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Science Aaf1112 Full PDF
Science Aaf1112 Full PDF
Optical multiplexing using physical dimensions of light in- facilitate the chip-scale multiplexing of SAM through the
cluding space (1), frequency (2), brightness (3), color (1, 4), SAM-distinguishing nanostructures (14–18). Even though
polarization (1, 5, 6), mode (7) and lifetime (8) has played a the OAM generators mediated by SPPs have been demon-
crucial role in the age of information technologies for high- strated either through digitalized metasurfaces with a heli-
definition displaying (3–5), high-capacity data storage (1, 6), cal phase (19) or geometric metasurfaces based on spin-orbit
high-speed communications (7), and high-sensitive biologi- interaction (20), the extrinsic nature of OAM (21) with heli-
cal sensing (8). As one of the most fundamental physical cal wavefronts restricts its detection to a phase-sensitive
properties in both classical and quantum optics, angular interference-based method through a holographic metasur-
momentum (AM) of light including spin angular momen- face (22), which inevitably degrades the perceptive devices
tum (SAM) possessed by circularly-polarized light and or- for on-chip applications.
bital angular momentum (OAM) manifested by the helical The concept of our on-chip non-interference AM multi-
wavefront of light has emerged as a physically-orthogonal plexing of broadband light is illustrated in Fig. 1. Without
multiplexing approach to high-capacity optical communica- losing the generality, co-axially-superposed AM carrying
tions ranging from free-space (9) to compact optical fibers beams with four selected AM modes of l0 = –4, s = –1 (AM1),
(10). However, macroscale interference-based detection l0 = –2, s = –1 (AM2), l0 = +2, s = +1 (AM3) and l0 = +4, s = +1
methods through hologram-coding (9, 10) or phase-shifting (AM4) (Fig. 1A) propagate through a NRA multiplexing unit
(11, 12) of AM carrying beams have imposed a fundamental consisting of shallow nano-grooves and the spatially-shifted
physical limit to realize such a principle at a chip-scale foot- mode-sorting nano-ring slits with different sizes (Fig. 1B and
print. fig. S1A). The nano-groove structures act as the metal-
The advance of strong light-confinement nanophotonic dielectric interfaces to convert the AM modes carried by
approaches has been a major propellant of miniaturized photons into SPPs and to spatially route the excited plas-
optical circuits to harness AM of light. The chip-scale gener- monic AM modes to the locations of nano-ring slits. A set of
ation and transmission of AM carrying beams on silicon- AM carrying beams of l0 = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4 and s = ±1 (fig. S2)
integrated circuits have been realized through whispering- can be adopted to excite a range of plasmonic AM modes
gallery-mode resonators (13) and resonant micro-ring fibers (determined by total AM L= l0 + s + ls, where ls is the geo-
(10). However, these approaches are resonant in nature, metrical topological charge arising from the nano-grooves)
leading to a narrow bandwidth down to several nanometers. with a distinguished spatial separability from the structure
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) capable of strong light depicted in fig. S1A. The formation of the spatial separabil-
confinements have long been pursued to overcome the size ity by nano-grooves provides a physical ground for AM
limitation of nanophotonic devices, and hence potentially mode sorting. As a result of the distinctive AM mode-sorting
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sensitivity by nano-ring slits, the plasmonic AM modes can μm to 1.65 μm (fig. S6).
be selectively coupled out through the slits that have differ- The principle of the AM mode-sorting selectivity by the
ent sizes and spatial shifts (Fig. 1C). Furthermore, the non- nano-ring slits with different sizes can be adopted for chip-
resonant AM mode-sorting sensitivity by the nano-ring slits scale multiplexing of AM-superposed beams if two nano-
enables the AM multiplexing over a broad bandwidth. As ring slits with Rin1 and Rin2 are used concentrically. In Fig. 3,
such, a large-scale NRA-structured AM multiplexing chip A to D, two sections of the circular nano-grooves were spa-
(NAMMC) (Fig. 1D) consisting of an array of individually- tially-shifted in the opposite directions yielding ls = +2 and
addressable NRAs, wherein NRA units are separated by the AM beams of AM1 and AM2 can excite plasmonic AM modes
spacing larger than the diffraction-limit distance, allows for corresponding to L = –3 and L = –1, respectively, leading to
on-chip processing AM-multiplexed image in parallel the distinctive transmittance from the concentrically-
through a multi-beam approach (Fig. 1E). aligned nano-ring slits. The capacity of the AM mode-
In terms of operation mechanism, a nano-ring slit en- sorting multiplexing can be increased by laterally shifting
closed by a concentric nano-groove (ls = 0) in a gold film is one of the circular nano-groove sections and the enclosed
considered. The width of the nano-ring slit was fixed as 50 nano-ring slit in the opposite directions (Fig. 3, E to H). Us-
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while multiplexing optical beams with more AM modes is 17. J. Lin, J. P. Mueller, Q. Wang, G. Yuan, N. Antoniou, X. C. Yuan, F. Capasso,
demanded. The non-interference operating principle in Polarization-controlled tunable directional coupling of surface plasmon
polaritons. Science 340, 331–334 (2013). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1233746
NRAs removes the requirement of bulky interference-based 18. X. Zambrana-Puyalto, X. Vidal, G. Molina-Terriza, Angular momentum-induced
optics and the associated non-resonance nature can largely circular dichroism in non-chiral nanostructures. Nat. Commun. 5, 4922 (2014).
increase the multiplexing capacity in conjunction with the Medline doi:10.1038/ncomms5922
wavelength-division multiplexing in a broad band. The 19. N. Yu, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J. P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, Z. Gaburro,
Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and
large-scale NAMMC can be further integrated with chip- refraction. Science 334, 333–337 (2011). Medline doi:10.1126/science.1210713
scale AM generators and thereby could offer compact on- 20. M. Pu, X. Li, X. Ma, Y. Wang, Z. Zhao, C. Wang, C. Hu, P. Gao, C. Huang, H. Ren, X.
chip AM applications in optical communication, infor- Li, F. Qin, J. Yang, M. Gu, M. Hong, X. Luo, Catenary optics for achromatic
mation display, data storage and data encryption. generation of perfect optical angular momentum. Sci. Adv. 1, e1500396 (2015).
