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Solving The Harmonic Oscillator Equation: Morgan Root NCSU Department of Math
Solving The Harmonic Oscillator Equation: Morgan Root NCSU Department of Math
Oscillator Equation
Morgan Root
NCSU Department of Math
Spring-Mass System
Consider a mass attached to a wall by means of a
spring. Define y=0 to be the equilibrium position of
the block. y(t) will be a measure of the displacement
from this equilibrium at a given time. Take
y (0) = y0 and dy ( 0 )
dt = v0 .
Basic Physical Laws
Newton’s Second Law of motion states tells us that the
acceleration of an object due to an applied force is in the
direction of the force and inversely proportional to the mass
being moved.
This can be stated in the familiar form:
Fnet = ma
In the one dimensional case this can be written as:
Fnet = m&y&
Relevant Forces
Hooke’s Law (k is
FH = −ky
called Hooke’s
constant)
FF = − cy&
Friction is a force that
opposes motion. We
assume a friction
proportional to
velocity.
Harmonic Oscillator
Assuming there are no other forces acting on the
system we have what is known as a Harmonic
Oscillator or also known as the Spring-Mass-
Dashpot.
Fnet = FH + FF
or
m&y&(t ) = − ky (t ) − cy& (t )
Solving the Simple Harmonic System
m&y&(t ) + cy& (t ) + ky (t ) = 0
m&y&(t ) + ky (t ) = 0
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Notice that we can take K = k m and look at the
system :
&y&(t ) = − Ky (t )
y (t ) = A cos(ω0t ) + B sin(ω0t )
Where ω0 = k
m .
Simple Harmonic Oscillator
y (t ) = Α sin(ω0t + φ )
where ω0 = k
m and
Α = y +(
2
0
v0
ω0 ) and φ = tan
2
(
−1 y0ω0
v0 )
Visualizing the System
Undamped SHO
2
m=2
c=0
1.5 k=3
0.5
Displacement
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Alternate Method:
The Characteristic Equation
Again we take ω0 = k
m and look at the system :
&y&(t ) + ω02 y (t ) = 0
r 2 e rt + ω02 e rt = 0
Alternate Method:
The Characteristic Equation
r 2 = −ω02
⇒ r = ± iω 0
* iω 0 t * − iω 0 t
y (t ) = A e +B e
Euler’s Identity
m&y&(t) + ky(t) = 0
One with complex exponentials
Assume y (t ) = e rt
then,
r 2 e rt + Cre rt + Ke rt = 0
Which can only work if
r 2 + Cr + K = 0
Damped Systems
This gives us that :
−C ± C 2 − 4ω02
r= 2 where ω0 = k
m
Let α = C 2 − 4ω02
1. α > 0 overdamped
2. α = 0 critically damped
3. α < 0 underdamped
Underdamped Systems
The case that we are
interested in is the C − 4ω < 0
2 2
0
underdamped system.
The solution is
−C +i α −C −i α
y (t ) = Ae 2
+ Be 2
or
ω= 1
2 4K − C = 2 4 mk − c 2
2m
Underdamped Systems
We can rewrite this in a more intuitive form,
−c t
y (t ) = Αe 2m
sin(ωt + φ )
4mk − c 2
Where ω = ,
2m
Α = A2 + B 2 , φ = tan −1 ( A B ),
v0 + 2cm y0
A = y0 and B = ω
Visualizing Underdamped Systems
Underdamped System
2
1.5 m=2
c=0.5
k=3
0.5
Displacement
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Visualizing Underdamped Systems
Underdamped Harmonic Oscillator
2
m=2
1.5 y(t)=Ae-(c/2m)t c=0.5
k=3
0.5
Displacement
-0.5
-1
-1.5 y(t)=-Ae-(c/2m)t
-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Visualizing Underdamped Systems
Another Underdamped System
2
m=2
c=2
1.5 k=3
1
Displacement
0.5
-0.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Visualizing Underdamped Systems
Underdamped Harmonic Oscillator
2.5
2
m=2
c=2
1.5 k=3
y(t)=Ae-(c/2m)t
1
0.5
Displacement
-0.5
-1
y(t)=-Ae-(c/2m)t
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time
Will this work for the beam?
The beam seems to fit the harmonic
conditions.
Force is zero when displacement is zero
Restoring force increases with displacement
Vibration appears periodic
The key assumptions are
Restoring force is linear in displacement
Friction is linear in velocity
Writing as a First Order System