \ Lar 02 03 PRESSURE DROP, thy/sq.inJi00 f+ BEES FOES ~H EK LE PRESSURE DROP, Ibs/sq.in./100 fe PRESSURE LOSS FOR WATER FLOW C25 for dean steel pi Chooloreidpipe197 APPENDIX (001 = 29969) ALIAVUD DIAS wasn 58 eege 8 ah 2 AITALLINW doUd fUNSSTId Reeser & aes veer = al bhladad sdetails Sid By VISCOSITY - SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRECTION FOR LIQUID PRESSURE LOSS Locate rom VIS, Lect A fern FAP vigor P value obtained on Graph 2 where © Romsesbout A toi» band eal eorected & Pon P.198 = se OPTIMUM PIDE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 31 7 2 en vos00 ran a 1889 kBQ 03; 3000 BRD os 2000 06 os seco "3 : 500 388 300 200 E— 2000 100 ae Eo a See i oo SS 2—-> nag 2 eS]? eos é a 5 4 SE Le 200 43 gee 3 E33 200 AZ a4 geen 00 =} 600 800 1000 SPI viscous 2000 3000 4000 6000 8000 10,000. F— -30 K E/tooo 8B ‘TEST FOR REYNOLDS NUMBER“199 Key: MaAQ ADP 4 000 roi 00 60 400 300 20 ISCOSITY, ABSOLUTE, ™ | > 4 10,000 ‘9000 ‘8000 6000 E— 2000 E— 3000 z % 42 2 io aL ae a4 J A of pipe LIQUID PRESSURE DROP FOR VISCOUS FLOW GRAPH 32OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ~~. yoo eom tom 50M om 20m out 8 &888ey NR & ROS OS NAL. aa ey VELOCITY OF LIQUIDS GRAPH 33 LOCITY, fsee Ww FewBy a o & ssszassy s201 APPENDIX GRAPH 34 2 + t a 29/841 ‘ALISNIG LHOTIA Pal ss T IO AO WLLAWVIG TYNYELLNI hy. INDEX ap Pray J y'SSO1aVaH BT Dehua ap 'S AND ORIFICES (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) FLOW OF LIQUIDS THROUGH NOZZLE:202 ‘OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 35 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Per week Fy, § per therm Fy, $ per kwhrs, Fr Fy S per foot Years F, "Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. 10 038 0.20 0.64 0.007 0.57 0.30 0.43 Hours of Operation 20 40 60 75 100 049 0.63 0.72 0.78 0.86 Fuel Costs* 030 045 070 1.00 150 2.00 074 = 0.85 = 1.00133 145 Electric Power Costs® (Including correction for electric drive) 0.01 0.015 0.0218 0.025 0.030 0.035 064 074 085 . 089 095 1.00 Deviation from Perfect Gas Laws 040 050 0.60 0.70 0801.00 0.53 061 070 O78 0.86 1.00 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 0.50 14 0.65 065 1.00 132 175 250 3.50 1.28. 142 1.00 0.91079 Ot Amortization 3 5} iz 10 15 20 075 089 1.00 1421.28 139 ‘See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. ® 120 0.92 2.50 0.04 1.05 1.10 1.07 5.00 0.63 25 1.48pay 5 Zz z 3 2 100,000 80,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 4,000 800 600 500 400 300 200 hoo Refore NING SCALE troducing Mowing quantity ints Graph APPENDIX A c—° D E 40 - 36 E 20 u 2 = 20. i & z = sci ruultiply by the appropriate Getarts for E38 sven in Chapter 7, Tables 72, 74, 7-6, 748 7-100 or Equation 7-10 LAC GAS PIPE SIZE (e140 cani A.A, Flange Rating with Schalke wr 203 GRAPIL35 Key: aT ADP 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 SPRCIFICGRAVTD soo CORRECTION, 1900. a ‘ 3 10 5 z 3 5 i ue 2,000 —SE © iS 2 re 3,000 & we B20 z 4,000 ae 5000 Sz ise 30 = 16 CHART BASEO ON GAS WITH $.6.2.7} FOR OTHER VALUES, MULTIPLY RATE 8 FACTOR ABOVE BEFORE USING IN CHAR Wally)204 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F; for Graph 36 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Hours of Operation Per week 10 20 40 60 75 100 120 i 0.38 0.49 0.63 0.72 078 0.86 0.92 ~ Fuel Costs? S$ per therm 0.20 030 045 0.70 1.00 150-200 2.50 Fr 0.64 O74 085 = 1.00 1433145157 Electric Power Costs* (Including correction for electric drive) S per kwhr 0.007 0.01 0.015 0.0218 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.04 i 057 06+ 074 «0.85 0890.95 1.00 1.05 : Deviation from Perfect Gas Laws Zz “030 040 050 060 0.70 0.80) 1.00 1.10 F, 043 053 061 «0.70 O78 0861.00 1.07 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel § per foot 050 065 1.00 132-175 2803.50 5.00 i 14 128112100091 079 ot Amortization Years 2 3 5 7 10 15 20 25 i 0.65 075 089 100 «1121.28 139148 "Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm.i | APPENDIX 100,000 80,000 c—? 60,000 50000 40,000. 30,000 20,000 10,000 ‘SCHEDULI 8,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 TURNING SCAI 2,000 IOUSANDS OF STANDARD CU 200 A 100 Hefore introducing owing quantity into Graph, multiply by the appropriate factor(s fer Fas tiven in Chapter 7, Tables 72, 74, 7.6, 7-8, 7-10 Sr Equation 7-10 LAC GAS PIPE SIZ (mf ASA. He Ra 205 1 et GRAPH 36 “5 ° Key: QaT ADP. 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 200 300 400 500 600 SPECIFICGRAVITY 800 CORRECTION p00 ae s 3 to. 2 % > 9 ue IE to Ht 2,000 SE g iz = iS we 5 é 3000 49 ist 520 4000 2 4g 5000 3” is 30 ei Le CHART BASEO ON GAS WITH S.G. FOR OTHER VALUES, MULTIPLY RATE BY FACTOR ABOVE BEFORE USING IN CHART. ig with Sebaule 1 1 Pipe)206- a _ OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 37 ‘Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Per week $ per therm F, $ per kwhr* F, Zz Fy $ per foot i Years F, "Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. Hours of Operation 10 20 40 60 0.38 0.49 0.63 0.72 Fuel Costs* 0. 030 045 070 1.00 0.64 074 085 1.00 1.13 Electric Power Costs* (Including correction for electric drive) 0.007 0.01 0.015. 0.0218 0.025, 057 064 074 085 0.89 Deviation from Perfect Gas Laws 030 040 050 0.60 0.70 043 053° - 061° 0.70 0.78 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 050 065 = 1.00 132175 141 1.28 0 112) 1.00.1 Amortization 2 3 5 7 10 065 075 089 100° 112 See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. cc 0.78 1.50 1.31 0.030 0.95 0.80 0.86 2.50 0.79 15, 1.28 100 0.86 2.00 1.45 0.035 1,00 1.00 1.00 3.50 O71 20 139 120 0.92 2.50 157 0.04 1.05 1.10 1.07 5.00 0.63 25 1.485 B Z z 3 2 APPENDIX 207 GRAPH 37 27 +6 “5 100,000, 80,000 60,000 50900 40,000 QaT ADP 30,000 20 20,000 a 40 50 60 100 200 D 1o — 80 300 400 500 600 SPECIFIC GRAVTI 000 PECIFIC GRAY m—4 800 CORRECTION 800 : 1900 ° 200 , wo 500 << Ee aad 3 00 we 3,000 3 g aoe 4,000 te given in Chapter 7, Tables 7-2, 74, 7-6, 78. 7-10, CHART. BASED ON GAS WITH S.G.=.7; FACTOR ABOVE BEFORE USING IN CHART. LAC GAS PIPE SIZE (iso th ASA, Flange Rating wich Sebel 14 Pipe)Multiply the nomograph. Per week, Fr, S per therm Fy $ per kwhr Fr 4 F, 8 per foor Fy, ~ Yeats F, "Do not use both. Factors are multiplicative. _.OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 38 Hours of Operation 10 20 40 60 038 049 0.63 072 Fuel Costs* 0.20 0.30 0.45 0.70 1.00 ost 074 085 1.00 1.13 Electric Power Costs* (including correction for electric drive) 0.007 001 0015 0218 0.025 057 0.64 O74 0.85 0.89 Deviation from Perfect Gas Laws 0.30 040 050 060 0.70 0.43 053 061 070 078 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Stee! 0.50 065 = 1.00132 1,75 Lat 128 0 1121.00 0.9 Amortization 2 3 5 7 10 0.65 075° 0.89 1.00 - 1.12 See also Table 7-13 for factors for materials other than carbon steel. ’. See Equation (7-10) when labor and material costs deviate from norm. 75 0.78 1.50 131 0.030 0.95 0.80 0.86 2.50 0.79 15 1.28 100 0.86 2.00 1.45 0.035 1,00 1.00 1,00 3.50 o7t 20 1.39 ven flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in 120 0.92 2.50 1.57 0.04 1.05 1.10 1.07 5.00 0.63, 25 1.484 4 APPENDIX 209 a 2 Pp : eee oaA. % GRAPH3s soooo =? 