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ATTRA An Introduction
A Publication of ATTRA, the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org
By Richard Earles;
revised by Paul
Williams, NCAT
Program Specialist
© NCAT 2005
Contents
What is Sustainable
Agriculture? ...................... 1
How Do We Achieve
Sustainability? ................. 2
Know Your Markets,
Protect Your Profits,
and Add Value to Your
Products ............................ 3
Build Soil Structure and
Fertility ............................... 3
Protect Water Quality
on and Beyond the
Farm .................................... 4 Photo courtesy USDA NRCS
Manage Pests Ecologi-
cally; Use Minimal What is Sustainable food security, its midwives were not gov-
Pesticides .......................... 4 ernment policy makers but small farmers,
Maximize Biodiversity on Agriculture? environmentalists, and a persistent cadre of
the Farm............................. 5 Sustainable agriculture is one that produces agricultural scientists. These people saw the
How Can I Learn More abundant food without depleting the earth’s devastation that late 20th-Century farming
About Sustainable
Agriculture? ...................... 6 resources or polluting its environment. It was causing to the very means of agricul-
is agriculture that follows the principles of tural production—the water and soil—and so
nature to develop systems for raising crops began a search for better ways to farm, an
and livestock that are, like nature, self-sus- exploration that continues to this day.
taining. Sustainable agriculture is also the
agriculture of social values, one whose suc- Conventional 20th-Century agriculture took
cess is indistinguishable from vibrant rural industrial production as its model, and verti-
communities, rich lives for families on the cally-integrated agri-business was the result.
farms, and wholesome food for everyone. But The industrial approach, coupled with sub-
ATTRA is the national sustain-
able agriculture information in the first decade of the 21st Century, sus- stantial government subsidies, made food
service operated by the National
tainable agriculture, as a set of commonly abundant and cheap in the United States. But
Center for Appropriate Technol-
farms are biological systems, not mechani-
ogy, through a grant from the accepted practices or a model farm economy,
Rural Business-Cooperative Ser- cal ones, and they exist in a social context
vice, U.S. Department of Agricul- is still in its infancy—more than an idea, but
in ways that manufacturing plants do not.
ture. These organizations do not only just.
recommend or endorse prod- Through its emphasis on high production, the
ucts, companies, or individu-
als. NCAT has offices Although sustainability in agriculture is tied industrial model has degraded soil and water,
in Fayetteville, Arkansas, to broader issues of the global economy, de- reduced the biodiversity that is a key element
Butte, Montana, and
Davis, California. ���� clining petroleum reserves, and domestic to food security, increased our dependence
on imported oil, and driven more and more one field, one family at a time—sustainable
acres into the hands of fewer and fewer farming is taking root.
“farmers,” crippling rural communities.
Off the farm, consumers and grassroots activ-
In recent decades, sustainable farmers and ists are working to create local markets and
researchers around the world have responded farm policies that support sustainable prac-
to the extractive industrial model with ecol- tices. They are working to raise consumers’
ogy-based approaches, variously called natu- awareness about how their food is grown and
ral, organic, low-input, alternative, regenera- processed—how plants, animals, the soil, and
tive, holistic, Biodynamic, biointensive, and the water are treated. And they are working
biological farming systems. All of them, rep- to forge stronger bonds between producers
resenting thousands of farms, have contrib- and consumers that will, in time, cement the
uted to our understanding of what sustain- foundations of locally and regionally self-
able systems are, and each of them shares sufficient food systems. In contrast to mono-
a vision of “farming with nature,” an agro- cropped industrial megafarms that ship
ecology that promotes biodiversity, recycles
plant nutrients, protects soil from erosion, Jam processed on-farm is one example of a value-
L
conserves and protects water, uses mini- added product. Photo by Nathalie Dulex.
ittle by
mum tillage, and integrates crop and live-
little—one stock enterprises on the farm.
crop, one
But no matter how elegant the system or how
field, one family at accomplished the farmer, no agriculture is
a time—sustain- sustainable if it’s not also profitable, able to
able farming is provide a healthy family income and a good
quality of life. Sustainable practices lend
taking root. themselves to smaller, family-scale farms.
These farms, in turn, tend to find their best
niches in local markets, within local food sys-
tems, often selling directly to consumers. As
alternatives to industrial agriculture evolve,
so must their markets and the farmers who
serve them. Creating and serving new mar-
kets remains one of the key challenges for
sustainable agriculture.
How Do We Achieve
Sustainability?
Farmers and other agricultural thinkers have throughout the world, the vision of sustain-
established a strong set of guiding principles able agriculture’s futurists is small to mid-
for sustainability, based on stewardship and size diversified farms supplying the majority
economic justice. Producers and researchers of their region’s food. (No one in Idaho has
are annually increasing the pace of improve- to give up orange juice, and there will still
ments in agro-ecology systems, making them be cranberries in California for Thanksgiv-
more efficient and profitable. More Coopera- ing.)
tive Extension offices and colleges of agricul- Listed below are some of the key consider-
ture are endorsing sustainable practices. And ations for making a farm more sustainable,
every year more farmers are seeing the wis- along with relevant ATTRA publications in
dom and rewards—both economic and per- those areas. Because each farm is differ-
sonal—in these systems. (Organic products ent, there’s no single formula for sustainable
are the fastest growing grocery segment in success, but these principles and publica-
the United States.) Little by little—one crop, tions are good places to begin learning what
A
4 Biointensive Integrated Pest selection of forage plants.
s alterna-
Management • Plant off-season cover crops.
4 Farmscaping to Enhance Biological tives to
4 Farmscaping to Enhance Biological
Control Control industrial
4 Sustainable Management of Soil-borne 4 Intercropping Principles and Production agriculture evolve,
Plant Diseases Practices
4 Integrated Pest Management so must their
4 Companion Planting: Basic Concepts
for Greenhouse Crops and Resources markets and the
4 Principles of Sustainable Weed 4 Converting Cropland to Perennial farmers who serve
Management Grassland
4 Sustainable Pasture Management
them.
4 Integrated Parasite Management for
Livestock 4 Multispecies Grazing
4 A Whole Farm Approach to Managing 4 Agroforestry Overview
Pests (SAN publication) 4 Woodlot Enterprises
Notes
Page 8 ATTRA