Medline doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500396
REFERENCES AND NOTES 21. A. T. O’Neil, I. MacVicar, L. Allen, M. J. Padgett, Intrinsic and extrinsic nature of
1. P. Zijlstra, J. W. M. Chon, M. Gu, Five-dimensional optical recording mediated by the orbital angular momentum of a light beam. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 053601
surface plasmons in gold nanorods. Nature 459, 410–413 (2009). Medline (2002). Medline doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.053601
doi:10.1038/nature08053 22. P. Genevet, J. Lin, M. A. Kats, F. Capasso, Holographic detection of the orbital
2. N. J. Karl, R. W. Mckinney, Y. Monnai, R. Mendis, D. M. Mittleman, Frequency- angular momentum of light with plasmonic photodiodes. Nat. Commun. 3, 1278
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Fig. 1. The principle of on-chip non-interference AM multiplexing of broadband light. (A) Four
selected AM beams of l0 = –4, s = –1 (AM1), l0 = –2, s = –1 (AM2), l0 = +2, s = +1 (AM3) and l0 = +4, s
= +1 (AM4) are co-axially overlapped as the AM-superposed beams (l0 and s are the modal indices
for OAM and SAM, respectively). (B) The schematic of a NRA multiplexing unit consisting of
nano-groove structures and the mode-sorting nano-ring slits. (C) The mechanism for AM mode-
sorting by nano-ring slits that have different sizes and lateral shifts. (D) The NAMMC integrated
by an array of 8 by 8 NRA units. (E) Concept of on-chip processing of AM-multiplexed images
over a broadband by the NAMMC.
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Fig. 2. Distinctive AM mode-sorting selectivity by a size-varying nano-ring slit.
(A) The theoretically calculated effective index differences (red curves) and the
MF (black curves) for the plasmonic modes with total AM of L = ±1 (solid lines) and
L = ±3 (dashed lines) for nano-ring slit with Rin1 = 75 nm (upper) and Rin2 = 200 nm
(lower), respectively. (B and C) The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images
of the fabricated NRAs consisting of concentric nano-grooves and nano-ring slits
with the inner radii of Rin1 (see fig. S1B for 45 degree view) and Rin2 (see fig. S1C for
45 degree view), respectively. The insets are the enlarged view of the nano-ring
slits with a scale bar of 100 nm. (D) The numerically-calculated (curves) and
experimentally-confirmed (triangles) AM mode-sorting selectivity spectra of the
AM beams of l0 = –2, s = +1 (L = –1) and l0 = +2, s = +1 (L = +3) for nano-ring slits
with the inner radii of Rin1 (upper) and Rin2 (lower), respectively. The red color
marks out the bandwidths (defined as the selectivity ≥ 0.1) of AM mode-sorting
selectivity by nano-ring slits.
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Fig. 3. Experimental characterization of chip-scale AM multiplexing based on double
concentric and spatially-shifted nano-ring slits enclosed by sections of spatially-shifted
nano-grooves. (A) The SEM image of the double nano-ring slits (inset) with Rin1 and Rin2 enclosed
by the two sections of shifted grooves with ls = +2. (B) The simulated total intensity distributions of
the AM beams of AM1 and AM2 in the longitudinal planes of nano-ring slits. (C) The experimental
far-field intensity distributions of the AM beams of AM1 and AM2 in the transverse planes. (D) The
experimental cross-section plots of the far-field intensity distributions in (C) as labeled by the
dashed white lines. (E to H) The counterparts of (A) to (D) but based on the spatially-shifted nano-
ring slits with Rin1 and nano-grooves with ls = +2 (left) and ls = –2 (right).
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Fig. 4. Four-state AM multiplexing through a NRA unit and parallel AM- and
wavelength-division multiplexing through the large-scale NAMMC. (A) The SEM
image of the single NRA (see fig. S1D for 45 degree view) in the NAMMC and the
two concentric double nano-ring slits (inset). (B) The experimental
characterization of the four-state AM multiplexing by dynamically switching on the
AM-superposed beams. The images are presented in pseudo colors. (C) Measured
modal crosstalk of the four AM modes at different wavelengths. (D) The SEM
image of the NAMMC. (E) The experimentally-reconstructed AM- and wavelength-
coded images retrieved from the four AM modes of AM1, AM2, AM3 and AM4 (Fig.
1A) at the three different wavelengths.
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On-chip noninterference angular momentum multiplexing of broadband light
Haoran Ren, Xiangping Li, Qiming Zhang and Min Gu
SUPPLEMENTARY http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2016/04/06/science.aaf1112.DC1
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RELATED http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/352/6287/774.full
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REFERENCES This article cites 28 articles, 7 of which you can access for free
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