28 sopoo’ Ht 50,000 °) OAT 40,000 ADP 30,000 u to 20 20p00 30 40 50 10,000 =e,b00 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 "TURNING SCAI 2,000 1,000 800 “THOUSANDS OF STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY 600 c 500 C 400 300 200 A Q 100 tnefore introducing flowing quantity into Graph multiply by the appropriate factor(s) (or E38 tiven in Chaptet 7, Tables 72,744.76, 746,710 fot Equation 7-10 3 LAC GAS PIPE SIZE 60 80 too 200 300 400 500 600 SPECIFIC GRAVITY S09 CORRECTION cy 1po0 s $ 0 2 z = ue 2.000 g 12g 3,00) 2 000 35 ise 4,000 143 5,000 sf 30 Pp 16 CHART BASEO ON GAS WITH 5 FOR OTHER VALUES, MULTIPLY RATE FACTOR ABOVE BEFORE USING IN CHAF (2900 th S.A Flange Rating with Schedule 160 Pipe)OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION PRESSURE DROP, Ibsisq. Key: PAQ FDA “13 -12 -10 3 10 20 2000: 30 3000: 40 50 2 cE 40 60 GRAPH39 too 80 60 40: 30. oes 3 Lilia MILLIONS OF STANDARD CUBIC 90 S009 100 TO — 2 sooo oo es - — 6 5 PRESSURE DROP FOR GAS - VACUUM TO 100 PSI ((Muleply presure drop by correction factor from Graph 41) aAPPENDIX <2 DROP, thelsq.in 00 fe 2 e -13 D Key: PAQ FDA -12 3 PRESSURE, Ibs/sqi 10 O° 20 30 40 ~ 50 60 70 80 90 too o PRESSURE DROP FOR GAS - 100 PSI TO 6000 PSI (Suki pressure deop by correction factor From Graph 41) GRAPH 40 Q vereuielbreilrueetins ro MILLIONS OF STANDARD CUBIOPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION 200 ar~x~ ood oreeeeerre teen ote EL bud 100 90 80 To 60 50 40 SPECIFICGRAVITY CORRECTION FACTOR 30 20 fERiELtahel 5 VISCOSITY - SPECIFIC GRAVITY - TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FOR GAS PRESSURE DROP (Sfukipty pressure drop from Graphs 380395 Correction Factor) GRAPH 41 MOLECULAR WEIGHT +—— USE FOR AIRAPPENDIX 213 VAQ 9 10 Wo 200 sbo abo 500 600 7b0 il 8 Li 300 ‘TURNING SCAL ‘TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FACTOR 4 0 20,22, 24 VELOCITY FOR GAS GRAPH «2 1E DIAMETER, in. INTERNALPI ‘Nowe: When tempat: not QPF. aml Z is wot ipl by Z al hy Ter erature Connction Fact before tningstar“erenezag OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 43 i ae quay? EWNTOA DULIDadS OLDVa NOISN Val ees SHTZZON ONY YOU LNAI “ * s TXAGNI EXAGNT W184] 0001 “ANOTA HO ALY 2 AR Eee ts INI do do. g2oee ate 2 28 # a 8 reel s5c35 < Liu Jott ti uf s a FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS THROUGH NOZZLES AND ORIFICES (From TP-410, FLOW’ OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company)215 APPENDIX GRAPH 4 RIT 1pP LV WTANL 5 “URRRR ETE TUALVUIAWAL ALNTOSOY Dads quyy9“AWATOA| Lane Ebene etd 2 INDEX Fos then e5888 * 292741 ALISNAG LHOWA CIFIC VOLUME OF GASES AND VAPORS, (From TP-10, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) R Sg sobs M 1 WEIGHT DENSITY AND SPE|, APPENDIX 217 feday at standard eons wast wens, Wo ert aS, Wo ods, where pe ele dey fam Sahdard conaieions tussle EQUIVALENT VOLUME AND WEIGHT FLOW RATES OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS (From TP, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) uw os] os od ost GRAPH 45218 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Summary of Factors F, for Graph 46 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Per week A per therm Years i Factors are multiplicative. Hours of Operation 10 20 40 60 0.38 049 0.63 0.72 Fuel Costs 0.20 030 045 = 0.70 1.00 0.64 074 1001.13 0.85 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 0.50 065 1.001321. LAL 1.28 «1121.00 0.91 Amortization 2 3 5 7 10 0.65 075 089 - 1.00 112 ‘See Equation (7-10) when labor costs deviate from norm. 75 078 1.50 131. 2.50 0.79 15 1.28 100 0.86 2.00 1.45 3.50 0.71 20 1.39 120 0.92 2.50 1.57 5.00 0.63, 25 1.48e DEGREES OF SUPERHEAT Se ate 858 STEAM PRESSURE 4 GAUGE Sat 1 a |e * 366 Latbsteoe bbb ty a ‘Mliply pipe sie by this ctor =~ c Et eof ae 20. 9 . ae wos ir 045 re wae 8 3b ie wo § z Ss wje obs g z= 2 Zz woz FE 3 e 5 g £ PEs 5 6 45 E 2 od +E 3 5 ze fa Z Sez = = 3 EOF $ FE; 20-5 g Es = 5 3004 f-2 40-4 F- q E B E wos (FY " 4 A ta con e am LAC STEAM PIPE SIZE - SUPPLY - (Heat Used) - 219 Key: PAB apa (Supply Lines)OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ‘Summary of Factors F, for Graph 46 A. Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. 7 Hours of Operation Per week 10 20 40 6o 75 100 120 F, 038 049 063 «0728 kG 2 "Fuel Costs § per therm 020 030 045 0701.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 F, 0.64 O74 085 00.3315 1.57 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel $ per foot 050 065 1.00 1.32175 2503.50 5.00 Fr 4 1 128 «112100091079 O71 063 Amortization Years 2 3 5 7 10015 20 25 Fr 0.065 075 089 1.00 112.28 1391.48 Factors are multiplicative. See Equation (7-10) when labor costs deviate from norm.221 APPENDIX. GRAPH 46A PAB ADQ g § TEL? a aes posed LETT Palatal talesurt| eo aries rn | 3 | 5 a | fra 1oNt waasaata 5 2 2 = K 4 YY a 1V9SONINUALSummary of Factors F, for Graph 47 Multiply given flow rate, as previously corrected, if needed, by the factor or factors before entering rate in the nomograph. Per week A S per therm Years: F, Factors are multiplicative. Hours of Operation 10 20 40 6o 038 0.49, 0.63 0.72 Fuel Costs 0.20 030 045 © 0701.00 0.64 074 085 1.00 1.13 Pipe Costs 2 Inch Schedule 40 Carbon Steel 0.50 065 1.00 1320 1,75 ial 128 «112 «1.00091 Amortization 2 3 5 7 10 0.65 075 089 1001.12 See Equation (7-10) when labor costs deviate from norm. 75 0.78 1.50 131 2.50 0.79 15 1.28 100 0.86 2.00 1.45 3.50 O71 20 139 120 0.92 2.50 1.57 5.00 0.63 25 1.48APPENDIX 223 92: & 2 2 228 DENSITY OF STEAM, Ibs/eu.l. Qe 2s" 20" as" 10" INCHES OF MERCURY VACUUM oo ° 10 7 be 20 9 4 ea AM, Ibsisq.in. gauge Seay e Use density 09“ seae for superheste steam Use density on seal for superheated steam LAC STEAM PIPESIZE (Exhaust Steam not uscd forbeating) 17 % INCH WALL ere ¥ ‘SCHEDULE 40 PIPE 2000. 800: 600: 800. 400: 300: 200- 100: 803 60: 50: 40: 30: 20: 08: 06 08. GRAPH 47 Q ‘THOUSANDS OF POUNDS PER HOUROPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION See eee Key: GRAPH AS PAQ * ADF P SUPERHEAT. SF 100 200. 300 400 S00 | 2000 100 116 132 188 164 180 1000 ; Muli by histor 00 600 500 400 300 L -2er 200 Lag: v0 @ 0 60 z 50 L—-25 2 Z Pie g 2 2 r z 4 ~ b 2 = = : g BEE z s- - z — ; ny eAumeS Bane OXTMOSPHERE eRet URE DROP FOR § (Saunt 5 ps) rEAM Key: PAQ ADFKey: PAQ ADF 3 2 _ sa ss a= = awe oe Pp 5s o—4 2» | 0-4 «o— so | 20 Key: PAQ ADF APPENDIX 225 GRAPH 49 SUPERUE 0 100 200 300 400 +500 100 16 132 148 Ibe 180 Moleply hy this evar D 40 x” ee 20 15 Sst DS OF POUNDS lOUSAL PRESSURE DROP FOR S (pee sep TEAM seo Kans — = sao OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION, _ PAQ DAV 07. 009. INCHES OF MERCI Key: PAQ DAV Use dnsity onP*seae tor superheated steam” 220°. 1000. A 00: 500: S00: 400. 3001 200 TURNING SC Uae density-0n-P* see for superheated steam A VELOCITY FOR STEAM fice GRAPH 50 feABPENDIX 227 GRAPHS F 10.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 3.000 1.000 200 el 300 200 LOW RAT 80 40 20 Q Wtpaiseer han water cere! te hw wing Crs 82 te cen SIMPLIFIED PDA - Wa’plans: “OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ~~ ~~ I 7 % GRAPH 52 Locate F from VFS 3 . Locate FAQ Rotate about A to F = | and read corrected Flow Rate on Q to be used in Graph 51 A Qa 2 100,000 10,000 ~ - 60.000 Fe 42,000 J = 3 7. 30,000 » 4 7 20,00 —S| g ib, : 4 is - 40 Gre 10.000 —4 ol a 3.0, q 8,000 ard “ho sl 6.000 a a re 4,000 ; Be 3S 4 soos z 3 os 8 3 ES : 26 wat 6 2,00 —3] 2 : g- oa 8 g & Be ze Zz g v 8, ore zg 1,000 3 = = 2 se0 > : E ang = a oe one | on ooo & 3 5 400 . o. 3- J pe 0.02 = 200 oa 0.01; q as 0.008: 100 — - a 0.006= 0 os s. ° 0 ae 30- F . 20 A ‘ ° 10. Qa i SPECIFIC GRAVITY ~ VISCOSITY CORRECTION FOR GRAPH 51ae APPENDIX FLOW RAT! DIAMETER OF P TURNING SCALE = SIMPLIFIED PDA FOR GAS Viscosity, Gravity, Temperature Correction (Use Graph So aust te of flow) Key: FAP QDA GRAPH 53 1 76 5 20 30 40 50 so 20 too gauge * 200 PRESSURE, thsisq. 300 400 500 600 800 tp00 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000Ares eo LOPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 54 [=— 600 ‘ 7 200 in 700 Nek e & 600 a 2 iy 4 500 ie 100 a 3 90 a 60 gio Oe é E j ey = z 3 2 2 $4 z Ee A g— 50 2 zo 2 8 g 200 i 40 dba ——- USE FOR AIR 1 30 — 10 100 LS TT ae 8 LE as 7 20 it 6 — 07 o 15 —! 5 VISCOSITY, GRAVITY AND TEMPERATURE CORRECTION FOR SIMPLIFIED GAS PDA GRAPH 53 (Adjust of fw by conection factor before eneing into Graph 53)231 APPENDIX GRAPH 55 QDA wnnoe,, Aunaioyy Jo saxput fined -urbs/sq1 WVILS JO ALISNIG : Bg 8 28, 8 e geeces 82888 8 to 30 3287 aene p07. p08. 209. oO 22 o os 0% 3 ¥79/Sq] WVALS.10 ALISNIC F vurbsysqy ‘gOud TUNSSTUA 10: eg 2¢92 2 on 02. 03. 04. os. o7. 10 20: 30: 40. 100: SIMPLIFIED PDA FOR STEAM. For superheated steam use density on the “P” scale koreNDIX : 237 GRAPH 61 — [so 7 feo t 10 L co [-s0 F 10 3 f—30 Fe20 - i 2 s = S a Eb. ap wd aps - Bp a “ eb be : + Fe fe baa ee COMPARATIVE CAPACITIES OF PIPES80-4 IF 10-4 E-s & | E 5 i 8 Zz 4 SE, 2 z : = 2 fi so i Z He ae g ap 2 43 EE & & 40 20 ‘ANGLE OF WEIR CAPACITY OF SHARP EDGED V-NOTCH WEIRS GRAPH 62APPENDIX 239 GRAPH 63 TT TP 200 == 60.00 2000 40.000 ' 150 Key: 1500 DAP : SAT Po 40: x» 6 ¢ (20. eo z z a 6 % = 4.00 = Zz 6 8 =. 2 & z z 3000 5 0 é a E 2-4-2000 7 6 8 STRENGTH OF HOLLOW CYLINDERS240 ~ OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 64 OF TANK, ( OF TANK. 40 CAPACITY OF HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKSAPPENDIX 241 my DIAMETER OF TANK, f bs GRAPH 65° ( « . 2 3 ss ae Py 1 224 z 4 : 2 ges a a pe a a r a oe eco _ =k CAPACITY OF HORIZONTAL TANKS.xieerene OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION GRAPH 66 SV YN AO WLLNVIG 3 400 -4300 E1200 E1100 1000 aL | CAPACITY OF END BULGES IN HORIZONTAL TANKSAPPENDIX 243 400— 3004 Li 200— TURE DIF MAXIMUM TE 400 400 F300 +300 f--200 200 8 g RF DIE E40 E30 30 E E 20 10 10 LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE GRAPH 67“OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION. GRAPH 68 2000 4000: fe sudden lading. use haber heving twice aa Lage avalue 13. of B32 "9s shown by chark 8 VALUES OF BD: im UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD, ths = g 1500] i a - - =H anaee area arenas. PrAPPENDIX Fscooes Zz FE © 2 Cas Bass ———-f 8 3 Bronze > f-200010 = Copper F = E-cooms & Concrete. Eooxne Nickel a en a Cement Gastron: —7 Plate & Crown Glass + F eons ‘Thermometer Glass +E rick “Li THERMAL EXPANSION OF METALS AND OTHER MATERIALSAIoURTE dN-TNVW AO .LNGOWAd T GRAPH 70 ans i | | wooly 1 NOLLV ULNBONO: | a mM o 3 iba 5 RR se Se 8 Bhan ig Z NAOGAOTE 30 LNW 8 = zi S F 2 = : 3 crete tot moti voitit E WTVOS ONINUNL P i i ee ees rr rea eee ih Jo ‘LVAN dN-AVW JO NOLLY UINSONOD BOILER BLOWDOWN (246See: ae sad Sees Solution Probleme Find the eauivsnt kath in pipe ve seria ff Gee Sh ro fer se pi and tno sak Raa paw dono Fie Sohbet he eiccks Eee GE pe P Thatta eee eee iit fast A ered Sh sacha APPENDIX 247 ¥ 7 GRAPH 71 L/D L a rn Titi fom - 0 e a Fa . tH Fer i se foe : 2 Fa s Z 70 g& z [s° 5 wo E a 0 p50 Faw = = po : Em £ 3 a "% He = a4 at Hoo 3 . A foo 5 Za ; i ; 8 E 2y wo 2 an ¥ 2, i 2 Jy } = boo ‘+ all & feo 4 3 0 § ed a ra 40 > ne [is Z ag : oF - z to ¥ i £ 3 po z 8 = as (From TP-to, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Couresy Crane Company) EQUIVALENT LENGTHS L AND L/D AND RESISTANCE COEFFICIENT K See Figures Bs © B17 forvaluesof K249 APPENDIX B SUPPLEMENTARY ‘TECHNICAL DATA namics calculations is provided. These include infor- mation on fluid viscosities, values of the U.OP. Characterization Factor, data on specific gravity and density of fluids, dimensions of standard pipe, and the like. fOPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION FIGURE B-1 200 «220 WASREEKESSS) 7) mM any? ea i WISER KS NS Pa Pa is pt od 5 5 Mle § [ 3 3 ai é g PLAIN ‘at PY ierss ay |. 7 z g >\>~| a EES “FL = ay pao", ‘LUsODSA A | wzaoroa = yg § € 8 § 8 8 §& VISCOSITY OF PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBON GASES AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE5 oye yey APPENDIX, 251 Son FIGURE B-2 0 7 048 rat, 046 ast Te | 04 3000 | 02 2600" f ry IBZ xe s ales ® Leas #) in gk / 8 7 - t 1 ' 020 + | 018 1 | as t ou L 200 300 400 500 600 | 70 800 900 1000 1100 10> (= TEMPERATURE, °F Heample: Viscosity of Con psig, #80 °K steam fs 29 entipoie { Ada eo: Pip. Pater: Som Poe Paes, Copy 1 150, The Ren Pro Com) VISCOSITY OF STEAM (From TP-t10, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company)VISCOSITY, centipoise or v.01 org] 0.013} Ce 0.010 chal 0.009 0.008 it IGA, 0.007 “100 ‘TEMPERATURE, °F. VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE RELATION FOR PARAFFINIC HY DROCARBON GASES AT 760 mm PRESSUREAPPENDIX ‘ FIGURE B-4 oz oo) t ae 0.02 ns £00 - “SATURATED G43 400 200. T M7 ie ai SQ. IN. ia ico rs is0 ns 7 2s “TEMPERATURE, *F VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE RELATION FOR PROPANEOPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION FIGURE B-5 0.08 - atuRATED GAS _——| %4,7 LBS. ai i a) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 TEMPERATURE,‘ VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE RELATION FOR n- BUTANEAPPENDIX, i / centipoise viscost' 0.06 0.08 FIGURE B-6 {oj} | SATURATED GAS {| —1 250} (has ae ete 100 150 200 ‘TEMPERATURE, °F. 250 300 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE RELATION FOR ISO-BUTANEZ view _ OPTIMUM PIPE, SIZE. SELECTION FIGURE B-7 1. hone (Cato tA Deg. AM Code 12, 324 bog. ame: 13, Sah Cet Crete 1 Fat end 15. Fat Sind S610 tube 1100 vi 17, $48 30 tobe (100 vad 1S ton) or Darien) 18, $4870 tobe (100 A} 20, batar€ Fon ihn ond we 0 m 3 0 60 #100 200 300 400 600 800 1000, 1 = TEMPERATURE,°E, Example: The viscosity of water at 125°E is 0.52 centipise (Curve No.6) VISCOSITY OF WATER AND LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCTS (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) (Ds enacted in preby permission fom te Oi and Gas Jour)=), :APPENDIX 287 (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) et rH sa [ Pr "at re piety 1 ~ VISCOSITY, centipaise be ie oat oo 1 io moa 1 ~ TEMPERATURE, °F. The viscouty of am jo Fwons cenupoiseOPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION FIGURE B9 Visconty of Verious Ges “The curves for hydrocarton Vapors and natural gases in the chart at the upper fight are taken from Noxeell®: the curves forall other gases in the chart are temperature Te where i +m rant, coming tf bem vneosity. om eemtipoig at absolute temperature. an de ico Rankine 460 4+ deg. F) for which sinconity is desired = shvolute temperature, in de= al ee eee eo) 1 = Tevet Doe Fat a ‘ Lj °. 7 a Air n0 Ct x m a — £0, 20 & iis a Ts 5, a aL i zy Lt x a : n 7 i t Ti tel Upper chart example: The Tad AF jpoer chart example: The viscosity = fof Suiphur diorde gas (S0:) at 200 F > | LAE eore cenipaise. eT ets Lower chart example: The viscosity ga rT of carbon ioede gas (CO, ae shove 80 is F trots eentpote. ol i) ° o © 1 18 ™ (= Tepe, apes Fae VISCOSITY OF GASES AND VAPORS (From TP.40, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company) w02 or 08 06 On \) APPENDIX 259 FIGURE B-10 40 60 120 160 200 MOLECULAR WEIGHT VISCOSITY OF PARAFFINIG HYDROCARBON i.1QUIDS. AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 240OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION D RELATIVE ROUGIINESS,- 00001 000005 ‘900005 7 FIGURE B-11 (toe TP, HOW OF FLUIDS, Courts Cane Company) D- PIPE DIAMETER, f. 455,84 4 0 a 0 06 05 035 8 & = FOR COMPLETE TURBULENCE, ROUGH PIPES, O12 a rese £0 2 3 4 S060 BO 00 d-PIPE DIAMETER, in. 200 0 (Dats exnsced from “Friion Facos for Pipe Flow by LF. Moody with permission of the pblser, The American ‘Sosity of Mechanial Engineer) Problem: Determine absolue and relative roughness, and ton factor, for uly turbulent flow in Winch estiron pipe (LD. 1016"). Solution: Absolute roughness () = 0.00085; relative roughness (e/D) = 0.001 3 factor at fly turbulent flow (f) = 0.0196. RELATIVE ROUGHNESS OF PIPE MATERIALS AND FRICTION FACTORS FOR COMPLETE TURBULENCE (For TP, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Coury Crane Company)‘APPENDIX 261 FIGUREB-2 T 7 T 1 1 ‘Butane 3100) ~ r4| 290 Vv 2700 A. - asooh —| |O7 Propane ale 2300] Gh7 Refinery Gas (High Paraffin) BY eet Gas Gch Ohi 700} 500| 300] 1 BHU 7 oO) 9 ALOR AL. Ls2e te Wy 1S GGUS? 18 169 SPECIFIC GRAVITY RELATION BETWEEN HEAT VALUE AND SPECIFIC ‘GRAVITY OF FUEL GASES262 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE‘SELECTION PRESSURE ‘TEMPERATURE, *F. e238 8 ¢ ict 8 8 Bae se TTF 2 ‘TEMPERATURE, °F. VAPOR PRESSURE CHART FOR HYDROCARBONS FIGURE B-13 PRESSURE,APPENDIX 263 FIGURE B-14 AREA, sq.in. aaa a et ER RR ee SAM 4 - eho oo 88) ey f BS] yi Ye ~ “mon y 4 ; ied 5 a | an Lit Pig fs 2a ey 3 MYM “Be, “las KE = Hf Ce re er 4 : rs ae) BE Eee apo a — Slt as | ZZeAa ar a || wae i uo AREA OF OPENING, sin. DISCHARGE OF STEAM TO ATMOSPHERE THROUGH ORIFICES, NOZZLES, AND SHORT TUBES (trom TP 4t0, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company)‘ xIcMEsA 264 Se OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ‘FIGURE B-15 GATE VALVES SWING CHECK VALVES Fr Jr 3Re2 - Ke tee fr K-sofr Iep-1ae0. seceeeKue 8Se Minimum pipe velocity. Minimum pie velocity Brand ee 3s Ke= Formula 5 (Us) for fl ise Tift (ips) for fall ise Wit ps tomb es att © ne. Ky | Formula nie was Vie : ur citex: vatves i GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES Me Bete Kia ssf B<1..-Ky = Formula 5 Minimum pipe velocity: (7 for full ise Wit 140 BV TILTING DISC CHECK VALVES rere Ky-tsofr Its Ben solr Tee snes! eet angle valves, Sizes 16 to 48". .K © 20 fr vocal beg cae et Mimic sobs | ic Fal ceacneeten iar Bissett [s0 V7 [10 VT REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS (For Graph 7) (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company)FIGURE B-16 a STOP-CHECK VALVES FOOT VALVES WITH STRAINER (Globe and Angle Types) Poppa Disc Hinged Dise bed Ea It 1 ‘ Ki = 400 fr Bote. .Ki= 290 fr Kershr TFormula 7 <2. Ky + Formula 7 Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe velocity Minimum pipe wslucty (lps) for fll aise lie for fal die life Tor full cise ie as = 5s0VV arse BALL VALVES. ay eh “+ A tr ormmula 7 It Bat Kiso, Bat Bet Ke= Formula; Bet It he ‘Minimum pipe velocity (fps) for full ise life TK: = Formula 5 oe vv Bctand @> 45° 180°. : Ky = Formula 6 BUTTERFLY VALVES, ir F f i Mh Blow BEEDRT Bates nr 0 VV Sizes 16 to 14"...K ~ 25 fr REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS (Foe Graph 71) (tom TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company)__opmimun Pipe : size SELECTION PLUG VALVES AND cocks STANDARD ELBOWS Wey 90" G) soe K 30h a oe oe Ky 18 fr Ki=s0fr Bi ofr STANDARD TEES Ir ger, “% —_ “ ak Mitre BENDS ck 3 — a How thea ron. .o...+K = 206 w Fo that arch .°K 5 60 fe s a a 90° PIPE BENDS AND FLANGED OR BUTT:WELDING 90° ELBOWS PIPE ENTRANCE FIGURE B-17 1 res ein Kopi ents ser than go* may termined as ms K-08 Foe Pos om cae, ES, Kevto-0 (005+ rfas k) #4 mero ATRIA carted rey Shep Steel—eandd (CLOSE PATTERN RETURN BENDS iN = = 50fr aS REPRESENTATIVE RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS (K) FOR VALVES AND FITTINGS (For Graph 71) (From TP-40, FLOW’ OF FLUIDS, Couresy Crane Company)~ 267 VISCOSITIES OF HYDROCARBONS Tables B-1 to B-6 CHARACTERIZATION FACTORS FOR CRUDES ‘Tables B-7 to B-10 ‘ DATA FOR COMMERCIAL WROUGHT TRON PIPE ‘Tables B-11 to B-13OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ese's 899 — — = zE9¢0 9€6L:0 OBO OF SHS — — — OS HED sueauoseuioq-u 9OFT FFB] ZZO'E 69L'S = — OBZ’ E9L'D 09620 CZO'L B9C'l HET Err — P5t MHD SursopenG-t BBZ1 LEST Z9hT SESH BHE'L LEILO HHSLO T6BLO L260 ZLTT BSBT 91S ¥6I'9 ez MEM suesapexoyy-u SrEG'O «—ZSI'T «Z69T «1S8Z = — —SLOL'O ObFL'0 OBLZ'0 1990 ZERO GST BLITZ GT EPID. ouesopena-0 StL ¥48'0 LETT HS6T 676'T 876 9BZLO 4490 10S: BIO S106; 99FT 6Cz'T OLL BHP auesapoq-t 6c" SssZ'0 OFO'T 94S" S8Z'Z OI8N'O SzIZ!0 OSS SErO s9ZSO SHPO BOTT StL 9S "HMO auesapup-u SEES $199°0 2580 CHI ZhL'T 0699'0, 090° OSHL'D LSE'O SzS¥O S1ON'0 L060 B6zT ThE FHMD suesaq-u 49¥'0 SLES'O BIL‘ 8860 SZEE OFS9'O OTE. SzEZO ssor'o OC LBrO GOL 6960 sZt MID sueuon-u 180 THF £950 $890 $9260 ZED ZBL SBIZ0 CHO SEBO SHECO SecsO SIOLO FIL MED aue199-0 OzE'O B90 SZ9F'O , ONO CHL OBII'O 06590 COOL Sé6I'. SetzO sor‘o TIO o7zs'0 oot MEO sueidapyu » (08z'0). Tig 6260 CBH'O O6BS'O OBES'O OLEF'O 09L9'0 (SLIT'O) SI6T'O SIKTO GIEO B60 98 MHI suexop (ss¢z‘o) (ogsz'0) s90c'o ss9c'o Ze¥O PISS’. Z68S'0 HSb9'0 (Octo) (ceI'0) sosr'o ~Tezo zevO tL HID sueauad-u (sstz'o)(sezz'0) 1sS7°0 6620 SbHEO OFZ¥'O OLES'0 O109'0 (zor'O) (bIT'0) Ze’ zZT'0 Bozo «8S HID rege Gay Goan Gore) Ga Gad Gan) Ga Ged Crm Go Gun Ga) Ga) _ qnuog Senor USeor Der Seer Sete php Setol Seat Duos Sur Seam eta Fe seyoITIUTD ul AasoNA SREWOUT, Tasusqy We sestodnuay ut Aasoosia, TOW surdurg spiibyy sinyypeseg pewsoN ays Jo sonisoast A, a STV269 APPENDIX _ — GrSL esr 19ST — H9CB'O 68980 F106 (e9L'Z) TEL Get S4ezZ — 89 PHFD use -spopydsaycesar 6 eypouy 1760 - - = = a — ers zen tess = (Osh HO pete ynowmia-21°¢ oo Bdr'e — B6rL0 SIBL0 Ost; Ose ¥S9% 0905 671 — BCC FHI Ere 986 = g0gz0 Zzac0 918. —GITT O8TZ OSS HEL — set MHYO ostz see'c Tee OFNZO TZLZ0 GOIK'O 0091 BHT"? 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SHHCO TKO 9590 £160 Zor 901] HPD 1AX-0 GIBCO OIYYO $B9S°0 0£62'0 $0660 —FL6L'O FIFB' ¥SBB'0 SOKO SEst"O SELF BNO AL" 901) HD suazuaq dip HECEO OFBE'D 096FO $4290 $9980 966° IOFS'O 1880 S99T!O SCICO IYO stBsO 494° tw; SHID suanjoy, SL2C0 CBE SHISO $10 LOOT _TIIBO zesBO Zs6eO Ss9TO AICO s9eHO s1s7™0 $1060 82) HPD auozuog Ga) oA) Get oA) ot) UedIZ) oti) (ott) (a otie) Lovet) Lote) Wot) etd = yynsoy Goat Ste Gu See “See ee hp Dumml Seth Door Dette? ak hesy_wogueaoupkHy WK dwg oa ITaVL spinbry spewosy ayf24o0uoyy 21 Jo 219150051276 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION . ° x TABLE B-7 ae (Characterization Factor for Crudes x Source PAPI kK 3 MIDDLE EAST ; Kuwait reduced crude, after 615° F.E.] 16.1 11.6 Arabian reduced crude, after 625° F.EP. 18.3 a7 oo Arabian topped crude after 400°E.P, 245 118 Flashed Arabian reduced crude after 5001.B.P. 12.8 15 Aghajari topped crude after 400° E.P. 23.9 1.8 Wafra topped crude after 400° E.P. 18.7 iat Seria topped crude after 400° E.P. 4 28.9 11.6 CHINA Kansu topped crude after 400° E.P. 26.8 12.2 BURMA ‘Nanoskatiya topped crude after 400° E.P. 249 17 Nanorkatiya reduced crude after 650? F 209 11.8 ITALY Gela reduced crude after 720E.P. 18 aaa Gela topped crude after 400 E.P. 87 11,0 ‘ MEXICO Esequiel ordonez reduced crude after 640 EP. = 94 4 Panuco reduced crude, 550 I.B.P. 6.6 114 Visb. Panuco bottoms 258 LB.P. 9.6 11.0 ‘Tenextepec topped cride after 400 E.P. 134 115 [2 Sharmex topped crude after 400 E.P. 139 15 Aceite topped crude after 400 E.P. 20.2 17 SOUTH AMERICA Bahia reduced crude after 670° F 30.9 12.6 Bahia topped crude after 580 L.B.P. 33.4 12.7 Lagumar topped crude after 400 E.P. 22.6 11.8 ‘Nova Olinda topped crude after 400 E.P. 33.8 12.3 La Rosa topped crude after 400 E.P. 18.6 az | - Aqua Caliente reduced crude after 700 E.P. 24.6 12.2 a Morey topped crude after 400 E.P. 15.8 11.6 ‘Magallanes reduced crude after 525 E.P. 32.6 12.3 Candeias topped crude after 400 E.P. 27.6 124 Ieaparica topped crude after 400 E.P. 312 125 Lake Maricaibo Lana #6 topped crude 420 I.B.P. 253 19 Oficia and Lagonar asphalt 81 116 ‘Tigre asphale 72 15 CANADA Conrad reduced erude after 630E.P. 139 14 Conrad topped crude after 400 E.P. 18.9 15 : Princess topped crude after 400 E.P. 22.1 11.8 Redwater topped crude after 400 E.P. Bm 11.8 . ‘Taber topped crude after 640 E.P. 137 115 Stettler topped crude after 400 E.P. 20.0 116 - Virden topped crude after 400 E.P. 23.4 17 Leduc reduced crude after 560 E. 236 118 Roseray topped crude after $00 E.P. 18.1 11.6 Smiley topped crude after 400 E.P. 21.6 uz Fosterton reduced crude after 640E.P. 112 114| | | | [APPENDIX 27 TABLE B-7 Characterization Factor for Crudes Source . ; CAP K Fosterton reduced crude after 400 EP. 11 1S Fort William blended reduced crude after 640 EP. M4 1S Midale reduced crude after 530E.P. 7 MS Midale reduced crude after 645 E.P. woo Glenevis topped crude after 400 E.P. wo 15 Pembina reduced crude after 750 E.P. 13700 118 Coleville reduced crudeafter 640 EP. a7) os ILLINOIS ‘Aurora reduced crude after 620 EP. 204 119 Kenland reduced crude after 640 E. 206 89 11.9 Matoon reduced crude after 640 E.P. 24 8 + Panareduced crude after 640 EP. 27 119 MONTANA — WYOMING Maule Creek reduced crude after 700 E.P. 32125 Light Worland reduced crude after 620° F 18 11.8 Curbank reduced crude after 640 EP. 20 07 Gage reduced crude after 600 E.P. Bs 119 Ragged Point reduced crude after 600 E.P. 23 118 Light Elk Basin reduced crude after 700 E.P. 7300 115 ‘Mel Stone reduced crude after 600 E.P. 28 9 Sumutra reduced crude after 600 EP. aa Hawn reduced crude after 650 EP. 27 18 Sun Phillips Dyaneson red. cr. after 640 E.P. 4 122 Poplar reduced crude after 650 EP. 240. 12.0 Byron topped crude after 400 E.P. 97 Dry Creek reduced crude after 550E.P. 232 19 Kevin Sunburst reduced crude after 5521B.P. ~ 0007 ROCKY MOUNTAIN Scotts Bluff reduced crude after 550 EP. = 24 120 Dener Julesburg asphalt 88S ‘Wilson Creek reduced crude after 650 E.P. 76 KANSAS — OKLAHOMA Phillipsburg reduced crude 2 120 Lindsborg reduced crude after 436 E:P. 22.8 120 Midland reduced crude after 572 LBP. 29 «9 Shallow Water reduced crude 730 MT Ben Franklin reduced crude after 494 LBP. 248 120 Dawnport reduced crude after dist. 124 Konalty reduced crude after 600 E.P. 124 Maysville reduced crude after 600 E.P. 24 122 MICHIGAN Edmore reduced crude after 525 EP. u2 123 Fork reduced crude after 525 E.P. : 319,122 CALIFORNIA Lombardi reduced crude after 525 E.P. 96s Edna topped crude after 400 E.P. 5001S. Placerica topped crude after 280 1B.P. 5000114 Kern County Blend reduced crude after 680 E.P. 5 116 Kereleman topped crude after 400 E.P. B28re sreneages 278 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION - TABLE B-7 Characterization Factor for Crudes Source ~~ ~ °API K ‘TEXAS Upton reduced erude after 650 E. 167 16 Toborg reduced erude after 650E.P. _ 127 na Sharon Ridge reduced crude after 720 E.P. 112 4 Scurry reduced crude after 650E.P. 23 6 Opelika reduced crude after 650 E.P. 29.9 11.3 East Texas reduced crude after 650 a5 9 Sprayberry topped crude after 400 E. 277 12.1 ‘Wheeler topped erude after 400 E.P. 288 124 Quito topped crude after 400 E.P. 29.0 120 Somérset topped crude after 400 E.1 21.0 11.8 Seeligson reduced crude after 525 EP. 28.0 11.8 Placedo topped erude after 400 E.P. 28 113 Slaughter topped erude after 400 E.P. 22 17 NEW MEXICO San Juan Basia reduced crude after 600 E. 25.6 12.0 Drickey Queen topped crude after 400E.P. ~ 254 12.0 ‘Hospan topped crude after 400 E.P. 26.1 12.0 Hobbs topped erude after 400 E.P. 225 7 Barber reduced erude after 650E.P. 128 1s LOUISIANA Point Alahache reduced crude after 640 E.P. 23.6 12.0 ‘Cox Bay reduced crude after 640 E.P. 20.2 11.8 Ostrela reduced crude after 640 E.P, 207 8 Ostrela asphale 86 11.6 ‘Lake Washington reduced crude after 525 E.P. 19.1 11.8 Delta Farms reduced crude after 520 EP. 257 11.9| APPENDIX 279 TABLE'B-8 j Characterization Factor for Crude Fractions i 5 1 SOURCE White Products (K) Gas Oils and Heavier (K) 1 | Pennsylvania 12.110 126 12.1 1012.6 : Rodessa 12.1 1012.6 12.1 10 12.6 : Panhandle 11.9 10 12.2 12.1 10 12.6 t Mid Continent 11.9 10 12.2 11.9 10 12.2 i Kuwait 11.9 10 12.6 11.7 00 12.2 | Iraq 11.910 12.2 11.7 1012.2 : Iranian 11.910 12.2 17 10 12.2 East Texas 11.7 1012.0 11.9 0012.2 South Louisiana 11.7 10 12.0 11.9 1012.2 t Jusepin 11.7 10 12.0 11710120 ” West Texas 11,7 1012.0 11.7 1012.0 - Tia Juana 11,710 12.0 11.5 0 11.8 | Colombian 11.5 0 11.8 11,510 11.8 H Lagunillas 11.3 1011.6 113 011.6 ‘| TABLE B-9 ; Characterization Factors of Hydrocarbon Types of Approximately the Same Boiling Points ! Name Type BPOF K : Benzene Aromatic 176 9.73 Cyclohexene Cyclo Olefin 181 1058 Cyclohexane Cyclo Paraffin 177 10.98 3-Hexyne Acetylene 179 11.86 2-Me-1,5-Hexadiene Diolefin 191 11.97 2,3,3-Trimeth.-1-butene Mono Olefin i 472 11.98 2,4-Dimeth. Pentane Paraffin 17 12.7 TABLE B-10 : Characterization Factor for Various Hydrocarbons ! Source K earl Kuwait Vacuum Gas Oil 18 23.0 : Kuwait Vacuum Gas Oil, hydro treated 12.2 29.1 Iranian Vac. Gas Oil i185 24.0 Oklahoma Vac. Gas Oil 118 29.1 Arabian Vac. Gas Oil 30.0 Michigan Vac. Gas Oil 295 Iranian Vac. Gas Oil 20.0 Nigerian Vac. Gas Oil 208 i West Texas Vac. Gas i Louisiana Vac. Gas Oil 28.0 | Wyoming Vac. Gas Oil 28.8 i Taikei Vac. Gas Oi 35.0 i Thermally Cracked Gasoline nz | Cracking Unit Reeyele 104 Cracked Residuum (Bunker C) 10.010 11.0280 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION _. TABLE Bat Physical Data for Commercial Wrought Iron Pipe (Based on ANSIB36.10 Wall Thickness) (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy of Crane Co.) Nominal | Quite |Taike) tose Inside Dinan Funetans Tronmerse Bye | Bases || oleae seta heen BEE | Petr — Toe = tneder_| tder [tne | tres fet 2 Sp pe eae pins [us ins | noe e] it [ak Yotsofiss [iar ines | ss.9 gs] [is ease fizs [iguiionas | e.4 3] 2 mes 3) at v7: 31 sn: “ee Sh woes | ues. ® 1838.3 sis. : maa_| ber: 3 Ss? sen 3 Sa | ste: : 3 a3 hinw: : dua ait Hr rd 31575 365 ae oe 3 ven an : 38 3 aos 68 i ae fH 5 So oY ea st 23958 269 10.0024 0:364 [0003 oan 9.422 [.0si8 0:426 [oe 12043 Jo‘oar4 SeeaSBe 528 Schedule 40 Schedule 60 Schedute 60 o.106s| From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy of Crane Co Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data (Gated on ANS! 836.10 Well Thicknesses)APPENDIX 281 Physical Data for Commercial Wrought Iron Pipe (Based on ANSIB36.10 Wall Thickness) (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy of Crane Co.) Nogninal_ | Outside | Thick © nside Diameter Functions | Traneverse i Bie” [Diam | ese (in Inches) E ches 9.200 ons 6 IF Cia SR EIBEEE 2 eee Schedule 80—cont. T ay eerleens| Sehele 190 Bout B38 334 Schedule 140 Schedule 160 Caa7e 8150 : loses From TP410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data Jed on ANSI 836.10 Well Thickneseas)SODB2 ais OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION. A ; ‘J geo 31a: TABLE B-13 tree UPSET IZA an besa D qi at ot Physical Data for Commercial Wrought Iron Pipe (Based on ANSIB36:10 Wall Thickness) Hi (From TP-410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy of Crane Co.) Tae Rhee] Inside Triide Diameter Foncttons “Tranaveree Bre oT ea tinnche| aneernel Aree = 7 : eA. lochs toctes! Inches | Lis “1 # | sofia | sa" : % % oe ce % % Oa 4 1% 2 m% 3 3% : nia.s6 6 23:10 ait a ‘8.78 x | 50836. 3 1058.7 3 wl holrs tons > [10.755 1006'0 ; bes 10078 | 14.17 1295s rio rity Extra Strong at Sag 0.0% | — 0.00958 [o-o0nis % Sion? % HM 5 1-080 : vf Ss 1% 11600 1% | 900 2” | as ay! ras wot Te 3 [74.000 a [oso 5 | ssa. s_| eas 38s 1 | ro niin | baw oar oa % | 1.050 0°308 | ola 1 | i315 | o:3se | ose 1% | 1.660 | o%3er | olsoe TA] 1.900 [0.400] 1-100 2° | 2375] ocase| 103 3% | 2095 | oss] 19n 3° | 3500 | i400 | 300 = | #000 | 0.06 | F7n8 4" | soo | ote | aust 3 | Sis] orzo tc63 6 | ee | ote | esr a s_| wasles| soe From TP410, FLOW OF FLUIDS, Courtesy Crane Company Commercial Wrought Steel Pipe Data (Based on ANSI B36.10 Wall Thicknesses)“0° APPENDIX’ ~ 283 TABLE B-14 Properties of Saturated Steam °F #/eu. ft. BTU per lb. °F #/eu.f. BTU per Ib. Bae lig 2 Bowe Gauge § & qi Gauge § & Gs Peg ( , 8 £38 Pres 2 6c rte ee we F 2 g@ £R @ rence ula Hea, pig fa mz 45 6 pig of A nas oO 212 0.0373 180 970 1150 200 388 0.468 362 837 1199 5 227 0.049 194 ‘960 1154 205 (390 0.479 364 835, 1199 io 239 0.060 208 + «952 = 1160 210 392 0.489 366 = 833.1199 15 250 0.072 217, 946 1163 215 394 0.500, 368 832 1200 20° 259 0.083 226 940 1166 2200395 0.510, 370 830 1200 25 267 0.094234 «9351169 225 397 0.521 «372 828 = 1200 30 374 0.108 342929 tit 2303990532 37) 827 1200 35 280 0116 © 2489251173 235 401 0543375 8261201 40 (287 0.127 255 920 1175 240 402 0.554 377 824 1201 45° 292 0.138 261 916 1177, 245 404 0.565 379 822 1201 50 298 0149 266 ~—«912_—«*1178 250 406 0576 3818201201 55303 0.160 271 908 1179 255 407 0.587 ‘383 819 1202 60 «307 O171 277 904 1181 260 «409 0.598 ‘385, 817 1202 65 312 0481 281901182 265 4110605 386816. —1202 70 316 0.192 (285, 898 1183 2700 «412 0.615 388 B14 1202 75 320 0.203 289 895 1184 275 414 0.625 390 812 1202 80 324 0.214 293 892 1185 280 416 0.636 391 811 1202 85 328 0.225 297 889 1186 285 (417, 0.647 393 809 1202 90 331 0.235 301 886 1187, 290 419 0.657. +395 808 1203, 95 335 0.246 304 884 1188 295 420 0.668 397 806 1203 100 338 0.256 = 3088811189, 3004220679 398 -805——«1203 105 341 0.267 3 879 1190 3050 423, 0.690 400 803 1203 110 344 0.278 34 876 1190 310-425, 0.700 401 802 1203 5 (347 0.288 37 874 1191 315-426 O71 402 801 1203 120 350 0.299 321 871 1192 320 428 0.721 404 799 1203 125 353 0.310 869 1192 325 429 0.732 406 797 1203 1303550320 3661195 3304300743 407 796 1203 135358 0331 8641193 335 432-0754 © 409«-795.—«1204 140 361 O31 821194 340-433 0764 4117931204 M45 3630352 8601194 3454340775413. 791-1204 150 366. 0.362 857. 1195 ~ 350... 436 0.786 Ala 790 1204 155 368 0.373 855 1195 355437 0.796 416 788 1204 160 (371 0.383 853 1196 3600-438 0.807 Aly 787 1204 165 373 0.394 851 1196 365-440 0.818 As 786 1204 170 (375 0.404 849. 1197 3700 441 0.828 419 785 1204 175377, 0.415 847, 1197, 375442 0.839 421 783 1204 180-379 0.425 845 1197 380 0 443 0.849 422 782 1204 185 (382 0.436 354 843 1197 3850 444 0.860 424 780 1204 190 384 0.446 357 841 1198 390 445 0.871 425 779 1204 195386 0457359839 1198 3954470882426 778 ‘1204284 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION : TABLE B-14 Properties of Saturated Steam °F. #/eu.f. — BTUperlb. °F #leufe. BTU per lb. 7 Bz 3 Boss Gauge § & #8 Gauge § z 28 Peeof op & oa .F Poo’ Ge RE OB : ere ere ce Go ge 4 mele of , f Ba = | pig a = AF Pig 8 a = 4S a 400 448 0.893 427_—-777_—«1204 0212 0.0373 180-970 ‘1150 . 405° 449 0.903 428 776 1204 1 21 0.0362 177 972 1149 410, 450 0.914 430 74 1204 2 209 0.0350 176 973 1149 415 451 0.925 431 773 1204 3° 207— 0,0338 174 974 1148 4200 453 0.936 432 772 1204 4 205 = 0,0327, 172 975 1147 425 454 0.947 434 770 1204 5 203 = 0.0315 171 976 1147 30455-0957 435.769.1204 6 201 0.0303 169 9771146 435 456 0.961 436 768 1204 7 199 0.0292, 167 978 1145 4400 457 0.979 438 766 1204 8 197 0.0280 166 980. 1144 445° (458 0.990 - 439 765 1204 9 195 0.0268 = 162 981 1143 450 460 1.000 4407641204 10 193 0.0256 1609831143 455 461 ~«LON)~=«442~—~=«OD~—~«A'DOA 11190 0.0244 «158 ~—«984~~—«A142 460 462 1.022 4437611204 12 187 0.0232 155986. 1141 ‘ 465 463 (1.033 4457591204 13° 185 0.0220 153-987 «1140 470 464 1.044 4467581204 14 182 0.0207 1499891138 i 475 465 1.055 447-757-1204 15179 0.019% 146 9911137 480 -466—~—~«066~=SCAAB~~SC«7SG~~« 204 16 176 0018 143 993 i136 485 467° 1.077 4497551204 17 172° 00171 1409951135, a 490 468 © 1.088 450754 1204 18 169 0.0159 137, 9971134 495 469 © 1.099451. 753 «1204 19 166 0.0146 1339991132 500 470 1.100 453 751_—«1204 20. 161 0.0134 129-1001. 1130 505 471—«A2L 454750 ~—«204 2157 ~«O.0121—«125—=«N004 ~—«1129 510 472° 1.432 455-749-1204 22° 152 0.0109 120° 1007 1127 515 473 1.143456 7481204 23° 147 (0.0095 «114 10101124 520 474 «1.454 457-747-1204 24 «141 0.0082 109 10131122 $25 475 1.466 458 7451203, 25. 134 0.0069 10210171119. 530° 476 *1.176—«459—=—744~—=«1203; 26 126 0.0056 «#94 «+1021 1115 535° 477° 1487 460 -743.——1203, 27 115 0.0043 8410271111 540 478 1.198 4617421203, 28 101 0.0020 70 «1035 1105, 545° 479° 1.209 4637401203, 29-79 «(0.0017 «47,-—«1048 1095, 550480 1.220 464 7391203, 300 355 481~—«SN«45—~—«738~—~«1203 560 482-1242 4667371203 : 565 483 1.254 © 4677361203 570 483 1.265 468 «7351203 575 484 1276 468 7341202 i 45 —«1287—«469—«733—~—«1202 5854861299 4707321202. , 590 487° 1309 4717311202, 595 488 ©1320 472730" 1202 600 4891332473729 «1202aa APPENDIX, 285 TABLE B-15 ‘Capacity Constants for Partially Filled, Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks ‘ Portion Portion Portion _~ ‘Portion Portion Portion Portion Portion ofDiam. of Full of Diam. of Full ofDiam. of Full of Diam. of Full atLig. Capacity atLig. Capacity atlig. Capacity atLig. Capacity Level Level Level Level ot 0.0017 026 0.2066 ost 05128 0.76 = 0.8155 0.02 0.0047 027, 0.2179 052 05255 077 (0.8263 0.03 0.0087 028 0.2292 053 05383 (078 (0.8369 oot 00194 = 0.29 0.2407 054 05510 0.79 «(0.8474 0.05 00187 030 0.2523 055 05636 0.80 (0.8576 0.06 0.0245 031 (0.2640 056 05763 «= (O.81 (0.8677 0.07 0.0308 © 032,0.2759 057 05889 © 0.820.876 F 0.08 0.0375 «033 (0.2878 058 0.6014 0.83 (0.8873 +009 , 0446034 0.2998 059 06140 0.84 = 0.8967 0.10 * 0.0520 0.35 0.3119 0.60 0.6264 0.9059 ot 00599036 (0.3241 0.1 0.6389 os149 oz 0.0680 037 0.3364 0.462 0.6513 0.9236 03 0.0766 «= 03803487 063 0.6636 0.88 «(0.9320 os 0.0851 039 0.3611 0.64 0.6759 089, 0.9401 os 0091 040 (0.3736 065 06881 = 0.90 (0.9480 0.16 01033 (O41 (0.3860 0.66 0.7002 0.91 0.9554 ' 0.17 01127042 (0.3986 0.67 07122 092 0.9625 018 01224 = 043 O11 0.68 0.7241 0.9692 019 01323 044 0.4237 0.69 0.7360 0.9755 0.20 0.1424 045 (0.4364 070 0.7477 0.9813 021 01526 «046 (0.4490. on 0.7593 0.9866 0.22 01631 04704617 072 0.708 0.9913 023 01737 048(0.4745 073 0.7821 0.9952 024 018 04904872, = O74 0.7934 0.9983 0.25 01955 0500.50 075 0.8045 1.000286 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION TABLE B-16 Capacity Constants for Partially Filled, Elliptical Heads , Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction ‘Fraction Fraction of Full of Full ofFull of Full .ofFull of Full ofFull of Full : Depth Capacity Depth —_—Capacity Depth Capacity Depth Capacity 0.01 0.0003 0.26 0.168 OSI 0517 0.76 0.853 0.02 0.001 0.27 0.179 0.52 0.530 0.77 0.865 0.03 0.003 0.28 0.190 0.53 0.545 0.78 0.875 0.04 0.005 0.29 0.202 054 0.560 0.79 0.885 0.05 0.007 0.30 0.216 055 0.574 0.80 0.896 0.06 0.011 0.31 0.228 0.56 0.590 0.81 0.905 0.07 oo14 032 O24. 0.57 0.604 0.82 0.913 0.08 0.019 0.33 0.256 0.58 0.619 0.83 0.922 0.09 0.023 0.34 0.270 0.59 0.633 0.84 0.930 0.10 0.028 0.35 0.282 0.60 0.648 0.85 0.939 O11 4 0.033 0.36 0.297 0.61 0.662 0.86 0.945 0.12 0.039 037 0.310 0.62 0.674 0.87 0.953 0.13 0.38 0.324 0.63 0.688 0.88 0.960 ols 039 0.338 0.64 0.702, 0.89 0.966 0.15 “040 0.352 0.65 o.715, 0.90 0.972 0.16 ot 0.368 0.66 0.729 0.91 0977 0.17 0.42 0.382 - 0.67 0.742 0.92 0.982 0.18 0.43 0.398 0.68 0.756 0.93 0.986 0.19 os 0.412 0.69 0.769 0.94 0.989 0.20 0.45 0.428 070° «(O784 0.95 0.993 Fs 0.21 0.46 0.441 o71 0.797 0.96 0.995 0.22 0.47 0.457 0.72 0.808 0.97 0.997 0.23 048 o.471 0.73 0.820 0.98 0.998 2 0.24 049 0.487 0.74 0.831 0.99 0.999 0.25 0.50 0.500 0.75 0.844 1.00 1.00.APPENDIX C INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: OF UNITS (S1) CONVERSIONS FROM U.S. UNITS 287288 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION ‘The International System of Units (SI), which has been accepted by The American National Standards Insti. ~ tite, has adopted the following basic and derived units of measurement. BASIC SI UNITS - UNIT NAME OF UNIT SYMBOL Length Meter m Mass Kilogram _ kg Time Second s Electric current Ampere A Temperature Kelvin K Luminous intensity Candela - cd In addition to the six basic units, ST includes derived units which make it more complete and coherent system of units, suitable for measurements in engineering. Some of the derived units have been given non-definitive names whidscarry specific definitions. SOME DERIVED SI UNITS (With Non-Definitive Names) UNIT 7 NAME OF UNIT SYMBOL Force ‘Newton Work, Energy, Quantity of heat Joule Power Wart Electrical porential Vole Other derived units carry no special names and must always be expressed in terms of units from which they were derived. SOME DERIVED SI UNITS (Without Special Names) UNIT _ ‘SI UNIT SYMBOL Area Square Meter im Volume Cubic Meter im Density (mass density) Kilogram per Cubic Meter kg/m? Pressure Newton per Square Meter NimtAPPENDIX 289 MULTIPLES AND SUB-MULTIPLES . ‘ ‘The following multiples and sub-multiples of the SI Units are formed by means of the prefixes below: Factor by Which the Unit is Multiplied Prefix Symbol 108 tera fT; ‘ 10° giga G i 10° mega M 10° Kilo k 10° hecto h 10 deca da 10-1 deci d 10-* centi © ‘ to? r milli m 10-* micro “ ’ © 40-8 . nano B 10-# pico P ' 10-8 femto f 10-8 atto a ‘The symbol of a prefix is considered to be combined with the unit symbol co which ic is directly attached, : forming with it a new unit symbol which can be raised to a positive or negative power and which can be com bined with other unit symbols to form symbols for compound units. Examples: tem? = (10-*my tus! (10-85)-1 immi/s = (10-Sm)%/s ‘Compound prefixes should not be used; for example, write nm (nanometer) instead of (mm).290 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION CONVERSION FACTORS The following tables provide conversion from the Foot, Pound, Second (FPS) System to the International * System of Units (SI), formerly known as the MKSA System. The tables may be read either from left to right or vice versa, depending upon what is to be converted. a ‘The notation is in accordance with ASTM Designation: E380-16. 3 Reading From Left To Right: UNITS “A” MULTIPLIED Gp DIVIDED EQUALS BY BY UNITS “BY Reading From Right To Left: 4 EQUALS DIVIDED og. MULTIPLIED UNITS UNITS “A” BY BY LINEAR MEASURES 12 8.333 x 10-* inch fe(US) 3.048 x 107 3.2808 m— meters 1,8939 x 10° 5.280 x 10°* miles (U.S, statute) inch (US.) 2.5400 x 10" 3.9370 x 10° mm — millimeters . miles (US. statute) 1.6094 6.214% 10-4 km — kilometers VOLUME AND VOLUME FLOW ‘ 7.4805 1.337 x 10-1 gallon (US.) , cu fr (U.S.) 2.8317 x 10-* 3.5314 x 10! m® — cubic meters 1,781 x 107? 5.6148 barrels (U.S.) sedcu fe 2.679 x 10-* 3.7326 x 10! am — normal cu meters (60° F, 1 atm) (0° C, 760 mm Hg.) m 2.38x 10° 42x10! barrels |, gallon (U.S) 3.7854 x 10 2.6417 x 10? im — cubic meters 3.7854 2.6417 x 10-1 1 — livers gallon (U.S.) 8.327 x 10-1 1.2010 gallon (Imperial) 1,590 x 107! 6.290 m* — cubic meters tees) { 1.590 x 108 6.290 x 10-5 1 —fiters 1.0194 x 10°? 9.810.x 10-* mifhr — cubie meters/hour fae { Maio pasate OS tom fet/min 1.6990 5.886 x 10? mfhr — cubic meters/hour 7 feVhe 1.247 x 10-1 8,020 ‘pm mscf/day 1.1163 8.958 x 10-* Nm*/hr — normal m*/hr a (60° F — atm) (0° C— 760 mm Hg) NOTE: 4°C = 39,2° F, 4° C is a common cgs reference temperatureAPPENDIX 291 Reading From Left To Right: UNITS “A” MULTIPLIED Gp DIVIDED EQUALS BY BY UNITS “B* 1 Reading From Right To Left: i DIVIDED oR MULTIPLIED UNITS “3” i BY BY VOLUME AND VOLUME FLOW (Continued) conation 1.1799 8.4753 x 10-? mi/hr — cubic meters/hour 2 5.1948 1.925 x 10-! gpm 2.271x10-' 4.4033 m'/hr — cubic meters/hour { US. gpm { 3.4286 x 10! 2.9166 x 10-7 b/d — barrels/day 4 b/d — batrels/day 6.6250.x 10-* 1.5094 x 10° m'/hr — cubic meters/hour ‘ | ‘MASS FLOW AND MASS VELOCITY 1 1.0714 x 10-2 9.3333 x 108 long tons/day i (EPS System) lb/hr (Ib av) 1.2000 x 10-* 8.3333 x 108 short tons/day (U.S.) 7 1.0886 x 10° 9.1859 x 10" metric tons/day 45359 x 10°? 2.20462 kg/hr —kilograms/hour 4 Ib mole/hr 4.5359x 107+ 2.20462 k mol/he 2.3621 x 10-* 4.2335 x 10° Jong tons/day i kel (FPS System) 2.6455 x 10-* 3.7799 x 10 short tons/day (U.S.) 2.4000 x 10°? 4.1667 x 10! metric tons/day long tons/day * 1.120 8.929 x 107? short tons/day 1 (EPS System) 1.016 9.842 x 10°" metric tons/day { é é ; “short tons/day * ~ 9.072 x 10-* 1.1023 metric tons/day iv (FPS System) Tb mass/hr fe? 4.882 2.0482 x 10°! kg/mthr Ib mass/hr ft 1.488 6.720x 10"! kg/m hr PRESSURE 6.8046 x 10 1.4696 x 10! atm — atmosphere ¢ 7.0307 x 10 1.4223 x 10! kg/em? — kilograms/sq.cm. 6.8946 x 10! 1.4504 x 10-* millibar 1 2.036 4.9116 x 10"! inches Hg (32° F) 2.042 4.8971 x 107 in Hg (60° F) Iblin® 5.1714 x 10" 1.9337 x 10°? mm Hg or Tort (32° F) ‘ . (aillimeters of mercury) i 2.7681 x 10° 3.6127 x 107% inches H,O (39.2° F) | 12.3067 4.335 x 10 / feof H,0 (39.2° F) j 7.0309 x 10°! 1.4223 m of HO — m. water col. (39.2°F) ] 6.894 0.14505 kilo pascals ( * 1 Jong ton = 2240 Ibs, 1 shore ron = 2000 Ibs.292 OPTIMUM PIPE SIZE SELECTION Reading From Left To Right: UNITS “A” MULTIPLIED 6, DIVIDED EQUALS BY BY UNITS “B” Reading From Right To Left: EQUALS DIVIDED OR MULTIPLIED UNITS “A” BY BY PRESSURE (Continued) Wire 4.9824 2,048 x 10°" kg/m? — kilogeams sq.m. mm of H,O — mm watercol. 9.678 x 10-1 1.0332 atm — atmosphere 9.8066 x 10° 1.0197 x 10-8 nillibar * 2.8959 x 10! 3.4532 x 10-# inches Hg (60° F) keg/em® 7.3556 x 10° 41,3595 x 10-* mm Hg or Torr (32° F) 3.9370 x 10° 2.540 x 10-9 inches HO (39.2° F) 3.2808 x 10! 3.0479 x 10° fr of HyO (39.2° F) Too 10x10! mof H,O —m water col 1.0131 x10? 9.869 x 10-4 millibar 2.9921 x 10! 3.3421 x 10-® inches Hg (32° F) om 7.600 x 10° 1.3158 x 10-* mm Hg or Torr (32° F) 3.3900 x 10° 2.950 x 10-? feof HO (39.2° F) 1.0333 x 10! 9.678 x 10-* mof H,O — m water col. (39.2° F) 4.3595 x 10! 7.3554 x 10-2 inches H,O (39.2° F) inches Hg (32° F) 1.1330 8.8265 x 10- feof HO (39.2° F) 3.4533 x 10-1 2.8958 mof H,O — m water col. (39.2° F) 5.3526 x 10°? 1.8683 inches HO (39.2° F) orn atic 4.4605 x 10 _ 2.2419 x 10! feof H,0 (39.2° F) ) 1.3596 x 10-® 7.3554 x 10" m of H,O — m water col. (39.2° F) NOTE: In Europe — One physical atm = 1.0332 kg/em* = 14.696 psi = 760 mm Hg. ‘One technical atm = 1.0000 ke/em? = 14.223 psi = 735.559 mm Hg. DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, CONCENTRATION PRESSURE DROP PER UNIT LINE LENGTH. 1.601846 x 10-* 6.2428 x 10! kg/dm® 1.601846 x 10! 6.2428 x 10- kg/m® 1.600342 6.2487 x 10! spec. grav. JH,O at 60° F bites 1.60189 x 10-* 6.2427 x 10! spec. grav. JH,O at 4° C g/liter 1.3368 x 10-1 7.4805 IB/US. gallon 5.6146 1.7811 x 10! Ib/barrel (US.) Ib/USS. gallon 1.1983 x 10-1 8.3454 kg/d? Ib/barrel (US.) 2.8530 x 10-* 3.5051 x 10° kg/dm* spec. grav. JH,O 10 1.0 kgfliter ara? spec. grav. JH:O 9.99034 x10"! 1.000967 kg/licer at 60° F spet. grav. /H,O at 4° C“(APPENDIX = Reading From Left To Right: ae ‘ ‘UNITS “A” MULTIPLIED op DIVIDED ©” EQUALS BY BY UNITS “B” Reading From Right To Left: ‘ EQUALS DIVIDED og. MULTIPLIED UNITS “B” BY BY DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, CONCENTRATION PRESSURE DROP PER UNIT LINE LENGTH (Continued) for solids 0.9991 1.0009 spec. grav. 15° C/HzO at 4° C* spec. gray. 60° F/H,O _ ' OF for liquids 0.9996 11,0004 spec. grav. /4°C 0.999973 1.000027 kg/dm? spec. grav. /60° F 0.999023 1.000977 kg/dm* ‘grains/100 scf (2.4188 x 10! 4.13428 x 10-* milligram/Nm* ‘grains/100 scf 5.4238 x 10° 1.8437 x 10-3 x MWgas_ PPM (milligrams/kg) MWeas fc of H,0/100 ft (39.2° F) psi/100 fr (2.3067 4.335 x 107" ‘m of H,0/100 m kg/cm*/1000 m DENSITY OF GASES Mol. weight x pressure eS Constant x temp. x compress. factor ‘i 1 Pe temperature x densivy constant constant pressure, Compressibility Factor “Ib/fe 10731 9.3188x10-* “x MW x psia - Re Ibife 7.3020%10-! 1.36945 x MW x amabs — oRz kglem? 8.4788 x 10: 1.1794 x 108 x MW x kg/em* abs — °Kz VISCOSITY 1.0x 10-% 1.0x 10° kg/m sec 3.6000 2.7778 x10 kg/m he cp-centipoise 6.7197 x 10-4 1.4882 x 10° Ib/fe sec = 0.01 gm/cm-sec 24191 4.1338 x 10°" Ib/ft hr 2.08854 x 10-5 4.788026 x 10° Ib mass-sec/fe? |. 7.51878 x 10-1 1.33001 x 10! Ib mass-heffe? 1.0x 10-* 1.0.x 10% milsec cs-centistoke 3.6.x 10°? 2778x108 mi/hr = 0.01 ém*/see 1.0764 x 10-8 9.2903 x 10°* _ feilsee 3.8750 x 10: => &**"9.5807 x 10!

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